Material Characteristics - Science topic

There are many internet sites explaining the content of Stainless steel 316.

316 stainless steel has excellent corrosion resistance in many environments. stainless steel contains 16–18% chromium, 10–14% nickel, 2–3% molybdenum, 0.08% carbon, and trace amounts of other elements.

Shuobin Li Thank you for the clarification. Much appreciated.

Dear Scien Tist,

The binding energy of your Ba 3d_5/2 peak is way too high with 808 eV. Either someone really messed up the calibration of your system, or, what I think is more likely, your material is not conductive enough and you observe charging. Are the binding energies of other peaks, like O 1s or C 1s, where you would expect them to be?

Hi

Regarding Fe-Mn phase diagram,the vertical line towards left represents Fe with allotropic changes occurring room temperature (alpha)=>(gamma) at 912 deg C=> (delta) at 1400 deg C => melting a 1538 deg C. Similary,towards right Mn have at room temperature (alpha) =>(beta)at 707 deg C =>(gamma) at 1087 deg C =>(delta) at 1138 deg C =>Melting at 1246 deg C. At around 1498 deg C,peritectic reaction occurs L + (delta) => gamma(Fe,Mn) similar to Austinite in Fe-C phase diagram. More or less gamma(Fe,Mn) phase is dominants the phase diagram. Up to 4% Mn, alpha(Fe,Mn) (912 to 400)deg C, from 4 to 30% both alpha(Fe,Mn) and gamma(Fe,Mn) will be stable from (912 to 400)deg C. Peritectiod reaction occurs at 700 deg C changing

gamma(Fe,Mn) +beta(Fe,Mn) => alpha(Fe,Mn). Transformation temperature from beta(Fe,Mn) => alpha(Fe,Mn) roughly occurs around and along 707 deg C.

Regarding Fe-Mo phase diagram,there is lot of temperature differences between Molybdenum (2623) and Iron (1539) there are many peritectic reactions in the phase diagram. gamma(Fe,Mo) is reduced to a loop, as alpha(Fe,Mo) is enlarged as Molybdenum is B.C.C if ferrite stabilizer, while austenite (FCC) is shrunken to loop with the addition of Mo. A peritectic reaction at 1500 deg C, converting L + Sigma => R, A peritectiod reaction converting R + Sigma =>Mu. And Eutectiod reaction at 1200 deg C, converting R => alpha + Mu. Another peritectic reaction at 1611 deg C,converting L + alpha => sigma. At 900 deg C, Mu => lamda, below 900 deg C alpha + Mu => alpha + lamda,in between Mu and alpha + lambda we have

lambda + mu.

Example: Basic principle of phase diagram, intermediate phases(alpha + beta) will be alpha(towards left) and beta(towards right),this applies to any phases either solid or liquid and gases.

thanks & regards,

g.sudhakar

phd(material engineering)

hcu

Both Origin software and X'Pert HighScore software can be used to determine the hkl values of a crystal structure. Here are the steps to follow for each software:

Using Origin software:

1. Open the data file in Origin software and select the graph containing the diffraction pattern.

2. Click on the "Peak Analyzer" button in the toolbar.

3. In the Peak Analyzer window, select the peak of interest by clicking on it.

4. In the "Peak Information" tab, note down the "2Theta" value and the "Counts" value for the peak.

5. Use the Bragg's law equation (2dsinθ = nλ) to calculate the d-spacing value for the peak. Here, n = 1 for first-order diffraction. λ is the wavelength of the X-ray used in the experiment.

6. Use the d-spacing value to calculate the hkl values for the peak using the Miller indices formula (hkl = [n1d1,n2d2,n3d3]).

