Marine Sciences - Science topic

Holocene climate change, by Shaowu Wang. Lake sedimentation and environmental evolution, by Ji Shen. Earth System and Evolution, by Pinxian Wang. These are Chinese books. Sedimentology and Stratigraphy, by Nichols Gary. Both Chinese and English are available.

Try to represent your data with a contouring software like "surfer" (by goldensoftware)

Good luck

Rainer

Great!

Thanks for sharing. Possible to share the publishing house in my inbox? I could send my MSc article.

Regards

Thank you so much, Please feel free to distribute the announcement in your department.

@Fanyi Meng The book 'The Extreme Life of the Sea' by Anthony R. Palumbi and Stephen Palumbi might help you.

This article might also be helpful

WWF

Well time series include serial correlations, trend & seasonality features. So any prediction or results are conditional on data treatment and/or model. you will need to qualify your conclusions by "de-trended series shows..." or "seasonally adjusted series shows..." or "De-trended and seasonally adjusted series shows...".

***in your question you rightly tell that you fitted linear model and the size of p-value...try models like Fourier curve (single or double)...good luck

Dear Benoit,

If you are comparing your sampling sites, I would suggest using Dunn's tests. Dunn's tests work very much in the same way as a Kruskal-Wallis test (a non-parametric equivalent of the ANOVA test that does not assume normal distribution or equal variances) and is great for small sample sizes. However, unlike Kruskal-Wallis tests the Dunn's tests allow for post-hoc pairwise comparisons. There is an R package that allows you to perform Dunn's tests very easily:

https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/dunn.test/dunn.test.pdf

Hope this helps!

Best wishes,

Dan

Hi, To a large degree the distance between the coral transplants will depend on the life history strategies of the species you select for your conservation project. The following paper should give you some ideas how to proceed:

https://s3.amazonaws.com/academia.edu.documents/48367777/j.1526-100x.2005.00087.x20160827-23283-g63m5o.pdf?response-content-disposition=inline%3B%20filename%3DUsing_Agent-Based_Models_to_Aid_Reef_Res.pdf&X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Credential=AKIAIWOWYYGZ2Y53UL3A%2F20200207%2Fus-east-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20200207T195946Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&X-Amz-Signature=942856db39104d3c1111cb7b95681f8af32f41d1db40967c775691ae195ceb65

Here is another paper that recommends that distance between coral transplants of branching species should be greater than 0.5 m, and greater than 0.2 m for massive species.

https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/galaxea/11/2/11_2_67/_pdf

There are many manuals out there on coral transplant techniques, but the following one from Seychelles is one of the best. See page 44 for recommended densities of coral transplants.

file:///C:/Literature/Coral%20Reefs/Recovery/2018-Toolkit-CoralReefRestoration.pdf

I hope this helps a bit.

This is not for your species, but should help. Addition of some EDTA calcium/magnesium chelator, adjusted to neutral (pH7) or haemolyph pH should work. Add 1-2 drops of a 2% solution per ml. If the clumping occurs as you harvest the haemolymph, try starting with a small amount of 0.5% EDTA or EGTA in saline in the syringe or pipette You use to collect your sample.

I will try of my best to disseminate its to the people related to my field of aquaculture and fisheries

Hi Arnaud,

It depends on your research question. You apply what is most applicable, SCUBA for shallow water and remote and manned subs for deep. I would do both. If your career requires you to go deeper, then you need to find another way to continue working in shallow water. Best wishes, Bert

As indicater by George de Neef, there is no simple answer, as a proper design depends on a number of aspects:soil properties, cage characteristics and environmental conditions and economic design life of the cage and the risk percent to encounter higher loadings. I put below a list of relevant publications, I used in a recent advisory study. Happy industrious learning.

