Marketing Research - Science topic

I am also s second semester Ph.D. Business student from the U.S. and I'm working on digital marketing - more narrowly focused - as a central Research Objective. My advice is to define your central Research Objective you think you want to explore for your dissertation now (it can evolve), read a number of literature reviews, outline the topic you want to explore and then write a literature review. Ideally this should be integrated into your coursework for a central area of focus. Hope this helps.

Hi Ahmed! PLS-SEM is a method that generally used for prediction, while CB-SEM is the method better suited for theory confirmation. PLS-SEM is also used when the constructs are defined as composites, not as common factors as in the case of CB-SEM. It is a preferred method for theory development because of its more flexible in terms of data distribution and sample size, as well as because it allows to incorporate both reflective and formative constructs. Theory development studies work with theories that need to be validated in more contexts as well as further conceptual development, such as the incorporation of new variables. Depending on the level of the development of the theory, the purpose of the research in this case could be exploratory. In the example you give, as you introduce new variables it seems to be about theory development.

This content is very professional. I admire this author very much. I hope I can have a chance to communicate more and become friends.

Competitive advantage is a crucial aspect of an organization's success, and it is influenced by a myriad of internal and external factors. Internally, the organizational culture plays a pivotal role. A positive and adaptive culture fosters innovation, employee satisfaction, and efficient operations, all of which contribute to gaining a competitive edge. Additionally, the skillset and expertise of the workforce contribute significantly. Organizations that invest in training and development often find themselves better equipped to adapt to changing markets.

Moreover, effective leadership is a key internal factor. Visionary leaders who can navigate uncertainty, make strategic decisions, and inspire their teams contribute to sustained competitive advantage. The efficiency of internal processes and operations also plays a critical role. Streamlined and well-organized processes enhance productivity, reduce costs, and improve the overall competitiveness of an organization.

Externally, market dynamics and competition are primary factors affecting competitive advantage. Understanding market trends, consumer behavior, and anticipating industry changes allow organizations to proactively position themselves ahead of competitors. Moreover, having a strong brand image and reputation in the market is crucial. A positive brand perception can attract customers, build loyalty, and differentiate a company from its rivals.

Technological advancements are another external factor. Organizations that leverage cutting-edge technologies to enhance products, services, or operational efficiency gain a significant competitive advantage. Economic conditions, regulatory environment, and geopolitical factors also impact an organization's competitive position. Adapting to these external factors requires strategic planning and flexibility.

achieving and sustaining competitive advantage is a multifaceted challenge that requires a holistic approach. Internally, it involves fostering a positive culture, developing human capital, and ensuring efficient operations. Externally, organizations must be vigilant in understanding market dynamics, embracing technology, and navigating the ever-changing external environment. Successful organizations adept at balancing these internal and external factors are well-positioned to thrive in competitive landscapes.

In the marketing research we have done, we analyzed the reactions of consumers to the stimuli measuring their BIS/BAS index based on our patented method of EEG signal processing.

In well-prepared studies, I believe one can associate the "feeling right" state with a BAS reaction associated with arousal.

Dear Ali Akbar Bromideh,

I would like to suggest the following topics for the marketing research question on new technology transfer and knowledge management: The impact of the importance of marketing campaigns and promotions on the development of specific new technologies, the change in the scale of new technology transfer and the change in the level of public awareness of knowledge management.

Regards,

Dariusz Prokopowicz

Hello Beata,

before going to data, you have to come up with a theoretical model that optimally focuses on unitary/one-dimensional variables (IV, DV and moderator). "Optimally" means: of course you can focus on aggregate constructs or measured indexes that summarise a bunch of things but that makes a theoretical argumentation about of the effects (including moderation) a bit blurry.

But even if you have to stick to aggregate constructs (which is often the case in marketing) as these are often inherently aggregate, you have to base your decision on the construct itself and its essential facets. THEN you can measure these facets. Don't start with measures.

HTH

Holger

ICT tools are mainly used by researchers for its ability to ease knowledge-gathering process, easy communication, and to enhance resource-development. ... The use of ICT is based on the individual's logical assessment of how various applications increase his/her effectiveness and efficiency in work and provide ease in communication with collaborators. https://www.ukessays.com/essays/information-technology/role-of-ict-in-research-information-technology-essay.php

That's Great

Junxiong Li Based on using BS policies when appropriate, use the insights and methods from social marketing as they engage with behavioural sciences to lead the practical convergence .