Using X'Pert HighScore software:

1. Open the data file in X'Pert HighScore software and select the diffraction pattern.

2. Click on the "Peak Fitting" button in the toolbar.

3. In the Peak Fitting window, select the peak of interest by clicking on it.

4. In the "Peak Information" tab, note down the "2Theta" value and the "d-spacing" value for the peak.

5. Use the Bragg's law equation (2dsinθ = nλ) to calculate the wavelength of the X-ray used in the experiment.

6. Use the d-spacing value to calculate the hkl values for the peak using the Miller indices formula (hkl = [n1d1,n2d2,n3d3]).

Thank you very much for your reply this was very useful information!

Kind Regards

Conner Lamont

Noor Ul Ain

Nanoindentation is a separate testing procedure that is often used in conjunction with Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM). It is used to measure properties at the nanoscale, such as Young's modulus, hardness, stiffness, and load vs. depth and load vs. hardness. Other properties can also be measured using nanoindentation, depending on the specific application. In India, there are several institutions that offer nanoindentation services. These include the Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Delhi, IIT Bombay, IIT Madras, IIT Kanpur, IIT Hyderabad, and the National Institute of Technology (NIT) Surat. Additionally, there are several private companies that offer nanoindentation services, such as NanoTest India, NanoTest Solutions, and NanoTest Technologies. If you are having difficulty finding a nanoindentation service provider, it is possible that the machine is under maintenance or the operator is not available. In this case, it is best to contact the service provider directly to inquire about the availability of the machine and the operator.

I am trying to add PEA as a spacer cation to form 2D perovskite structure in Formamidinium based perovskite solar cells. we can say the additive engineering on A site of absorber layer... Can anyone explain how to fix the n value practically? in literatures they have varied the n values as 1,2,3....10,20,......

suggest to look for a more intelligent supervisor - this is nonsense. For CO2 storage only cheap bulk material make sense.

Good day! Here I found brief and complex explanation on reflectance and transmittance phenomenons:

Yeah, this problem has been solved, and you can see .

The easiest option would be to use EB-CHM (electron-beam cold hearth melting, often referred to as EBM) or CC-VIM (cold crucible vacuum induction melting) to produce a first ingot and then use VAR in a second melting step. In both methods, any shape of the scrap parts can be used. If you don’t have access to any of these devices, an electrode could be produced by compacting the scrap with sponge and alloying elements (depending on the size of your electrodes, welding of segments might be needed as well) as I doubt that electrode production will work if only your scrap parts will be used. Cutting, on the other hand, might add extra contaninations and is, thus, not advisable.

Independent of the melting procedure, potential contaminations should be removed from your scrap parts and these should be pretreated. Adhering particles and other residues should be removed from the surface by abrasive blasting or pickling as otherwise increased oxygen and/or nitrogen contents might occur in your molten ingot.

There are a series of different methods to calculate the crosslinking density from DSC data, around 4, to my knowledge, of which one of them is predominant in the literature and, from what I've noticed, highly recommended. For more information you can check the following article:

Despite this aspect, the most recommeded/preferred methods to determine the crosslinking density of a polymer (system) are from swelling degree and FTIR measurements, which are the most accurate, as also previously stated by other researchers.

Dear Shalu Pathak ,

you are right, all these peaks arise from parallel planes.

The 003 planes are paralell to the 006 planes, and paralled to the 009 planes etc, but parallel to the 002 and the 001 planes as well.

However their interplanar distances are different und thus the diffraction peaks show up at different angles

Alltogethers all these planes are multiple order planes of the 001 plane.

Please remind the Bragg law:

n*lambda= 2*d*sin(theta)

You may rewrite this equation as:

lambda= 2*d/n * sin(theta)

one also has for any d(_h,k,l)/n = d_(nh,nk,nl)

You may check the validity of this equation for all crystal systems.

The formulas for d_hkl are for example summarized in the attachment, taken from the Klug&Alexander book on 'X-Ray Diffraction Procedures'...

Ggod luck and

best regards

G.M.

The nano layer thickness is very very small layer, otherwise it's cannot use by Resistivity method and it has VES limitation.

Best regards.