References:

Ágústsson G., 2004. Design considerations and loads on open ocean fish cages south of Iceland, M.Sc. thesis, University of Iceland, June 2004

Aarsnes J. V., H. Rudi and G. LoLand, 1990. Current forces on cage, net deflection, Engineering for offshore fish farming. Thomas Telford, London, 1990

Berstad, A.J.and Heimstad, L.F.(2015), “Numerical Formulation of Sea Loads to Impermeable Nets”, VI International Conference on Computational Methods in Marine Engineering MARINE 2015, Rome Italy

Berstad, A.J., Heimstad, L.F. and Walaunet, J.(2014) “Model Testing of Fish Farms for Validation of Analysis Programs.” Proceedings of the ASME 2014 33rd International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Artic Engineering OMAE2014, (June 8-13 2014), San Francisco, California. OMAE2014-2464

Berstad, A.J., Walaunet, J. and Heimstad, L.F (2012), “Loads from Currents and Waves on Net Structures.”Proceedings of the ASME 2012 31st International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Artic Engineering OMAE2012, (July 1-6, 2012), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. OMAE2012-83757.

Berstad, A. J., Tronstad, H., Ytterland, A. (2004), “Design Rules for Marine Fish Farms in Norway.

Calculation of the Structural Response of such Flexible Structures to Verify Structural Integrity.” Proceedings of OMAE2004 23rd International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering June 2004, Vancouver, Canada. OMAE2004-51577

Berstad, A. J. and H. Tronstad (2005a), “Response from current and regular/irregular waves on a typical polyethylene fish farm” , Maritime Transportation and Exploitation of Ocean and Coastal Resources. Eds. C. Guedes Soares, Y. Garbatov, N. Fonseca. 2005 Taylor & Francis Group London. ISBN #: 0 415 39036 2.

Bessonneau J.S., Marichal D. 1998. Study of the dynamics of submerged supple nets (application to trawls), Ocean Engineering, 25(1), pp 563-583

Beveridge M. C. M., 2004. Cage Aquaculture, 3rd Ed., 2004 by Blackwell Publishing Ltd

Beveridge, M.C.M.B. 1996. Cage aquaculture, 2nd Edn. Fishing News Books, Oxford, p. 346.

Blendermann W., 1987 .An analysis of the hydrodynamic forces on cables and nets, Applied Ocean Research, 1987, Vol. 9, No. 4

Bratteland E., ed., 1988. Advances in Berthing and Mooring of Ships and Offshore Structures, Kluwer Academic Publishers.

Burrows R., R.G. Tickell, D. Hames & G. Najafian, 1997. Morison wave force coefficients for application to random seas, Applied Ocean Research, 19 (1997) 183-199, Elsevier Science.

Cairns, J. and Linfoot, B.T. 1990. Some considerations in the structural engineering of sea cages for offshore fish farming. In: - Acquaculture Engineering, Technologies for the future, Thomas Telford, London, pp. 63-77.

Carson, R.M. 1988. Engineering analysis and design of cage systems for exposed locations, in: Aquaculture Engineering:Technologies for the Future. Ing. Chem. Eng. Symposium series No. 111, pp. 77-96, EFCE Publication Series No. 66, Institution of Chemical Engineers, Rugby, UK.

Chalia s., 2014. A Numerical Simulation of Full 3D Model of Net-Cage Structure - Mooring Line Tension, International Journal of Current Engineering and Technology, Vol. 4, No. 4 (Aug 2014), http://inpressco.com/category/ijcet

Chen H., and Christensen E.D., 2015. Methods for current and wave interaction with fish cages: A

review. In Christensen, E. D., Sumer, B. M., Schouten, J-J., Kirca, Ö., Petersen, O., Jensen, B., ...

Burchard, H. (2015). D5.3 Interaction between currents, wave, structure and subsoil., MERMAID mermaidproject.eu, FP7 Theme [OCEAN.2011-1] “Innovative Multi-purpose off-shore platforms: planning, design and operation”

Cheslav B., B. Colbourne, N. Bose, W. Raman, 2009. Aquaculture Net Drag Force and Added Mass, Aquacultural Engineering 41, pp. 14–21.