The novelty in research lies in 2 aspects:

1. Providing the comparison of the application of BS to policy with SM.

2.Employing the policy-making cycle framework to map the contributions.

You may want to consider sociology and communications theory?

Another promising area is policy-making and citizens’ sovereignty.

Good luck.

This might help you

Ying Zhu Thanks for your sharing. The work by Westfall, Judd and Kenny (2015) is rather informative and relevant to my question. Thanks!

Justyna Cuglewska If the Chi-sqr test did not return a significant difference, I would presume there is no gender difference. I would definitely check if I could combine the six motivators to create a composite scale (as suggested by David Morgan).

However, I see that David Morse is suggesting logistic regression (though my opinion coincides with David Morgan that it won't make difference if the Chi-sqr test returns insignificant relation). Please run this and share your experience with us here, so that we could also learn something.

Thank you so much Paul F Burke

Dear Natalya

I have started a working on the project which attempted to understand factors that lead to consumer acceptance and adaptation of bio-fuel. You are welcome if we can explore any synergies on the project.

I have just submitted a paper on the sci-art cooperation. Here is the abstract. What do you think? From reformers to living labs: radical changes (transformations) of practices in art and science. Abstract Living labs is a formula of cooperation between scientists and artists that combines new methods of project implementation, new research methods (action research and design-based research). The results of these projects represent radical changes in current practices. I begin by presenting what a radical change in art and science is all about. Next, I present interdisciplinary stakeholder workshops as a working method of living labs and social phenomenology as an interpretative and methodological basis for researching artistic practices in the humanities. In the last part, I present what and how scientists of humanities and artists can study in the living lab formula. The originality / value of the research presented in the article lies in the indication of how artists and scientists can implement joint Sci-Art projects, based on the above-mentioned methods and the model of transformation of artistic practices. Keywords: radical change (transformation), social practices, living lab, humanities, art, social phenomenology

Digital marketing will be prominent as everything is dependent on IT these days.

Thanks Alejandro!

This might be helpful https://www.the-digital-insurer.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/1105-59180-MITSMR-Deloitte-Digital-Report-2017.pdf

There are several studies related to marketing to bottom of pyramid. That should be a good starting point.

You need to consider all factors leading to it and all the outputs. Usually it is done from a particular point of view (product, market, customer view, phenomenon).

If you need to research the two in the context of different conducted research, simply verify the above mentioned aspects.

Here you may find example of research of particular aspect.

usually researchers define triggers or sub variables having impact on the dependent variable.

Hope it helps

Anna

Can Structural model of SEM serve the association between IV and DV? I have same problem.

5 Marketing Research Trends to Look for in 2019

5 Marketing Research Trends to Look for in 2019 - https://www.focuspointeglobal.com/5-marketing-research-trends-to-look-for-in-2019/

Dear Kathleen Desveaud

I think it is better to limit this data to a specific country because difficult if the data global It is to have an accurate figure, especially since you covered marketing in general and not one of the marketing axes, for example digital marketing, tourism marketing or green marketing.

in this link you can see main stage of marketing maybe help you take one stage of them to be more accurate

https://blog.oxfordcollegeofmarketing.com/2012/11/23/the-6-main-stages-in-marketings-history/

Thank you Mam, for your suggestion Mubina Khondkar :)

I don't think there is but the JASP results for SEM are identical to the AMOS so I think it is acceptable, it has correlation for convergent and divergent validity, for these analyses more accurate is to keep the loads greater than .70 to obtain a higher AVE .50, if your variables are conceptually similar or same constructs with different tests is also recommended the HTMT method.

Anna Maria Nikodemska-Wolowik thanks for the response, I will go through it now

Dear Souad,

I will send you some papers about online surveys in marketing research, they are not recent (for example Bradley tried to give some solutions to sampling problems for internet studies in 1999!!!) but I think you could get some answers to your questions and particularly with this paper : .

You can also find a lot of online-based survey in ranked journals. good luck !

In my field (STEM higher ed research), using the same data collection to answer multiple, RELATED research questions is common practice. Collecting data can be prohibitively expensive and time consuming so you need to make it count, but as Jaspreet Kaur noted, it's also important to avoid diverging too far from a main topic or it will almost certainly reduce your completed response rate (see Tourangeau et al (2000) The Psychology of Survey Response for more info). +1 Samantha Curle -- if you have to leave something out, there's always next time if you still want to pursue that line of inquiry.

