Science topic
Material Characteristics - Science topic
Explore the latest questions and answers in Material Characteristics, and find Material Characteristics experts.
Questions related to Material Characteristics
When synthesizing MOFs, does the amount of solvent affect the produced material characteristic? and how to determine the best amount of solvent?
Hello everybody.
Can anyone please help me to resolve the following problem?
I am trying to obtain the structural response of a reinforced concrete column subjected to a blast load by performing a dynamic analysis in Abaqus/Explicit. Since the blast is a dynamic event that occurs in a very short time, the materials characteristics (stress values) should be modified with respect to the strain rate effect.
Can anyone give me some suggestions regarding the input for the Concrete material when using the Concrete Damage Plasticity option?
I have tried to change the stress values as the strain rate increases as shown in attached picture, but then I receive the following error: “DURING THE CONVERSION FROM CRACKING TO PLASTIC STRAIN Abaqus FOUND NEGATIVE AND/OR DECREASING VALUES OF PLASTIC STRAIN. VERIFY THAT THE DEGRADATION DATA UNDER *CONCRETE TENSION DAMAGE IS CORRECT”
Since the plastic strain seems to be evaluated in a wrong manner when using this approach, can anyone suggest me the right way to account for the strain rate effect when using CDP option for concrete?
Thank you.

I understand the basic definition for both. I found a literature to describe both of them.
In the paper, they states:
If a stress is applied to a concrete body, the body experiences an elastic deformation which is, to a first approximation, independent of time. If, however, this stress is maintained for a considerable period of time, the body suffers a further, time-dependent deformation. This additional deformation is com- monly known as creep. In a creep experiment the stress is usually kept constant. If instead of the stress, the length of a stressed specimen is kept constant, the creep leads to a gradual reduction of the stress originally present. This process is called stress relaxation.
Based on the paper’s description, creep and stress relaxation depends on which factor is maintained (I.e. stress or strain).
If strain change, it is a creep deformation
if stress change, it is a stress relaxation.
How do you know which one is change or maintained in the material or in a strcuture? Stress or strain?
I understand the basic definition for both. I found a literature to describe both of them.
In the paper, they states:
If a stress is applied to a concrete body, the body experiences an elastic deformation which is, to a first approximation, independent of time. If, however, this stress is maintained for a considerable period of time, the body suffers a further, time-dependent deformation. This additional deformation is com- monly known as creep. In a creep experiment the stress is usually kept constant. If instead of the stress, the length of a stressed specimen is kept constant, the creep leads to a gradual reduction of the stress originally present. This process is called stress relaxation.
Based on the paper’s description, creep and stress relaxation depends on which factor is maintained (I.e. stress or strain).
If strain change, it is a creep deformation
if stress change, it is a stress relaxation.
How do you know which one is change or maintained in the material or in a strcuture? Stress or strain?
I understand the basic definitions of creep and pressure relaxation. However, I am confused about the exact difference between them.
See attached photo.
Because a compression force is applied, it will cause a strain.
However, at the same time, the constant compression force also produce a constant strain.
On the other hand, if a constant strain state needs to be achieved, a constant compression force needs to be applied at both ends.
How do you know which one is changing? If strain is changing, it is creep. If force or stress is changing, it is stress relaxation.