Cifuentes C. and M. H. Kim, 2014. Dynamic Analysis for the Global Performance of An SPMFeeder-Cage System Under Waves and Currents, China Ocean Eng., Vol. 29, No. 3, pp. 415 – 430

Cremer M. C., H. P. Lan, and J. Chappell, 2008. Engineering Manual: U.S. Soybean Industry OCAT Offshore Ocean Fish Culture Cage, U.S. Soybean Export Council

Dept. of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, 2016. Protocol for Structural Design of Marine Finfish Farms, April 2016, Ireland

Gansel L. C., D. R. Plew, P. C. Endresen, A. I. Olsen, E. Misimi, J. Guenther, Ø. Jensen, 2015.

Drag of Clean and Fouled Net Panels – Measurements and Parameterization of Fouling, PLOS ONE

10(7):e0131051. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0131051

Huguenin J. E., 1997. The design, operations and economics of cage culture systems, Aquacultural Engineering I6 (1997) 167-203

ISO 16488:2015, 2015. Marine finfish farms - Open net cage - Design and operation, International Standards Organization, 15 July 2015.

Kumar V., and Karnatak G., 2014. Engineering consideration for cage aquaculture, IOSR Journal of Engineering, Vol. 04, Issue 06 (June. 2014), V6 pp. 11-18.

Marine Scotland, 2015. A Technical Standard for Scottish Finfish Aquaculture, The Scottish Government, June 2015, Edinburgh

Mochet C., F. Paquereau, N. Decultot, 2014. Mooring Integrity: Forensics Programs on Used Mooring Connectors Lessons Learned, Present Practices & Future Developments, Deep Offshore Technology International Conference, Aberdeen, Scotland, October 2014., Paper DOT-2014-79

Norwegian Standard NS 9415.E:2009, 2009. Marine fish farms - Requirements for site survey, risk analyses, design, dimensioning, production, installation and operation, Norwegian Ministry of Fisheries

and Coastal Affairs, 10 Nov. 2009, published April 2010, Standards Norway

Rudi H., J.V. Aarsnes, and L.A. Dahle, 1988. Environmental forces on a floating cage system, mooring considerations. In: Aquaculture Engineering: Technologies for the Future. Ing. Chem. Eng. Symposium series No. 111, pp. 97-122, EFCE, Publication Series No. 66, Institution of Chemical

Engineers, Rugby, UK.

Sarpkaya T., and Isaacson M., 1980, Mechanics of wave forces on offshore structures, Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., N.Y., USA.

Siddiqui M. A., V. Nagarajan, 2016. Dynamics of a Single Point Mooring Marine Aquaculture Cage as a Simple Vibrating System, Intl. Journal of Maritime Technology,Vol.5, Winter 2016 (13-25)

Turner R., 2000. Offshore mariculture: Mooring system design, in: Muir J., Basurco B.,- Eds., Mediterranean offshore mariculture. Zaragoza: CIHEAM, 2000. p. 159-172 (Options Méditerranéennes: Série B. Etudes et Recherches; n.30

Zhao Y., T. Xu, C. Bi, G. Dong and S. Liu., 2012. The Numerical Simulation of Hydrodynamics of Fishing Net Cage, in: Zheng Jinhai, ed., Hydrodynamics - Theory and Model, Chapter 12, InTech, March 2012, http://www.intechopen.com/books/hydrodynamics-theory-and-model

1) Not exactly an internal wave, but the two-directional current system in the Bosphorus has been known for centuries.  Surface waters flow from the Black Sea to the Sea of Marmara, and bottom (much more saline) waters flow from the Marmara to the Black Sea at the same time.  Fishermen wanting a "free ride" to the Black Sea against the surface current would lower their nets to catch the lower flow.

2)  Fridjtof Nansen had a research ship named the "Fram", which may be the one that Dennis Mazur is referring to above.

I would suggest to feed them brine shrimp. It is easy to purchas brine shrimp cysts and let it hatch then use it in feeding.

Hi Andrea,

you can find books of statistical methods by N G Das 

Regards

Hi Anton, thanks so much for references, I will look into those papers

Just few drop of look, I see something very interesting in those articles. 

Maria:

You may find this link useful:

Best

Syed

    Usually these kinds of nets are called Ghost nets, since they drift around. They are also a problem to the open sea.

