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The publication of Abraham Moles' "Sociodynamique de la Culture" in 1967 sparked new reflections on the relationship between the person, society and the modes of mass communication. Moles highlighted the intense relationship between the individual, his culture and the dynamics that develop around it. His approach to sociodynamic theory applied to message transfer reminded us about the dynamic and social processes that interfere with how a message is sent, interpreted, registered and shared. Although his work focused on radio and television, we could apply the same principles (with some breadth) to digital media. Nevertheless, how could we speak of a new Sociodynamique de la Culture in the current context? What new reflections can we draw from Moles's sociodynamic theory?
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Dynamic social theory talks about the symbolic interaction between the individual, society and the means of communication because culture is an organic moving object that influences the personality of the individual according to the social environment in which he lives through the climate and the cultural space driven by information and communication technology, so the individual is forced to interact with this dynamic and move with its wheel, Rala will remain backward.
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I would be interested in any ideas, suggestions, information, theoretical and bibliographical references etc., on how mass communication /mass media can be used in social work or for purposes related to social work. Thank you!
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Thank you, Mohamed Sabri Bensaad , Abdelkader BOUAZIZ & Nadira Khanum ,for participating to this discussion and for your useful suggestions.
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Dear colleagues,
I am currently working on a paper about which role journalists’ gender – among a couple of other factors on different levels – plays for the representation of women and men as sources/actors in political news coverage. There are several studies, which answered similar research questions based on content analysis data (e.g. Armstrong, 2004; Cann & Mohr, 2001; De Swert & Hooghe, 2010; Leiva & Kimber, 2020; Piper-Aiken, 1999; Rodgers & Thorson, 2003; Ross, 2007; Valenzuela & Correa, 2009; Zoch & Turk, 1998), but – with the exceptions of Weaver and Wilhoit (1996) – none, which used mixed methods designs and combined content analysis data with survey data from journalists authoring the analysed news items.
Do you have any suggestions for studies I might have overseen?
Thank you in advance!
Andreas
  • Armstrong, C. L. (2004). The Influence of Reporter Gender on Source Selection in Newspaper Stories. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 81(1), 139–154. https://doi.org/10.1177/107769900408100110
  • Cann, D. J., & Mohr, P. B. (2001). Journalist and Source Gender in Australian Television News. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 45(1), 162–174. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15506878jobem4501_10
  • De Swert, K., & Hooghe, M. (2010). When Do Women Get a Voice? Explaining the Presence of Female News Sources in Belgian News Broadcasts (2003—5). European Journal of Communication, 25(1), 69–84. https://doi.org/10.1177/0267323109354229
  • Leiva, R., & Kimber, D. (2020). A Persistent Gender Bias in Chilean Press: The Influence of Journalist’s Gender and Editor’s Gender. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 107769902095875. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077699020958753
  • Piper-Aiken, K. S. (1999, August 4). Journalists and Gender: An Analysis of the New York Times Coverage of the 1996 US Presidential Election. annual convention of the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication, New Orleans, LA.
  • Rodgers, S., & Thorson, E. (2003). A Socialization Perspective on Male and Female Reporting. Journal of Communication, 53(4), 658–675. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2003.tb02916.x
  • Ross, K. (2007). The journalist, the housewife, the citizen and the press: Women and men as sources in local news narratives. Journalism: Theory, Practice & Criticism, 8(4), 449–473. https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884907078659
  • Valenzuela, S., & Correa, T. (2009). Press Coverage and Public Opinion On Women Candidates: The Case of Chile’s Michelle Bachelet. International Communication Gazette, 71(3), 203–223. https://doi.org/10.1177/1748048508100913
  • Weaver, D. H., & Wilhoit, G. C. (1996). The American journalist in the 1990s: U.S. news people at the end of an era. Erlbaum.
  • Zoch, L. M., & Turk, J. V. (1998). Women Making News: Gender as a Variable in Source Selection and Use. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 75(4), 762–775. https://doi.org/10.1177/107769909807500410
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My study combined both content analysis and survey data: "Gendering leadership in Vietnamese media: A role congruity study on news content and journalists’ perception of female and male leaders "
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I investigate how future media professionals develop self-efficacy for professional online tasks. Is there an established body of required 'online' skills? Also, what would predict such self-efficacy?
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You should be orally capable.
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The Canadian Institute of Mass Communication (CIMCweb.com) is embarking on a pilot project to create language-barrier-free learning environment for deaf students, as a scalable model for Inclusive Education. The prototype system would utilize relevant available technologies, including HamNoSys/SiGML programming and Applied Artificial Intelligence. Contact santosh.shail@CIMCweb.com.
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Congratulations for this great project of the Canadian Institute of Mass Communication (CIMCweb.com). In Brazil, we developed the Hand Talk app. This is a revolutionary app for the deaf community. Representing an accessible solution, the app was acknowledged around the globe for its innovation and potential. The startup has won a number of awards including the Best Social App of the World in 2013, handed by UN at the World Summit Mobile Award, in Abu-Dhabi.