Subject: Seeking Expert Advice on Suitable Electrolyte Solution and Voltage Parameters for Pure Aluminum Electropolishing Study
Dear Research Community,
I hope this message finds you well. I am a student facing a critical issue that could potentially jeopardize my future. I am reaching out to seek your assistance or recommendations for someone who can help me overcome this challenge.
Currently, our research project focuses on the electropolishing of pure aluminum. However, we have encountered a significant obstacle that has impeded our progress. Our samples vary in size, with the maximum dimension being 0.5 cm.
In our study, we initially prepared the samples through sanding and subsequent polishing with powder. We have now reached the stage where we are ready to initiate the electropolishing process.
For the electrolyte solution, we have utilized a mixture of acids, including nitric acid, sulfuric acid, acetic acid, and ethanol. Initially, we created an electrolyte solution consisting of 25% nitric acid and 75% ethanol. The process was conducted at room temperature without employing a heater to raise the temperature. However, despite experimenting with voltage values ranging from 0 to 10 V, we have been unable to achieve desirable results. Instead, we observed the formation of H.
In a subsequent experiment, we modified the electrolyte solution by using 70% phosphoric acid, 15% acetic acid, and 5% nitric acid at room temperature. We increased the voltage to 20 V, resulting in a current density of 30. The electropolishing process was carried out for durations ranging from 30 seconds to 1 minute. Unfortunately, we encountered the same issue of excessive H production, leading to a completely white surface on our samples. We were unable to progress to the final stage of the process.
Additionally, we attempted to use the same electrolyte solution at 30 V for 10 seconds, but satisfactory outcomes were not achieved.
Given the aforementioned circumstances, I kindly request your professional advice regarding the appropriate electrolyte solution and voltage parameters for my future experiments.
Thank you in advance for your prompt response.
Yours sincerely,
Alireza Saravani
After rolling of stainless steel sheets compressive residual stresses forms in the corners of the sheets.
These compressive residual stresses unbalanced the amount of heat that is needed for welding applying more than what’s needed for welding due to summation with compressive residual stresses, therefore, for welding those sheets on the corners, thermal stress applies more than it needed for this zone, and this overheating creates a hole at at this start and end of the weld line. There are many methods of relieving the stresses, but what do you think is the most effective and fast method of stress relieving for this issue that doesn’t change the mechanical and chemical characterizations of the material?

Dear Mimics users,
in some studies, it is mentioned that they used “Mimics default empirical formular” for material assignment to the bone structure. I would like to ask if there is any reference for this empirical expressions?
The formula is: E = 5925 * p - 388.8
In the Mimics user manual under “Material Assignment” section, and STEP D, it is mentioned: “STEP D: Choose to write out only the E-Modulus material properties in the exported file by deselecting the selection boxes before Density and Poisson Coefficient. We will use the following expression for the EModulus: E-Modulus = -388.8 + 5925 * Density”.
Many studies use this formula as Mimics default empirical formular.
Best regards,
Iman Soodmand
As I'm currently exploring the Damask software and utilizing the crystal plasticity method to investigate material properties, I'm curious if anyone in the Damask software community might have insights or resources such as a YAML file, code, or a link related to SS316 material specifications for the purpose of analyzing stress-strain behavior.
According to the format, it can be find in ICDD database, but i have no access.
I want to analyze O1s peak from different samples grown at different temperature. I am confused how to compare them. I see few options like plotting them in origin and substract background. Also i can do normalization in casa xps. I tried to do by taking a reference point and also with taking average points normalization. The BG and normalization are showing different results in terms of intensity. Could you please suggest me best way to compare them? I trust BG more because that fits with min to maximum peak intensity difference when every peak is analysed separately.
I have attached the Phase diagram of Mn and Mo. I need some explanation about these graphs. thanks


I have older version of x'pert highscore software and what to do for pdf2, pdf 4? Please suggest me or share the link of x'pert highscore software latest version (free)/ free pdf2, pdf4.
I am going to be writing a dissertation on a cost benefit analysis of using timber as a sustainable building material, and I was wondering if there was any known approaches to conducting cost benefit analysis's on construction materials. and if so what metrics would be best to measure e.g. cost, material characteristic's compared to traditional counter parts, life cycle, environmental impact, social and political impacts?
Hello
I have received the FTIR graph after the analysis of the sample but the graph isn't aligned to the baseline. I am attaching the file. Kindly guide me is it the sample or machine error?

