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When synthesizing MOFs, does the amount of solvent affect the produced material characteristic? and how to determine the best amount of solvent?
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Referring to the work in [1] , I cite the following:
The X-ray diffraction results prove that the MOF cannot form in pure water or in a water/ethanol mixture with a small amount of ethanol.As the ethanol content exceeds 30 vol%, a crystalline MOF can be obtained.
The scanning electron microscope images of the as-synthesized MOFs show the formation of MOF nanoparticles with an average size of 20–300 nm. The MOF particle size decreased with increasing ethanol content in the mixed solvent.
The porosity of the MOFs was determined using a N2 adsorption–desorption method. When the ethanol volume ratio reached 75%, the largest SBET value of 1067 m2 g−1 and Vt value of 0.52 cm3 g−1 were obtained.
hope that helpful. Best regards ....
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Hello everybody.
Can anyone please help me to resolve the following problem?
I am trying to obtain the structural response of a reinforced concrete column subjected to a blast load by performing a dynamic analysis in Abaqus/Explicit. Since the blast is a dynamic event that occurs in a very short time, the materials characteristics (stress values) should be modified with respect to the strain rate effect.
Can anyone give me some suggestions regarding the input for the Concrete material when using the Concrete Damage Plasticity option?
I have tried to change the stress values as the strain rate increases as shown in attached picture, but then I receive the following error: “DURING THE CONVERSION FROM CRACKING TO PLASTIC STRAIN Abaqus FOUND NEGATIVE AND/OR DECREASING VALUES OF PLASTIC STRAIN. VERIFY THAT THE DEGRADATION DATA UNDER *CONCRETE TENSION DAMAGE IS CORRECT”
Since the plastic strain seems to be evaluated in a wrong manner when using this approach, can anyone suggest me the right way to account for the strain rate effect when using CDP option for concrete?
Thank you.
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Mircea D. Botez , did the suggested solutions work for you?
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I understand the basic definition for both. I found a literature to describe both of them.
In the paper, they states:
If a stress is applied to a concrete body, the body experiences an elastic deformation which is, to a first approximation, independent of time. If, however, this stress is maintained for a considerable period of time, the body suffers a further, time-dependent deformation. This additional deformation is com- monly known as creep. In a creep experiment the stress is usually kept constant. If instead of the stress, the length of a stressed specimen is kept constant, the creep leads to a gradual reduction of the stress originally present. This process is called stress relaxation.
Based on the paper’s description, creep and stress relaxation depends on which factor is maintained (I.e. stress or strain).
If strain change, it is a creep deformation
if stress change, it is a stress relaxation.
How do you know which one is change or maintained in the material or in a strcuture? Stress or strain?
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I don't want to click Recommend on an answer obviously generated using AI, but Shashikumar Ss's answer is very good, this time.
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I understand the basic definition for both. I found a literature to describe both of them.
In the paper, they states:
If a stress is applied to a concrete body, the body experiences an elastic deformation which is, to a first approximation, independent of time. If, however, this stress is maintained for a considerable period of time, the body suffers a further, time-dependent deformation. This additional deformation is com- monly known as creep. In a creep experiment the stress is usually kept constant. If instead of the stress, the length of a stressed specimen is kept constant, the creep leads to a gradual reduction of the stress originally present. This process is called stress relaxation.
Based on the paper’s description, creep and stress relaxation depends on which factor is maintained (I.e. stress or strain).
If strain change, it is a creep deformation
if stress change, it is a stress relaxation.
How do you know which one is change or maintained in the material or in a strcuture? Stress or strain?
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Hi, it's simple:
Creep = constant stress, but deformation (shape, dimensions, etc.) changes in time.
Relaxation = constant strain = the body still has the same outer shape, but the inner structure is rearranged to release stress.
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I understand the basic definitions of creep and pressure relaxation. However, I am confused about the exact difference between them.
See attached photo.
Because a compression force is applied, it will cause a strain.
However, at the same time, the constant compression force also produce a constant strain.
On the other hand, if a constant strain state needs to be achieved, a constant compression force needs to be applied at both ends.
How do you know which one is changing? If strain is changing, it is creep. If force or stress is changing, it is stress relaxation.
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Creep deformation and stress relaxation deformation are two time-dependent mechanical behaviors observed in materials under stress. Although they may seem similar, they involve opposite changes in the key parameters: stress and strain. Creep deformation occurs when a constant stress is applied to a material, causing it to slowly deform (strain) over time. This phenomenon is commonly observed in materials like metals and polymers at elevated temperatures. In contrast, stress relaxation describes the situation where a constant strain is applied to a material, but the stress required to maintain that strain decreases over time. This occurs because the material's internal structure rearranges to accommodate the imposed deformation, reducing the resistance to the applied strain.
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Subject: Seeking Expert Advice on Suitable Electrolyte Solution and Voltage Parameters for Pure Aluminum Electropolishing Study
Dear Research Community,
I hope this message finds you well. I am a student facing a critical issue that could potentially jeopardize my future. I am reaching out to seek your assistance or recommendations for someone who can help me overcome this challenge.
Currently, our research project focuses on the electropolishing of pure aluminum. However, we have encountered a significant obstacle that has impeded our progress. Our samples vary in size, with the maximum dimension being 0.5 cm.
In our study, we initially prepared the samples through sanding and subsequent polishing with powder. We have now reached the stage where we are ready to initiate the electropolishing process.
For the electrolyte solution, we have utilized a mixture of acids, including nitric acid, sulfuric acid, acetic acid, and ethanol. Initially, we created an electrolyte solution consisting of 25% nitric acid and 75% ethanol. The process was conducted at room temperature without employing a heater to raise the temperature. However, despite experimenting with voltage values ranging from 0 to 10 V, we have been unable to achieve desirable results. Instead, we observed the formation of H.
