Magnetic Field - Science topic

Hello,

My name is Radu Jubleanu, I am PhD student at the Politehnica University of Bucharest. I work in the field of magnetic storage in superconductors, I studied some works related with superconductors , and I have a confusion related to the magnetic anisotropy of them.

More precisely, I would like a clarification, related to parallel and perpendicular magnetic fields. I saw that there are Jc curves as a function of B. But it is not clear to me who is B. Who produces this external magnetic field?

Thank you!

I have received as a comment expressing recent research that: Of course this is 100% correct because energy is the universal electric field and every quantum of energy generates a corresponding vector within the magnetic field (and visa versa). Moreover, vectors act instantaneous because vectors are 1 dimensional (vectors are not bound to the speed of light).

One may have a long re-bar (roughened metal bar used to reinforce concrete) and would find that a hammer tap on the end results in a propagating wave that eventually reaches the other end. A strong blow with a sledge hammer would produce that result plus a longitudinal motion of the entire bar that would affect anything in contact with the far end much sooner, almost instantaneously because the bar would move as a whole.

Are electric field vectors stiff in the latter sense of the re-bar's motion as is implied by "instantaneous" in the above comment?

Cited research as well as opinion might get an old guy up to speed on this since he'll never get it all read. Note, this is not about an EM wave propagating in accord with theories treating that phenomenon. The speed of light must not be allowed to confuse this new awareness of recent research. lfh 3-13-23

In Hall effect, when a magnetic field is applied to a sample, electrons are deflected and accumlate sideways. Can one determine this angle? I have a formula and want to check it.

What is the (maximum) magnetic field outside a superconductive disk located in a uniform magnetic field B and very close to the edges? (Consider the London penetration depth to be zero and let the magnetic field be perpendicular to the disk if it was a perfect conductor.) According to the article attached below, the maximum field can be four times the external field (4B), though I am not sure.

Please elaborate your explanations..

Kindly share the link of any video tutorial or data.

Some people believe that it is the end of physics laws. this question has taken around a century to be solved. But what are the problems? please inform them.

Hi everyone,

I'm using COMSOL Multiphysics Magnetic field interface to modeling 3 phase power reactor. According to COMSOL Manual reference the best preconditioner for iterative solver in magnetic field is geometric multigrid (GMG) where in coarse solver configured with Auxiliary-Space Maxwell (AMS). Whereas, AMS is not support complex number and each phase has 120 degrees phase difference with each other (for ex. current in phase B= Irms*exp(j*2*pi/3)). Also, I have tried direct solver instead of AMS and solution not converged. Does any one know how to configure the GMG preconditioner or any solution for get true results?

Thanks

Best regards,

AhmadReza

I'm confused! In 13CNMR spectroscopy, is 13C nucleus used in the device? What exactly is the nature of the magnetic field produced by the device? From carbon 12 or 13? And does it only stimulate the 13C in the sample or does it also stimulate the 12C in our sample? (Of course, the abundance of 13C is much less than 12C)

Stern-Gerlach experiment is often seen as idealization of measurement. Using strong magnetic field, it makes magnetic dipoles (of e.g. atoms) align in parallel or anti-parallel way. Additionally, gradient of magnetic field bends trajectories depending on this choice.

Magnetic dipoles in magnetic field undergo e.g. Larmor precession ( https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larmor_precession ) due to τ=μ×B torque, unless μ×B=0 what means parallel or anti-parallel alignment.

Precession means magnetic dipole becomes kind of antenna, should radiate this additional kinetic energy. Thanks to duality between electric and magnetic field ( https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duality_(electricity_and_magnetism) ), we can use the attached formula for precessing electric dipole, e.g. from http://www.phys.boun.edu.tr/%7Esevgena/p202/docs/Electric%20dipole%20radiation.pdf .

Using which I get power like 10^−3W, suggesting radiation of atomic scale energies (∼10^−18J) in e.g. femtoseconds (to μ×B=0 parallel or anti-parallel).

So can we see spin alignment in Stern-Gerlach as a result of EM radiation of precessing magnetic dipole?

Beside photons, can we interpret other spin measurement experiments this way?

Hi,

I want to simulate a solenoid magnetic field in Comsol. Where should I start?

Apropos the Meissner Effect : how is a totally still magnetic field expelled from the interior of a superconducting body, when it is cooled below the transition temperature? From whence do the supercurrent elements obtain their impulse ; how can they suddenly become screening currents, without a cause?

Conversely, it is quite understandable that bringing a superconducting body into a magnetic field-- in this case the supercurrent elements obtain their impulse from a changing magnetic field, via the Lenz-Faraday Law. But in the above case, the magnetic field is absolutely still, and so cannot possibly provide the mechanism to set up surface screening currents.