Typically, I've found it helpful to determine what modules or survey items I can include based on: (1) its centrality to my primary research agenda, (2) its novelty or importance related to foundational theory/research, and (3) whether or not I can keep the average response time under a certain threshold (depending on what, if any, incentive will be offered). My suggestion: pilot two versions of the survey, one with and one without the additional module or construct, and test how much of an impact it has on response time. Ask your pilot participants what they think of that construct in particular. Maybe even have a few of the non-additional group look over the construct after they are done and ask them if they think it would have been too burdensome or a non sequitur. When in doubt, get feedback.

If you weren't planning on piloting the survey with members of the population you will be studying, then... that's a terrible idea. Pilot it.

Finally, when publishing results, it's an ethical research practice to make sure readers understand when different studies are based on the same data. Easiest solution: give identifying information like when the data was collected and from whom in the methods, and use statements like "Published in [1], other findings from this dataset indicate that..." (side note: also a good way to draw the attention of an interested audience to your related work).

Hope this helps! Good luck!

You could use a qualitative or quantitiave analysis.The qualitative analysis would help you ask people if they believe is recycling etc.In case many of them say they don't,they will list some factors for the same for example trust,profit,false adevrtising of companies etc.Now when you make a model of these factors from what you have got qualitatively can test the same quantitatively.Some such papers are there in my research papers .Pls see

Please check one of well known academic sources:

Thank you for good recommend.

Chellai Fatih Samantha Curle Nirav Halvadia Abolfazl Ghoodjani

Thank you all for your responses, they are greatly appreciated.

Thanks Padma N Atreya for your better recommendations.

I am glad you find the chapters interesting!

George

Green Marketing

Dear Muthana Makki Mohammedali , the reason for I have said five years is related to the guidelines of some journals, which define that the authors should consider articles published in recent years in their theoretical reviews. Actually, this is not something that I totally agree, and from my point of view is more related to market matters than academic matters. And five, as well two, seems to be magical numbers because of the calculation of Impact Factor published every year by Journal of Citation Report, for instance.

Try this: https://www.ama.org/Pages/BecomeMember.aspx

Hope it helps. Jens

I also recommend you Pearson's system. If you use the books of Pearson you will get access to virtual MyLab - where you will find teacher's guide, cases, presentations of the topics, video's and tests as well.

One thing to be noted is that the purpose of AIC and BIC is fundamentally different:

For AIC, the final goal is to estimate the relative Kullback–Leibler Information (that is, "distance" between true probability distribution behind the data and the distribution approximated by statistical model and maximum likelihood estimation). Informally, the purpose of an AIC is to choose the model which gives the good prediction.

Meanwhile, those of BIC is to calculate the Bayesian posterior model probability, where all the prior model probability are set to be equal. It needs the marginal likelihood of the model (likelihood of the model averaged over the parameter space, or more accurately, over the prior distribution) but with troubling multiple integrations. However, if the posterior distribution converges to normal, an approximate marginal likelihood can be obtained relatively in an easy way. Informally, the purpose of a BIC is to choose the most probable model.

See the following reference for a guide.

Aho, K., Derryberry, D., & Peterson, T. (2014). Model selection for ecologists: the worldviews of AIC and BIC. Ecology, 95(3), 631-636.

And for more mathematical background, see

Konishi, S., & Kitagawa, G. (2008). Information criteria and statistical modeling. Springer Science & Business Media.

It doesn't sound much like your data is going to meet the multivariate normality assumption which is pretty important for MANOVA. You haven't said what you plan to do with the data but I assume since you mentioned MANOVA that you have more than 1 dependent variable. Thus I would start with a contingency table analysis to see if these dependent variables are statistically independent of each other. If they are then life is good and you can quickly separate them into several univariate analyses for which would recommend some type of logistic regression as a starting point. I am attaching a set of notes by Frank Harrell, a real expert in this area. I would say the chances of success on this route are about 80%. Look over Frank's discussion, his examples and his software(which is Free by the way) and see if this looks appropriate for your research questions. If not, come back and we will try again. Best wishes, David Booth

Ataul Karim Patwary Its just a preview, I need market research spending amount of telecom companies or industry wise spending amount. Can you help in getting the full report?

Use correlation test to test your hypotheses.