Best regards,
Carlos Alberto da Silva Júnior
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Dear Sir/Madam
I am an Associate Professor in Journalism and E: Editing, looking forward to having my new researches published through your database.
As clear in my C V attached herein, I have relevant experience in publishing scientific papers, and books.
I will be grateful if you could kindly send me a list of your Scopus indexed Journals, whether they: (Q1, Q2, Q3, Q4), either they published in Arabic or English.
I am not interested at all in any other fields, but in the field of Mass Communication; Social Media; Digital Media; online Journalism; Public Relations; so please send me my requested list, kindly.
Thank you for your prompt attention. I look forward to hearing from you and would be happy to provide any further details, should you require it.
Sincerely Yours
Ali Munem Al-Qudah
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Yes you can find
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In reference to mass communication, development communication and public relations.
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The relationship is symbiotic.
Media theory and research are intimately related and completely interdependent.
Essentially, theory performs the following role in research.
· It serves as a critical guide to research.
· It sets problems for research
· It identifies new subjects for research
· It directs research enquiry.
Research, on the other hand, performs the following roles in theory.
· Research findings suggest new problems for the theory
· It invites new theoretical formulations
It leads to the final retirement of theories themselves
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social media, new media tools
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Depend on who is posting and what is the thread, social media good for qualitative data, 'rich data' + proof, picture, diagram, tables etc helping a lot. There is a particular page about travelling, experience and stuff which can be an effective yet resourceful for tourism and hospitality area of study
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Looking for some really qualified dissertation editors for Mass Communication in Dubai. Who are able to help in Editing and Journal Formatting, including grammer ,referencing and flow of paragraphs. Need good ones who are cost effective as well .Would be great if I could be advised about the price range the editors usually charge.
Thank you
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I do not have time to edit, but I recommend that you use this structure for your dissertation:
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Dear Researchers,
I'm Conducting Research related to the Media activities of the U.S media establishments, So kindly mention these establishments or any accredited guide listed them.
Thank you in advance
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Thank you Dr. Michael W. Marek for your contribution, I'm focusing on the mediums which specifically covering U.S presidency election which is usually the governmental medium in most of the countries, so im trying to get more into the U.S Media which are active in the political field (Newspapers, Radio, T.V and Social Networks).
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I am working on cnt, graphene, memeory devices. My plan for future research is based on grahene till now.
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Dear,
There is a new concepts inside the synthetic biology issues and I recommend you to study their ideas and if you find it interesting, go through their approaches and make s.th worthwhile working on it.
Amir
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Is it possible to statistically control the effect of some variables? such as in regression analysis, while seeing the relationship of predictor and outcome variable, we want to control the effect of gender. So how we will do this?
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Partial Least Square is a case of Maximum Likelihood method...
I would look at Bayesian statistics, probability of the causes. This has been very powerful for identifying likely factors in cancer. Therefore it should work in your problem category.
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I am currently working on a students of Mass Communication perception towards advertising in social media research.
May I know how to measure the perception in my study and what Independent variables that lead to Perception? Thanks.
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You can measure feelings and emotions by big data techniques. It's very common in social media research. Mining text is also another way to detect main frames. It can be done with R or Python. For research I recommend the lexicon from https://saifmohammad.com/WebPages/NRC-Emotion-Lexicon.htm
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When People need Media legislation? And When its become an obstacle toward freedom of expression?
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@Ali Abbood شكرا جزيلا بمتابعتكم الكريمة وانا الان اجمع الاراء للوصول إلى إجابة علمية بإذن الله.
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In the late seventies, the move towards a New World Information and Communication Order was proposed by Third World countries and international agencies such as UNESCO. In the light of ASEAN Integration, would a regional information and communication policy that covers mass media and new media operations likewise be pursued?
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Dear Dr. Alexander G. Flor ,
An ASEAN Policy on Communication and Media is greatly needed and should be pursued.
Sadly, I personally think it may not prosper for now. From what I can observe, even our own country is not yet ready to fully commit to a truly free and open media and communication policy.
Press freedom, for one, remains to be a challenge, not only in the Philippines, but for all the ASEAN governments.
In fact, all of the 10 ASEAN member-countries placed at the bottom of the 180 nations listed in the 2018 World Press Freedom Index.
Crafting and implementing a unified ASEAN Policy on Media and Communication, with emphasis on press freedom and media censorship, is not easy for a region that has different media cultures, political and economic environment as it may shake up each member-country’s own media regulations.
In the Philippines, President Rodrigo Duterte continues to criticize the media saying that it is spreading fake news about him.
In Myanmar, two Reuters journalists were jailed for reporting on the Rohingya Crisis.
In Cambodia, Prime Minister Hun Sen closed down media networks which discredited him during the 2018 elections.
