Material Characterization - Science topic

Madison Feehan Please do recommend my message if it was helpful

Selective Laser Melting (SLM) and Selective Laser Sintering (SLS) are advanced additive manufacturing technologies used to create three-dimensional objects by selectively melting or sintering layers of material powder. These technologies have applications not only on Earth but also in space. In-space manufacturing using SLM and SLS is gaining attention due to its potential to support long-duration space missions, colonization of other planets, and sustainability in space. Here are some of the technologies being enabled for SLM/SLS manufacturing in-space:

In-space SLM/SLS manufacturing has the potential to revolutionize space exploration by reducing the need to transport all equipment and spare parts from Earth. These technologies are still in development and will continue to evolve as space exploration efforts expand.

Crafting a comprehensive review on photocatalysis using cobalt oxide nanoparticles requires careful planning and organization. Below, I have outlined a step-by-step guide to help you in this task:

Introduction: Start your review with an introduction that provides background information on photocatalysis and its importance in sustainable energy and environmental applications. Explain the concept of photocatalysis and its potential to address various challenges like water purification, air pollution control, and solar energy conversion. Also, introduce cobalt oxide nanoparticles as one of the promising photocatalytic materials and highlight their unique properties and advantages.

Synthesis Methods: Discuss various synthesis methods for cobalt oxide nanoparticles, including chemical precipitation, thermal decomposition, hydrothermal synthesis, sol-gel method, and others. Describe the principles, advantages, limitations, and key parameters of each method. Include recent advancements in synthesis techniques, such as microwave-assisted synthesis or environmentally friendly methods.

Characterization Techniques: Explain the characterization techniques used to analyze cobalt oxide nanoparticles and assess their photocatalytic properties. Common techniques include X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), UV-Visible spectroscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Detail the information each technique provides and how it helps in understanding the crystal structure, morphology, composition, and optical properties of cobalt oxide nanoparticles.

Photocatalytic Mechanisms: Elaborate on the photocatalytic mechanisms involved in cobalt oxide nanoparticles. Discuss the band structure, electronic transitions, and charge carrier dynamics responsible for the photocatalytic activity of cobalt oxide. Explain the generation, migration, and transfer of charge carriers, as well as the interaction between cobalt oxide nanoparticles and target pollutants or substrates during photocatalytic reactions.

Photocatalytic Applications: Explore the diverse applications of cobalt oxide nanoparticles in photocatalysis. Highlight their performance in degradation of organic pollutants, water splitting for hydrogen production, CO2 reduction, and other relevant areas. Present recent studies, key findings, and limitations of cobalt oxide nanoparticles in each application. Emphasize challenges and opportunities for further enhancement and optimization.

Factors Affecting Photocatalytic Performance: Discuss the factors that affect the photocatalytic performance of cobalt oxide nanoparticles. This includes the effect of nanoparticle size, morphology, crystal structure, doping, surface area, and surface modification. Also, address the influence of reaction parameters like pH, temperature, light intensity, and photocatalyst dosage. Explain how these factors influence the efficiency, selectivity, and stability of cobalt oxide photocatalysts.

Strategies for Enhancing Photocatalytic Activity: Present strategies employed to enhance the photocatalytic activity of cobalt oxide nanoparticles. This may include co-catalyst deposition, heterojunction formation, noble metal doping, ligand engineering, and hybridization with other materials. Explain the mechanisms behind each strategy and their impact on the photocatalytic performance of cobalt oxide.

Conclusion: Summarize the main points discussed in the review, emphasizing the significant advancements, challenges, and future prospects of cobalt oxide nanoparticles in photocatalysis. Provide insights into potential directions for further research and development.

Remember to review and revise your work for clarity, coherence, and accuracy. Cite relevant and up-to-date research articles and review papers to support your claims. Good luck with your comprehensive review on photocatalysis using cobalt oxide nanoparticles!

Hello Muhammad Firdaus Omar, I am also looking for your experience on the x-ray detectors as Elena Elena Lounejeva. Would like to know.