Since your plan is to use SEM i would advice you to use multiple items measurements in order to obtain fit model . further more, you will have an opportunity to do factor reduction to get a much better model fit .

30 respondents for the first step research

Dear Dar,

Refer to the papers below, which lay the foundation of the need of this research.

Fahy, J., & Jobber, D. (2012). Foundations of marketing.

Germann, F., Lilien, G. L., & Rangaswamy, A. (2013). Performance implications of deploying marketing analytics. International Journal of Research in Marketing, 30(2), 114-128.

Xu, Z., Frankwick, G. L., & Ramirez, E. (2016). Effects of big data analytics and traditional marketing analytics on new product success: A knowledge fusion perspective. Journal of Business Research, 69(5), 1562-1566.

Wedel, M., & Kannan, P. K. (2016). Marketing analytics for data-rich environments. Journal of Marketing, 80(6), 97-121.

@Hassan: is there any advantage of the method you propose compared to SEM? All I see are drawbacks.

Thank you all for your responses.

After some reading I decided to go with 1 additional point, so my dependent variable (DV) will be the same "employee engagement - EE" and my independent variables (IV) leadership styles-LS and organizational cultures-OC.

My research objectives are to answer these hypotheses:

1. LS has more positive relationship than OC towards EE

2. OC has more positive relationship towards EE

3. There is a linear relationship between IV (both LS & OC) DV

Any advice for other potential hypothesis I can explore?

I found a new measurement for employee engagement (written in a PHD disertation) and I have tried to find other citation of the paper but I can't find one (my assumption is no one has not use it yet for other study).

My question is, can I use it for my study or is it better to use the known tools as suggested above?

For OC, I plan to use Hofstede questionnair. Since Hofstede is more on the country/national culture level, can I use it for study on organizational culture level?

Really appreciate any responses and thank you in advance.

No, You will apply four steps, step1, step2, step3, and step 4. In step1, regress dependent variable on all explanatory variables, in step2, regress mediator on all explanatory, and in step 3 & 4, regress dependent variable on all explanatory and mediator variables. Baron and Kenny 1986 Model is just use to obtain coefficients a, b, c, and c^/ .

Good question and informative responses. Thanks!

Online Marketing

I note that you are concerned with the marketing of exotic foods. Figure 2 on the Environmental Health Perspectives web site < https://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/1104424/ > provides fabulous insight into determinants of food choice. The article there considers climate change and its impact on foods

However, this model can be used to develop the research problem statement and related constructs that would need to be investigated in gauging the acceptability and willingness to buy the exotic food produce you are working with.

The model considers country policies, cultural habits, the 4Ps, factors influencing food choice and so on.

Don't forget that with all food products taste is the key factor so your research will include an opportunity for consumers to evaluate the taste -- preferably in their own homes where they will prepare the food according to their existing practices.

Please feel free to check out this article of using SEM (This provide you with standard requirements of SEM analysis) and the marketing implication and practical applications are in appendix 2 & 3 with management implication in the text as well. Hope this help! Best Regards.

I have done NPS for internal review. I do not know, HEIs will use NPS

ANOVA is simple but not conclusive and if proceeding through t-test then separately compare. If further advise required provide details of variables.

Neuromarketing grew three fold from 2011 to 2016 and is expected to grow further in the next few years. You can see the following article to read about it:

Wonderful topic and the place of my interest greetings

 I will share my thesis with you, it will help you

Best wishes

It is very much depending on the experiment that you are doing. I fully agree with Imam that random sampling is not always crucial. The technique that you are planning to follow is valid and we have used it many times when we do not have a valid database.  Be aware of marketing research agencies data their focus is to have sufficient data to accommodate their customers needs and not to be scientifically correct. 

Dear Neda,

Your intention to develop karstic cave to as a touristic destination. I hope before going for service marketing better use tourism marketing.

I hope you have to more focus about the existing products/attractions that motivate (Pull) tourists to the destination. Then you have to think about the value addition to the existing products.

Recommend to read the following texts.

Heath, E. and Wall, G. (1992). Marketing of Tourism Destinations. New York: John Wiley & Sons.

Holloway, J.C.and Plant, R.V. (1992). Marketing of Tourism (second ed.). London:

Piton. Hudson, S. (2008). Tourism and Hospitality marketing: A Global Perspective. London: SAGE Publications.

Kotler, P., Bowen, J. and Makens, J. (2002). Marketing for Hospitality and Tourism (second ed.). New Delhi: Pearson Education.

