Malaria - Science topic

Thanks

Have you considered the possibility of leptospirosis? Leptospira is an uncommon pathogen for adult severe community-acquired pneumonia and failure in early diagnosis and treatment can lead to death.

You can check this paper about a case report:

Bao QH, Yu L, Ding JJ, Chen YJ, Wang JW, Pang JM, Jin Q. Severe community-acquired pneumonia caused by Leptospira interrogans: A case report and review of literature. World J Clin Cases. 2021 Mar 16;9(8):1901-1908. doi: 10.12998/wjcc.v9.i8.1901. PMID: 33748240; PMCID: PMC7953396.

But can we use the synchronized culture at least for GIA? How feasible the result would be?

With the Philippines' several environmental risk factors and inconsistent preventive practices, in addition to urbanization, increasing population, inadequate public health infrastructure, poor solid waste management, and lack of an effective mosquito surveillance system, dengue fever has become a continuous health problem in the country (Edillo et al., 2015). It is prevalent among children considering that their immune systems are weaker than those of adults. Potentially, severe dengue cases may lead to severe bleeding and a huge drop in platelets, necessitating blood transfusions to replenish depleted blood volume and restore clotting capabilities.

More notably, this outbreak escalates during and following the rainy season. The Philippines, due to its geographic location and proximity to the Western Pacific and the Pacific Ring of Fire, is prone to calamities such as earthquakes and typhoons (PAGASA, n.d.). Hence, aside from the dengue outbreak, these disasters can also result in traumatic injuries requiring the need for blood. When it happens that these two—dengue outbreaks and injuries/accidents escalate, the number of hospitalized individuals will rise, causing an increased demand for blood transfusions to aid these patients, especially those requiring intensive care or surgical interventions.

References:

Edillo, F., Halasa, Y., Largo, F., Erasmo, J., Amoin, N., Alera, M., Yoon, I., Alcantara, A., & Shepard, D. (2015). Economic cost and burden of dengue in the Philippines. Am J Trop Med Hyg, 92(2), 360–366. https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.14-0139

Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration. (n.d.). About Tropical Cyclones. https://www.pagasa.dost.gov.ph/information/about-tropical-cyclone

Please can you reframe the question?

I agree with Dr. Mansour's opinion.

Penso ser um importante projeto, para o caso dos países em via de desenvolvimento constituirá uma mas valia para focalizar o tratamento da malária com base no perfil gnômico do paciente e assim melhor o prognostico e tratamento.

Peripheral blood film (PBS) has limitations in malaria diagnosis. The malaria parasite (plasmodium) has a life cycle that goes through a mosquito and man. There is a stage in the human body when the plasmodium is predominantly in the liver, and therefore may not be seen in blood smears.

yes by using biological control

Fisher Exact or Chi-2 table

one deals with clearance study of parasite the other deals with impact of this intervention in reduction of case burden

@Azza Fahmy, Thanks alot.

Cochran formula will guide you.

Abdissa Biruksew Hordofa What is the hypothesis you want to test?

Where are those tables for recommended dosages Chuck A Arize!? You continue to perform plagiarism over different discussion rooms. Shame!

You have copied from this source:

https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2020/travel-related-infectious-diseases/malaria#:~:text=DOXYCYCLINE,the%20traveler%20leaves%20such%20areas.

Drug chemoprophylaxis has proved to be an effective preventive strategy in travelers to malaria- endemic areas, both for P. falciparum and non-falciparum malaria, although it does not usually prevent the later relapses that can occur with P. vivax and P. ovale.

Saiful Arefeen Sazed Thank you for this immense contribution.

Avoid getting further mosquito bites during the first week of illness. Virus may be circulating in the blood during this time, and therefore may transmit the virus to new uninfected mosquitoes, who may in turn infect other people. At present, the main method to control or prevent the transmission of dengue virus is to combat the mosquito vectors. The following link includes more information about that:

(PDF) Malaria: an eradicable threat? (researchgate.net)

Thanks for your concern, several studies have reported HRP 2/3 gene deletion for P. falciparum. This is a public health threat in malaria diagnosis hence surveillance studies must be done. Kindly read HRP 2/3 gene deletion.