In a subsequent experiment, we modified the electrolyte solution by using 70% phosphoric acid, 15% acetic acid, and 5% nitric acid at room temperature. We increased the voltage to 20 V, resulting in a current density of 30. The electropolishing process was carried out for durations ranging from 30 seconds to 1 minute. Unfortunately, we encountered the same issue of excessive H production, leading to a completely white surface on our samples. We were unable to progress to the final stage of the process.
Additionally, we attempted to use the same electrolyte solution at 30 V for 10 seconds, but satisfactory outcomes were not achieved.
Given the aforementioned circumstances, I kindly request your professional advice regarding the appropriate electrolyte solution and voltage parameters for my future experiments.
Thank you in advance for your prompt response.
Yours sincerely,
Alireza Saravani
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Hello, we tried working with the following electrolyte: 700 mL ethanol (absolute), 120 mL distilled H2O, 100 mL 2-butoxyethanol, 80 mL HClO4 (60%). At a temperature of + 10 C, a voltage of 27-30 volts and a polishing time of 15-20 seconds, it was possible to obtain a polished surface on 5xx alloys and aluminum with a purity of 99.9%. For aluminum alloys 3xx and 4xx, the voltage was raised to 50 volts.
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After rolling of stainless steel sheets compressive residual stresses forms in the corners of the sheets. These compressive residual stresses unbalanced the amount of heat that is needed for welding applying more than what’s needed for welding due to summation with compressive residual stresses, therefore, for welding those sheets on the corners, thermal stress applies more than it needed for this zone, and this overheating creates a hole at at this start and end of the weld line. There are many methods of relieving the stresses, but what do you think is the most effective and fast method of stress relieving for this issue that doesn’t change the mechanical and chemical characterizations of the material?
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heating it to 250 to relieve stresses or shot peening it might help .
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Dear Mimics users,
in some studies, it is mentioned that they used “Mimics default empirical formular” for material assignment to the bone structure. I would like to ask if there is any reference for this empirical expressions?
The formula is: E = 5925 * p - 388.8
In the Mimics user manual under “Material Assignment” section, and STEP D, it is mentioned: “STEP D: Choose to write out only the E-Modulus material properties in the exported file by deselecting the selection boxes before Density and Poisson Coefficient. We will use the following expression for the EModulus: E-Modulus = -388.8 + 5925 * Density”. Many studies use this formula as Mimics default empirical formular.
Best regards,
Iman Soodmand
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Sorry, that I cannot answer this quetion, but this will not belong to my special work flow of damage analysis.
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As I'm currently exploring the Damask software and utilizing the crystal plasticity method to investigate material properties, I'm curious if anyone in the Damask software community might have insights or resources such as a YAML file, code, or a link related to SS316 material specifications for the purpose of analyzing stress-strain behavior.
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There are many internet sites explaining the content of Stainless steel 316.
316 stainless steel has excellent corrosion resistance in many environments. stainless steel contains 16–18% chromium, 10–14% nickel, 2–3% molybdenum, 0.08% carbon, and trace amounts of other elements.
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According to the format, it can be find in ICDD database, but i have no access.
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Shuobin Li Thank you for the clarification. Much appreciated.
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I want to analyze O1s peak from different samples grown at different temperature. I am confused how to compare them. I see few options like plotting them in origin and substract background. Also i can do normalization in casa xps. I tried to do by taking a reference point and also with taking average points normalization. The BG and normalization are showing different results in terms of intensity. Could you please suggest me best way to compare them? I trust BG more because that fits with min to maximum peak intensity difference when every peak is analysed separately.
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Dear Scien Tist,
The binding energy of your Ba 3d_5/2 peak is way too high with 808 eV. Either someone really messed up the calibration of your system, or, what I think is more likely, your material is not conductive enough and you observe charging. Are the binding energies of other peaks, like O 1s or C 1s, where you would expect them to be?
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I have attached the Phase diagram of Mn and Mo. I need some explanation about these graphs. thanks
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Hi
Regarding Fe-Mn phase diagram,the vertical line towards left represents Fe with allotropic changes occurring room temperature (alpha)=>(gamma) at 912 deg C=> (delta) at 1400 deg C => melting a 1538 deg C. Similary,towards right Mn have at room temperature (alpha) =>(beta)at 707 deg C =>(gamma) at 1087 deg C =>(delta) at 1138 deg C =>Melting at 1246 deg C. At around 1498 deg C,peritectic reaction occurs L + (delta) => gamma(Fe,Mn) similar to Austinite in Fe-C phase diagram. More or less gamma(Fe,Mn) phase is dominants the phase diagram. Up to 4% Mn, alpha(Fe,Mn) (912 to 400)deg C, from 4 to 30% both alpha(Fe,Mn) and gamma(Fe,Mn) will be stable from (912 to 400)deg C. Peritectiod reaction occurs at 700 deg C changing
gamma(Fe,Mn) +beta(Fe,Mn) => alpha(Fe,Mn). Transformation temperature from beta(Fe,Mn) => alpha(Fe,Mn) roughly occurs around and along 707 deg C.
Regarding Fe-Mo phase diagram,there is lot of temperature differences between Molybdenum (2623) and Iron (1539) there are many peritectic reactions in the phase diagram. gamma(Fe,Mo) is reduced to a loop, as alpha(Fe,Mo) is enlarged as Molybdenum is B.C.C if ferrite stabilizer, while austenite (FCC) is shrunken to loop with the addition of Mo. A peritectic reaction at 1500 deg C, converting L + Sigma => R, A peritectiod reaction converting R + Sigma =>Mu. And Eutectiod reaction at 1200 deg C, converting R => alpha + Mu. Another peritectic reaction at 1611 deg C,converting L + alpha => sigma. At 900 deg C, Mu => lamda, below 900 deg C alpha + Mu => alpha + lamda,in between Mu and alpha + lambda we have
lambda + mu.