Middleton, V. (2001). Marketing in Travel and Tourism (fourth ed.). Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann.

Middleton, V.T.C., Fyall, A. & Morgan, M. (2009). Marketing in Travel and Tourism (fourth ed.). Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann.

Morrison, A.M. (1996). Hospitality and Travel Marketing. New York: Delmar Publisher.

Swarbrooke, J. & Horner, S. (2007). Consumer Behaviour in Tourism (second ed.). Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann.

Thanks

Hi everyone, 

 if you have another paper on this topic please send to me..

I researched the impact of standards in fruit production. (GLOBALGAP, EUROGAP). The most important thing is to determine the position of the input attributes of determining the start of the implementation of standards. Measure the difference between input and output. The attributes you have to define itself.

Hi,

You may have a look to this paper:

Which market integration measure?

Journal of banking and Finance, March 2017, vol 76, Pages 150-174

M. Billio, M. Donadelli, A. Paradiso, M. Riedel

Best regards

Hi there, 

One of the important effects of social media activities is the traffic that is directed to the landing page. This is analyzed through various tools, probably most common is the google analytics. 

I believe it has a lot to do with aforementioned click-throughs. At the end of the day, what is the goal of the social media campaign is the main question.

There are three aspects that should be taken into consideration, the Discovery, Conversion and Engagement (all directed to the landing page) and I believe these can be a benchmark for social media activities. 

Good luck with your research! 

Best,

Anida

Her is an example of value creation and its relationship to quality? The paper describes an integrated template for product improvement by tactically combining real-time market research data with quality function deployment (QFD), value engineering, and a value graph.

Hello again Diptiman,

I have been doing more thinking about your original question - going right back to the start.  I wonder whether the reviewer was perhaps making an inappropriate request of you.  From what you have written, you did not adapt the instrument, but simply used the original instrument but in a different context from the one in which it was originally developed. That means that the reviewer's request for "validation of scale adaptation" is barking up the wrong tree.  Reviewers are only human, and, in my experience, they quite often get things wrong.  So I think that you should not feel obliged to address the reviewer's request if that request is awry.

The issue is more whether the original scale has validity for the context in which you were using it. An instrument's validity is undoubtedly important, and other posts in response to your question should be helpful regarding that. Perhaps the reviewer really was simply requesting that you provide evidence [as much as possible] that your instrument was valid.

Picking up the pieces from some of the above posts, if the original instrument developers conducted factor analysis (they might not have), it would be good for you to try replicating that.  If they didn't, it might still be good for you to run PCA or factor analysis to ensure that you were/are scoring the instrument appropriately (e.g., not adding up apples and oranges when they should have been kept separate, or adding up the apples and oranges in their most appropriate groups).

One point that you might need (or be hopefully able) to defend is that the instrument, although being used in a different context, retained its original face and content validity.

Apart from that, it might be good to look at things like Cronbach's alpha that give you a sense of an instrument's reliability / internal consistency.  After all, an instrument can't be valid unless it is reliable.

Robt.

Well, I am just running a little Bed & Breakfast besides and it is true that first reason why people rather prefer B&B than hotels is not the price (it is about the same as a 3 star hotel), but the personal touch we try to show at every touchpoint. In general, you have mainly three touchpoints to create a brand experience: 

For every touchpoint it is necessary to define personalization of action. Just a general and uniforme behavior doesn't lead to a good brand experience. 

There is a growing body of research linking customer satisfaction to outcomes like customer retention, word-of-mouth, sales, stock price and so forth. We provide an overview in our MSI paper, which may be downloaded at the link provided. Hope it helps.

I think this theory has been applied in all business areas

I am speaking more from the perspective of a practitioner than a researcher....for managing services, the most important communications tool you have is the physical evidence of the service. e.g. a banks using its bank statements and IVR at the call center to make its communication clear and delivered at the appropriate time. However, this form of communication can happen only after you have driven traffic your service outlet. In order to drive traffic, it is best to conduct on-ground events at appropriate catchment areas to create awareness, and incentivize customers to visit your outlet during these on-ground events. E.g. online grocery stores conduct on-ground events at residential apartments with incentives for visiting the website. 

Hope this helps.

Hello.

I believe (1) brand quality,  (2) good packaging and (3) positioning are very important. In fact, the brand quality is everything, but then if that quality is concealed through poor packaging and presentation, the product stands a little chance of succeeding in the market.