In Vietnam, a decree was issued to restrict the use of pseudonyms in online articles and blogs.
In Brunei, broadcasting by means of telecommunication or by blogging may also be punished.
In Laos, a decree compelled foreign media to submit their content first to the government for its approval.
In Singapore, journalists are restricted to cover issues that are considered "off limits or out of bounds". However, these out-of-bounds markers are not clearly defined.
In Malaysia, Prime Minister Najib Razak targeted journalists who covered the financial corruption scandal he was involved in.
In Thailand, dozens have been imprisoned for defaming or insulting the King, Queen and the Heir-apparent.
In Indonesia, President Joko Widodo limited media access in Western New Guinea, where it is believed that military groups carry out acts of violence against local journalists.
In conclusion, the ASEAN governments have shrunk the space for the voicing of opinions, especially when it is critical to the authorities.
And for as long as the region do not fully practice freedom of expression, it cannot have a prosperous media and communication policy.
Sources:
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I had the thought today about Facebook, Twitter, and many other online/mobile platforms which continually feed us "top posts" or content based on location.
I don't like this because I like to select my own content. Today I realized that this could be related to self-efficacy. I feel that I have high self-efficacy and therefore I like to select my own content.
People who blindly accept the content "served" to them become functionally helpless, which aligns with low self-efficacy. Of course, it is possible to overcome these content defaults, but it is harder to do, particularly on mobile devices.
In my mind, this may align with stereotypes of the young people in the US who are just transitioning from teenager to adult. The stereotype is that over-protective parents have shielded them from any hint of failure, so they have never learned to solve problems on their own.
So my question is whether lack of choice in our social media feeds contributes in any way to an overall lack of self-efficacy in people today.
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I am for agenda media, for experience suggests that they use lots of different social media already, and for slightly different purposes--some for peer-to-peer networking more information sugest.
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I am investigating the newsprint performance of their watchdog role through their editorials and i need to have a conceptual framework for my theory, yet I can't seem to find one for the watchdog role of media, making me wonder if its a theory in itself.
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If it is neutral media
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I am getting weird results from my betweenness centrality measure, using a directed, valued data. Its showing the highest betweenness values but on the netdraw they don't seem to be gatekeepers or individuals that connect separate groups?
They do however seem to have higher values in terms of arrow size moving towards them, 
Is it that in directed data, individuals are more likely to pass information to people they like and thats why these off set individuals are scoring higher?
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Consept in the key of Journalism Society
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Recently I am doing a research of testing propaganda model constructed by Herman and Chomsky in their book: manufacturing consent. I want to test the model in news coverage during  war times of the United States. Does anybody know any previous research done by scholars except Kevin Young? Any recommendation will be highly welcomed and appreciated.
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Consept in the key of Journalism Society
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I am looking forward for your valuable input wherein you could guide me with the prospects of research in the new media domain for a mass communication student.
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What instruments of modern education should be used in the context of the development of new online media?
Activating critical thinking of students and students is a particularly important determinant of effective education. Modern education instruments are important in this area, thanks to which analytical techniques, brainstorming, debates, discussions, etc. used in the education process of students and students are developed. These techniques should also develop creativity, innovation and teamwork.
In my opinion, activating critical thinking of students and students, developing the ability to discuss in debates, to develop creativity, innovation and teamwork of students and students perfectly correlates with the development of the concept of modern education 4.0.
At present, in the age of the technological revolution known as the 4.0 industry, new teaching concepts are being defined as education 4.0.
The technological revolution in recent years, known as Industry 4.0, is motivated by the development of the following factors:
Big Data database technologies, cloud computing, machine learning, Internet of Things, artificial intelligence.
In addition, in the knowledge-based economy, the important areas of knowledge and technologies that are developed are primarily the development of data processing analytics in Business Intelligence enterprises, the development of life science technologies, biotechnology, eco-innovation, energy, medical intelligence, etc.
On the basis of the development of the new technological solutions mentioned in recent years, the processes of innovatively organized analyzes of large information collections gathered in Big Data database systems dynamically develop.
Therefore, I am asking you the following questions:
Does the development of data processing technology in Big Data database systems and other technologies developed in the field of technological revolution Industry 4.0 generate the need to develop education 4.0?
How can you describe the correlation between the Industry 4.0 technological revolution and modern 4.0 education?
What instruments of modern education should be used in the context of the development of new online media?
Please, answer, comments. I invite you to the discussion.
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You need to be specific in your research. Your area of discipline is Mass Communication. You can focus on communication education 
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not answer this quest
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For example, the range of knowledge generated while doing your Phd thesis.
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I think it may be similar to the way in which we understand critical thinking.  My rubric is attached.
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I am researching the audience strategies of international broadcasters I want to look at their audience strategies, how they differentiate their audiences from one another and from domestic audiences.
Thank you.
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There is a great documentary entitled "the occupation of the american mind" that demonstrates the distortions of western media. 