You can calculate Prevented fraction for the population (PFP) for your outcome (no.of malaria cases averted)

PFP=(incidence rate in the unexposed−incidence rate in the population)/incidence rate in the unexposed

where

The incidence rate in the unexposed refers to no. of malaria cases among people who didn't receive intervention for reducing malaria.

The incidence rate in the population refers to the total no. of malaria cases in the population.

PFP refers to the reduction in the disease burden due to existing exposure levels of intervention, compared with if the whole population was unexposed.

For example, suppose PFP is estimated to be 25%. In that case, it means that, due to existing malaria control activities, malaria incidence is 25% lower than it would have been if the whole population was at risk (no intervention).

These are some citations about the Transmission of Malaria in Cross-Border Areas:

@inproceedings{Yokoly2020AssessingAV,

title={Assessing Anopheles Vector Species Diversity and Transmission of Malaria in Cross-Border Areas of C{\^o}te d'Ivoire},

author={Firmain N Yokoly and Julien Z. B. Zahouli and Graham J. Small and Allassane F Ouattara and Millicent Opoku and Dziedzom K. de Souza and Benjamin G Koudou},

year={2020}

}

@inproceedings{Zhang2019MalariaEI,

title={Malaria elimination in China, evolution and challenges with respect to cross border transmission},

author={Shao-sen Zhang},

year={2019}

}

@article{Sriwichai2017ImportedPF,

title={Imported Plasmodium falciparum and locally transmitted Plasmodium vivax: cross-border malaria transmission scenario in northwestern Thailand},

author={Patchara Sriwichai and Stephan Karl and Yudthana Samung and Kirakorn Kiattibutr and Jeeraphat Sirichaisinthop and Ivo Mueller and Liwang Cui and Jetsumon Sattabongkot},

journal={Malaria Journal},

year={2017},

volume={16}

}

This will include checking various literature. Interested though.

Dear Pavan Deshmukh

I propose you a walkthrough of preparation stabilized Wright's stain, dissolve 3.0 g of Wright's stain powder in 1 litre methanol. The composition of the powder was 37% Eosin Y, 33% Methylene Blue and 30% azures and azure eosinate. After 20 minutes of shaking at room temperature and allowing the solution to stand for 2 weeks, undissolved powder was removed by filtration. The filtered stain solution was then diluted to 0.575 absorbence at 650 nm before addition of 0.6% diethylamine hydrochloride stabilizer.

Let me know

@Kang, thank you for this, and the equation; the relationship between absorbance, molar concentration, sample volume and the extinction coefficient please.

I really appreciate the Question.

The d/ce between retrospective cohort(RC) and Cross sectional study(CSS) is

1. RC Assess the outcome whereas CSS asses both outcome and cause of the out come

2. RC is follow up study, CSS is snap shot/see the situation at a point in time

3. RC can help to formulate cause effect relationship but CSS cant.

4. RC have control group CSS dont

Eg1. If there were 2400 workers in a textile factory before 10 year, (at the begnning of 2012) and if u want to asses how the health status of those workers in the last 10 years look like, weather some die before 8/4/3/2/6 year or are healthy. This is dealt by retrospective cohort.

Eg.2 If u want to study the current prevalence of maleria, then the design is cross sectional. No control group you just prepared you, questionnaire go to area/study participants then ask.

Retrospective cohort, you will ask both exposed and non exposed groups

Licorice is used to treat dermatitis, liver swelling, mouth sores, and a variety of other ailments, but there is no scientific evidence to back up most of these claims.

ممكن ذلك من خلال البحث عن احد يساعدك في ذلك

I think the control measure is more important than treatment in prevalent country

Malaria is not prevalent in our community so there is no idea about

Have you tried with HCL? I think it will help.