P. Hakaew

Dear Sohrab,

The previos answer is almist full. This metal has almost zero thermal effect on resistivity. Hence, the net change in length (volume) under the pressure is detected directly (without noise due to heating). Read on the naterial in

FTIR is a very good method of identifying these bonds. For this you need to normalize the two spectra (natural and treated) at the peak near 1500 - 1510 cm-1. Then you'll se the difference between the two samples

Prabhu Prakash

Thank you for the useful background. So it wasn't silicon, or silica but rather silicone... A little work on Google and RG will help you. In 2 minutes I have found the general descriptions: https://lifewithoutplastic.com/silicone/

and something on thermal properties (from poorly conductive to conductive). See attached. Fermi estimates can easily be found by Googling the appropriate property (e.g. 'conductivity') followed by the word 'silicone'. Good luck with your research.

Dear Hasfi,

The reasons for the initiation of cracks are related accumulated internal stresses between the α and β phases in titanium alloys. These external stresses in the process of operation tend to balance. Cracks can be observed in both solid particles and softer particles of the structure. To avoid this negative effect, normalization is performed to a certain extent or the chemical composition of the spawn is changed in order to reduce external stresses.

With respect

Emil Yankov

Please have a look at enclosed PDF..

Agree with Mohammad Abboud sir

Prof. Ajitanshu Vedrtnam: In my opinion, the projects are more than enough instead of your suggested section.

yes, it is suitable.

A quick check with pens and papers-

Use Euler's Buckling formula

max load P= EI*(pi)^2/L^2. L is the insertion point (into hole, box, whatever) to holding point (where the pipe is gripped and applied force. E is young's modulus. I is area moment of inertia, I=(pi/64)* (D^4-d^4). D is outer and d is inner dia of tube

This bold portion would work just fine to use the area moment of inertia of a hollow column.

For eccentric loading, use the Secant formula instead

(https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/proxy/g8_baZStGvHyY_kjl9HELONHz1gqJddFMcZayzbGxs98fjs8RGCh2SOdBy_3t-736KBrYl3BRgVjUwCGnuauyvL2x7_9N84G8L0imQal66A9UQ4hKcWBlV8o25Z5fBTBABo_HA0AeIPa54ezgH2sCeR2P4U2_G3x-Y2d4w)

But wait! if PVC tube is way too flexible to be considered to be elastomeric rather than linear elastic, there can be error, because Euler's formula was derived for linear elastic deformation of columns.

If standard simulations (Solidworks, Comsol, Ansys) seem too hard for you, go to some user friendly online simulation interfaces like simscale. Just upload 3D image of files in their simulation IDE, give input parameters, and you are done within a few minutes to hours.

Go for it.

Hi Dinesh

Strain controlled fatigue testing is important to study the behaviour of components undergoing either mechanically or thermally induced cyclic plastic strains that cause failure within fewer cycles (<10^5) than high cycle fatigue (>10^5-10^6 cycles).

The testing conditions are usually determined by the specific application you are considering. Doing this preliminary investigation will allow you to get more meaningful and useful results from the strain controlled tests.

So I would recommend to try to collect some initial indicative data to better plan the test conditions (temperature, R, frequency, strain levels). If the components (or an older version of the components) are already in service you can get some good indications by applying some strain gauges and thermocouples to the parts to understand what sort of strains they undergo and at what temperatures. If the components are still in the design phase then you will need to carry out some hand calculations or run some FEA analyses to get a feeling of what strain the parts will experience once in service.

Having said this, in terms of strain levels you can consider that you enter within the high cycle fatigue range when the part undergo loads that generate stresses below half of the yield strength of the material i.e. 0.2% so you want to stay above this value. In general you could run tests at strain level within 0.2% and 20-40%. It depends also by the material and test temperature. Then with the Coffin-Manson equation you can relate cycles to plastic strains.

To determine the values of temperature, frequency and R for your tests, as previously mentioned, it would be better if you use values close to your actual application to collect more reliable and useful data.