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I recently read the following in an issue of Current History:
A regional survey conducted by Vanderbilt University in 2008 found that 66 percent of Guatemalans, 49 percent of Salvadorans, and 47 percent of Hondurans believed that their police were implicated in criminal activities.
--From "The Root Causes of the Central American Crisis," p. 47. Printed in the Feb 2015 issue of Current History.
I then took a look at the Corruption Perceptions Index (which is established, in part, from public opinion) to see how public perception did/did not match up with the public opinion data from Vanderbilt University.  This then led me to the question I pose to you here:
What forms public perception in Central America and how does it differ from country to country in the region and other larger regions?
Obviously I am interested in El Salvador, Honduras, and Guatemala and how these three countries compare to one another, but I'd also be interested in knowing how they compare to Central America, Latin America, and other regions of the world.
Thanks in advance for any insight you can provide or recommendations for further reading/relevant resources.
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I'm not very familiar with Latinobarometro but I know that the sample design and data collection of LAPOP surveys is of great quality. Have you read the LAPOP reports for those countries? They will answer your question in detail.  Good luck!
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I am examining how a digital multi-platform enhances audience engagement with news and the extent they can hold public officials to account. I am looking towards reviewing user comments on a Television website for a period of one year. My analyses will focus on users' comments on news event and how news users have provided additional public issues that help the television's public service investigations. At the moment I am still struggling with the right methodology for this project. I'm pleased to welcome suggestions from experts on this platform. 
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Hello Emmanuel,
Regards,
Tania
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Where could I find quality sources, databases for evidence-based cost effectiveness analysis, or cost benefit research, for online work training programs?
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I suggest you rethink what you are searching for a little. If the effectiveness of the program is published and so is the cost, then cost effective is simply (cost per participant/effectiveness per participant). So for example, Royer Cook's Healthy Workplace program (aka Prime Life, based on a social-cognitive model of health behavior change) is embedded in a wellness website that the employer urges employees to explore. The program costs $13 per employee. It results in 2.2 percent of employees no longer binge drinking. Dividing $13 by 2.2 percent, the cost-effectiveness ratio is $591 per employee who stops binge drinking. If I used published estimates of the costs of binge drinking to society, the benefit-cost ratio is 22.4, with medical cost savings alone exceeding the program costs. The cost per QALY is less than zero. One place where you probably will find BCAs for some online training programs is the Washington State Institute for Public Policy's trove of BCAs. Some of the substance abuse prevention programs they feature probably use online training approaches. The National Registry of Evidence-based Programs and Policies (NREPP) also lists the costs and the outcomes for some online prevention programs, so you could readily compute the CE ratio. If you do a division like mine, be sure to use the absolute percentage reduction, not the percentage of users who quit (e.g., in my example that 2.2 percent of employees could represent a 30% reduction in employees who binge-drink). 
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Hi. I am undertaking to do a survey of Nigerian adolescent children aged from 10 - 17 years and to find out the way that they engage with and experience digital media technologies. I have decided to use cluster sampling or multistage sampling to arrive at my respondents: geographical zone - states - senatorial zones - local governments - towns - schools - classes. However my confusion and question is: how do I arrive at a sample size for the survey? Is the figure meant to be random? It should be justified, but how do I make this? What formula do I use and even so, how do I get total number of population?
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Dear Uzuebgunam,
Infinite populations are very large and they are not feasible. Consequently, you should convert them into target populations by means of delimiting them based on population characteristics such as age, gender, level of education, socioeconomic status, etc. Subsequently, you can draw out samples of the right size from the population by choosing an appropriate sampling method.
Best regards,
R. Biria
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I observe that we watch in landscape (Cinema screens, Television and PowerPoint presentations) while we read in portrait (Newspapers, Magazine and Journal Publications). Any empirical proof please?
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Whenever I teach the introduction to mass communication and its history, I take time to draw attention of students to the ‘grammar of medium’ towards an understanding of how messages are forced to conform to conventions. The grammar of newspapers do have certain linearity if compared to the visual media that is enveloping, each is structured and perceived in different ways. Today, mainly due to expansion of mediality, this component of teaching mass media is presumed and neglected.
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I am going to do a quasi-experimental cross sectional study that measures the effect of new broadcasts on the fear of death compared to psychological distance. The idea is to divide the participants into two groups of equal size. One group sees a montage of news items including: the Ukraine crisis, a Boko Haram attack and an oil crisis in Brazil. The second group gets the same video but instead of the Boko Haram item it will show an item about the recent Paris terrorist attacks. I am not sure how to effectively measure death anxiety in this case because I want to have a before and after the video result so we can see what effect the videos have on the fear of death. Could anyone help me out?
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Is there any way this could be measured in a questionairre? This is for a school project in which we need to use a questionairre, we want to use one questionairre before hand and one after but with similar questions.