Irene-Love Amoah Your samples have curves looking like obtained with significant inhibition of PCR. You can try two-three different protocols/kits for DNA extraction.

Malaria transmitted by the bite of mosquitoes is a major public health disease in many countries of the world. Anopheles gambiae sensu stricto is the predominant vector responsible for the transmission of malaria in Nigeria .In addition, Anopheles arabiensis is also an important vector that transmit disease.

Thankyou Christian. This is very helpful. Will look for 2014 and later editions as well. Kind regards, Kerre

I made some research and from the attachEd file which was a research conducted by Natasha Archer and some other scientists, they proposed that low oxygen HbS polymerization leads to stalled growth and replication of the Plasmodium parasite and this is my own understanding. So in this case, the level of parasitemia in HbAS Individuals may not be enough to cause virulent malaria. Now in the case of HbSS individual, even though HbS polymerization might not allow parasites to multiply, that process itself isn’t favorable for micro-circulation of important gases like oxygen which leads to some Vaso-occlusive crises, at least HbAS individuals have the normal gene to compensate for that. I would also like to point the fact that the sickle gene does not protect against being infected by the parasites, but it protects affected individuals from developing severe malaria as a result of the P. falciparum infection. Even though parasites may not be able to multiply in HbSS individuals, those parasites that have already infected also adds up to destruction of their red cells causing their anaemia to be worse, that’s why their affected more by the infection. Impaired spleen activities in people known to have the sickle cell disease doesn’t allow total clearacne of the parasites as well.

Are there any articles on cross-border transmission of Malaria between West Timor and Timor Leste?

Kind regards,

Kerre Ann Willsher, PhD,

Rotarians Against Malaria,

@Zafar Hayat, thank you so much.

Dear Dr. Anyam!

I consider your question to be a highly important one, so I did search for YOU resources you might value:

1) Meganck, R.M., Baric, R.S. Developing therapeutic approaches for twenty-first-century emerging infectious viral diseases. Nat Med 27, 401–410 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-021-01282-0 Free access:

2) Verguet, S., Hailu, A., Eregata, G.T. et al. Toward universal health coverage in the post-COVID-19 era. Nat Med 27, 380–387 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-021-01268-y Free access: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41591-021-01268-y

3) Fontecha, G., Sánchez, A.L. What Will Happen to Biomedical Research in Low-and-Middle Income Countries in the PostCOVID-19 World?. Curr Trop Med Rep 8, 1–5 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40475-020-00223-0 Free access:

4) Anser, M.K., Khan, M.A., Zaman, K. et al. Financial development during COVID-19 pandemic: the role of coronavirus testing and functional labs. Financ Innov 7, 9 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40854-021-00226-4 Free access:

Yours sincerely, Bulcsu Szekely

Malaria and sickle cell anaemia are still major challenges to infectious disease medicine and to haematology respectively, and both are also major public health problems. One might have hoped that what we have learnt about the of advantage of AS heterozygotes with respect to malaria would enable us to protect from malaria mortality other people as well. That this has not yet happened is disappointing but perhaps not surprising, because the key is sickling of red cells, and this is a unique phenomenon. It cannot be a straightforward task to mimic sickling by a pharmacological approach in subjects who do not have Hb S, and in a way that would act selectively only on parasitized red cells. We can still hope that human imagination will evolve novel approaches that can match the power of mutation and selection in biological evolution. In the meantime SCA remains a source of great suffering to patients, especially in those developing countries where the numbers are staggering . It is urgent that more is done in order to offer to these patients a better way of life: this ought to include optimal management of pain, often hydroxyurea and, especially in Africa,34 protection against the potentially fatal threat of P falciparum malaria. If, as doctors, we have a professional obligation towards all of our patients, for those with SCA we have an added human obligation, if we consider that they carry the genetic burden that has helped human populations to survive in malaria-endemic regions of the world.

This is very helpful. Thanks. Yes dried blood can stay in -21C in a sealed bag.