     As mentioned in the article you shared the fish dies eventually after struggling to set free from the net. As per my understanding- the more organisms die, the more BOD increases, which in turn causes anoxic conditions which kills more fish and cycle repeats. Lakes are a closed body of water where the impact will be higher and faster.

    The primary way to tackle this will be to physically remove these nets and  secondarily to implement laws  and awareness.I have found an article by FAO which states some mitigation methods, which might help you.

All the best!

Hope to visit the lake some day, hope it retains it's pristinely I saw via google images.

Regards,

Purva 

 Hi Anatoly,

Yes! Your emails were most helpful, so glad we connected. I will continue to follow your research here on ResearchGate.

Jenell

Thank you Malcolm 

But please  I will discus this subject with some scientists in phytoplankton  taxonomy.Also are this information is documented in British Museum. I hope you all the best 

Regards  

Hello. Have you had the opportunity to read the chapter   "Bevelhimer, M.S. and Breck, J.E. (2009) Centrarchid Energetics, in Centrarchid Fishes: Diversity, Biology, and Conservation (eds S. J. Cooke and D.P. Philipp), Wiley-Blackwell, Oxford, UK, doi: 10.1002 / 9781444316032.ch7"?

In my opinion, it can help you with your need.

Dear Surender. Thank you a lot! Any way, Had you some information about  use of aluminum alloy to manufacture OWC turbine type runner?

Endergonic reactions are always coupled to exergonic reaction to make the system work, the overall difference in free energy must be negative. Part of the process is to build new cell material and require energy, that has to be supplied by the degradation of energy containing molecules into lower energy products.

That is why anaerobic degradation usually yields less energy, because the final products still contain a fair amount of energy compared to Carbon Dioxide and water, the normal end products of aerobic reactions.

Hi Alex. I fear that the answer depends on what you understand by "destructive" and what are you focusing at when assessing the effects: endangered species, community-wide effects, ecosystem services, or other.

Destructive can be translated into a number of attributes as being non-selective in the target, persistent in its effects, or effective in removing individuals. From this perspective, explosives and cyanide are the less selective and effective, while ghost fishing is the most persistent and less effective.

When one comes to focusing on response variables to assess the severity of the effects, shark finning remove top predators that are both important in structuring the community, can eventually lead to the alteration of ecosystem services (for example through releasing prey fishes and thereby altering the balance between coral-dominated and algae-dominated ecosystems) and generally endangered.

Still one can put the question in the perspective of wide-scale management for conservation purposes. Then other practices like bottom trawling (cited in the previous post) and also drifting nets would have higher impacts. The former because of its spatial extent and pervasive effects through communities and ecosystems. The second because its impact on charismatic species like dolphins, whales and turtles, which raise public concern and trigger in-the-field actions.

Possibly a multivariate approach in which you combine the scores given under different criteria for each activity, tailored for the societal values rooted in your study area, would provide a more complete albeit perhaps not definitive answer.

Thanks 

Regards Carmen 

Hi Umer,

Thanks for sending the details. I’ll put my response here in case other people want to chime in with suggestions and comments.

I don’t know of any formulae for how much to dose a mesocosm/microcosm with, except for the work of Frieda Taub in the 1980s-90s (Taub, 1989, 1997), where she had cultures of particular species and counted in various numbers of each.

Taub, F.B. (1989). Standardized aquatic microcosms. Environmental Science and Technology 23, 1064-1066.

Taub, F.B. (1997). Unique information contributed by multispecies systems: examples from the standardized aquatic microcosm. Ecological Applications 7, 1103-1110.

If you think about why people use mesocosms, this makes sense. Mesocosms are usually intended to model some real-life environment on a smaller scale, with replications so you can do manipulative experiments with statistical analysis. Therefore the quantity inoculated will vary depending on your experimental question and which environment you are intending to model. Often people just use water from the site where they are working, without concentrating and dosing, so the density of organisms matches the environmental densities in the field.