Correlation of hole expansion ratio with tensile properties, integrated analysis system using machine vision, ISO 16630 testing, through thickness and edge tests, biaxial tests, advance fracture methods and metallurgical approaches to improve hole expansion are quite common. Different hardening instrument, conical punch, simulation method, ultrastructure expansion microscopy, differential expansion microscopy, SEM, scanning transmission electron microscopy, photoconductive AFM, image processing, nanoscale imaging are couple of important tools to characterize hole expansion limits.

Since it is repeatable, please check the linearity of your system and that your data is consistent with the Kramers-Kronig relations. Is it possible also to put some frequency values on the Nyquist plot?

In materials science, the terms "crystallite size" and "grain size" are often used interchangeably, but they do have different specific meanings:

To put it simply, if a material's grain boundaries coincide with the boundaries of its crystallites (i.e., each grain is a single crystal), then the crystallite size and grain size are effectively the same. However, if a grain contains multiple crystallites (i.e., the crystallites are smaller than the grains), then the crystallite and grain sizes are different.

You may find the following references useful for further reading:

Remember that while the two terms are often used interchangeably in casual conversation or in certain contexts, they do refer to different concepts, and using them correctly can help avoid confusion.

The characteristic feature of the diffraction pattern of a twinned sample is due to the different orientations of the twin domains. This results in a splitting of the diffraction spot into two or more spots with different intensities and positions. This is because each twin domain contributes to the diffraction pattern with its own crystal orientation. The number and intensity of the twinned spots depend on the degree of twinning, and the crystal structure of the sample.

Dear friend R G Sibiya Stacey

There could be several reasons for the mismatch between the hkl values obtained via PowderX and the standard hkl values in the JCPDS (Joint Committee on Powder Diffraction Standards) database for the synthesized compound. Some possible reasons and suggestions for addressing the issue are as follows:

1. Sample impurities or contamination: The presence of impurities or contamination in the synthesized compound can affect the diffraction pattern and lead to discrepancies in the observed hkl values. It is essential to ensure the purity of the sample through appropriate purification techniques and characterization methods.

2. Crystal structure variations: The synthesized compound may have variations in its crystal structure compared to the standard reference in the JCPDS database. These variations can result from factors such as crystal defects, lattice distortions, or the presence of additional phases. In such cases, it is necessary to refine the crystal structure using advanced diffraction techniques like single-crystal X-ray diffraction or high-resolution powder diffraction to obtain accurate hkl values.

3. Instrumental factors: The mismatch could be attributed to instrumental factors, including sample preparation, instrument calibration, and data collection parameters. It is crucial to ensure proper sample preparation techniques, instrument calibration, and optimization of data collection parameters to minimize errors and obtain reliable results.

To address the issue and correct the mismatch, the following steps are recommended:

1. Characterize the synthesized compound: Employ complementary characterization techniques such as X-ray diffraction (single-crystal or powder), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), or other suitable techniques to verify the composition, crystal structure, and purity of the synthesized compound.

2. Refine the crystal structure: If there are significant variations in the crystal structure compared to the standard reference, consider refining the crystal structure using advanced diffraction techniques like single-crystal X-ray diffraction or high-resolution powder diffraction. This can provide more accurate hkl values and help identify any deviations from the expected crystal structure.

3. Consult literature and experts: Review relevant scientific literature and consult with experts in the field who have expertise in the synthesized compound or similar materials. They may provide insights into possible structural variations or offer guidance on data analysis and interpretation.

It is important to note that without specific details about the synthesized compound, the experimental conditions, and the observed discrepancies, it is challenging to provide a definitive answer. Therefore, it is advisable to consult scientific literature, relevant research articles, and experts in the field for a more comprehensive understanding of the specific case.

Dear Nekin,

Nice question, I believe that it will be difficult to find a well-supported answer!

Hereinafter there are only few considerations from my part.

a) The price of 3D printing composite filaments is determined by a multitude of factors (nature of polymer matrix, fillers, reinforcements, additives, capacity of production, and so on).

b) Traditionally, the twin-screw extruders (TSE ) can be successfully used to produce various composites by melt-compounding, of good quality and with high throughput, which can be proposed for 3D applications.

c) Unfortunately, TSE are less adapted for the direct production of 3D filaments of high quality, even that there are few suppliers that can propose this kind of equipment for one step production, designed mostly for academic research/low-capacity production (e.g., Lestritz, ThermoFischer, etc.). Maybe other RG collegues can help more with information...

d)Please take a look :

Thermo Scientific Process 11 Lab-scale 3D Filament Production System

e) For the production in big quantities of 3D filaments it’s generally agreed that the production in two steps (1. fabrication of composites with TSE; 2. the extrusion of 3D filaments, e;g., using a single screw extruder) has a large number of advantages. I will refrain from more comments...

f) Function of requirements/ your application (type of composite), I suggest you use as starting point the price of 3D filaments/composites that look similar/satisfy your needs, and which are already commercialized in the market!