Follow

Respected Madam,

For separating 30 micrometer particles US Sieve Mesh Number 450 is recommended. Refer the attachments for more details.

Hope this information is useful.

Dear Naveen Kumar

The sintering process of a compact particle found to continue within two decoupled stage , particles shrinkage by densification and growth by coarsening behavior at higher temperature. At densification stage the loss of unstable materials will permit the internal pores formation of certain volumes and shapes. The small pores and\or concave surface morphology are able to shrink as mass transfer by inward atomic diffusion from the bulk of the particle towards the pore surface and fill the pore space. On the other hand large pores and\or a convex surface morphology is not able to shrink as mass transfer by outward atomic diffusion from the pore surface towards the bulk of the particle is dominated and, enlarge the pore space and leading to what you called process of foaming that responsible for lowering the density.

Now, owing to the higher surface to volume ratio of the particles of nano-size (less than@100nm) compared to that of sub-micron and micro-size, the outward mass diffusion of trapped material is faster. This could leave larger pores that are thermodynamically stable and not able to shrink, so the coarser particles permit shrinkage at a higher rate than those at lower sizes. Please any feedback is welcome to frame the discussion picture.

Best regards.

It is important to avoid cracks during the following conformation processes.

Suggested Readings

thanks for your important question

Using specimens similar to those described in the draft revision of ASTM E 119, tests were conducted in floor and wall fire test furnaces. The tests were designed to compare the practical consequences of following the ASTM E 119 and ISO 834 specifications for measuring and controlling the nominal furnace temperature. It has been found that in fire tests of shorter duration, perhaps up to 1.5 h, the ASTM test is slightly more severe than the ISO test. In longer tests the difference in severities is negligible.

Dr. Elif Tarhan Bor ,

I've attached the picture from the histogram, relative frequency against GOS value (degree). I want to know the correlation between high or low-intensity frequency in low-angle grain boundaries with mechanical behaviors?

Dear Kanticha Korsesthakarn , may be the following testing tools would be useful for your work:

Hope it helps.

Thank you so much Mr. Cuff, your answer helped me to think more widely. Thanks for telling me about your experience, it is really helpful.

Dear all, it looks correct what you have done according to ASTM standard norm. However, it is quiet wise to use different analysis techniques to confirm your results, mainly dielectric one. Please see attached files. My Regards

Vasyl Peter Kladko The Williamson-Hall Plot. W-H plot is used to calculate the crystallite size and microstrain from complex XRD data. That's when both the crystallite size and microstrain vary as a function of the Bragg's angle, we can only calculate these parameters from XRD data using W-H plot. I have provided the practice file (Origin file) as well as the calculation file (Excel file) in the video description. Thanks

@Sarah in my case it was related to the nature of the coating which was conductive. I can share with you the article we published if needed

Dear Sara Gordan, it is that because the structure is well defined. The changes that is seen in matter are the consequences of its surrounding, to tell pressure and temperature. Exemple water has a defined chemical structure, being H2O, whether it is solid, liquid or gas (vapor). My Regards

Neven Kamal Farag

Crystallinity index is the ratio of the crystalline peaks to the crystalline+amorphous peaks. Amorphous peaks are the noise in XRD data, while, from crystalline+amorphous, we mean the whole XRD profile. In the following 17 min video, I have explained in detail the crystallinity index and how to calculate it from XRD data. In the first 2.5 min, I have first explained 'what is meant by the crystallinity index'. In the rest of the video, I have taught 'how to calculate the crystallinity index from XRD data in origin for crystalline as well as amorphous materials. If you need anything further to ask, let me know. I'll appreciate your feedback on the video tutorial. I have attached the discussed files (Origin file and Excel template) here, as well as, they can be accessed from the description in the video. Thanks

How to calculate crystallinity index from XRD data using origin

The images you uploaded are calculated FFT images from your real space TEM images. For me it looks like following: the sample in 2-1.2 was oriented close to a low index zone axis, and therefore you get this quite nice pattern. As you said, there are lots of lattice planes visible and you can measure and index them.