There are a number of things you need to consider when deciding on your dosing density. You need a high enough density to allow you to take sample volumes with enough organisms to give statistically sound results, but it’s preferable if you don’t have so many organisms that the density is no longer environmentally relevant and starts to cause major changes in the conditions in the mesocosms (dissolved oxygen fluctuations, nutrient changes and so on). If you are expecting large decreases in the populations, think about whether you'll be able to get decent samples from lower densities. If you can, have a chat with a statistician about the likely power of the experimental design you are choosing, and what will be the best way of doing the analyses. If you are testing toxicants, have a look at papers by Paul van den Brink, Theo Brock and their co-workers for ideas on experimental tests in mesocosms. Alternatively, if you can find any reported studies similar to what you are planning, they may give you a guide.

My experience has mostly been with macroinvertebrates in freshwater artificial stream mesocosms, which are a bit different from tanks with plankton, but the issues above would apply to any systems. Another issue that regularly comes up in mesocosm studies is variability among the replicates, so the more replicates you can set up the better!

All the best, Anne

My best guess is also for a squashed solitary tunicate. It almost looks as if the body has been mostly squeezed out of the tunic. 

I already have this link but THANK YOU for your contribution.

Regards!

The SOx emission depends on the sulfur content of the oil and not on the load of the engine. Hence you can calculate this easily with a mass balance. For NOx you will need a suitable model for the combustion process which is more difficult to deduce. At least you can look for some data in the literature to get an idea of how many NOx approximately you will have.

Dear colleague,

You can use hydraulic barrier to prevent such groundwater flow. This can be achieved through using surface water in the reservoir itself. 

Are you referring to Marine Key Biodiversity Area? and Marine Protected Area? They are practically the same. They may differ on the target species or resources to be protected and conserved.  MKBA could be a protected area focused on  an endangered species or a charismatic species with the likes of whale shark, marine turtle, dugongs, etc. An MPA on the other hand, tends to protect and conserve the whole area of reefs, seagrass or mangroves, or interconnected several coastal habitats, usually aiming to improve the conditions of the area, in terms products produced and services delivered.

Sir, I just want to some standard method for my own work as a preliminary work.  

Looks like one has two potential options here.

1. Initially stain (e.g. using Calcofluor white) the plant in the field, then allow x time for measurable growth to occur (if that's what you're interested in). Return to the field, extract entire plant from benthos, take back to the lab and, using UVB photography techniques, estimate growth rate based on old (stained) tissue vs new (not stained) tissue. To estimate initial biomass, cut off all new tissue and weigh remaining plant.

2. As an invasive alternative, if possible, delicately remove plant (including below ground parts) from the benthos, weigh it, then delicately "replant" it. If one is interested in measuring growth rate/nutrient demand,  remember to allow an appropriate length of time for sediment physicochemical properties to equilibrate/stabilise before taking any measurements.

I'd be grateful on any feedback regarding either approach, particularly 2.

Hi Nicolas,

Please follow these links and attachments for said queries.

Good Luck

@Anicka: are you speaking spanish? - I guess this will be necessary to get information out of the Spanish National Archives (also I am not so sure if you will find the special information about Costa Rica you require).

You probably may find some information in: The history of Puerto Rico, from the Spanish discovery to the American occupation.

This book is also available as free pdf on: https://memory.loc.gov/service/gdc/lhbpr/08353/08353.pdf

If you speak spanish, I would rather go to the Archivo General de Puerto Rico, which, I guess, will have more information about Puerto Rican military history:

Hope that helps a bit.

Thera miniature sensors produced by Star-oddi. Please look at http://www.star-oddi.com. I used temp sensors and they are quite reliable.

Hello.

I think this bone is a hyoplastron.

Hi Emily:

In theory you can relate accelerations to wave motions hence deduce wave characteristics from measured accelerations (some wave boys use this principle to "measure" waves). Whether you can get wave information from the accelerations or not, will depend on the accelerometer specs and in its response to wave motion. For the later is very important how the sensor is moored and how this mooring affect its capability to "follow the wave".

Any body can provide the formula to calculate original total organic carbon (TOC) from present day TOC.