Example: Basic principle of phase diagram, intermediate phases(alpha + beta) will be alpha(towards left) and beta(towards right),this applies to any phases either solid or liquid and gases.
thanks & regards,
g.sudhakar
phd(material engineering)
hcu
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I have older version of x'pert highscore software and what to do for pdf2, pdf 4? Please suggest me or share the link of x'pert highscore software latest version (free)/ free pdf2, pdf4.
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Both Origin software and X'Pert HighScore software can be used to determine the hkl values of a crystal structure. Here are the steps to follow for each software:
Using Origin software:
1. Open the data file in Origin software and select the graph containing the diffraction pattern.
2. Click on the "Peak Analyzer" button in the toolbar.
3. In the Peak Analyzer window, select the peak of interest by clicking on it.
4. In the "Peak Information" tab, note down the "2Theta" value and the "Counts" value for the peak.
5. Use the Bragg's law equation (2dsinθ = nλ) to calculate the d-spacing value for the peak. Here, n = 1 for first-order diffraction. λ is the wavelength of the X-ray used in the experiment.
6. Use the d-spacing value to calculate the hkl values for the peak using the Miller indices formula (hkl = [n1d1,n2d2,n3d3]).
Using X'Pert HighScore software:
1. Open the data file in X'Pert HighScore software and select the diffraction pattern.
2. Click on the "Peak Fitting" button in the toolbar.
3. In the Peak Fitting window, select the peak of interest by clicking on it.
4. In the "Peak Information" tab, note down the "2Theta" value and the "d-spacing" value for the peak.
5. Use the Bragg's law equation (2dsinθ = nλ) to calculate the wavelength of the X-ray used in the experiment.
6. Use the d-spacing value to calculate the hkl values for the peak using the Miller indices formula (hkl = [n1d1,n2d2,n3d3]).
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I am going to be writing a dissertation on a cost benefit analysis of using timber as a sustainable building material, and I was wondering if there was any known approaches to conducting cost benefit analysis's on construction materials. and if so what metrics would be best to measure e.g. cost, material characteristic's compared to traditional counter parts, life cycle, environmental impact, social and political impacts?
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Thank you very much for your reply this was very useful information!
Kind Regards
Conner Lamont
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Hello
I have received the FTIR graph after the analysis of the sample but the graph isn't aligned to the baseline. I am attaching the file. Kindly guide me is it the sample or machine error?
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  • Run a standard material
  • Contact the manufacturer or distributor/agent with the above
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Nanoindentation is a attachment with AFM or it is a separate testing procedure? Nanoindentation gives property at nanolevel? Young's modulus, Hardness, Stiffness, Load vs Depth, Load Vs Hardness properties alone cane be obtained using nanoindentation or any other properties can also be known using nanoindentation? Where I can get all these things done in India? Please share your suggestions. Many of the prestigious institutions saying machine under maintenance, machine not working or operator not available.
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Nanoindentation is a separate testing procedure that is often used in conjunction with Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM). It is used to measure properties at the nanoscale, such as Young's modulus, hardness, stiffness, and load vs. depth and load vs. hardness. Other properties can also be measured using nanoindentation, depending on the specific application. In India, there are several institutions that offer nanoindentation services. These include the Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Delhi, IIT Bombay, IIT Madras, IIT Kanpur, IIT Hyderabad, and the National Institute of Technology (NIT) Surat. Additionally, there are several private companies that offer nanoindentation services, such as NanoTest India, NanoTest Solutions, and NanoTest Technologies. If you are having difficulty finding a nanoindentation service provider, it is possible that the machine is under maintenance or the operator is not available. In this case, it is best to contact the service provider directly to inquire about the availability of the machine and the operator.
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Hi,
I am working on the fabrication of perovskite solar cells. To improve their performance, I am trying to prepare doped perovskites. However, I am faced with the challenge to optimize the dopant concentration ratio ( mol%). Can anyone please shed light upon the following question?
1: What factors should be considered while deciding the concentration ratio of the additive for perovskites?
Thank you for your support.
Kind Regards,
Abdul Sattar Chaudry
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I am trying to add PEA as a spacer cation to form 2D perovskite structure in Formamidinium based perovskite solar cells. we can say the additive engineering on A site of absorber layer... Can anyone explain how to fix the n value practically? in literatures they have varied the n values as 1,2,3....10,20,......
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AssalamoAlaikum Hello Everyone hope you are doing well.
Yesterday I received an email from my supervisor in which he mentioned that to make a new proposal on the Topic of CO2 storage/capture as impurity by using GO (graphene oxide). I haven't worked on it. Could you suggest me some articles that are related to the topic and helpful to understand the topic. Actually I have to submit it in next 5 days so please if you have some information please guide me on this topic.
I am highly thankful to all of you for your time and suggestions (in advance)
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suggest to look for a more intelligent supervisor - this is nonsense. For CO2 storage only cheap bulk material make sense.
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Hi all,
I am testing UV-vis spectrophotometer for PDMS, using "Hitachi U-3900"
My holder for solid can only get reflectance(%R) data,
Schematic of test is Figure 1,
PDMS is a very high transparent material, but its %R is very high(Figure 2), it is weird.
I think most of the light passing through the PDMS and reflected by the Aluminium oxide,
In such situation, can I convert reflectance(%R) into transmittance(%T)?
Thank you very much.
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Good day! Here I found brief and complex explanation on reflectance and transmittance phenomenons:
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Recently I wanted to write a script to do the misorientation calculation, based on two sets of Euler angles, for a hexagonal close-packed system like α-Ti.
By searching, I found the matlab script that calculates the cubic system ` ` and compared it with the mtex calculation. The calculation results of the two are the same.
