Maize - Science topic

Is the secondary metabolite profile of okra plant known? How about considering the potential antiviral effect of these metabolites?

Dear Soumen Pati

You observation is most likely because the link is still here on RG:

"Effect of different sugar solutions, temperature and time interval on germination of uredospores of Puccinia polysora Underw. Causing Polysora rust in maize (Zea mays L.)"

See https://help.researchgate.net/hc/en-us/articles/14293099743121-How-to-make-content-private-or-remove-it for info how to remove the link completely.

Best regards.

PS. Possibly you have to claim authorship first (again). Or as indicated in the link given above contact your co-authors (Sobita Devi for example) to make sure that all want to remove this.

Exactly, intercropping alters viral diseases in plants,

Intercropping, the practice of growing two or more crops together in proximity, can significantly influence the occurrence and spread of virus diseases in crops. Its effects depend on the specific crops, pathogens, and pest dynamics.

1. Reduction in Virus Transmission

Vector Interference: Many plant viruses are transmitted by insect vectors like aphids, whiteflies, and leafhoppers. Intercropping can disrupt the movement and feeding behavior of these vectors, reducing virus spread. Non-host intercrops may act as physical or chemical barriers.

Dilution Effect: The presence of non-host plants dilutes the chances of vectors landing on host plants, thereby lowering the probability of virus transmission.

2. Host and Non-Host Plant Interactions

Trap Cropping: Certain non-host plants can attract vectors away from the main crop, reducing the likelihood of virus transmission.

Repellent Intercrops: Some plants emit volatiles that repel insect vectors, indirectly controlling virus spread (e.g., marigolds intercropped with tomatoes to repel whiteflies).

3. Microclimatic Modifications

Intercropping can alter the microclimate, such as reducing wind speed or increasing humidity, which may impact vector activity and virus spread.

4. Improved Plant Health

Intercropping often enhances soil health and provides a more balanced nutrient supply, improving the main crop’s resistance to diseases, including viral infections.

Eg.

Maize-Sorghum Intercropping: Effective against Maize streak virus, as the sorghum disrupts vector movement.

Legume-Vegetable Systems: Certain legumes have been shown to repel or attract pests away from vegetable crops.

Rice Intercropped with Onion or Garlic: Reduced incidences of Tungro virus due to reduced vector activity.

by the links of papers Muhammad Iftikhar

The roots are also purple. In the upper part near the seeds it is possible to see the purple color. My hypothesis at the moment is that the lack of light is influencing the production of anthocyanins.

@Vladimir Vasipov as per your question regarding the zein genes in maize (corn), which are significant because they encode storage proteins in maize kernels, several studies have utilized molecular markers for genotyping. Below are some examples:

ISSR Markers:

It all depends on the evaluation period, you should maintain watering and then stop doing it for 4 to 5 days, after this period return to normal watering.

Kelvin Mashauri Shija In the early 1990s, several of my colleagues conducted a series of experiments involving Lakhovsky coils and similar devices as a potential treatment for plants.

After obtaining positive results in the initial tests, they were unable to replicate these results in subsequent twelve experiments.

The agenda planned for depopulation since 50 years ago by richest countries and they divide humans into class rich and poor there is no middle class rich people is dominating by creating war to the poor countries and depopulation it begins by destroying economy massive huge victims from the war then who left only rich class people -also by creating bio-viruses is massive illness into poor countries and creating move poverty even UN agenda it say no poverty the rich country class dominating over human right by force which now it is impossible for fixing problem with immigrants as into their countries is massive government corruption or massive viral illness infection or massive war depopulation which is hard to solve problem with immigrants and even the immigrants goes to the other countries for work they still could face difficulty into treatment race -cultural etc

To create a maize top cross, an elite inbred line is crossed as the male parent onto another inbred line or population (female parent). The resulting top cross progenies are evaluated, and the best ones are backcrossed to the recurrent female parent to introgress favorable alleles while recovering its genetic background through selfing and selection cycles.

I did compare the transformation between GUS and GFP. I suggest you use GFP for transformation.