I was just wondering if hall effect sensor would measure magnetic field inside a pipeline when being placed inside. As I am currently doing a project to identify corrosion in a pipeline, i was hoping to use it to find the magnetic fields to detect corrosion in the pipe.

In doped multiferroic composites of BTO-CFO, i observed increase in dielectric constant by the application of magnetic field. However, in some cases, a decrease in dielectric constant was observed by applying magnetic field. Which factors may be responsible for such behavior?

Hi everyone

Considering a magnetized plasma with non-isothermal electrons ( free and trapped electrons ) what is the influence of the magnetic field on the electron capture (trapping)?

and what processes are used to determine the proportion of captured electrons?

Thanks

Hello fellow human beings;

I am currently trying to find a way to simulate multiple frequencies entering one conductor and watch the evolution of the magnetic field of this particular conductor. One of the idea could be to write an equation which describes the behaviour of the two signals and to inject that signal (described by the equation) through the conductor.

I currently have CST studio the student's version, have access to Altair FLUX and i have femm.

I am open to test any software, as long as it gets the job done.

Thanks in advance for your answers !

I am trying to build a setup to cure magnetic powders in a polymer matrix in a uniform magnetic field to align the particles in certain orientations. What would be the a setup to do this? In literature I do see some researchers use electromagnets and some use electromagnets. What would be the proffered method in terms of having control over the field being applied?

Temperature in umbra region is less compared to penumbra is it because of magnetic field or something else

Why a low magnetic field of 100 Oe or 500 Oe is generally used to measure the Magnetization vs. Temperature curves for magnetic samples?

I have issues with the 1D ligation protocol of the MinION sequencer when handling high molecular weight DNA (>50kb). There are several cleaning steps with AmpureXP beads and the DNA is so viscous that I can't properly recover the DNA (low recovery and substantial loss of HMW over LMW DNA). Sometimes the DNA clumps when mixed with the beads and most of the times DNA get stuck on the beads (the magnetic field is not strong enough to retain the beads when pipetting the solution). Does anyone have any tip to share please? Thanks in advance.

Sudden reversal in magnetic field is the origin of switchback. The reconnecting field lines creates shear driven turbulence.

The high charged currents at the deep of earth exist because of the friction (sliding) between the different layers of earth caused by the planet spin and rotation. This creates moving layers of charges that persist and could be emplified in strength by nuclear phenomena.

The deeper we go in earth the higher is temperature ,thus, the higher is conductivity. So the upper sliding layer will be charged negative and the other positive. furthermore, The negative charged layer is faster in rotation than the positive charged one since the radius of its rotation is bigger.

That means that the we have two opposite magnetic fields but the strongest magnetic field is the one made by the upper layer (Faster charges , Closer to the crust).

The result of all the layers magnetic fields light be The earth magnetic field.

What do you think of this theory that refuses an effective center of magnetism like the example of the center of mass G that doesn't hold all the effective mass?

I used a Co-planar waveguide (CPW) as a microwave source to measure the ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) of thin films. While taking the measurement, I kept the frequency constant and swept the magnetic field to find the resonance field. And I did the same procedure for different frequencies.

During the measurement, I observed the FMR signal amplitude decreased with the frequency increase. What may be the possible reason behind the decrease in amplitude?

I am attaching the representative image of the FMR signals for different frequencies.

I currently study ferrofluid magnetohydrodynamics in COMSOL by connecting "Magnetic field, no currents", "Laminar flow" and "Heat transfer in solids and fluids". So, I need to connect all these physics to get the ferrofluid motion in a channel. On the internet, I found coupling the electric, Magnetic, and flow field, but in my case, I am not required to use an electric field and required to use temperature as a function of magnetic susceptibility, so can not use those equations. Could you please suggest something or give a tutorial about the subject?

When shear is strong enough,switchback and isotropication occurs . In data obtained from PSp encounter-8 ,many many reversal in radial component of magnetic field

Dear all

How can be activated the angle of magnetic field (γ) in FLUENT for convection heat transfer, as shown in Figure 1? step by step please.

In most of the textbooks on NMR, we come across the fact that under the 1.4 Tesla external magnetic field, the precession frequency of 1H (proton) is 60 MHz. Can anyone tell why it's always mentioned as 1.4 T instead of 1 T?

We have measured the magnetic field dependence of the ordered magnetic moment of Tb and Mn in multiferroic TbMn2O5 by single crystal neutron diffraction. The Mn moment does not change significantly with magnetic field but Tb moment does. How can I calculate the expected field variation of Tb moment from crystal field effects?