Nanoindentation is a attachment with AFM or it is a separate testing procedure? Nanoindentation gives property at nanolevel? Young's modulus, Hardness, Stiffness, Load vs Depth, Load Vs Hardness properties alone cane be obtained using nanoindentation or any other properties can also be known using nanoindentation? Where I can get all these things done in India? Please share your suggestions. Many of the prestigious institutions saying machine under maintenance, machine not working or operator not available.
Hi,
I am working on the fabrication of perovskite solar cells. To improve their performance, I am trying to prepare doped perovskites. However, I am faced with the challenge to optimize the dopant concentration ratio ( mol%). Can anyone please shed light upon the following question?
1: What factors should be considered while deciding the concentration ratio of the additive for perovskites?
Thank you for your support.
Kind Regards,
Abdul Sattar Chaudry
AssalamoAlaikum Hello Everyone hope you are doing well.
Yesterday I received an email from my supervisor in which he mentioned that to make a new proposal on the Topic of CO2 storage/capture as impurity by using GO (graphene oxide). I haven't worked on it. Could you suggest me some articles that are related to the topic and helpful to understand the topic. Actually I have to submit it in next 5 days so please if you have some information please guide me on this topic.
I am highly thankful to all of you for your time and suggestions (in advance)
Hi all,
I am testing UV-vis spectrophotometer for PDMS, using "Hitachi U-3900"
My holder for solid can only get reflectance(%R) data,
Schematic of test is Figure 1,
PDMS is a very high transparent material, but its %R is very high(Figure 2), it is weird.
I think most of the light passing through the PDMS and reflected by the Aluminium oxide,
In such situation, can I convert reflectance(%R) into transmittance(%T)?
Thank you very much.


Recently I wanted to write a script to do the misorientation calculation, based on two sets of Euler angles, for a hexagonal close-packed system like α-Ti.
By searching, I found the matlab script that calculates the cubic system ` ` and compared it with the mtex calculation. The calculation results of the two are the same.
But when I replaced the symmetry matrices with the hcp matrix https://journals.iucr.org/j/issues/2010/01/00/ks5236/ks5236sup2.pdf, I found that the script I wrote was different from the mtex, so I would like to ask me if this replacement operation is wrong?
we want to produce VAR electrode (d=150 mm) from scraps (Ti 6-4) for melting (with attached shape). what is best solution for producing of initial electrode? can we cut it to small pieces and pressing in related mold and welding final discs together? is this way practical?
please guide me if you please.

I am looking for one reference which reports the formula used to calculate the crosslinking degree of LDPE with silane from DSC analysis.
I am quite confused. I know that parallel planes do have the same Miller indices. However, as you can see from the attached XRD pattern, there is (003) family of planes having different Miller indices. Why so? What actually happening here