But when I replaced the symmetry matrices with the hcp matrix https://journals.iucr.org/j/issues/2010/01/00/ks5236/ks5236sup2.pdf, I found that the script I wrote was different from the mtex, so I would like to ask me if this replacement operation is wrong?
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Yeah, this problem has been solved, and you can see .
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we want to produce VAR electrode (d=150 mm) from scraps (Ti 6-4) for melting (with attached shape). what is best solution for producing of initial electrode? can we cut it to small pieces and pressing in related mold and welding final discs together? is this way practical?
please guide me if you please.
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The easiest option would be to use EB-CHM (electron-beam cold hearth melting, often referred to as EBM) or CC-VIM (cold crucible vacuum induction melting) to produce a first ingot and then use VAR in a second melting step. In both methods, any shape of the scrap parts can be used. If you don’t have access to any of these devices, an electrode could be produced by compacting the scrap with sponge and alloying elements (depending on the size of your electrodes, welding of segments might be needed as well) as I doubt that electrode production will work if only your scrap parts will be used. Cutting, on the other hand, might add extra contaninations and is, thus, not advisable.
Independent of the melting procedure, potential contaminations should be removed from your scrap parts and these should be pretreated. Adhering particles and other residues should be removed from the surface by abrasive blasting or pickling as otherwise increased oxygen and/or nitrogen contents might occur in your molten ingot.
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I am looking for one reference which reports the formula used to calculate the crosslinking degree of LDPE with silane from DSC analysis.
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There are a series of different methods to calculate the crosslinking density from DSC data, around 4, to my knowledge, of which one of them is predominant in the literature and, from what I've noticed, highly recommended. For more information you can check the following article:
Despite this aspect, the most recommeded/preferred methods to determine the crosslinking density of a polymer (system) are from swelling degree and FTIR measurements, which are the most accurate, as also previously stated by other researchers.
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I am quite confused. I know that parallel planes do have the same Miller indices. However, as you can see from the attached XRD pattern, there is (003) family of planes having different Miller indices. Why so? What actually happening here
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you are right, all these peaks arise from parallel planes.
The 003 planes are paralell to the 006 planes, and paralled to the 009 planes etc, but parallel to the 002 and the 001 planes as well.
However their interplanar distances are different und thus the diffraction peaks show up at different angles
Alltogethers all these planes are multiple order planes of the 001 plane.
Please remind the Bragg law:
n*lambda= 2*d*sin(theta)
You may rewrite this equation as:
lambda= 2*d/n * sin(theta)
one also has for any d(h,k,l)/n = d(nh,nk,nl)
You may check the validity of this equation for all crystal systems.
The formulas for dhkl are for example summarized in the attachment, taken from the Klug&Alexander book on 'X-Ray Diffraction Procedures'...
Ggod luck and
best regards
G.M.
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Hallo every one,
I did nanoidentation experiment :
1 photoresist with 3 different layer thicknesses.
My results show that the photoresist is harder when it has thicker layer..
I can't find the reason in the literature.
Can any one please explaine me why is it like that??
is there any literature for this?
best regards
chiko
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The nano layer thickness is very very small layer, otherwise it's cannot use by Resistivity method and it has VES limitation.
Best regards.
P. Hakaew
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I am trying to understand why it happens in atomic level
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Dear Sohrab,
The previos answer is almist full. This metal has almost zero thermal effect on resistivity. Hence, the net change in length (volume) under the pressure is detected directly (without noise due to heating). Read on the naterial in
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Hi.
I asked the same maybe not so intuitive answer question in Physics Stack Exchange (PSE) since last month and got no answer yet:
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Dear Emmanuel,
Again I made answer in person, please check.
Thanks for sharing an important thread of discussion.
Dr. Anamika
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I have dyed jute-cotton blended fiber with onion peel and other tannin-containing mordants. But after FTIR analysis, we could not explain if there was an increase in bond formation due to the use of tannin than the non mordanted.Now is there a better spectroscopic method for better understanding bond formation in dyed sample and are there ways to determine the amount of bond formation in a particular sample?
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FTIR is a very good method of identifying these bonds. For this you need to normalize the two spectra (natural and treated) at the peak near 1500 - 1510 cm-1. Then you'll se the difference between the two samples
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Hi all,
I am in need of the physical and thermal properties of food grade silicon / BPA free silicone.
I am doing a comparative study on the design of mats used in the microwave ovens and other general thermal applications. This involves the iterations in the design and the materials grades.
I have selected few designs from the available sources. The design involves the pattern of the ribs that helps in heat dissipation.
I am struggling to get the material properties for the food grade silicone or BPA free silicone. The properties helps us to conduct the thermal analysis for the mat.
It will be highly helpful if you can help me in getting the properties of the food grade silicone or BPA free silicone.
Below links are for the design references for the product for which I am supposed to make the comparative thermal analysis..
Edits made :
Silicon is replaced with Silicone.
Tag word Silicon is removed.
Thanks,
Prabhu
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Thank you for the useful background. So it wasn't silicon, or silica but rather silicone... A little work on Google and RG will help you. In 2 minutes I have found the general descriptions: https://lifewithoutplastic.com/silicone/
and something on thermal properties (from poorly conductive to conductive). See attached. Fermi estimates can easily be found by Googling the appropriate property (e.g. 'conductivity') followed by the word 'silicone'. Good luck with your research.
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I discovered two distinct phenomena when cracks begin to form at α and β phases in titanium alloys. How does this difference mechanism come about?
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Dear Hasfi,
The reasons for the initiation of cracks are related accumulated internal stresses between the α and β phases in titanium alloys. These external stresses in the process of operation tend to balance. Cracks can be observed in both solid particles and softer particles of the structure. To avoid this negative effect, normalization is performed to a certain extent or the chemical composition of the spawn is changed in order to reduce external stresses.