On the magnetic field and its quantum nature ..

Electromagnetic waves travel at the speed of light. Let's think, how can an electric and magnetic attribute travel at the speed of light. The electric and magnetic nature will have to accelerate each other. If the electrical and magnetic nature of the universe is accelerating and reaching the speed of light, what is the main reason for this? Electric current can create a magnetic field. The electrical difference in the universe will cause the magnetic field to differ. But what does this change in the universe indicate? If the electrical nature of a substance changes, its magnetic nature will also change. The electrical quality is directly proportional to the magnetic quality. From here, we also reveal that the electrical change affects the magnetic nature of the material. If the magnetic nature changes, we can say that the natural attraction of that substance to another substance changes. If the electric wave increases, since the magnetic field will increase in a substance, the gravitational attraction of that object to another object will increase. In other words, Dear SIR ISAAC NEWTON (20 MARCH ANNIVERSARY, WITH REGARDS FROM THE WHOLE WORLD OF SCIENCE!) INCREASED GRAVITY OF MATTER MEANS INCREASED MASS OF MATTER IN SPACE TIME. SO MAGNETISM MAKES AN OBJECT TO ITS MASS. CAN I ACTUALLY ASK WATER QUESTIONS? CAN I ACHIEVE THE SPEED OF LIGHT BY MAKING A MAGNETIC VEHICLE? IF WE GO TO THE ESSENTIAL SUBJECT, IF MAGNETISM MAKES AN OBJECT OVER MASS, IT INCREASES GRAVITY. OUR UNIVERSE MAY BE EXPANDING FOR MAGNETISMIC REASONS. SO HOW DO WE EVALUATE MAGNETISM AND ELECTRICITY ACCORDING TO QUANTUM THEORY? Quantum theory means that a particle can be in more than one place at the same time. and atoms (submatter) are conscious. If magnetism increases the mass of a substance above matter, that is, if gravity increases, what happens under matter? and what do we say about quantum theory? Could quantum theory be another form of magnetic property? Because when the magnetic quality increases, we understand that the effect of two objects is in two different places. So let's think about it this way: When quantum theory qualifies as the opposite pole in magnetism and - and the same pole -- it can be as follows: Quantum theory is formed by using the magnetic property. This is how it happens. It is a system that takes two opposite poles and two same poles under its influence at the same time and realizes this. In quantum theory, opposite and same poles of magnetism function at the same time.

Apparently, oscillating magnetic field has positive effects on the flow characteristics.

If we apply an oscillating magnetic field on a ferrofluid flow, will a secondary magnetic filed be produced by the flow against the primary one or not (just like the electromagnetic induction)?

It is important, since we should know how much power is needed to increase the flow properties.

Thank you.

In CST studio, I'm computing magnetic fields for a specific cusp configuration and exporting an ASCII file with x,y,z, and Bx, By, and Bz coordinates. I'd want to make a vector field plot out of these numbers. Plotting it in CST is easier because it is done automatically. I'd like to plot it in MATLAB with some tweaks. What should I do? I tried using quiver plot, but it didn't turn out well. I've included a CST reference image for the vector field I'd want to plot.

Hey there, I am using CST Microwave Studios for Power Source (Magnetron) analysis. I need help in Particle in Cell simulations to analyze the E field (V/m) value at specified distances (0.5-2 Kms) from the power source. But i am unable to set the parameters correctly i.e Mesh Settings, Far field Probes and field monitors. Also need help with excitation of cathode and the ports and magnetic field settings.

An electron is usually described as being a “point particle”. Collision experiments are interpreted as indicating an electron must be smaller than about 10^-18 m. However, this size is incompatible with an electron also having physical angular momentum of ħ/2. An electron would need a radius of about 2 x 10^-13 m and be rotating at the speed of light to have ħ/2 physical angular momentum. This conundrum forces physicists to postulate there must be an “intrinsic” form of angular momentum that does not involve rotation. However, the Einstein-de Haas experiment proves that reversing an electron’s spin with a magnetic field imparts physical angular momentum to a ferromagnetic rod. Do you believe there really is an “intrinsic” form of angular momentum that can be converted to physical rotation of an iron rod when an electron’s spin is reversed?

The alternative explanation is that experiments that attempt to measure an electron’s size have been misinterpreted. For example, if an electron’s electric field is considered a fundamental part of the electron’s structure, then it is ridiculous to ignore the fact that an electron’s energy is distributed over a much larger volume than 10^-18 m radius. In fact, an electron’s classical radius of 2.8 x 10^-15 m is the size where 100% of an electron’s energy would be in its electric field. A sphere with radius of 10^-18 m and charge e would have more than 2,000 times too much electric field energy. The solution I have proposed incorporates an electron model that is a rotating quantized wave with a mathematical radius of 3.86 x 10^-13m. What is your solution to the electron’s spin problem?