Hallo every one,
I did nanoidentation experiment :
1 photoresist with 3 different layer thicknesses.
My results show that the photoresist is harder when it has thicker layer..
I can't find the reason in the literature.
Can any one please explaine me why is it like that??
is there any literature for this?
best regards
chiko
I am trying to understand why it happens in atomic level
Hi.
I asked the same maybe not so intuitive answer question in Physics Stack Exchange (PSE) since last month and got no answer yet:
I have dyed jute-cotton blended fiber with onion peel and other tannin-containing mordants. But after FTIR analysis, we could not explain if there was an increase in bond formation due to the use of tannin than the non mordanted.Now is there a better spectroscopic method for better understanding bond formation in dyed sample and are there ways to determine the amount of bond formation in a particular sample?
Hi all,
I am in need of the physical and thermal properties of food grade silicon / BPA free silicone.
I am doing a comparative study on the design of mats used in the microwave ovens and other general thermal applications. This involves the iterations in the design and the materials grades.
I have selected few designs from the available sources. The design involves the pattern of the ribs that helps in heat dissipation.
I am struggling to get the material properties for the food grade silicone or BPA free silicone. The properties helps us to conduct the thermal analysis for the mat.
It will be highly helpful if you can help me in getting the properties of the food grade silicone or BPA free silicone.
Below links are for the design references for the product for which I am supposed to make the comparative thermal analysis..
Edits made :
Silicon is replaced with Silicone.
Tag word Silicon is removed.
Thanks,
Prabhu
I discovered two distinct phenomena when cracks begin to form at α and β phases in titanium alloys. How does this difference mechanism come about?
Hi for everyone,
I would like to do a Life Cycle Assessment comparison for teak timbers from various geographical locations. Could you please share with me any data that you have for carbon footprint on timber with their corresponding information?
Generally observed at low strain rate for fine grained material.
For industrial scale
which are viable materials?
which parameters need to alter?
Kindly express your views.
As every keyword have certain experts associated with it, based on their area of expertise. Can we initiate a devoted section for research collaboration, especially for the calls requiring bilateral or multinational collaborator?
Presently, My group is looking for a German collaborator in the area of " High performance based C-C composites" on following call "http://www.dst.gov.in/sites/default/files/DST-DFG-JointCall-10AUG2018.pdf"
Finding it difficult to have a relevant and interested group from Germany. kindly text me if anyone finds this call interesting.
Please share how I should proceed to search for interested researchers from Germany, My present approach is searching research papers on said area and mailing to the researcher if find relevant.
Hello all,
I´m currently working for a medical device company. We are trying to understand the buckling effect during an insertion force test.
We use a flexible PVC extrusion with these properties:
Hardness: 95 (ASTM D-2240)
Specific gravity: 1.73 (ASTM D-792)
Tensile strength psi: 3400 (ASTM D-638)
Elongation%: 250 (ASTM D-638)
100% Modulus psi: 2860 (ASTM D-638)
This extrusion is inserted into another medical device and the force required to insert the extrusion must be below 4 lbf. However, it is noted that during insertion procedure the extrusion buckles, losing force and failing test. The extrusion is inserted using a fixture to guarantee that 4lbf are being applied, there are some cases where the readings of the force tester are below 4lbf but the extrusion get stuck and didn't pass all the way thru the medical device not reaching the desired end position. Our guess is that the column force is lost as result of buckling.
Extrusion length is about 10 inches, OD is about .077” and ID is .035”, this isn’t a solid extrusion. For this case, we would like to know much force (lbf) can be applied to the extrusion before buckling. Seems like we might use Euler formula, but it is unclear to me how to use the formula adding the factor that this isn’t a solid column, I assume wall thickness may be considered.
I appreciate any help to solve this doubt.
Thanks!
Need to do strain controlled fatigue test on ASTM E606 specimen. What I have referred from a research literature they have given strain ratio R, of 0.5 and a frequency of 0.2 Hz and strain levels of 0.7%–3.0%, 70% decline of peak load could anyone tell me how to decide this values ? From where they used the values there is no reference paper they have used in that particular research article.
Dear all,
I am studying the combustion of diesel, biodiesel, gasoline mixtures, and at this stage of the project, I must import the previously developed Physico-chemical properties of these fuels into fluent and analyse the validity of the Physico-chemical data for each fuel individually. I came across some solution for creating a new database, saving it as a .scm file and importing it into fluent, however, my Physico-chemical properties are temperature-dependent, which means it is not simply a constant but varies with temperature.
I appreciate it if you kindly help me out with this if you had encountered this before.
FYI, the Physico-chemical properties are as follows:
liquid density, vapour pressure, surface tension, liquid viscosity, liquid thermal conductivity, heat of vapourisation, vapour heat capacity, vapour diffusivity, vapour viscosity/thermal conductivity, liquid heat capacity and critical properties.
Alan Zandie
How to sift and separate particles of a certain size from a set of particles of different micrometer sizes?
for example we have 1kg of metal powder with size between 20 um to 120 um
we want to separate 30um particles, how can we do this?!
Dear all,
I am working on the development of magnesium alloy AZ91 composites by powder metallurgy route. During the sintering of pure alloy samples, there is a decrease in density. Generally, density increases after sintering. What can be the possible reason for this anomalous behaviour? I have read in some papers that this can be due to foaming. Also, please tell me how I can avoid this?
is it necessity to homogenize cast ingot of wrought superalloys (such as Hastelloy X, haynes 25 etc.)? if hot forging or hot rolling were done without homogenizing heat treatment what is happen?
I am trying to dissolve chickpea protein isolate in water but it's not soluble even with raised temperature and constant shaking. Can anyone please suggest the appropriate method or solvent other than water in which chickpea protein isolate gets completely soluble.
After the synthesis of a compound at the mono Crystal form I process by structural determination. I ground the product and passed in XRD powder, when I calculated the distance and the lattice planes with HKLgen (using the cell parameters found for the single crystal), I cannot index my spectrum powder? (I did the same for three other hybrid compounds is always the same).
Thickness and diameter shrinkage percentage of the Al2O3 sample (after sintering):
Diameter 20%
Thickness 18%
Both of these standards are relevant to testing materials at high temperatures.
When can we use ISO 834 and when can we use Standard ASTM E119?
What is the main difference between them? Is Fire Curve similar in them?