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We are working on a study on imagology and international press reporting on North Korea. We are very eager to fiind researches, studies, articles, news items relevant to this issue. Thank you
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Here are some cites:
Kim, S. H., Han, M., Shanahan, J., & Berdayes, V. (2004). Talking on ‘Sunshine in North Korea’: A test of the spiral of silence as a theory of powerful mass media. International Journal of Public Opinion Research, 16(1), 39-62.
Lim, J. (2006). A cross-lagged analysis of agenda setting among online news media. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 83(2), 298-312.
Lim, J., & Seo, H. (2009). Frame flow between government and the news media and its effects on the public: Framing of North Korea. International Journal of Public Opinion Research, 21(2), 204-223.
Seo, H. (2009). International media coverage of North Korea: study of journalists and news reports on the six-party nuclear talks. Asian Journal of Communication, 19(1), 1-17.
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I am doing the content analysis in a very restrictive culture so the more common 'rights vs morals' type frames don't fit because well, nearly no coverage can be categorised as a rights discussion
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You might consider a first exploratory study to determine your frames, in which you would engage in emergent coding.  From Stemler: "Emergent vs. a priori coding. There are two approaches to coding data that operate with slightly different rules. With emergent coding, categories are established following some preliminary examination of the data. The steps to follow are outlined in Haney, Russell, Gulek, & Fierros (1998) and will be summarized here. First, two people independently review the material and come up with a set of features that form a checklist. Second, the researchers compare notes and reconcile any differences that show up on their initial checklists. Third, the researchers use a consolidated checklist to independently apply coding. Fourth, the researchers check the reliability of the coding (a 95% agreement is suggested; .8 for Cohen's kappa). If the level of reliability is not acceptable, then the researchers repeat the previous steps. Once the reliability has been established, the coding is applied on a large-scale basis. " An Overview of Content Analysis. Stemler, Steve
Practical Assessment, Research & Evaluation, v7 n17 2001
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I'm looking for research on how Twitter users negotiate which language to use when tweeting. Does their choice of language depend on the topic of the tweet? Does it depend on their audience? 
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There is some ongoing research about codeswtiching and bilingualism on Twitter in the Phillipines - http://www.glennabastillas.com/
And I have done research on language use on twitter in Berlin, Germany. However, without a qualitative study into the factors behind people's language choices, I can only make educated guesses into this choice. I would agree that it is audience dependent. As all Tweets are public, it is difficult to determine who one's intended audience might be. 
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I am working on emotional appeals in advertisement and it will be nice to get your thoughts and opinions about what I describe as media and emotional appeal channels.
I consider emotional appeals as creative decisions made by the advertisers to make the advertisements very appealing, for example, the couple holding hands and smiling as they get their mortgage from a bank or the young girl running by the sea side being happy going on holiday. IMAGES, TEXT and COLOURS of the adverts are what I describe as channel of emotional appeals, these graphics elements are used to arouse the viewer’s emotion.
On the other hand, I have considered TELEVISONS, NEWSPAPERS and RADIO as media channels. These channels are used to distribute various media, including advertisements (laden with emotional appeals).
I will also like to point out that the emotional channel varies depending on the media channel being used for the advertisements, for example, the SOUNDTRACK on a TV advert is considered an emotional appeal channel, as some individuals may find the song very emotional which might not be applicable to newspaper, or images as emotional appeal channel not applicable on radio.
Will appreciate your thoughts on these issues or reference to any existing works out there I can read. In summary, Emotional Appeal Channels: images, soundtrack, colours, and advertisement size etc. while media channels are TV, Radio, and Magazine etc.
Thank you.
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A wise advertiser must have a reasonable knowledge of the his target market and therefore be wise enough to balance all the required elements proportionately. His aim is to catch thier attention and propel them to buy the product or idea he is elling
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Do you know any good academic books that are top quality, by established scholars, which have researched the way Western media such as BBC, CNN have reported on Middle Eastern conflicts (the Iraq wars, the Palestine - Israel conflict)?
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The western media have continued to relentlessly cover news and events in the Middle East including all the 22 Arab League member states. Some states and the concerned observers have accused the western press or media of bias coverage of news and events. They have carried lively round-the-clock news stories including Breaking News, running stories, follow ups, exclusives,  and special interviews.
      My own understanding of the media coverage of the western press is that they are guided by the principles of press freedom, good journalism, professional ethics and code of conduct, and social responsibility; which are also enshrined in the western values of democracy, constitutionalism, and human rights.
    In addition, the western media reporting of Middle East issues are also guided by their journalistic considerations of news values or news worthiness of events in the Middle East.
      Therefore the Western media such as BBC, CNN, VOA, and RFI among others operate 24-hour round the clock coverage of Middle East news. They have their ME offices or bureaus which are run by well trained editors, journalists (correspondents/reporters), and technical staff who sustain their daily operations there. Many of these media practitioners are specialists because news reporting involves many different aspects or disciplines.