We have seen in our paper, that for a 10 solar mass non-rotating BH, magnetic field strength can reach up to 10^(5 to 6) Gauss close to the horizon. Now, if we notice the observation of EHT, they report for a 10^9 solar mass BH, field strength reaches up to 1-30 Gauss near the horizon. So, is there any specific explanation for how the magnetic flux changes from stellar to supermassive BHs?

We have magnetic field variation of pyroelectric-current data. A complete cycle of magnetic field variation (0T to 1.3T, 1.3 T to -1.3 T, and -1.3T to 0T ) of pyrocurrent is measured along with time. we need magnetic field variation of polarization.

I want to design a 3 axis helmholtz coil with 10 micro Tesla max magnetic field with copper wire of gauge 24, how to determine number of turns?

Human dynasty in its millennium era. We have identified fire from the friction of stones and now we are interacting with Nano robots. Once it was a dream to fly but today all the Premier league, La liga and Serie A players travel in airplane at least twice in a week due to the unprecedented growth of human science. BUT ONE THING IS STILL ELUDING IN THE GLITTERING PROFILE OF HUMAN DYNASTY.

Although we have the gravitation theory, Maxwell's theory of electromagnetism, Max Planck's Quantum mechanics, Einstein's relativity theory and in most recently the Stephen Hawking's Big bang concepts...… Why can't we still revert back and forth into our life?

Hello to all dear experts. The conversation is open to all opinions about specialized fields and applications of the magnetic field impacts in various industrial technologies.

​Best Regards,

Direct Contact: +8801759 731605 (WhatsApp no.)

I want to know that How can I measure the magnetic flux density in HFSS? I have a box in my model that I defined as a magnetic media, I want to measure the magnetic flux density that is generate because of this particle. I know I can get the magnetic field strength Mag_H_field , but I want to know the B (magnetic flux density)

This question is the first step of a project which is in the start-up phase and aimed at understanding the physical meaning of exotic dimensions whose existence is proven in the work Linear microbundles.

We refer to Question 10.2 in the work Linear microbundles.

Hi,

In relation to the coupling of fluid flow (gasoline) with magnetic field (permanent magnet) in experimental articles it is mentioned that in the presence of magnetic field, fuel properties such as density, surface tension and viscosity will change. I simulated this problem numerically recruiting the finite element method but I don't see these changes. I appreciate your help in advance.

I am currently doing a project where I am making a curved electromagnetic track so that a superconductor can flux pin along it, moving wherever each solenoid is activate(where ever the magnetic field is present). In order to do this, I want to figure out how to calculate the force at one point around the magnetic field and compare it to another to figure out the optimal spacing between each row of solenoids on that curved track.

Can some one guide me to some basic literature about designing inductively coupled RF discharge (preferably cylindrical). How to decide the diameter, number of turns, frequency, power, gas pressure etc. Rule of thumbs would also work if exact literature is not available. Oh yes and in presence of high external magnetic field.

Graphene is a superconductive material and superconductivity does not have magnetic field and the consequently no electromagnetic field . The Photon and Electron generation process takes place in electromagnetic field then how the generation of electron and positron takes place ?? How and Why the hexagonal structure of vacuum like graphene ??

How is it possible to detect a multidomain and a single domain in nanomagnets without using external magnetic field?

I have measured the Hall Resistance of a doped single crystal and found Anomalous Hall Effect. The pristine single crystal has also been reported to show Anomalous Hall Effect (), familiar hysteresis loop in the Hall Resistance/Resistivity vs. Magnetic Field plot. But In my case, the loops for various temperatures are found to be shifted downward, entirely in the negative y-region. Is it an artefact?

I have attached the plots of those results for your reference.

My set up is as follows : Elliptically polarized light at input -> Faraday Rotator -> Linear Polarizer (LP) -> Photodiode

The LP is set such that the power output is minimum. I use a lock -in-amplifier to measure the power change due to the Faraday effect. I have a more or less accurate measurement of the magnetic field and the length of the fiber. The experimental Faraday rotation (Rotation Theta= Verdet constant*MagneticField*Length of fiber) , is more than the theoretical prediction, so I was wondering if I am observing the effect of elliptical polarization at the input to the system.

What are the size limitations of the mentioned measurements?

Can I perform these measurements on a pixel, let's say few microns to few dozen microns square?

Are there any limitations on the thickness?