With respect
Emil Yankov
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Hi for everyone,
I would like to do a Life Cycle Assessment comparison for teak timbers from various geographical locations. Could you please share with me any data that you have for carbon footprint on timber with their corresponding information?
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Please have a look at enclosed PDF..
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Generally observed at low strain rate for fine grained material.
For industrial scale
which are viable materials?
which parameters need to alter?
Kindly express your views.
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Agree with Mete Abbot sir
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As every keyword have certain experts associated with it, based on their area of expertise. Can we initiate a devoted section for research collaboration, especially for the calls requiring bilateral or multinational collaborator?
Presently, My group is looking for a German collaborator in the area of " High performance based C-C composites" on following call "http://www.dst.gov.in/sites/default/files/DST-DFG-JointCall-10AUG2018.pdf"
Finding it difficult to have a relevant and interested group from Germany. kindly text me if anyone finds this call interesting.
Please share how I should proceed to search for interested researchers from Germany, My present approach is searching research papers on said area and mailing to the researcher if find relevant.
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Prof. Ajitanshu Vedrtnam: In my opinion, the projects are more than enough instead of your suggested section.
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For photoelectrochemical applications.
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yes, it is suitable.
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Hello all,
I´m currently working for a medical device company. We are trying to understand the buckling effect during an insertion force test.
We use a flexible PVC extrusion with these properties:
Hardness: 95 (ASTM D-2240)
Specific gravity: 1.73 (ASTM D-792)
Tensile strength psi: 3400 (ASTM D-638)
Elongation%: 250 (ASTM D-638)
100% Modulus psi: 2860 (ASTM D-638)
This extrusion is inserted into another medical device and the force required to insert the extrusion must be below 4 lbf. However, it is noted that during insertion procedure the extrusion buckles, losing force and failing test. The extrusion is inserted using a fixture to guarantee that 4lbf are being applied, there are some cases where the readings of the force tester are below 4lbf but the extrusion get stuck and didn't pass all the way thru the medical device not reaching the desired end position. Our guess is that the column force is lost as result of buckling.
Extrusion length is about 10 inches, OD is about .077” and ID is .035”, this isn’t a solid extrusion. For this case, we would like to know much force (lbf) can be applied to the extrusion before buckling. Seems like we might use Euler formula, but it is unclear to me how to use the formula adding the factor that this isn’t a solid column, I assume wall thickness may be considered.
I appreciate any help to solve this doubt.
Thanks!
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A quick check with pens and papers-
Use Euler's Buckling formula
max load P= EI*(pi)^2/L^2. L is the insertion point (into hole, box, whatever) to holding point (where the pipe is gripped and applied force. E is young's modulus. I is area moment of inertia, I=(pi/64)* (D^4-d^4). D is outer and d is inner dia of tube
This bold portion would work just fine to use the area moment of inertia of a hollow column.
For eccentric loading, use the Secant formula instead
But wait! if PVC tube is way too flexible to be considered to be elastomeric rather than linear elastic, there can be error, because Euler's formula was derived for linear elastic deformation of columns.
If standard simulations (Solidworks, Comsol, Ansys) seem too hard for you, go to some user friendly online simulation interfaces like simscale. Just upload 3D image of files in their simulation IDE, give input parameters, and you are done within a few minutes to hours.
Go for it.
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Need to do strain controlled fatigue test on ASTM E606 specimen. What I have referred from a research literature they have given strain ratio R, of 0.5 and a frequency of 0.2 Hz and strain levels of 0.7%–3.0%, 70% decline of peak load could anyone tell me how to decide this values ? From where they used the values there is no reference paper they have used in that particular research article.
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Hi Dinesh
Strain controlled fatigue testing is important to study the behaviour of components undergoing either mechanically or thermally induced cyclic plastic strains that cause failure within fewer cycles (<10^5) than high cycle fatigue (>10^5-10^6 cycles).
The testing conditions are usually determined by the specific application you are considering. Doing this preliminary investigation will allow you to get more meaningful and useful results from the strain controlled tests.
So I would recommend to try to collect some initial indicative data to better plan the test conditions (temperature, R, frequency, strain levels). If the components (or an older version of the components) are already in service you can get some good indications by applying some strain gauges and thermocouples to the parts to understand what sort of strains they undergo and at what temperatures. If the components are still in the design phase then you will need to carry out some hand calculations or run some FEA analyses to get a feeling of what strain the parts will experience once in service.
Having said this, in terms of strain levels you can consider that you enter within the high cycle fatigue range when the part undergo loads that generate stresses below half of the yield strength of the material i.e. 0.2% so you want to stay above this value. In general you could run tests at strain level within 0.2% and 20-40%. It depends also by the material and test temperature. Then with the Coffin-Manson equation you can relate cycles to plastic strains.
To determine the values of temperature, frequency and R for your tests, as previously mentioned, it would be better if you use values close to your actual application to collect more reliable and useful data.
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Dear all,
I am studying the combustion of diesel, biodiesel, gasoline mixtures, and at this stage of the project, I must import the previously developed Physico-chemical properties of these fuels into fluent and analyse the validity of the Physico-chemical data for each fuel individually. I came across some solution for creating a new database, saving it as a .scm file and importing it into fluent, however, my Physico-chemical properties are temperature-dependent, which means it is not simply a constant but varies with temperature.
I appreciate it if you kindly help me out with this if you had encountered this before.
FYI, the Physico-chemical properties are as follows:
liquid density, vapour pressure, surface tension, liquid viscosity, liquid thermal conductivity, heat of vapourisation, vapour heat capacity, vapour diffusivity, vapour viscosity/thermal conductivity, liquid heat capacity and critical properties.
Alan Zandie
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How to sift and separate particles of a certain size from a set of particles of different micrometer sizes?
for example we have 1kg of metal powder with size between 20 um to 120 um
we want to separate 30um particles, how can we do this?!