Success in your R&D project and best regards,

Marius

Rhys:

This is a question that has been raised for half a century or more - I can remember Keith Miller, when I was a graduate student, opining that delta-K could not be used to describe fatigue-crack growth - nevertheless fracture mechanics is still successfully used today. As long as one is properly aware of the basis and limitations of governing parameters such as K and J, I still believe that they have a powerful application. However, this is not always the case when they are used and accordingly fracture mechanics has become one of the most abused form of mechanics.

If you think that this approach should be dismissed though because of its "limited validity and questionable interpretation", could I respectively ask what you would recommend as a replacement?

cheers Rob

Both Origin software and X'Pert HighScore software can be used to determine the hkl values of a crystal structure. Here are the steps to follow for each software:

Using Origin software:

1. Open the data file in Origin software and select the graph containing the diffraction pattern.

2. Click on the "Peak Analyzer" button in the toolbar.

3. In the Peak Analyzer window, select the peak of interest by clicking on it.

4. In the "Peak Information" tab, note down the "2Theta" value and the "Counts" value for the peak.

5. Use the Bragg's law equation (2dsinθ = nλ) to calculate the d-spacing value for the peak. Here, n = 1 for first-order diffraction. λ is the wavelength of the X-ray used in the experiment.

6. Use the d-spacing value to calculate the hkl values for the peak using the Miller indices formula (hkl = [n1d1,n2d2,n3d3]).

Using X'Pert HighScore software:

1. Open the data file in X'Pert HighScore software and select the diffraction pattern.

2. Click on the "Peak Fitting" button in the toolbar.

3. In the Peak Fitting window, select the peak of interest by clicking on it.

4. In the "Peak Information" tab, note down the "2Theta" value and the "d-spacing" value for the peak.

5. Use the Bragg's law equation (2dsinθ = nλ) to calculate the wavelength of the X-ray used in the experiment.

6. Use the d-spacing value to calculate the hkl values for the peak using the Miller indices formula (hkl = [n1d1,n2d2,n3d3]).

Modern Powder Diffraction ; B. Toby

Chris J Benmore ,

It is known that water has unique properties compared to other liquids. This uniqueness is given to it by the nuclear quantum effect, which is understood as the role of the ZPE of water or the zero energy of the quantum harmonic oscillator -О-Н, proton tunneling, entanglement of quantum fluctuations, competition of thermal and quantum fluctuations.

In water ℏω≪kT and quantum effects are covered by thermal fluctuations. They are visible only in its kinetic properties, where quantum fluctuations play a prominent role.

Now the minimum on the temperature dependence of the isothermal compressibility of water at 46 0С becomes clear. This is explained by the presence of water structures LDL and HDL with a size of 1–2 nm. According to the results of the article

feature of the temperature dependence of the isothermal compressibility of water should be represented as follows. Quantum fluctuations of the O-H bond of torsion and tension of water and H-bonds oscillate in a double-well potential with proton tunneling. The energy compromise is maintained so that the energy of quantum fluctuations is equal to the energy of thermal fluctuations to maintain the minimum Gibbs energy of formation of microcavities in water.

Hello. Another fact that you should notice is that in some cases when the material loses its ductility, its tensile properties may be affected more than its bending properties.

Yes, there are several ASTM standards available for performing mechanical tensile tests on polymer nanocomposites. Some of the commonly used standards are:

The dimensions of the specimen depend on the specific ASTM standard chosen for the test. For example, ASTM D638 specifies the dimensions for Type I, II and III specimens. Similarly, ASTM D3039 and ASTM D882 specify the dimensions for different types of specimens.