Sam S

Please see the following RG links.

Though mutation rates are high, not all of them need to be fit. The human body puts forward a very impressive immune defense system, so a majority of mutants that are not very efficient will get weeded out. Added to this, the drug selection pressure will also remove unfit mutants. Therefore, of all the variants only a handful of sucessful genotypes can be isolated.

Sorry, I did not understand your phrase "diagnostic resistance". Do you mean to say there is a problem in the investigation, confirmation and reporting of malaria cases ? Can you point out some literature that explains the concept ?

Dear Prof. Alegbeleye, in Venezuela since there is a hyperinflation, and we don't have money to buy repellers, I personally have started to use several herbs.

One of them is called locally "ruda", another one are eucalipto leaves. Both have a strong smell that repels mosquitoes.

We have now a zika epidemic again, I guess, and our legs and arms are bitten all time by Dengue, Zika and Malaria mosquitoes (white legs) in most cities and fields. SARS-CoV-20 quarantine makes it worse.

But there aren't statistics provided by health authorities, hereby is hard to prove it, otherwise, my legs and arms are bitten, and I know what I have.

Sometimes these herbs work as repellents, it depends on the local weather. If it becomes warmer is hard to stop the mosquitoes, if it is colder, the herbs help. That is what I observe now.

Malaria is a constant disease

The environment that's supposed to be made more alkaline is only the endosomal compartment, not the entire cell or body. Naturally, endosomes slowly become more acidic, on their way to becoming lysosomes. Many viruses sense this acidification, and use it as a trigger to fire their endosome escape functions and enter the cytoplasm. If this fails, the virus will likely be destroyed once the lysosomes become mature and loaded with protease & RNAse.

To prevent endosome acidification, a traditional chemical buffering system is likely not the correct mechanism. This would more likely be achieved by a specific phamacological mechanism, like interrupting membrane integrity or inhibiting a proton transporter. I have seen remarkably little work on this, and all of it only in cell culture.

Despite the fact that emerging and re-emerging diseases pose a serious threat to public health in developing as well as developed nations, we are destroying our ecosystem by damaging the forest. We have published many papers on emerging and re-emerging zoonoses. All our papers are easily available at the Research Gate and Academic.

Please see

Thanks Muhammed Ashraful Alam for your interest in the topic and your valued addition to the discussion. Yes, Remdesivir has been authorized for emergency use in the US, India, Singapore, and approved for use in Japan for people with severeCOVID-19 symptoms. It also received approval in the UK in May 2020. It may shorten the time it takes to recover from the infection.

Ref: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remdesivir

Though I never had an opportunity to work on Malaria, I have inoculated the yeast cells of Cryptococcus neoformans in Swiss Albino mice through intro-cerebral route to produce meningo-encephalitis.

Think as a result of taking precautions and preventing disease

Secondly, whether you include the countries with zero TB, you should both consider the statistical principle and practical meaning of your results. I'm not sure what kind of correlation you used, so suggest you to refer to the statistical book and see if your data met the use condition. If met, then you could consider whether the results of including and excluding zero TB countries are the same. If not, think about the differences and which one is more feasible.

Please take a look at this useful link.

Malaria and the anopheles mosquitos have a correlation. None between malaria and COVID-19. Only possibility is that warm climates has less seasonal flu like epidemics (including Sars-CoV-2) and those that do occur mostly transmit by contact and not aerosol droplets.