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Respected Madam,
For separating 30 micrometer particles US Sieve Mesh Number 450 is recommended. Refer the attachments for more details.
Hope this information is useful.
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Dear all,
I am working on the development of magnesium alloy AZ91 composites by powder metallurgy route. During the sintering of pure alloy samples, there is a decrease in density. Generally, density increases after sintering. What can be the possible reason for this anomalous behaviour? I have read in some papers that this can be due to foaming. Also, please tell me how I can avoid this?
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The sintering process of a compact particle found to continue within two decoupled stage , particles shrinkage by densification and growth by coarsening behavior at higher temperature. At densification stage the loss of unstable materials will permit the internal pores formation of certain volumes and shapes. The small pores and\or concave surface morphology are able to shrink as mass transfer by inward atomic diffusion from the bulk of the particle towards the pore surface and fill the pore space. On the other hand large pores and\or a convex surface morphology is not able to shrink as mass transfer by outward atomic diffusion from the pore surface towards the bulk of the particle is dominated and, enlarge the pore space and leading to what you called process of foaming that responsible for lowering the density.
Now, owing to the higher surface to volume ratio of the particles of nano-size (less than@100nm) compared to that of sub-micron and micro-size, the outward mass diffusion of trapped material is faster. This could leave larger pores that are thermodynamically stable and not able to shrink, so the coarser particles permit shrinkage at a higher rate than those at lower sizes. Please any feedback is welcome to frame the discussion picture.
Best regards.
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is it necessity to homogenize cast ingot of wrought superalloys (such as Hastelloy X, haynes 25 etc.)? if hot forging or hot rolling were done without homogenizing heat treatment what is happen?
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It is important to avoid cracks during the following conformation processes.
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I am trying to dissolve chickpea protein isolate in water but it's not soluble even with raised temperature and constant shaking. Can anyone please suggest the appropriate method or solvent other than water in which chickpea protein isolate gets completely soluble.
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After the synthesis of a compound at the mono Crystal form I process by structural determination. I ground the product and passed in XRD powder, when I calculated the distance and the lattice planes with HKLgen (using the cell parameters found for the single crystal), I cannot index my spectrum powder? (I did the same for three other hybrid compounds is always the same).
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Thickness and diameter shrinkage percentage of the Al2O3 sample (after sintering):
Diameter 20%
Thickness 18%
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thanks for your important question
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Both of these standards are relevant to testing materials at high temperatures.
When can we use ISO 834 and when can we use Standard ASTM E119?
What is the main difference between them? Is Fire Curve similar in them?
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Using specimens similar to those described in the draft revision of ASTM E 119, tests were conducted in floor and wall fire test furnaces. The tests were designed to compare the practical consequences of following the ASTM E 119 and ISO 834 specifications for measuring and controlling the nominal furnace temperature. It has been found that in fire tests of shorter duration, perhaps up to 1.5 h, the ASTM test is slightly more severe than the ISO test. In longer tests the difference in severities is negligible.
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The grain orientation spread is a powerful tool to reveal recrystallization on the structure evolution. However, I still couldn't clearly understand the GOS result shown with the mechanical behavior effect.
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I've attached the picture from the histogram, relative frequency against GOS value (degree). I want to know the correlation between high or low-intensity frequency in low-angle grain boundaries with mechanical behaviors?
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I am testing on the impact of different keycap textures e.g. matte, gloss, rough which measured by Ra, Rpc. Can you suggest on the test that represents or simulates 2 years usage on gaming or heavy usage keycaps?
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Dear Kanticha Korsesthakarn , may be the following testing tools would be useful for your work:
Hope it helps.
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I am currently working on a soft strain sensor having a wavy fluidic cyclic channel. To get data in the form of electrical, I have to attach electrodes to both ends of the fluidic channel of the soft strain sensor and it must be properly attached so that fluid in the channel may not come out of the channel. But I am confused, which electrodes should I use for this sensor?
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Thank you so much Mr. Cuff, your answer helped me to think more widely. Thanks for telling me about your experience, it is really helpful.
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I am a novice student doing a research project on water absorption in polymer composites with sodium silicate coating.
I want to ask about how to determine the result of the percentage of water absorption which is the sum of the percentage gain in body weight and the percentage of dissolved matter lost
for example, the conditioned weight is 9.76 grams then the wet weight at the time of immersion for 24 hours is 7.05 grams. Because there was a reduction in weight, my specimen was reconditioned with the result that the reconditioned weight was 6.83 grams.
Is it true that the percentage increase in weight was -27.77% and the percentage of dissolved matter lost was 30.02%? Then to determine the percentage of water absorption, just add (-27.77%) + (30.02%)?
Is there something wrong with my calculations?
please help in that case. thank you
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Dear all, it looks correct what you have done according to ASTM standard norm. However, it is quiet wise to use different analysis techniques to confirm your results, mainly dielectric one. Please see attached files. My Regards
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Can I apply this method in general for such objects?
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Vasyl Peter Kladko The Williamson-Hall Plot. W-H plot is used to calculate the crystallite size and microstrain from complex XRD data. That's when both the crystallite size and microstrain vary as a function of the Bragg's angle, we can only calculate these parameters from XRD data using W-H plot. I have provided the practice file (Origin file) as well as the calculation file (Excel file) in the video description. Thanks
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Why do we say matter is finite?
This is a question to start the discussion.
In my opinion, matter is unlimited in terms of behavior and change (changing), and it is structurally limited.
But material is limited, both in terms of behavior and structure (it is limited in both cases).
What is immaterial?