Read my publications for more detais.

Sometimes environmental noise in phenotypic data also creates a problem, it's more complicated when one is working with trait expression under stress this can lead to confuse the training population

Purple Maize Zea Mays Corn. Purple of the corn plant is turning out to be one of the healthiest foods on the planet. It is loaded with phenolics and anthocyanin and has an antioxidant rating higher than. blueberries. The health benefits of purple corn are pervasive in the body, and it has a normalizing.

Vermicompost or worm castings are excellent biostimulants.

If leaves are raked around a tree and watered it creates a habitat for worm activity.

The castings which accumulate are wonderful to start plants.

This material can placed in the planting hole.

Worms also appreciate animal bedding with manure.

The wormed and composted material will concentrate the plant trash making its movement more manageable.

Go to the Rodale Institute website Douds and the collaborators have formulated the method for on farm mycorrhizae production.

The on farm propagation gives an adaptive mixture of species with ability to be effective under your conditions.

Dear ALex,

thank you so much for your useful and interesting answer.

Depends on the quality of nutrients in the FYM and recommended nutrient requirement of the maize variety as well as soil nutrient status. Another important factor when calculating the amount of FYM is the moisture status of the organic material/FYM

I have a recipe for a flow cytometry buffer that uses 4% PVP-10. What does this mean? Is it PVP with a Mw of 10,000?

Paul Reed Hepperly i have overall 900 seeds of each line and first weight of 900 seeds or 100 seeds ?

Thanks for your input

You can integrate corn and legumes(like cowpea as a living mulch) by intercropping them in a best spatial pattern to increase forage yield and weed suppression, like what I did in my article:

10.22092/IJWS.2022.356354.1400

I did not put it on my ResearchGate pages. But ResearchGate does sometimes put relevent papers for a certain topic as an annex to one of my papers.

Please ask ReserachGate to remove it if it is hindering you.

Best regards and success,

Frank

High-throughput phenotyping for cob damage in crops involves the use of automated and high-throughput imaging and analysis techniques to rapidly and accurately quantify the extent and severity of cob damage in a large number of plants.

One approach to high-throughput phenotyping for cob damage is to use imaging technologies such as visible and near-infrared spectroscopy, hyperspectral imaging, and thermal imaging. These technologies can capture detailed images of the plants and cob structures, which can be analyzed using computer algorithms to detect and quantify the extent of damage.

Another approach is to use sensors and other monitoring devices to track the growth and development of plants over time, and to detect any changes in cob morphology or other physical characteristics that may indicate damage. This approach may involve the use of non-destructive imaging techniques, such as X-ray computed tomography (CT), to visualize the internal structures of the cob and identify any signs of damage or disease.

High-throughput phenotyping for cob damage can also involve the use of machine learning algorithms and other data analytics tools to identify patterns and trends in the data collected from multiple plants. These tools can help to identify key variables that are associated with cob damage, and to develop predictive models that can be used to identify plants that are at risk of developing damage in the future.

The recommended rate of poultry droppings for maize can vary depending on several factors such as soil type, nutrient content of the poultry droppings, climate, and maize variety. In general, poultry droppings are a good source of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, which are important nutrients for plant growth.

According to some studies, the recommended rate of poultry droppings for maize can range from 2 to 6 tons per hectare (or about 0.8 to 2.4 tons per acre), depending on the nutrient content of the droppings and the soil fertility. It is important to note that applying too much poultry droppings can result in nutrient imbalance or toxicity, which can negatively affect plant growth and yield.

It is recommended to conduct a soil test to determine the nutrient content of the soil and the appropriate rate of poultry droppings needed for maize production. Additionally, it is important to apply the poultry droppings at the right time and in the right manner to maximize their benefits and minimize their negative impacts.

The MLO (Mildew resistance locus O) gene family in plants is known to play a role in resistance to powdery mildew diseases. While it is true that powdery mildew does not infect maize, the MLO gene family has been found to be involved in various biological processes in maize, including seed development, stress response, and plant architecture.