The grain orientation spread is a powerful tool to reveal recrystallization on the structure evolution. However, I still couldn't clearly understand the GOS result shown with the mechanical behavior effect.
I am testing on the impact of different keycap textures e.g. matte, gloss, rough which measured by Ra, Rpc. Can you suggest on the test that represents or simulates 2 years usage on gaming or heavy usage keycaps?
I am currently working on a soft strain sensor having a wavy fluidic cyclic channel. To get data in the form of electrical, I have to attach electrodes to both ends of the fluidic channel of the soft strain sensor and it must be properly attached so that fluid in the channel may not come out of the channel. But I am confused, which electrodes should I use for this sensor?

I am a novice student doing a research project on water absorption in polymer composites with sodium silicate coating.
I want to ask about how to determine the result of the percentage of water absorption which is the sum of the percentage gain in body weight and the percentage of dissolved matter lost
for example, the conditioned weight is 9.76 grams then the wet weight at the time of immersion for 24 hours is 7.05 grams. Because there was a reduction in weight, my specimen was reconditioned with the result that the reconditioned weight was 6.83 grams.
Is it true that the percentage increase in weight was -27.77% and the percentage of dissolved matter lost was 30.02%? Then to determine the percentage of water absorption, just add (-27.77%) + (30.02%)?
Is there something wrong with my calculations?
please help in that case. thank you
Can I apply this method in general for such objects?
Why do we say matter is finite?
This is a question to start the discussion.
In my opinion, matter is unlimited in terms of behavior and change (changing), and it is structurally limited.
But material is limited, both in terms of behavior and structure (it is limited in both cases).
What is immaterial?
Dear all,
Sorry for my poor English, I have a question want to know.
Recently, I was doing a experiment about TEM image analysis. But this image was very irregular compared to other ones. I added 2 images for explaining my question. Both samples I use is AA6061 alloy, the only different part is there is one sample(fig. 4-1.2M-1) which has been applied on current.
fig. 2-1.2M-4 is normal one, it has a lot of planes I can do some research, but another one(fig. 4-1.2M-1) has only 1 plane.
These 2 sample both underwent heat treatment.
fig. 2-1.2M-4: current stressing after annealing
fig. 4-1.2M-1: only annealing
I am wondering that if dislocations or residual stresses had be eliminated or the orientation had re-arranged in the annealed sample?