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Dear Sara Gordan, it is that because the structure is well defined. The changes that is seen in matter are the consequences of its surrounding, to tell pressure and temperature. Exemple water has a defined chemical structure, being H2O, whether it is solid, liquid or gas (vapor). My Regards
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Crystalline index
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Crystallinity index is the ratio of the crystalline peaks to the crystalline+amorphous peaks. Amorphous peaks are the noise in XRD data, while, from crystalline+amorphous, we mean the whole XRD profile. In the following 17 min video, I have explained in detail the crystallinity index and how to calculate it from XRD data. In the first 2.5 min, I have first explained 'what is meant by the crystallinity index'. In the rest of the video, I have taught 'how to calculate the crystallinity index from XRD data in origin for crystalline as well as amorphous materials. If you need anything further to ask, let me know. I'll appreciate your feedback on the video tutorial. I have attached the discussed files (Origin file and Excel template) here, as well as, they can be accessed from the description in the video. Thanks
How to calculate crystallinity index from XRD data using origin
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Dear all,
Sorry for my poor English, I have a question want to know.
Recently, I was doing a experiment about TEM image analysis. But this image was very irregular compared to other ones. I added 2 images for explaining my question. Both samples I use is AA6061 alloy, the only different part is there is one sample(fig. 4-1.2M-1) which has been applied on current.
fig. 2-1.2M-4 is normal one, it has a lot of planes I can do some research, but another one(fig. 4-1.2M-1) has only 1 plane.
These 2 sample both underwent heat treatment.
fig. 2-1.2M-4: current stressing after annealing
fig. 4-1.2M-1: only annealing
I am wondering that if dislocations or residual stresses had be eliminated or the orientation had re-arranged in the annealed sample?
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The images you uploaded are calculated FFT images from your real space TEM images. For me it looks like following: the sample in 2-1.2 was oriented close to a low index zone axis, and therefore you get this quite nice pattern. As you said, there are lots of lattice planes visible and you can measure and index them.
In Fig 4-1.2, you only see one lattice plane. This is due to the orientation of the sample in the TEM. Try to tilt it to get to a zone axis. Then you should see more planes, since the sample seems to be crystalline.
What kind of sample do you have? (material, preparation for TEM,...)
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I want fast method to measure moisture content in raw material, I think NIR method is good but someone said this method is not more accurate especially to coarse aggregates.
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Dear Saman
Quantitative prediction of soil properties such as; salinity, organic carbon, soil moisture and heavy metals can be conducted using various calibration models – such models were developed depending on the measured soil laboratory analyses data and soil reflectance spectra thereby resampled to satellite images - to predict soil properties. The most common used models are stepwise multiple linear regression (SMLR), partial least squares regression (PLSR), multivariate adaptive regression splines (MARS), principal component regression (PCR) and artificial neural networks (ANN). Those methods are required to quickly and accurately measure soil characteristics at field to improve soil management and conservation at local and regional scales. Visable-Near Infra Red (VIS-NIR) has been recommended as a quick tool for mapping soil properties. Furthermore, VIS-NIR reflection spectroscopy reduces the cost and time, therefore has a wonderful ability and potential use as a rapid soil analysis for both precision soil management and assessing soil quality.
please have a look the following links . you may find your suitable answer
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From FTIR peaks, we can generally calculate the elastic property and the Debye temperature from the Waldron model of a composition.
What else we can calculate aside these calculations?
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Dear Rakibul Hassan , the peaks or bands of a FTIR spectrum provide information about the vibrational modes of chemical groups present on your sample. FTIR is useful to identify new or unknown materials based on their spectra and also to detect contaminants, additives or to detect decomposition products of your material caused by material use or exposure to environmental conditions or working conditions.
The technique is also useful to study structural variations of semicrystalline polymers and to identify polymorphic materials among many other applications.
Hope it helps.
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I have some h-BN powder which I need to use to prepare film by using drop-cast technique on Si/SiO2 substrate . Please tell me which solvents at which proportion should I use along with the experimental procedure.
Which condition will also ensure that the nanoparticles will not form any separated islands on the substrate and will be well dispersed in the solvents?
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I do not believe your suggested method is viable. To get a film of BN you'll need an evaporative technique, IMHO. I hope someone will prove me wrong as I learn more that way.
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what is best way to producing of wire rod 10 mm or less of superalloys such as Alloy 718 (Inconel 718) to reach optimum mechanical properties? casting in VIM (Vacuum induction melting) is probably first step, is it essential remelting (ESR or VAR) for wire production? what is aspect necessary for mold dimension (diameter) in casting and remelting to produce wire rod of 10 mm?
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Hot rolling is preferable process with heat treatment by annealing and normalizing.
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Hello we all know the electronegativity scale and concept of elements in the periodic table
However when it comes to whole materials such as polymers, nanomaterials and etc
How can we understand theoretically if the synthesized material is highly or poorly electronegative ??
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Dear Gabris Mahamid, the following documents are extremely important in case you want to go deeper in this subject. Also it is nice if you take a look at 'Israelchevilli's book' on intermolecular forces. My Regards
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I'm working with a photo polymer resin use blue light to solidifies it. I want to find the Poisson's ratio and shear modulus for solid part after light curing. What testing device or testing method I can use to find these material properties?
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The your sample can be measured nondestructively with shear gages and the shear modulus can be calculated from the measurements. A shear gage is a kind of strain gage that is used for testing rigid composite materials. And Poisson's ratio of samples like yours can be measured nondestructively with standard strain gages. As Mohammad Abboud has mentioned, stay in the elastic region of the material (no breaking or plastic deformation - only elastic bending)
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I’m doing a simulation of a compression test with an hyperelastic material, defined with Mooney-Rivlin 2 parameters, on Ansys.
I’m obtaining different results making both displacement controlled and load controlled:
If I set a 3 mm linear displacement, I obtain a 30 N force reaction;
If I set a 30 N linear load, I obtain a 4 mm deformation.