We use a grid-plus based sampling design for benthos in the Wadden Sea. I attached the publication. Depending on your question/effort you can increase or decrease the grid size. For looking at growth, mortality and recruitment patterns etc. you need to keep it up for several years.

Good luck!

Ok, the first question was not very lucky so I am updating it - maybe it will be just easier to ask you for identification of those epibionts (Bryozoa or Ciliates?). They are deep-sea forms, with transparent and greenish lorica, size about 0.3mm

Filippo:

Thanks for your interest in the debate. The point here is IDEALIZED turbulence, and you talk about physical oceanography which contains much more processes, and turbulence is only one small element, however extremely important if it comes to deep-sea mixing when the time scales involved are of climatological relevance. Further, the case you skech contains thermal and maybe haline stratification etc. But the initial question was about idealized turbulence in the sense of Kolmogorov and Landau, if I am not in error. Maybe the attached papers give you a hint where to go, or you have a look into the collection of papers in the book MARINE TURBULENCE, Cambridge U. Press 2005, edited by Baumert, Simpson, Sündermann.

Hi guys,

the latest hindcasts are at

if you are looking at rectangular grids, yes the latest reference is Rascle & Ardhuin (2013). For the triangle-based grids, there are extra coastal effects described in Roland and Ardhuin (Ocean Dynamics 2014) :

And if you are interested in infragravity waves

the proper paper would be Ardhuin et al. (Ocean Modelling 2014)

What method are you planning to use? LES? RANS?

Hi,

I think that the MIKE software developed by DHI has a module for modelling problems such as desalination. Also, the MOHID program, developed by Maretec / Insituto Superior Técnico in Portugal (http://www.mohid.com/) has a similar module, as it can simulate the trajectory and dilution of fluids associated to outfall jets.

I hope this can help.

Regards,

First I believe you may also be able to obtain K_PAR from the level 3 Giovanni. The equation that you need to use for PAR is:

PAR(z) = PAR(surface)*exp(-K_PAR*z)

There are many assumptions in this equation (mostly due to the fact that PAR is the spectral integration of spectral irradiance and the spectral irradiance attenuates differently through the water column) but it will be  a good first guess. 

Good luck

Collin

I send back link as requested, shall you find it in keys ocean color nasa:

 http://oceancolor.gsfc.nasa.gov/REPROCESSING/R2009/ocv6/

Dear Peter,

You may find other indications in Paulson and Simpson (1977) JPO 7, 952-956 and in Prieur and Legendre (1988) in "Toward a theory on biological-Physical interactions of the world ocean" (Elsevier, New-York). But the best for you is the climatology of mean optuical properties of Simonot and Letreut (1986), JGR, 91, 6642-6646 that will provide you the Jerlov's coefficients for the North Atlantic basin

Best

G.C.

Hi Amed,

What deapth? Looks like Mesothuriidae to me, at least the first two

cheers- yves

You can see also the European register of marine invertebrates including also the closest areas such as south mediterranean coast

As a general advice I would say: when you are setting your MPC problem up you should choose your weighting matrices based on the following criteria:

- stability and feasibility of the underlying problem should be achieved. 

- elements of the weighting matrices should be first normalized and then magnified based on their importance.

Generally for the first criterion there is no solid theory in the context of "NMPC" based on my best knowledge, although some results may be found in the literature.

Regarding the second factor the simplest way is to consider physical features of all states and obtain the maximum and minimum values they will achieve in the normal operations. Alternatively, you can first design a simple controller (e.g. PID) and run the system in different points, then you can estimate min/max of each state. Finally, you can first normalize all states and so on....

As you know, ray paths

1. follow straight lines wherever the gradient of the sound speed is zero (constant sound speed);

2. bend wherever the gradient of the sound speed is non-zero (changing sound speed);

3. bend smoothly wherever the gradient of the sound speed is non-zero and finite (smoothly changing sound speed);

4. bend discontinuously wherever the gradient of the sound speed in infinite (at a reflective boundary or interface between distinct layers.