      For example: social, economic, environmental, science and technology, political, and legal issues. The journalists who cover Middle East are drawn from western and non-western countries. Many Middle East offices or journalists are staffed with Middle East citizens who work for western media outlets like the CNN, BBC, VOA, and RFI as stated above. Cultural differences have been minimized.
      There have been contentions from the Middle East regarding their reporting (misreporting) of the Middle East affairs. These multiple allegations include: bias coverage, misreporting, falsification of news, ignoring Arab views, faking pictures or images, racialism, lack of verification, using wrong sources, lack of respect for Arab culture, and cultural illiteracy of the Arab culture. Others include: intrusions, misconceptions of ME history, or its disrespect.
     Part of the western arguments has been attributed to democratic deficiency in the ME states, where freedom of the press is not respected. Therefore, access to information becomes a big barrier to the western press. It also helps to enhance evidence or facts of news stories.
     Without freedom of access information, it is not possible to verify sources of information. Verification is very crucial in journalism and any obstacle to it does not help to advance the principle of objectivity, fairness, accuracy, and truth as required of a balanced news story.
      The western press have continued to present a deluge of lively and often dramatic news stories from the Middle East. The Middle East coverage has been dominated by wars or conflicts, politics, and economics. All other Middle East issues are covered by the western press. These include social issues such as: culture, family, literature, education, tourism, games and sports, food, water, transport and travels, information and communication.
      There are also legal and terminology issues which the western media and the ME have often locked horns over. For example, in Israeli-Palestinian conflict, the words occupied or freedom fighters (as used by Palestinians) and disputed or terrorists (as used by western media) territories. In the past (and even now), the western media were prevented from reporting from Arab states. This is still happening and some cases they have restricted access.
     On the other hand, Israel, which operates the western model of democracy have been quite accessible to western media. This would always be a natural advantage to Israel to put its case to the world. This situation has changed with more Arab states embracing the letter and spirit of democracy. Middle East has continued to be the hub of a variety of news stories.
     The western press have also been helped by the advent of the new media especially the social media in the Middle Eastern countries. The increasing accesses to the internet by the citizens of the Arab or Middle Eastern states have further boosted the region’s news coverage.
     In conclusion, the practice good journalism and unfettered press freedom which the western media promote, depends on the enabling political environment where media or pluralism thrive in a democratic system. The effect of globalization and more exposure to international education have worked in favour of better coverage of the Middle  East by the western media.
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Do you know any good academic books/studies which have investigated how Western media outlets (CNN, BBC etc.) have covered any of the Western conflict?
Please let me know.
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Can you explain  what you mean by 'the Western conflict' ?
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I am studying “AL JAZEERA AND THE ARAB SPRING - Framing of the Uprisings in Egypt and Bahrain on the Al Jazeera English and Arabic websites”.
I need a good academic book which has done a similar study on, let’s say CNN covering a conflict in the Middle East so that I can imitate it.
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Thank you Mohamed, yes I have contacted them but they did not answer yet, however, if you know any good academic books/studies which have investigated how Western media outlets (CNN, BBC etc.) have covered any of the Middle East conflicts or Western conflict, please let me know.
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How mobile phones as a surveillance tool among common people affects their life is my enquiry.
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Kindly define spatial and Temporal elements.
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If we want to check the opinion of people on some issue?
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In a literature review it is best to rely on peer-reviewed sources. But other sources that are judged to have high reliability may also have a role, in some cases.  
For example, in the Mass Communication topic area, where you have entered this question, it may be appropriate in selected cases to cite news reports from recognized professional sources. It may be appropriate to use information from a web page that is not peer reviewed if the author has recognized expertise (such as related peer-reviewed publications).  But you will likely also have to make these differences from academic peer reviewed sources clear in your paper, if it is not clear from the context.
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Any suggestion is highly appreciated. Thank you in advance
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Divine;
Answer to your question depends on what you want (your worldview, your ideology, your goals in studying audience). If you want to justify the media practices by saying that media give what people want or if you want to know the viewing habits and thoughts of audience so that you can help the media and advertising industries in their completion for mind and behavior management business, you have theoretical ranging from uses and gratifications to new versions of agenda setting. If you want  to save media industries from responsibility of the kind of junk that they produce and disseminate, you have, for instance, liberal-pluralist theories, reception theories, names like Fiske and Grossberg. If you want to know the audience preferences in terms of outcome of consciousness management done by media practices, I suggest you to prepare a critical rationale for your study and design either a survey research or an empirical study or qualitative study by using any of critical theory --excluding any theory that has "post" prefix in its name. If you want to know nature of media practices, forget about the audience and study media practices by using any critical theory, agenda setting part of agenda setting theory,  framing theory.
Good luck
irfan erdogan 
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By folk media I mean traditional means of communication like music, dance, rituals and oral narratives. Using which I want to understand the social set-up of a community.