Several studies have suggested that the MLO gene family in maize plays a role in plant defense against other pathogens and pests. For example, one study found that the downregulation of MLO genes in maize increased the plant's resistance to the fungal pathogen Fusarium verticillioides, which causes ear rot disease in maize. Another study found that the overexpression of MLO genes in maize increased the susceptibility of the plant to herbivorous insects.

Therefore, while powdery mildew may not infect maize, the MLO gene family in maize could still play a role in the plant's response to other pathogens and pests. Further research is needed to fully understand the role of the MLO gene family in maize and how it could be utilized in crop improvement programs.

The amount of microbial strain or inoculant needed for seed inoculation depends on several factors, including the type of microorganism, the target crop, and the desired outcome.

In general, a higher inoculum density is required for microorganisms that have a lower survival rate or a lower competitive ability in the soil.

It is also important to consider the dilution effect of the inoculant when it is mixed with the substrate or soil.

The optimal inoculum density for seed inoculation can be determined through field trials and experimentation. It is recommended to follow the manufacturer's instructions for the specific inoculant being used and to adjust the application rate based on the results of previous trials.

Thats what i think .....

Drought resistance in maize can be evaluated through water stress imposition, measuring physiological traits, root phenotyping, and molecular markers associated with drought resistance. A combination of these approaches can help identify maize varieties that are more tolerant to water stress.

Maize is a widely cultivated crop in many developing countries, and it can contribute significantly to food security, income generation, and poverty alleviation in several ways: -

1) Food security: Maize is a staple food in many developing countries, and it is an essential source of carbohydrates, protein, and fiber. It is an affordable and easily accessible food source for many people. Moreover, maize can be used to make various food products such as porridge, bread, and tortillas, making it a versatile crop that can provide dietary diversity.

2) Income generation: Maize farming can be a significant source of income for smallholder farmers in developing countries. Maize is a relatively low-cost crop to produce, and it has a ready market both locally and internationally. Additionally, farmers can sell maize in various forms such as whole grain, flour, and processed products, increasing their income opportunities.

3) Poverty alleviation: Maize farming can provide a pathway out of poverty for smallholder farmers. Increased maize production can lead to higher incomes, which can help farmers invest in their farms, pay for education and healthcare, and improve their standard of living. Moreover, maize farming can create employment opportunities in various stages of the value chain, from production to processing and distribution, which can contribute to poverty reduction in rural areas.

In summary, maize has the capacity to greatly impact food security, income generation, and poverty alleviation in developing nations. Therefore, it is crucial for policymakers and development practitioners to prioritize assistance to smallholder farmers in enhancing maize cultivation and market accessibility to fully realize the potential of this crop.

@Fayaz Hussain

Here are a few examples of genetic and molecular mechanisms that contribute to maize resistance:

Plant-Microbe Interactions: Some maize varieties have developed resistance to fungal infections by forming symbiotic relationships with beneficial microbes, such as mycorrhizal fungi and rhizobacteria. These microbes can help protect the plant from pathogens by producing antimicrobial compounds or by inducing systemic resistance in the plant.

Plant Defense Signaling Pathways: Maize has several defense signaling pathways that are activated in response to pathogen or pest attack, including the jasmonic acid (JA) and salicylic acid (SA) pathways. These pathways can induce the expression of genes that encode defense-related proteins, such as pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins and enzymes that produce toxic compounds to deter pests.

Genetic Resistance: Maize breeding programs have developed maize varieties that are genetically resistant to specific pests and diseases. For example, some varieties of maize have been bred to contain the Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) gene, which produces a toxin that is toxic to certain insect pests.

RNA Interference: RNA interference (RNAi) is a molecular mechanism that can be used to silence specific genes in pests, which can reduce their ability to feed on maize plants or transmit viral diseases. RNAi-based technologies are currently being developed to control several maize pests, such as the fall armyworm and the maize weevil.