Regarding the creation of a dog-bone mold using a 3D printer, there are several online resources available that provide files for 3D printing dog-bone molds. Some popular online resources include Thingiverse, GrabCAD, and MyMiniFactory. However, it is important to ensure that the dimensions of the mold are as per the ASTM standards to obtain accurate results.

Nanoindentation is a separate testing procedure that is often used in conjunction with Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM). It is used to measure properties at the nanoscale, such as Young's modulus, hardness, stiffness, and load vs. depth and load vs. hardness. Other properties can also be measured using nanoindentation, depending on the specific application. In India, there are several institutions that offer nanoindentation services. These include the Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Delhi, IIT Bombay, IIT Madras, IIT Kanpur, IIT Hyderabad, and the National Institute of Technology (NIT) Surat. Additionally, there are several private companies that offer nanoindentation services, such as NanoTest India, NanoTest Solutions, and NanoTest Technologies. If you are having difficulty finding a nanoindentation service provider, it is possible that the machine is under maintenance or the operator is not available. In this case, it is best to contact the service provider directly to inquire about the availability of the machine and the operator.

Well, I can't help much with the web site part, but if you want I could assemble a searchable database from your spectra, to be offered among the free databases here: https://www.effemm2.de/spectragryph/down_databases.html

Delamination of laminates in a honeycomb composite structure can occur when there is a failure of the bond between the layers of the composite, resulting in the separation of the layers. In a simple supported structure under bending stress, the forces acting on the structure can cause the layers of the composite to experience different levels of tension and compression, which can lead to the development of shear stresses at the interface between the layers. These shear stresses can cause the bond between the layers to fail, resulting in delamination.

Your thinking that the developed tension on the bottom skin of the honeycomb composite structure can act as the main peeling force causing delamination is generally correct. The tension in the bottom skin can cause the bond between the layers to be subjected to tensile forces, which can lead to the separation of the layers if the bond is not strong enough to resist the forces.

However, it is important to note that the delamination of laminates in a honeycomb composite structure can also be influenced by other factors, such as the properties of the materials used to make the composite, the manufacturing process used to produce the composite, and the loading conditions applied to the composite. It is therefore important to carefully consider all of these factors when evaluating the risk of delamination in a composite structure.

suggest to look for a more intelligent supervisor - this is nonsense. For CO2 storage only cheap bulk material make sense.

The silica surface may catalyze the decomposition of the manganous nitrate with oxidation of Mn(2+) to some Mn(3+), forming for example black Mn3O4. If you want to prevent this "early" oxidation, working under nitrogen may help; however, oxygen is also available from the decomposition of nitrate, so I would expect some darkening to still occur.

The Kikuchi diffraction in TEM is generated via bragg diffraction by inelastic scattering electron, and the diffraction intensities from the front crystal plane and the back plane are different, therefore, one of the Kikuchi lines is bright and the other is dark. The inelastic scattering electron beam density nearer to the central beam is stronger than others far away from the central beam, however, much of the electron beam is diffracted to the dark line direction, thus, the total intensity of the Kikuchi line nearer to the central beam is weaker than the other one.

Dear Jiacheng Zhang ,

Thank you again for your assistance and for the provided literature as well.

Best regards,

Tanzila

Good day! Here I found brief and complex explanation on reflectance and transmittance phenomenons:

Dear Dr.Soumyabrata, Thank you for the proposed solution to the query.

Dear@Partha Pratim Nakti

Have a nice time and good day!

Please read these papers, you will find what you want:

Dear Franklin Uriel Parás Hernández, both degradation and crystallization are behind the change in color aspect. My Regards

You are most welcome dear Hasfi F. Nurly . Wish you the best always

What would be the easiest method to separate silica particles of different particle size in large scale?

Shima Fasahat Accuracy is always assessed by comparison against a known, certified standard. You have to define how close you need/require/want to be near the 'truth'. You also need to look for materials (e.g. from NIST) that satisfy the accuracy parameter you're searching for.

diffraction - some phenomena at costant freqyency

spectroscopy - as result of frequency variation

Dear Hasfi,

The reasons for the initiation of cracks are related accumulated internal stresses between the α and β phases in titanium alloys. These external stresses in the process of operation tend to balance. Cracks can be observed in both solid particles and softer particles of the structure. To avoid this negative effect, normalization is performed to a certain extent or the chemical composition of the spawn is changed in order to reduce external stresses.