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Take a look at this one:
Title: Indigenous folk media in rural development.
Authors: Compton, J. L.
Editors: D. W. Brokensha, D. M. Warren;O. Werner
Book: Indigenous knowledge systems and development. 1980 pp. 307-319
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This is content analysis but I am not sure of the political aspect of conflicts in newspapers to get them resolved.
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This question is quite broad and extremely open-ended. Let me first state that, you need to set out the key variables (which in your opinions constitute political manoeuvres) that you would like to measure in this case. At the same time, you should define what you term as conflicting issues. These could be social, economic, political, legal, or environmental issues. This is a bright question.
The next thing that you need to know is that newspapers (broadsheets or tabloids) have their political or policy leanings, and this is normal. But these do not affect news columns because of the professional requirements of good journalism. However, newspapers provide special opinion columns for debates and these are clearly identified as opinions (Op-Eds).
As you plan to measure the variables based on selected criteria, there is a need to select or identify the newspapers (tabloids or broadsheets) to be assessed using a method or procedure called Content Analysis. Read more about this methodology. For example, decide on which issues are to be analysed (duration), and the contents involve size of columns, headings, pictures, personalities, and the frequencies of the coverage in the selected publications. Find the details from the internet.
I suggest this question is reviewed. My opinion is that manipulations are usually unfair or dishonest tactics which are intended to achieve specific ends or objectives. In this case, it involves two or more competitions or opposing sides. These may at times be synonymous with propaganda, misinformation, deception, or disinformation. This means they are quite aware of the falsehoods.
In addition, it may also involve very competitive debates or serious arguments by the contestants in question. Political arguments by politicians or policy makers, academic debates by professionals or intellectuals; may present conflicting views, but these cannot be called manipulations. It is normal for people to agree to disagree on an issue.
In a free society, dissenting views are not only encouraged but also promoted by laws, institutional practice, and constitutions. There is a need for evidence of manoeuvres, the standard of evidence is very critical to justify any claims for political manoeuvres. There is a need to define the term in question or present an operational definition of it. You may have columns on (on the political manoeuvres) on social, economic, political or legal, and environment issues.
The phrase conflicting issues need to be well clarified because issues by themselves do not conflict. Instead there are conflicting views, decisions, laws, or policies on issues. My view is that, issues by definition are facts which people interpret or perceive differently (have different points of view). So the conflicts are about attitudes, perceptions, or misperceptions or manipulations. Our perceptions or attitudes are formed by our background or upbringing (social (e.g. culture and religion), economic, environmental, and political beliefs, orientations, or practices).
The reasoning here is that, issues are by definition, facts which people interpret differently (the conflicts are in the interpretations of issues but not in the issues themselves). For example, people may have different views about what they think are the causes of deforestation or land degradation in a particular place. The issue (fact or reality) is deforestation or land degradation.
While one side of the arguments may attribute deforestation or land degradation corruption, international trade in timber, or agricultural expansion; another side, may blame them on population pressure, lack of public awareness, weak environmental laws, or even mass poverty. For example, others argue that, poverty is both the agent and victim of environmental degradation.
The other issue that should be considered is that newspapers represent different political shades. Their editorial policies defend or propagate the proprietors’ points of view such as political agenda. Likewise, in a democratic society, it is not only normal to have alternative views under freedom of expression, democratic, pluralistic society, and media pluralism.
The media such as newspapers have a social responsibility to act as a market place of ideas as they provide the public sphere (debating arena) for all kinds of views. Political debates or disagreements are promoted by the media for better accountability and transparency as well as policy elaboration on various platforms for citizens or as part of civic or voter education at times. It is during such debates that the audience (the public) will judge if anyone is simply manoeuvring or not.
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I research about the role of amateur videos by internet like information tools in situations without press freedom (demonstrations, terrorism, police or politicy violence, actions against civil people).
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Hi, Emma!
I recently read this paper on user-generated video content and its role as a media source: http://vcj.sagepub.com/content/12/3/341.short  
I think you may find it useful. If I can think of further references I'll just let you know!
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I have some lectures and speeches in recorded form (in voice recorder). I want to convert them all to text form, so that I can read or edit them. There are many options available in Google. Please suggest a reliable software, based on your personal experience.
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It is evident that in the last few years death through the media is displayed like something banal and/or sensational. Some deaths are publicized banal, and some sensational. Therefore, all deaths are not the same. Media is changing practice of displaying and understanding of death.
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The media have a different approach to death based usually on a value system relating to the person's life. Some individuals are considered more worthy of life than others so the portrayal of their death is liked to this. Like all other stories in the media it has to fit certain news frameworks and in a large part of the media submit to populist views.
This results in some deaths being treated with mawkish sentimentality and faux grief while other are virtually celebrated as deserved. The first variant was most obviously seen in the hideously exaggerated press coverage of the accidental death of the late Princess of Wales. The latter being the triumphalism that accompanied the death of Osama Bin Laden at the hands of US Special Forces.