Maize cultivation and consumption can have various environmental and social impacts, both positive and negative, such as:

Environmental impacts:

Social impacts:

These were some of the environmental and social impacts of maize cultivation and consumption. However, these impacts may vary depending on the context, scale and perspective of the analysis. Therefore, there is a need for holistic and participatory approaches to assess and manage these impacts in a balanced and sustainable way

Maize can be modified to enhance its nutritional and industrial value by various methods, such as:

These are some of the methods that can modify maize to enhance its nutritional and industrial value. However, these methods may also have some limitations or challenges such as cost-effectiveness, consumer acceptance, environmental impact and regulatory issues. Therefore, there is a need for more research and development to optimize these methods and ensure their safety and quality

Maize production can vary widely depending on the region and environment where it is grown. Therefore, there is no single best agronomic practice or cropping system for maize production, but rather a range of options that can be adapted to the local conditions and objectives. Some of the factors that can influence the choice of agronomic practices and cropping systems for maize production are:

These are some of the factors that can determine the best agronomic practices and cropping systems for maize production in different regions and environments. However, there may be trade-offs between different objectives such as yield maximization, profit optimization, risk reduction and environmental conservation. Therefore, there is a need for integrated approaches that consider the biophysical, socio-economic and institutional aspects of maize production

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effective individual selection

Stochastic modeling is a useful tool for predicting future prices of commodities such as maize in Kenya. This modeling technique takes into account the various factors that can affect the price of maize, including weather patterns, market demand and supply, and government policies.

For example, weather patterns can significantly impact the production of maize. A severe drought can reduce the crop yield, leading to a scarcity of maize and higher prices. Similarly, if there is an increase in demand for maize due to population growth or changing dietary habits, the price of maize may rise as well.

Government policies, such as subsidies or import restrictions, can also affect the price of maize in Kenya. For instance, if the government offers subsidies to maize farmers, the cost of production may decrease, leading to lower prices for maize. On the other hand, if the government imposes import restrictions on maize, the domestic supply may be reduced, leading to higher prices.

Stochastic modeling takes all of these factors into account and generates multiple scenarios to estimate future maize prices. The model considers the likelihood of various outcomes based on historical data and current market conditions. By doing so, the model provides useful insights into potential future price trends and can help farmers, traders, and policymakers make informed decisions about production, trade, and regulation.

The Kruskal–Wallis test by ranks or Kruskal–Wallis H test (= one-way ANOVA on ranks) is a non-parametric method for testing whether samples originate from the same distribution (cited after: Kruskal–Wallis H Test using SPSS Statistics, Laerd Statistics).

In acid soils, the microorganisms that present the best development conditions are bacteria, and by using biochar there is a great possibility of improving their development. In my opinion I recommend the use of bacteria that are associated with corn plants.

There are several methods that can be used to bias-correct raster climate data, and the most effective method will depend on the specific dataset and the research question being addressed.

Some of the commonly used methods for bias-correction of raster climate data are:

It's important to note that, regardless of the method used, bias correction should be done with caution and the performance of the bias corrected dataset should be evaluated in a robust way, through a validation process, and also to report the uncertainty associated with the bias correction.

I recommend according your project research to have an a good consultant in your country and to go more deeply in order the needs of your country.

Zubia Anwar

Look at https://sourceforge.net/projects/lamina/

LAMINA (Leaf shApe deterMINAtion) is a tool to provide classical measures of leaf shape (blade dimensions) and size (area) as well as measures that indicate asymmetry in leaf shape and measures of herbivory damage (missing leaf area).

and

https://sourceforge.net/projects/blackspot/

Black Spot is a free stand alone software and method to estimate leaf area from images of leaves captured using standard flatbed scanners. This easy to use software allows the user to batch process a large number of samples from multiple species with minimal user input.

Check your calculation again, perhaps the conversion (g to mg or vice versa). And also confirm that your formula is ideal

It was supposed to check the percentage of germination before planting to make it easier for the researcher to make a decision.

Thank you. I did a pilot trial last year and used 2 m buffer zones. I believe this was enough to keep the core sampling area free from dilution/contamination. However, I will be using plots for multiple years and each year will involve additional soil/vermicast transfer therefore I need to allow for this with larger buffer zones. The trouble I have is that I don't know how far soil is transported during cultivation, sowing and harvesting. Any research you can recommend on this would be appreciated.