In Fig 4-1.2, you only see one lattice plane. This is due to the orientation of the sample in the TEM. Try to tilt it to get to a zone axis. Then you should see more planes, since the sample seems to be crystalline.

What kind of sample do you have? (material, preparation for TEM,...)

Dear Saman

Quantitative prediction of soil properties such as; salinity, organic carbon, soil moisture and heavy metals can be conducted using various calibration models – such models were developed depending on the measured soil laboratory analyses data and soil reflectance spectra thereby resampled to satellite images - to predict soil properties. The most common used models are stepwise multiple linear regression (SMLR), partial least squares regression (PLSR), multivariate adaptive regression splines (MARS), principal component regression (PCR) and artificial neural networks (ANN). Those methods are required to quickly and accurately measure soil characteristics at field to improve soil management and conservation at local and regional scales. Visable-Near Infra Red (VIS-NIR) has been recommended as a quick tool for mapping soil properties. Furthermore, VIS-NIR reflection spectroscopy reduces the cost and time, therefore has a wonderful ability and potential use as a rapid soil analysis for both precision soil management and assessing soil quality.

please have a look the following links . you may find your suitable answer

Dear Rakibul Hassan , the peaks or bands of a FTIR spectrum provide information about the vibrational modes of chemical groups present on your sample. FTIR is useful to identify new or unknown materials based on their spectra and also to detect contaminants, additives or to detect decomposition products of your material caused by material use or exposure to environmental conditions or working conditions.

The technique is also useful to study structural variations of semicrystalline polymers and to identify polymorphic materials among many other applications.

Hope it helps.

Shantanu Saha

I do not believe your suggested method is viable. To get a film of BN you'll need an evaporative technique, IMHO. I hope someone will prove me wrong as I learn more that way.

Hot rolling is preferable process with heat treatment by annealing and normalizing.

Dear Gabris Mahamid, the following documents are extremely important in case you want to go deeper in this subject. Also it is nice if you take a look at 'Israelchevilli's book' on intermolecular forces. My Regards

The your sample can be measured nondestructively with shear gages and the shear modulus can be calculated from the measurements. A shear gage is a kind of strain gage that is used for testing rigid composite materials. And Poisson's ratio of samples like yours can be measured nondestructively with standard strain gages. As Mohammad Abboud has mentioned, stay in the elastic region of the material (no breaking or plastic deformation - only elastic bending)

Can you share your Ansys model in .cdb format?

As it turns out, I built a goniometer for roll-off angles for our lab from very cheap source materials. You start with a protractor with an adjustable arm, such as this one:

Glue (cyanoacrylate glue is good) it to a sheet of acrylic (1/8 is good) so you can mount it easily on a wall or whatever.

Then, cut a piece of sheet acrylic that is a little shorter than the arm and wide enough to hold your samples. I think ours is like 3"x2" or so. If it's too big it'll be hard to use. Glue it to the retracting arm of the protractor, being careful not to get glue on the joint or other side of the arm.

Now, get some double-sided tape to mount your samples and keep them flat. Dispense whatever droplet size of fluid you like onto the substrate, and tilt the arm+stage until the droplet rolls off. You may need a range of pipettes to run your testing:

That ought to do it; it works well enough for our lab and we develop/QC hydrophobic coatings day in and out.

Good luck!

Eric

Nagamani Yadavalli

Look at Figure 2 in: https://www.analogictips.com/proportional-pid-control-used-part-1/

I believe you can hardly find any literature which correlates shear strength/yield strength with temperature for a specific alloy. That said, you will find an interesting article here ( ), which might be of some help.