With respect

Emil Yankov

Dear Siddig Abuelgasim , Kα2 stripping is mostly used for phase analysis to observe the original scan and compare it with the reference patterns. When come to refinement, the Kα2 stripping or any kind of pattern treatment will ruin your R-factor.

The RACHINGER method uses the exact wavelengths of the Kα1 and Kα2 lines and their intensity ratio. The intensity measured at the first point in the profile is assumed to be entirely stemming from Kα1. The dhkl causing the diffraction at this 2θ angle will, of course, also diffract the Kα2 at the angle prescribed by Bragg's law. Because the intensity ratio of the Kα1: Kα2 reflections is exactly 2:1, half of the intensity measured at the low-angle 2θ can be subtracted from the higher angle intensity, which is diffracted by the Kα2 wavelength.

The LADELL determined the profiles of Kα1 and Kα2 peaks of resolved lines, which is used to subtract a portion of the Kα2 intensity from a series of adjacent 2θ points. This method describes the Kα2 profile as the summation of 3, 5 or 7 sub-profiles instead of only 1 sub-profile as in Rachinger methods. The sub-profiles are indicated with levers (positions as wavelength ratios) and weights (intensity ratios).

Yes very interesting question:

We can make the comparison simple as follows:

1. An insulator is a material with no free carrier concentrations (electrons) able to conduct electricity meaning here Sigma=0.

2. A dielectric is a material where the carriers are all tightly bound to the crystal atoms i.e. they are not free to move.

- This is similar to the insulator case, but this is true only under static electric field conditions (zero frequency or DC electric field).

- Under High frequency AC electric fields, a dielectric can contribute to the conduction through polarization, which is a type of conduction dominant in dielectrics at high frequencies)

- A simple insulator cannot do the same.

I hope this answers your question.

Dear Arpan Ghosh ,

Regarding material characterization, “better” depends on the sample under analysis. I would rather say that the best characterization can be obtained by combining SEM and AFM. For instance, if you are analyzing a nanocorrugated surface, SEM can give you the lateral dimensions of your nanofeatures, but you don’t have quantitative information in the vertical direction. On the other hand, AFM images are the result of the convolution of the real morphology with the shape of the AFM tip, so the lateral dimensions are always overestimated, but you can get the real quantitative value of the height of such nanotopographic motifs.

In SEM, besides using the standard secondary electrons detection, you can also take images with back-scattered electrons detection. The signal collected in those images formed with back-scattered electrons depends on the atomic number Z of the elements: higher Z produces a bigger number of back-scattered electrons detected. Consequently, if you are analyzing a composite material with metallic nanoparticles in it, such particles can be clearly distinguished with brighter contrast than the ceramic or the organic compound in the matrix. If the matrix is also metallic, they can also be distinguished if their atomic number is different enough. Moreover, by performing Energy Dispersive X-Ray analysis you can get the composition of the sample.

In AFM, an experienced user can get chemical contrast at the surface of a nanocomposite using the lateral force in contact mode or the phase signal in non-contact mode, which are related to friction and dissipative forces (adhesion, viscoelasticity, etc.), respectively. Furthermore, AFM allows for measuring some mechanical properties, characterizing electric transport (Conductive atomic force microscopy, C-AFM), and modifying the surface of the sample (indentation and even atom manipulation). Finally, advanced modes and special tips give access to other properties, and actually new microscopies are developed from the AFM: Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM) to obtain a map of the work function, Magnetic force microscopy (MFM) to characterize the magnetic domain structure of the sample, or Piezo-response Force Microscopy (PFM) to image the piezoelectric domains, to name a few.

I hope it helps, good luck with your research!

Sina Sazesh did you get S-N curve of HAP? I am looking for the same and could not find it anywhere

Are you still interested in getting this schematic?

Also check https://www.mouser.com/pdfdocs/IVChrzDIodes2450_AN1.PDF

Except the analyses that have been mentioned, you can performe ATR-FTIR analysis to determine its chemical stucture.

Actually beam current IS a spot size. Just not really good wording from some manufacturers.