Best wishes,

Pauline.

This topic on technology management, forecasting, trends, lifestyle – even TV are smart now, virtual reality …… cannot look at PCs alone, need to examine the substitutes as well, the tablets, laptops, smart phone besides the laptops pcs. Mobile technologies are making inroads with very much faster internet linkages in most fields and have become a part of our lifestyle. The market is very intensive, marketers, manufacturers are competing in every corner they find they have the niche. Product features – wearables, portable or not, among others have certainly become trendy, from design – flexibility of use e.g. convertibility and mode of usage, ease of use, to brand popularity are other contributing factors to convince consumers to switch the products they using. Given this scenario, price competition should intensify. Need to look beyond marketing. Value, technology should be the key driver to product breakthrough. Innovation should drive future growth.

Hi Malcolm,

1) You can treat the no-choice option just like another alternative. Not sure what software you use for the analysis, but if you use Latent Gold with a 3-file structure system, the only thing you need to do is to accomodate the no-choice option in the "choice" file and the "alternative" file, while for the "set" file the no-choice option will increase your set size by one.

Also, you can always run the analysis with and without the no-choice option and see how much the results differ.

2) Do you mean BW Type 1 or Type 2? In BW Type 1 you don't really need a no-choice option as basically you want a trade off between attributes/features. I am not sure how to handle a BW Type 2 with no-choice (I assume you're saying that the no-choice could be potentially chosen as Best or Worst), and I never did it.

Hope this helps,

Armando

Aaker also talks about associations as an important aspect of brand equity. So both jeniffer and David aaker can come in handy. Also fournier relationship scale..try leveraging

Regards

Tripti

Hello Norchène,

According to the refrences below you can have a clear opinion :

Rossiter, J. R. (2002). The C-OAR-SE procedure for scale development in marketing. International journal of research in marketing, 19(4), 305-335./

Diamantopoulos, A. (2005). The C-OAR-SE procedure for scale development in marketing: a comment. International Journal of Research in Marketing, 22(1), 1-9 Gerbing, D. W., & Anderson, J. C. (1988). An updated paradigm for scale development incorporating unidimensionality and its assessment. Journal of marketing research, 186-192..

Churchill Jr, G. A. (1979). A paradigm for developing better measures of marketing constructs. Journal of marketing research, 64-73.

Smith, A. M. (1999). Some problems when adopting Churchill's paradigm for the development of service quality measurement scales. Journal of Business Research, 46(2), 109-120.

Flynn, L. R., & Pearcy, D. (2001). Four subtle sins in scale development: Some suggestions for strengthening the current paradigm. International Journal of Market Research, 43(4), 409.

Kindly Regards

Samy

Yes I also agree with Dilan Rathanayake, but if you are to run the regression analysis, both IV & DV should be numerical variables ( interval/ ratio in scale) & the sampling technique is also should be non probability  random method, otherwise you are violating the performing conditions.

Furthermore, I will be able to provide an exact answer if you could clarify the scale of both IV & DV as clearly pointed out by Dilan. 

Thank you Helena!

So, are you suggesting a qualitative analyses on the side of the quantitative analyses? 

New products are classified as; 

Brand Marketing is all about spreading the Love about the Brand to consumers it is about focusing on intangible attributes. Product marketing essentially focuses on the product tangible attributes.

A fundamental issue when analysing trade policy reform in global agricultural markets is the extent to which domestic agricultural commodity markets in developing countries respond to changes in international prices. Price transmission from the world to domestic markets is central in understanding the extent of the integration of economic agents into the market process.

Studies on the transmission of price signals are founded on concepts related to competitive pricing behaviour.[47] In spatial terms, the classical paradigm of the Law of One Price, as well as the predictions on market integration provided by the standard spatial price determination models (Enke, 1951; Samuelson, 1952; Takayama and Judge, 1972) postulate that price transmission is complete with equilibrium prices of a commodity sold on competitive foreign and domestic markets differing only by transfer costs, when converted to a common currency. These models predict that changes in supply and demand conditions in one market will affect trade and therefore prices in other markets as equilibrium is restored through spatial arbitrage.   

Thanks for the update Diptiman ,

Iam more interested on the Core Billing functionalities , how do they differ in terms of charging/rating & billing . are there any specific features which is present mostly in enterprise but not seen in Retail billing.