The key parameter in all cases is the gradient of the sound speed (emphasis on gradient). So the relationship that you want to explore quantitatively is the relationship between the 1) gradient of the sound speed, and 2) degree of ray bending.

Presumably you are most interested in case (3) above, smooth ray bending.  A simple example for mathematical analysis occurs when the gradient of the sound speed c is constant in water depth z (dc/dz = constant, not equal to zero), and zero in the horizontal direction (when there is no horizontal ray bending). Then it can be shown that the radius of curvature R of the ray path in a vertical plane is

  R = - 1 / (dc/dz X ray_constant)

Where dc/dz is the vertical gradient of the sound speed c, z is positive downwards (i.e., z increases with depth), and the ray_constant is constant at all points along the ray,

  ray_constant =  cosine(theta(z)) / c(z)

   theta(z) = angle of the direction of the ray path; with theta(z) = 0 degrees for a horizontal ray

  c(z) i= vertical sound speed profile as a function of depth z

These equations can be found in equations in Hovem’s article in link provided below (see his equations (1) to (4))

More generally, for other kinds of vertical sound speed profiles c(z) that have changing vertical gradient dc/cz, you may need a

1. ray-trace programme to see and quantify the effect of changing sound speed on ray bending (mathematics of general ray bending are also described by Hovem). Ray-trace programmes that you might consider using can be found for download in the second link provided below; and you may need to

2. develop a measure of the overall measure of the effect, degree, impact, or sensitivity of ray bending which, when applied to the outcome of ray-traces forecast by the ray-trace model, assesses the deviation of ray paths to particular changes in the gradients of sound-speed profiles, in a way that is especially suited to your particular application.

Ronald

Experiments - I'm not sure - but in Australia both these groups are certainly well set up to detect changes... http://reeflifesurvey.com/ and http://www.redmap.org.au/

Hi Pengfei!

Please, see the attachment. For further information, refer to: Gilbert, D.L; Adelman, W.J; Arnold, J.M. "Squids as experimental animals". The attached file was extracted from this book.

I hope it helps! (Please uovote if you liked)

Best

REZA:

GARY has provided you with his work -- and this may be all  you require.  However, you might also consider simply contacting the earlier authors -- by phone or e-mail and ask if they have any suggestions [Gary has given you what he had, so the other authors remain to "chase."}  This technically-termed  "informal literature search" approach is often surprisingly effective.  Personally, however,  I have found it usually more effective to first do a "formal literature search" that is aimed at articles that have cited the  either the earlier articles at hand, or those provided by Gary.    Looking at these in turn, you may then identify cites of their work and further continue until you have citations and even pre-prints of work in press.   This "follow-the-citations-forward" process is well-known to research librarians (aka, "Information Scientists")....                                                                                                              One way to start the process is to Google the word Scholar  and in the resulting scholar related articles find and open "Google Scholar."   When this is opened, then type in the authors names for any article you have at hand in the format: Cokins G, Nextauthor H (or whatever).   I did this entering Cokins G and added terms "and up front costs of building ships"   My second result [orders may be slightly different with each person] was that below which is Cited by 114 which you then click-on, and sort through for articles of interest to further click-on...  

ALVAH

[BOOK] Performance management: finding the missing pieces (to close the intelligence gap)

G Cokins - 2004 - books.google.com

... 85 Activity-Based Management Model Design and Principles: Key to Success 98 Operational

(Local) Activity-Based Management for Continuous ... Gary Cokins garyfarrns@aol.com (I welcome

your e-mail.) ... modeling the data into information, and Web-reporting it to users. ...

Cited by 114 Related articles All 3 versions Cite Save More

I use the numerical model Mike21 and Litpack to study the effectiveness of the breakwater.

Indeed, those are extended tentacles. The pink indicates damage and that regeneration (growth) is going on. Species: Fungia fungites.

Dear Dr. Kazmi, this is a squid yes.... if there is a picture taken on the dorsal and ventral side, it might be good. Fins can at least help one to narrow down on the family and then structures in arm, suckers, hectocotylus, all can be helpful in identification. If your specimen is from Arabian sea, yes, Todarodes genus has been reported. May be the attached file might be of some help. All the best..