In Britain we have a special category reserved for those who have died of cancer. We use military analogies and war metaphors to describe their 'brave fight' against the disease and refer to them as having 'lost their battle' against cancer.
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I am teaching a course on Mass Communication Theories and want to inquire which are the most important theories that should be taught to post-graduate mass communication students. For e.g. agenda setting theory, magic bullet theory.
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Thanks Juan, Bhatti and Bujar.
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Should we add theories according to our variables or the main purpose of the study?
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Ideally the theory that one should select is the one which is the most frequently mentioned while conducting the literature review. However, there are times when one wants to adopt a completely different approach, in that case the said theory can be mentioned and than explain that you will take the concept further in light of the other theory because the older one has been used too often.
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Who or what is behind the havoc?
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Absolutely Klaus, the Arab Spring is a perfect example.
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What do we mean by this term? Which type of data can be gathered for this?
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Thanx mr.Nelson and anum :)
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Elaborate on hurdles that may be faced by journalists during the reporting of conflictual issues.
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In developing countries like ours there are multiple problems, the most important being that of the right to a secure life.
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Interested to know their role world wide
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Majority are on the wrong track as they instead of being moderators, have become debators and judges.
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Aren't men and women both subjected to harassment?
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Yes. There are many reasons why.
First, if men and women are both harassed, then looking at both sexes gives a better picture of the problem.
Second, you did not say "sexually harassed"—which would not change the answer anyway—but if both men and women are harassed on the job, you need to understand the full extent of the picture. When it comes to sexual harassment, more women are usually harassed than men, so knowing how both men and women view the problem would be important.
Third, men and women see the world differently. Recently, in Africa, one of my colleagues asked trainees about the governmental data about expendable resources were accurate. The men said "yes," the women said "no,"..."men spend 100% of their expendable income on entertainment (women) and alcohol and women spend zero." Thus, the 50% was accurate, but in no way gave the full picture.
Fourth, why wouldn't you? As my professor of gender communication in graduate school once said, "Sex/gender only matter when they matter." Unless you have some reason to believe that gathering data from both sexes would influence your findings negatively, or could not be done safely/accurately, you should always ask both groups.
Fifth, if you are doing this survey electronically, you probably have no way to be sure of the sex/gender of your respondents. People lie about themselves online all the time, and people are often reluctant to tell the truth about sensitive topics when their identity is known—and this could be a problem with "human subjects approval" if your school enforces that. This will be a methodological problem you will need to deal with.
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Most of us were constant user of social networking site, apart from chatting what do attract you more towards networking site?
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in my opinion first of all such type of sites make us lonely and then we use them to get rid of this lonliness. instead of sharing time with our family friends and peers we love to spent time on SNS and then gradually we just cut off our close ones and we get use to SNS.
but yes sometimes knowledge seeking, sharing, knowing are also main causes for this.
{Muhammad bhatti and attia zulfiqar! sometimes course assignments also attracts us toward SNS :P }
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Do they have different professionals and separate goals or not?
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Hi Ufuk, both fields are mostly integrated into the marketing department of the company. However, their focus as well as the needed expertise are completely different. Advertisement as a classic communication tool relies strongly on classic marketing education. Most professionals working in PR however come more from the journalistic side.
PR's main task is to convince classic gatekeepers (like press outlets, journalists and editors) to report in a favorable way about the company and her products. In case of PR the company's usually looses it's communication sovereignty as the final decision how to report lies with the gatekeeper. Hence, PR professionals need to specifically know how gatekeepers will react to corporate communication and behavior. That's also the key reason why most PR professionals ar ex journalist, which use their personal contacts to ensure positive coverage.
Advertising is going the opposite way. These guys develop a key message that is pushed into media trough bought in ad space.
Larger companies therefore tend to have different people overlooking each field. However, strategy wise both fields need to be integrated into the company's overall marketing strategy. That's is basically the reason why PR is mostly treated as an independent sub department within marketing.
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I am using 320 LC-Ms-Ms quadrupole. I am wondering if I can increase the volume of injection while using low concentration instead of high concentration. Do you think it helps to see a peak for low concentration samples as well as high concentrations?
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Your system has an injection loop of some fixed volume installed (e.g. 50 uL). A partial loop injection is something less than 50 and in general one keeps it less that half the loop volume (e.g. 25) to get good reproducbility. Note: If you do a full loop injection most autosamplers will sample 3 to 4 times the loop volume to get good reproducibility(e.g. 150-200 uL) but your column will only see 50 uL. Now if you were injecting 10 uL of concentration X, in theory you can inject 20 uL of concentration X/2, but it depends on the chromotography. Double the volume could lead to a column overload and poor recovery of your analyte or in MS maybe signal suppression and again poor recovery. Enrichment that Tobias suggests means some way of concentrating your sample in a smaller volume (high concentration) while often removing interfering compounds.