I want fast method to measure moisture content in raw material, I think NIR method is good but someone said this method is not more accurate especially to coarse aggregates.
From FTIR peaks, we can generally calculate the elastic property and the Debye temperature from the Waldron model of a composition.
What else we can calculate aside these calculations?
I have some h-BN powder which I need to use to prepare film by using drop-cast technique on Si/SiO2 substrate . Please tell me which solvents at which proportion should I use along with the experimental procedure.
Which condition will also ensure that the nanoparticles will not form any separated islands on the substrate and will be well dispersed in the solvents?
what is best way to producing of wire rod 10 mm or less of superalloys such as Alloy 718 (Inconel 718) to reach optimum mechanical properties? casting in VIM (Vacuum induction melting) is probably first step, is it essential remelting (ESR or VAR) for wire production? what is aspect necessary for mold dimension (diameter) in casting and remelting to produce wire rod of 10 mm?
Hello we all know the electronegativity scale and concept of elements in the periodic table
However when it comes to whole materials such as polymers, nanomaterials and etc
How can we understand theoretically if the synthesized material is highly or poorly electronegative ??
I'm working with a photo polymer resin use blue light to solidifies it. I want to find the Poisson's ratio and shear modulus for solid part after light curing. What testing device or testing method I can use to find these material properties?
I’m doing a simulation of a compression test with an hyperelastic material, defined with Mooney-Rivlin 2 parameters, on Ansys.
I’m obtaining different results making both displacement controlled and load controlled:
If I set a 3 mm linear displacement, I obtain a 30 N force reaction;
If I set a 30 N linear load, I obtain a 4 mm deformation.
I tried changing the strain rate because hyperelastic material should change the deformability with the strain rate, but it doesn’t change at all the results.




I'm looking to assemble a goniometer for an experiment involving adhesion/roll of blood on different materials. Effectively I need to put together a stage, where the angle can be adjusted/set and measured precisely while the material is firmly secured. As well as this I will need to be able to take photographs of the roll, so the setup should allow for lights/camera.
There are several online but they are £££. Any experience creating a similar setup appreciated! Links to components would be great.
It should be either decrease or increase for nth time during heat supply. Is there any possibility of irregular temperature sequences as shown in figure. In that picture the highest temperature lies around 168 °C, but that values keep decreasing and increasing. What causes it ?
The method of heat supply is two- probe electrode method. Probe material is copper. The values were recorded using a thermal camera. Time and current value is constant.

As shear strength of AA2024-T4 alloy is inversely proportional to the temperature. is there any equation to predict shear strength of AA2024-T4 with respect to temperature?

I would like to coat MXene (Ti3C2Tx) on FTO glass substrate using doctor blade deposition technique, for which i think a binder is essential for the adhesion of MXene onto the FTO. The post treatment of the FTO after deposition will be restricted to 150C, could anyone suggest me a binder which could evaporate within the range of 150C during the post treatment of the FTO.
I am testing the impedance of a material that will be used for ECoG electrodes.
I was told to test it at a frequency range from 1 Hz - 100 kHz but why is this range used? I wasnt able to find a satisfactory answer.
Which impedance values are good for recording and why? Is there a range ?
Kind regards
Before obtaining the yield stress vs inelastic stress for compression and stress vs cracking stress in tension using Concrete Damage Plasticity model, do we need to convert the engineering stress-strain curve to true stress-strain curve or we have to process engineering stress-strain data ?
Hey,
i have to choose a fatigue testing machine for additive manufactured metal parts.
Materials would be generic metals such as stainless steel, inconel etc.
The goal is to create simplified woehler / SN curves in a short time.
How can i decide which machine fits best?
Im looking for advantages and limits of the different machine types such as servohydraulic, electrodynamic, resonant pulsators and ultrasonic testing machines.
Also what is the limit for my test frequency to not get false results?
Thank you
Does anyone know microscopic spheres, that have carbonate composition, which look like the objects described in this work?
because of Designing of VAR furnace, operator have problem to detected arc position and arc gap during the melting process. in some cases using of special video camera is mentioned but there is no more information abut operation and set up in vacuum or outer case. also how could reduce noise of ambience (from supply power) and have good resolution. please guide me in this area.

I need references articles that explain the drawings for the following materials, which illustrate the diagram between DR UV-Vis spectrums of the following materials blank sample as expressed in Kubleka-Munk function versus
the measured wavelength and the materials are ZnO, CuO, Fe2O3, and Co3O4.