I am also enclosing our recent paper ( ), which correlates different work-hardening parameters and processing temperature during plane strain compression of Aluminium 6016 T4 alloy. I look forward to seeing similar research correlating shear strength and processing temperature of AA2024-T4 alloy in the near future.

I think you should test for Acetone

Lester Viray can you help him professor

Abaqus requires

Yield stress vs Inelastic strain in compression,

Yield stress vs Cracking Strain in tension.

The examples in the attached excel file may be helpful.

Greetings,

I used servohydraulic Instron to conduct fatigue test. I'm satisfied with the overall set-up of the machine. Ultrasonic fatigue test is developed to save time for very high cycle fatigue (10^7 to 10^10) at 20 kHz. Frequency indeed has effect on the fatigue behavior of the materials. High frequency could induce self-heating during the fatigue test, affecting the S-N curve. Therefore, self-heating of the materials should be eliminated to obtain reliable results.

Kind regards.

In order for microspheres with carbonate composition to be interpreted as fossilized cells, it is necessary to analyze the sedimentary / petographic / diagenetic context. In the case of Irati Subgroup, the samples are stromatolytic. That’s means, the presence of fossilized microorganisms is more likely in comparison to most carbonates. Moreover, the sample are silicified and also with cells permineralized by silica with morphologies that are clearer than their dolomitic equivalents. In addition, we interpret that silicification and not dolomitization was responsible for the preservation of cells. Other sedimentary / petographic / diagenetic contexts can also produce cells with carbonate composition. This is the case is showed by Ayllón-Quevedo et al. 2007 (Sedimentary Geology 201: 212–230), in which the microspheres are very similar to those of the Irati, but are not silicified. That is why each case must be analyzed in its particularities.

1. Look at the devices with which you can track the amount of energy consumed. And bring these indications closer to the indications of the optimal process. 2. To reduce the effect of noise on the environment, which includes the personnel operating the oven, it is necessary to equip them with effective protective equipment (goggles, earplugs).

Isam Alkhalifawi I Need to determine the bandgap for photolytic degradation work.

You can model powder by 90 percentage density by Gurson model available in Abaqus software.

The following link may be useful for you https://www.researchgate.net/publication/222015934_Optical_electrical_and_magnetic_properties_of_Co3O4_nanocrystallites_obtained_by_thermal_decomposition_of_sol-gel_derived_oxalates

Dear Lokesh,

Selenides should have the better conductivity due to the narrower electronic band gap. As a rule of the thumb the band gap decreases with increasing polarizibility of the anions. As an example we can consider the Cd chalcogenides:

CdS 2.42 eV yellow body colour

CdSe 1.74 eV red body colour

CdTe 1.56 eV black body colour

However, this only concerns the intrinsic conductivity, while p- or n-type dopants can enhance the conductivity tremendously. Many TM chalcogenides can be made by precipitation from solution, as e.g. ZnS, CdS, HgS by the addition of S2- anions.

All the best,

Thomas

Probably the most important question to answer is what effects you need to include.

If it is all just linear elasticity, that's fine.

If plasticity or contact come into play, you can probably manage.

If your task is more complicated, it will be difficult.

And if your supervisor has no good knowledge of Abaqus, don't do it.

Never, ever take a thesis topic where no expert supervisor is available in case things go wrong. I've seen supervisors with no FEM experience hand out bachelor thesis topics that would actually be challenging as PhD thesis....

Active cooling, such as transpiration cooling, in combination with UHTC is also a possible solution for particular missions. In the case of transpiration cooling, the UHTC wall would be porous. One of the interesting aspects here is that when an inert gas is injected though the pores, it can protect the UHTC from the outer hot gas and thereby prevent or reduce oxidation. As a result, the full potential of UHTC's high melting point can be exploited. A number of papers have been published on this from different groups.

Dear Shantanu P. Gawande, these bibliographic material I Guess worth to read. My Regards

Thank you dear Carsten Siemers

Dear all, find attached the Book recommanded by Dr. Pierluigi Traverso. My Regards