I tried changing the strain rate because hyperelastic material should change the deformability with the strain rate, but it doesn’t change at all the results.
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Can you share your Ansys model in .cdb format?
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I'm looking to assemble a goniometer for an experiment involving adhesion/roll of blood on different materials. Effectively I need to put together a stage, where the angle can be adjusted/set and measured precisely while the material is firmly secured. As well as this I will need to be able to take photographs of the roll, so the setup should allow for lights/camera.
There are several online but they are £££. Any experience creating a similar setup appreciated! Links to components would be great.
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As it turns out, I built a goniometer for roll-off angles for our lab from very cheap source materials. You start with a protractor with an adjustable arm, such as this one:
Glue (cyanoacrylate glue is good) it to a sheet of acrylic (1/8 is good) so you can mount it easily on a wall or whatever.
Then, cut a piece of sheet acrylic that is a little shorter than the arm and wide enough to hold your samples. I think ours is like 3"x2" or so. If it's too big it'll be hard to use. Glue it to the retracting arm of the protractor, being careful not to get glue on the joint or other side of the arm.
Now, get some double-sided tape to mount your samples and keep them flat. Dispense whatever droplet size of fluid you like onto the substrate, and tilt the arm+stage until the droplet rolls off. You may need a range of pipettes to run your testing:
That ought to do it; it works well enough for our lab and we develop/QC hydrophobic coatings day in and out.
Good luck!
Eric
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It should be either decrease or increase for nth time during heat supply. Is there any possibility of irregular temperature sequences as shown in figure. In that picture the highest temperature lies around 168 °C, but that values keep decreasing and increasing. What causes it ?
The method of heat supply is two- probe electrode method. Probe material is copper. The values were recorded using a thermal camera. Time and current value is constant.
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As shear strength of AA2024-T4 alloy is inversely proportional to the temperature. is there any equation to predict shear strength of AA2024-T4 with respect to temperature?
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I believe you can hardly find any literature which correlates shear strength/yield strength with temperature for a specific alloy. That said, you will find an interesting article here ( ), which might be of some help.
I am also enclosing our recent paper ( ), which correlates different work-hardening parameters and processing temperature during plane strain compression of Aluminium 6016 T4 alloy. I look forward to seeing similar research correlating shear strength and processing temperature of AA2024-T4 alloy in the near future.
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I would like to coat MXene (Ti3C2Tx) on FTO glass substrate using doctor blade deposition technique, for which i think a binder is essential for the adhesion of MXene onto the FTO. The post treatment of the FTO after deposition will be restricted to 150C, could anyone suggest me a binder which could evaporate within the range of 150C during the post treatment of the FTO.
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I think you should test for Acetone
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I am testing the impedance of a material that will be used for ECoG electrodes.
I was told to test it at a frequency range from 1 Hz - 100 kHz but why is this range used? I wasnt able to find a satisfactory answer.
Which impedance values are good for recording and why? Is there a range ?
Kind regards
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Lester Viray can you help him professor
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Before obtaining the yield stress vs inelastic stress for compression and stress vs cracking stress in tension using Concrete Damage Plasticity model, do we need to convert the engineering stress-strain curve to true stress-strain curve or we have to process engineering stress-strain data ?
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Abaqus requires
Yield stress vs Inelastic strain in compression,
Yield stress vs Cracking Strain in tension.
The examples in the attached excel file may be helpful.
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Hey,
i have to choose a fatigue testing machine for additive manufactured metal parts.
Materials would be generic metals such as stainless steel, inconel etc.
The goal is to create simplified woehler / SN curves in a short time.
How can i decide which machine fits best?
Im looking for advantages and limits of the different machine types such as servohydraulic, electrodynamic, resonant pulsators and ultrasonic testing machines.
Also what is the limit for my test frequency to not get false results?
Thank you
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Greetings,
I used servohydraulic Instron to conduct fatigue test. I'm satisfied with the overall set-up of the machine. Ultrasonic fatigue test is developed to save time for very high cycle fatigue (10^7 to 10^10) at 20 kHz. Frequency indeed has effect on the fatigue behavior of the materials. High frequency could induce self-heating during the fatigue test, affecting the S-N curve. Therefore, self-heating of the materials should be eliminated to obtain reliable results.
Kind regards.
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In order for microspheres with carbonate composition to be interpreted as fossilized cells, it is necessary to analyze the sedimentary / petographic / diagenetic context. In the case of Irati Subgroup, the samples are stromatolytic. That’s means, the presence of fossilized microorganisms is more likely in comparison to most carbonates. Moreover, the sample are silicified and also with cells permineralized by silica with morphologies that are clearer than their dolomitic equivalents. In addition, we interpret that silicification and not dolomitization was responsible for the preservation of cells. Other sedimentary / petographic / diagenetic contexts can also produce cells with carbonate composition. This is the case is showed by Ayllón-Quevedo et al. 2007 (Sedimentary Geology 201: 212–230), in which the microspheres are very similar to those of the Irati, but are not silicified. That is why each case must be analyzed in its particularities.
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because of Designing of VAR furnace, operator have problem to detected arc position and arc gap during the melting process. in some cases using of special video camera is mentioned but there is no more information abut operation and set up in vacuum or outer case. also how could reduce noise of ambience (from supply power) and have good resolution. please guide me in this area.
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1. Look at the devices with which you can track the amount of energy consumed. And bring these indications closer to the indications of the optimal process. 2. To reduce the effect of noise on the environment, which includes the personnel operating the oven, it is necessary to equip them with effective protective equipment (goggles, earplugs).
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I need references articles that explain the drawings for the following materials, which illustrate the diagram between DR UV-Vis spectrums of the following materials blank sample as expressed in Kubleka-Munk function versus
the measured wavelength and the materials are ZnO, CuO, Fe2O3, and Co3O4.
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