Estimate planting population density, then multiple it x plant grain yield estimated. You can check on Google some papers calculating ear grain yield through ear dimensions. Regards.

Hi, everyone my name is Tesfalem, MsC student at Warsaw university of technology. I wanted to do a research on maize grain storage which can be used to store for extended period of time without deterioration. Before selecting materials and do simulation of the storage I want you guys to tell me about how to model and simulate temperature distribution of the maize grain with in 1 m diameter circling.

Thank you.

Kindly also check:

Dear @Alemayehu Abdeta Keneni

The principal cereal grains contain about 10-14% moisture, 58-72% carbohydrate, 8-13% protein, 2-5% fat, and 2-11% indigestible fiber. Although these are typical values, composition vary depending on varieties of the particular grain, geographical and weather conditions, and other factors. Legumes and oilseeds are considerably higher in protein than cereal grains, and oilseeds also are much higher in fat. Various mature dry legumes and oilseeds contain about 20-40% protein; fat levels in peas and beans are low but are 20-50% in oilseeds.

During photosynthesis, plants produce glucose from CO2 and water in the presence of sunlight. The simple sugar then gets converted into complex carbohydrates; during the process the required energy is derived from oxidation of synthesized glucose.

For synthesis of protein and fatty acids and glycerol, the primary phosynthate is again utilized. Of course, in case of protein, nitrogen and sulphur are supplied from soil. However, the conversion requires much energy that come from breakdown of primary photosynthate (glucose).

For conversion of glucose into complex carbohydrates (major storage product in cereal grains), relatively less energy is required compared to those for conversion into protein and fats. Therefore, cereals are inherently high yielding crops than legumes and oilseeds. Of course, there exists other reasons that confer productivity advantage to cereals.

PS: This is my personal opinion, and you may disagree.

I am not expert in this field but I expect that even experts would need to know considerably more about your plans to be able to answer meaningfully.

Root exudates comprise a large variety of compounds released by plants into the rhizosphere, including low-molecular-weight primary metabolites (particularly saccharides, amino acids and organic acids) and secondary metabolites (phenolics, flavonoids and terpenoids).

Exudates influence several factors within the soil such as nutrient availability, soil pH, and recruitment of bacteria and fungi.

Root exudates in maize are secreted depending on the kind of abiotic stresses such as soil acidity, salinity, drought, etc. Genotypic variations for root exudates are well documented in maize under acidity (Al toxicity), sodicity and drought. Specific Inbreds, populations or hybrids of maize with high root exudates under the given situation can be accessed through literature hunt.

Gender issues are common in agriculture all over the world, mostly in developing nations.Women do most of the agricultural work and they are still paid less as compared to male for the same level of work. Particularly for maize,in my view knowledge level of both male and female in production may be the issue.

Zinc deficiency photo University of Nebraska on maize.

Introduce a hydroponic and grow maize. it will be easy for observation

Dear Peace Okeleye ,

Maize in the form of silage provides high yields (10–30 t of total solids—TS per hectare [1–3]) and is thus a suitable energetic crop for biogas production.

Regards,

Shafagat

Aditya Sarkar Thank you. Just noticed that the protocol uses both CTAB and SDS detergents. Will give it a try and provide feedback

Luis Daniel Lepe thank you so much very helpful site

Dear @Reda Nemo You should access replies to a similar question at:

Thank you for your answer.

Do you possibly know the family, genus and species? Also, if you have an image or diagram of the lifecycle and the amount of time between stages.

I would also like yo know their natural habitat, or preference, as well as how to spot their damage on either leaves, stems or grain. As in specific markings they leave behind when feeding or the appearance of their excrement/residue.

This would be very helpful

Please visit

Dear Vanessa,

You must prepare a suitable spore suspension of the pathogen Fusarium verticillioides, put it in a suitable volume sterile syringe and then inject the spore suspension in the plant stem near the tip. You need some time to see the symptoms appearance.