Hi Dinesh

Strain controlled fatigue testing is important to study the behaviour of components undergoing either mechanically or thermally induced cyclic plastic strains that cause failure within fewer cycles (<10^5) than high cycle fatigue (>10^5-10^6 cycles).

The testing conditions are usually determined by the specific application you are considering. Doing this preliminary investigation will allow you to get more meaningful and useful results from the strain controlled tests.

So I would recommend to try to collect some initial indicative data to better plan the test conditions (temperature, R, frequency, strain levels). If the components (or an older version of the components) are already in service you can get some good indications by applying some strain gauges and thermocouples to the parts to understand what sort of strains they undergo and at what temperatures. If the components are still in the design phase then you will need to carry out some hand calculations or run some FEA analyses to get a feeling of what strain the parts will experience once in service.

Having said this, in terms of strain levels you can consider that you enter within the high cycle fatigue range when the part undergo loads that generate stresses below half of the yield strength of the material i.e. 0.2% so you want to stay above this value. In general you could run tests at strain level within 0.2% and 20-40%. It depends also by the material and test temperature. Then with the Coffin-Manson equation you can relate cycles to plastic strains.

To determine the values of temperature, frequency and R for your tests, as previously mentioned, it would be better if you use values close to your actual application to collect more reliable and useful data.

Dear Abhijeet, many thanks for the kind response and explanation. I just found two PhD theses which could be very helpful answering your question:

and

(please see attached pdf files)

Respected Madam,

For separating 30 micrometer particles US Sieve Mesh Number 450 is recommended. Refer the attachments for more details.

Hope this information is useful.

I agree with the above answers, you can select the most intense peak or can take an average of all of the peaks with std. Moreover, when you are calculating the crystalline size of all peaks then you can also calculate percent crystallinity by dividing the crystalline area over full area, these simple calculation I do in origin

Hope I answered well!!!

You cannot use fractions on cell card. Materials should be defined in the data card and you can only use the material number on the cell card. In the material card you can define a single material containing several different elements with different weight fractions. Even if you want to define a mixture of different alloys you can define it by computing the weight fraction of each element in each alloy.

For example, you know that there are 0.12 'O' and 0.88 'Lu' in Lu2o3 and 0.12 'O' and 0.88 'Yb' in Yb2O3. now you want to produce a material containing 1/3 weight fraction Lu2o3 and 2/3 weight fraction Yb2O3. in the material card you should enter ZAID of 'O' with weight fraction of 0.12, ZAID of Lu with a fraction of 0.293, and ZAID of Yb with weight fraction of 0.586.

My specialization areas are the same topic u have mentioned. So if you prefer you can add reviewer

Dear Abdul Sattar ,

one of the most used electrolyte is I−/I3 − . Please for more details please follow the paper in the link:file:///C:/Users/Dell/Downloads/materials-12-01998.pdf

Best wishes

In this case you can find boundary layer thickness less than tube radius between zero and tube radius X. The approximate experimental expression for the tube inlet length (L) calculation is: L/D=0.0288ReWhere, d  is tube diameter, Re  is Reynolds number.

For more information please read through the article herewith.

All the best Guo Li

because in this method no toxic gas is produced.

You can easily get any XRD Reference or JCPDS file here,

Oleksii Sherepenko , as I have understood this question can be divided into 2 parts, namely

1) The influence of the carbon content on morphology of martensite. The alloying has influence on the lattice parameter of both parent and product phases, therefore the interfacial configuration, and the eigenstrains are changing. So both factors, which govern the morphology of product phase (i.e. elastic energy and interfacial energy) are functions of the alloying content. The modelling methodology in this case could be some crystallographic based models, molecular dynamics/monte carlo or phase-field model, depending on the resources available. Also with different content, the parent phase can have different grain size, which also has effect on martensitic transformation.

2) The influence on mechanical properties. From my point of view, the question can be divided in several "isolated" effects

2.a) Solid-solution strengthening. With increase in amount of secondary element solid-solution phase should have increased yield strength

2.b) Morphology of martensite. The size and form of martensites should play a role in the motion of dislocations. The number of interfaces should play a major role here.

About some crystal plasticity models.