Hi Agnes, 

I agree with Seyyed and Ray, if an animal survive the initial salinty stress, a long term salinity challenge will likely have consequences for the energy budget of this animal. The rate of change is crucial, as it will determine the immediate survival of the animal as this must somehow maintain homeostasis within tolerable levels. This is, of course, specie-specific. The magnitude of the salinity change (osmotic gradient) is also important, as some animals (crabs) are able to osmoconform over a wide range of salinities, not investing much energy.  Some of our work, might be of interest as we talk about short and long term responses.

Urbina M.A, Schulte P. M, Bystriansky J and Glover C.N. 2013. Differential expression of Na+, K+-ATPase a -1 isoforms during seawater acclimation in the amphidromous galaxiid fish Galaxias maculatus. Journal of Comparative Physiology B. 183(3), 345-357.

Urbina M., Paschke K., Gebauer P & Chaparro O.R. 2010. Physiological energetics of the estuarine crab Hemigrapsus crenulatus (Crustacea: Decapoda: Varunidae): responses to different salinity levels. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 90, 267-273.

All the best, 

Mauricio

Dear colleagues, MTSG web page (link below) include the last assessment done in 2013, using leatherback subpopulations: The text of the MTSG is "Globally, leatherback status is now Vulnerable. East Pacific, West Pacific, Southwest Atlantic, and Southwest Indian Ocean subpopulations were listed as “Critically Endangered,” Northwest Atlantic leatherbacks were listed as “Least Concern,” and Northeast Indian Ocean and Southeast Atlantic subpopulations were listed as “Data Deficient.”

I'm trying indiegogo now. I research child abuse effects on the brain and feel it is intuitive for lay people. It is tough to get people in your networks to respond. 

The best solution is to use hydroacoustic from a boat:

Winfield, I. J., C. Onoufriou, M. J. O’Connell, M. Godlewska, R. M. Ward, A.

F. Brown and M. L. Yallop. 2007. Assessment in two shallow lakes of a hydroacoustic system for surveying aquatic macrophytes. Hydrobiologia 584:111-119

Follow my project report, you can able to find the reference

Hi there,

This paper may help: Lowen et al 2013 Vol. 475: 135–143, 2013 doi: 10.3354/meps10106

Good luck,

Katie O'Dwyer

Dear @Abhijit, "he first method (atmosphere-ocean flux) is based on the measurement of CO2 partial-pressure differences between the ocean surface and the atmosphere. Partial pressure is the amount of pressure that a particular gas such as CO2 within a gas mixture (the atmosphere) contributes to the total pressure. Partial pressure is thus also one possibility for quantitatively describing the composition of the atmosphere." The article Measuring exchange between the atmosphere and ocean follows!

It looks like a gorgonian, but it would be useful to have photos of sections under the microscope ....

There is an excellent freeware script for ArcGIS called Calhypso by the Unersity of Granada and UGR-CSIC (Spain) that does an easy and automated hypsometric analysis and can compute multiple hypsometric curves for basins.

You can find the softare here

Climate change makes rise in seawater temperature.Rising sea temperatures cause changes in pH and some chemical parameters.

For my studies, I define NEP as primary production above and beyond metabolic needs of the primary producers (or all primary carbon that can be consumed or lost in the system). NEP can then be utilized by primary consumers or enter the detrital part of the system. I then breakdown the detrital pathway as detrital consumption or export out of the system. After all of these terms have been taken into account the residual carbon (NEP) should enter the remaining path....burial. This is the pool that can be considered sequestered given a defined timeframe. Very over simplified, but this sheds some light on my hierarchy.

Thanks Maljkovic, I found the answer in this paper.

Randall,

That's great, I need to look into in detail. Shame I missed your reply. Had one of our young minds with Beth Fulton all of Feb 2014 (Artur Palacz). Hope you had a chance to meet.

I was publishing the question above to see if we can find colleagues out there that might be having parallel headaches with ANN validation through observations, so that these guys learn from each others headaches.

Ivo