Wishing this method is useful.

Luanna, I expect that there's a lot of literature on potted maize trials, and I suggest you compare their experimental designs with the facilities used and the variability that was encountered. There are some principles to apply to your own growing conditions, rooting media etc. (which I believe in having done many greenhouse trials with potted eucalypts in Portugal - I have no experience with maize). Try to do pilot studies to understand your own total variance, and to get an idea of how to partition it in your experimental designs. Personally I'd do several smaller trials rather than fewer bigger ones, so that you can observe the variation between trials, and similarly I'd keep the designs relatively simple - eg. randomised complete blocks. Finally a couple of very basic points - make sure you have plenty of error degrees of freedom, and if there is any mortality make sure that the number of plants per plot is sufficient to avoid missing values or inflating the error variance.

Philip

Thanks a lot!

Rapid and simple isolation of vascular, epidermal and mesophyll cells from plant leaf tissue

Yes, I fully agree with Paul, to remove excess N you may very well use as mulching.

Dear @Olayemi Ehoniyotan You can also check:

In addition, you can also apply specific locus test of classical genetics suggested long ago by Lewis Stadler in the 1920s.

Perhaps , grain filling stage is most crucial with respect to nitrogen use ,in addition to tillering stage , depending upon other agro-pedologcial fcators. It would be better , if talk in terms of agronomic efficiency, physiological efficiency , apparent recovery , utilization efficiency , upatek efficiency ...like that, so many terms , depending upon their field of specialization , researchers use

Dear Dr Narendra Kumar Singh,

Greetings, this stage is the most important one as its is the last stage in plant life. I have done the same stress in wheat after anthesis.

For estimating the root traits their is some software that could help in getting the data. So, try find it. Their is some free software .

with best regards

Khaled

Deae Dr. Singh,

There was no frost but temperature was below 10 degree C at V5 to V6 stage.

High Alem,

Interesting to start discussions!

I recommend you first to read the manual. What type of soil sample ( profile or surface)? It is the profile data you need. Crop data is highly important and there are variety specific parameters. You have to know that! I knew for the varieties BH540 and BH660 for example in Ethiopia. I hope you know Dr Kinde from CIMMYT Ethiopia, he will help you a lot about DSAT as he is expert of it.

See also the following very good RG link:

Dear Dr. Redda,

Very nice and practical question you raised. Normally, agriculturists recommend 50. 100 and 100% of N, P205 and K20, respectively as a basal dose. As you mentioned, until and unless plants have roots they can not utilize the applied fertilizers. Potassium and phosphatic fertilizers takes a little longer time to to be ready to the plants. Therefore they must be applied as basal. There should be wise application of Nitrogenous fertilizers as they are lost through volatilization, leaching and run off water. If Phosphatic fertilizer is complex one with some amount of N, it is not necessary to apply additional N through Urea or other sources. This is the reason, instead of applying 50% N as basal; increase the number of top-dresses at various stages. It will automatically increases the N use efficiency by crop.

Maize can be grown everywhere if weather condition (extremely low and high temperatures) is not a limiting factor.

Considering the global context of climate change, maize crop can tolerate various stresses such as heat (higher temperatures), drought, water and others. This crop can save life of both humans and animals as it can be used as food, feed, fodder and fuel. Therefore, it can be predicted that maize will be the number one crop in the future.

In case of Nepal, 180:60:40 NPK kg/ha has been recommended for commercial hybrid maize cultivation. Urea, DAP and K20 are used as sources, respectively. The 18% N in DAP works in initial stage. The whole Phosphorus and potash should be applied during last field preparation. It will be better to apply N fertilizer in four splits: I: First weeding II: Knee high stage III. Prior to silking and tasseling and, IV: Initial grain filling stage. Each time, top-dress from opposite side of the row where previous top-dress was carried out. Cover the N fertilizer immediately after top-dressing. Irrigate the field before top-dressing if needed, and not just after top-dressing to protect nutrient from leaching.

Please check it.