There are some models, which take into consideration Petch-Hall effect, for example

It could be used as starting point for further model development.

As Jurgen states, the vulcan carbon should have enough conductivity. If using a monochromatic XPS system then analyse without the charge neutraliser on and ensure the carbon is in contact with the spectrometer (e.g. pressed in to a metallic well on the sample bar), then you shouldn't have an issue. The sp2 carbon will be ~ 284.5 eV depending on how well your spectrometer is calibrated.

Dr. Elif Tarhan Bor ,

I've attached the picture from the histogram, relative frequency against GOS value (degree). I want to know the correlation between high or low-intensity frequency in low-angle grain boundaries with mechanical behaviors?

Hello Mohammad,

It seem to be a phase transition.

The negative values of the auto-correlation function of the radius of gyration means either an inversion of an angle or a phase transition /structure factot S(q)/, or it is connected to a phase problem of loss of information concerning the phase that can occur when running a calculation.

Pay attention to your simulation box, connected to the Nr. of cores used for that simulation.

sure it maybe

In fatigue experiments the material and its microstructure plays a vital role. Its better you tell which material you are using and its composition. Also let me know whether you are using axial fatigue or rotating beam fatigue ,

Variations in the height of the specimen in its holder, whether increasing or decreasing, cause XRD peaks to change from their original location.

Important and useful pathways are connected to the XRD Curve:

Scherrer’s equation:

Particle Size = (0.9 x λ)/ (d cosθ)

λ = 1.54060 Å (in the case of CuKa1) so, 0.9 x λ = 1.38654

Θ = 2θ/2 (in the example = 20/2)

d = the full width at half maximum intensity of the peak (in Rad) – you can calculate it using Origin software.

To convert from angle to rad

Rad = (22 x angle) / (7 x 180) = angle x 0.01746

Example: if d = 0.5 angle (θ)

= (22 x 0.5)/ (7x 180) = 0.00873 rad

Please read :

An atomistically informed energy-based theory of environmentally assisted failure

S Ganesan, V Sundararaghavan - Corrosion Reviews, 2015 - De Gruyter

https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cluster=4817203216405241660&hl=en&as_sdt=5,38&sciodt=0,38

@Sarah in my case it was related to the nature of the coating which was conductive. I can share with you the article we published if needed

Hi!

Kinematic hardening is only a simplified model that is convenient for describing the Bauschinger effect. More realistic is the combined model that combines isotropic and kinematic hardening.

V.N.

Shantanu Saha

I do not believe your suggested method is viable. To get a film of BN you'll need an evaporative technique, IMHO. I hope someone will prove me wrong as I learn more that way.

This works better for me..

R=1-√(T×e^A)

Where, T is transmittance, A is absorbance...

Hi Shantanu.

For 4H-SiC substrates I can recommend CREE and SiCrystal. I do not know whether they still sell 6H-SiC wafers.

If 4H is not an option then maybe you can contact TankeBlue. I think, I have seen that they still sell 6H-SiC wafers.

Yours

Markus

If two of the components are both organic materials, the simulation is very difficult as the decomposed gas produced during the thermal decomposition can both diffuse through the degrading another component (phase separated) as well as avoid the particle through tortuous paths.(This is an daunting task as you do not know the diffusion coefficient of a constantly degrading organic material through which the fragmented species diffuse through). If one of the component is an inorganic component and only the thermal degradation is the change of the surface species, such as silica, glass flakes, and carbon materials, then you can assume that all the fragmented species do not diffuse through the inorganic particles. Therefore, as long as you know the shape factor, you can then draw a tortuous path and diffusion through this long path.

However, these simulation depends so much on many parameters and accuracy is questionable. Thus, making a composite and run a TGA analysis of the actual composite is much faster and accurate.

Dear Dr.

Thanks sir.

So, with increasing slightly c/a ratio , is that any correlation mechanism with changing unit cell volume, i.e slightly decrease, increase?

Hello,

According to your question, I have gone through some papers which I am attaching with it. Kindly go through it, It might be helpful for research.

Thanks,

Can you share your Ansys model in .cdb format?

Tijmen Vermeij : you do not exactly know which type of FEI -SEM would be beneficial? I've heard, Mira4 shall be also able to switch between low and high vacuum?