Please go through the following link:

Please take a look at the following RG link.

not sure..sir

Pomalidomide has severe side effects and is certainly not a candidate for treating COVID-19. The most common side effects include diseases of the blood and lymphatic system, including anemia (45.7%), neutropenia (45.3%) and thrombocytopenia (27%), as well as general complaints at the site of administration, including fatigue (28.3 %), pyrexia (21%) and peripheral edema (13%). Infections and infestations, including pneumonia, are also common (10.7%). Peripheral neuropathies were noted in 12.3% of the patients and venous embolic or thrombotic events (VTE) occurred in 3.3% of the patients. The most commonly reported grade 3 or 4 adverse reactions include neutropenia (41.7%), anemia (27%), thrombocytopenia (20.7%), and infections or infestations, including pneumonia (9%). (WP)

I just saw your message. Please check with if the assembly is same as you used previously

https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/malaria/index.html

check this link

According to biomedical.net. Crude and age specific all-cause/malaria-specific mortality rates were calculated by dividing the deaths in each group with the total person-years observed (pyo) in that group.

The public awareness of malaria needs to improve continuously. Health education campaigns should focus on basic malaria knowledge, Careful planning is required to ensure that even the sparse area of a country are incorporated into the malaria health promotion system to sustain elimination of malaria itself.

Most research in cancer is in the developed world and is mostly associated with the aging of the population. Malaria, on the other hand, is most common in developing countries and children below 5 years and pregnant women are at greater risk. The risk of developing severe malaria is mostly due to lack of memory (no previous exposure like children and people from non-endemic areas) or suppressed immunity (in the case of pregnancy). In malaria, parasite sequestration has been reported in the bone marrow and malaria has been reported to affect many different hematology parameters and cells. Thus, malaria may be affecting the bone marrow and hematopoietic stem cell development (both myeloid and lymphoid progenitors due to stress caused by malaria). If this is true, then malaria will affect innate (granulocytes and their effector molecules) and adaptive (T/B cells and their effector molecules) immune cell production/responses which are very important for cancer control and down-regulation. The bone marrow is a central (primary) immune organ implicated in regulatory T cell production. Regulation of these cells may either aggravate or suppress cancer. Therefore, exploiting the bone marrow and its progenitor’s cells during malaria and cancer co-occurrence may give a bigger picture of the correlation between the disease and infection. Other infectious diseases like Hepatitis B, HIV and HPV can also lead to cancer if not well managed. They could integrate into the host genome and trigger cancer development. So, exploiting the transcriptomic of these infectious agents is imminent in evaluating and controlling certain cancers.

Hi Arrey,

I suggest you should use gene expression method, ELISA has a lot of limitation.

In gene expression you will used real time PCR.

Major criteria include the following:

1. Gross splenomegaly 10 cm or more below the costal margin in adults for which no other cause can be found

2. Elevated serum IgM level 2 standard deviations or more above the local mean 3. Clinical and immunologic responses to antimalarial therapy

4. Regression of splenomegaly by 40% by 6 months after start of therapy

5. High antibody levels of Plasmodium species (≥ 1:800)

Minor criteria include the following:

1. Hepatic sinusoidal lymphocytosis

2. Normal cellular and humoral responses to antigenic challenge, including a normal phytohemagglutination response

3. Hypersplenism

4. Lymphocytic proliferation

5. Familial occurrence

It is possible that some of the cases with negative blood films and QBC would have been found positive by the more sensitive PCR. It has recently been suggested by McGregor et al. [1] that subjects with a positive PCR would be more likely to respond to ther-apy than negative subjects, indicating a role of molecular diagnosis in the case definition of the syndrome.

[1]

The results of some support the limited historical evidence of low G6PD deficiency prevalence in Ethiopia. The A376G (A)mutation observed is a mild deficiency causing around 85% of thenormal enzymatic activity with little clinical significance. The more severe G6PD deficiencyallelic types, G202A (A-) and C563T (Mediterranean), common in Africa were not observed, supporting the safe use of primaquine especially the single low dose for falciparum in Ethiopia.

MDR malaria, poor nutrition & associated complications, preexisting diseases, reinfestation, carrier, etc are factors of relapses.

Yes! Please go through the following RG links.

Clinical Aspects and Treatment of Severe Malaria

How the malaria parasite increases the risk of blood cancer

in this link;

Thank you very much Fred,

I'll sure go through the attachments.

Dear it is better to confirm the diagnosis before any treatment.