Is there a major difference between 4PointProbe and Van Der Pauw measurements?

What is a reasonable magnetic field strength needed for Hall-Effect measurements and should it be relative to the probes lengths?

Thanks

I want to simulate the RF field around 10 Mhz in presence of magnetic field; looking for a tool that able to complete both the tasks together.

Accordingly Wikipedia, books, and papers the magnetic pressure is B^2/2mu.

I think it is wrong, because not take into account the plasma speed.

We could obtain it for almost static magnetic field formula of movement of particles in a magnetic field, that happens usually if the magnetic field is under 10khz:

(H is the height of the plasma column, as lower height, more pressure)

I need to design a low-pass filter for cryogenic experiment. Ideally the filter should be placed near the sample. However, the sample will be subjected to high field up to 4 Tesla. How much this field will affect the pi-filter and/or RC-filter. The cryogenic temperature will be around 2K.

I would like to know how when we change the direction of the magnetic field, the refractive indices of left and right circularly polarized light reverses, can someone tell how that happens mathematically???

For the flow of nanofluid through duct, we an applied the magnetic field to study the enhancement of heat transfer using Ansys fluent. How I can do this, please I need documents, or video for tutorial.

I ran into a problem when measuring the RF magnetic field with a magnetic probe in a helicon discharge. I measure three field components with coils, using a balanced transformer to filter the capacitive pickup. The probe is located across the axis of the installation on a slide in the diverging field of the expansion volume (about 55 cm distance from discharge camera center). In most cases, the field profiles are not symmetric and do not fit any analytical solution (helicon antenna, m = + - 1). in addition, I found that the z field component changes its amplitude under the same conditions. What could be the reason?

I am trying to observe TMOKE effect [T(+M) - T(-M)]/T(0) in COMSOL. Where T(+M) and T(-M) refer to Transmission of nanostructure in opposite magnetic field directions, and T(0) in absence of any magnetic field. For this I am using an Au nanostructure on a BIG(Bismuth-Iron-Garnet) magnetic material supported on SiO2 substrate. I have tried changing the magnetic field direction by changing the signs of off-diagonal elements in permittivity tensor for magnetic material but the results are unchanged. I have also rotated the structure so that magnetic field directions goes opposite but again the result is same. That is T(+M) and T(-M) are same leading to non existance of TMOKE. But the original paper I am following shows TMOKE. Can someone figure out the reason??? How to change magnetic field direction in this situation. For reference I have attached the research papaer.

Hello everyone,

I have a neodymium N42 grade 10mm thick 50mm diameter magnet with surface field of 2450 Gauss equal to 0.245 Tesla. Base on calculations, repellant force between two of them is about 72.3 lb at zero distance.

Now If instead of one magnet I put a same size coil with iron core over one magnet, how much force I can get with a pulse of 10 amperes of current pushing my neodymium magnet in stroke distance of 50 mm? Probably my coil should have over 1000 turns but the specification of coil is unknown to me.

What I need is the workable coil specs and the maximum repellant force I can get?

Thanks a lot

when a 2DEG is subjected to the magnetic field, the energy is split in the form of Landau levels. and the QHE is explained on that basis. however, in the case of quantized resistance is obtained without a magnetic field. then how Landau levels are formed in QSHE?

An electron exhibits wave properties in some experiments and point particle properties in other experiments. This is designated “wave-particle duality”, but these are contradictory words. A wave has a wavelength and has energy distributed over a volume. A point particle has virtually no volume and energy concentrated at a point. Therefore, these contradictory properties cannot be equal parts of a single model. The electron model often associated with the Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics is a point particle that achieves an electron’s wave-like probability distribution by discontinuous jumps. This is an example of a particle dominated model that is not fundamentally a wave.

Quantum field theory describes an electron as an “excitation” of the electron field. Such an excitation is sometimes illustrated as a localized wave oscillation on a sea of harmonic oscillators. This model is more wave dominated. The particle properties are achieved by the “collapse of the wave function” to deposit an electron’s properties (spin, charge, momentum, etc.) at a point when the wave-based electron is “observed”.

These are just incomplete examples to encourage discussion. What mental picture do you have of an electron? Does your model also address an electron’s electric/magnetic field that is distributed over a relatively large volume? Is the human intellect capable of conceptually understanding an electron?

The magnetic field causes the orientation of single electrons of paramagnetic compounds in a specific direction. In the solution phase, does this matter affect the orientation and/or the order of the paramagnetic molecules?

Nearly a year ago, I hit upon an idea with which I try to make an analogy between the Coriolis force (F=2mv×Ω,) and the Lorentz force (F=qv×B) due to an induced magnetic field. I see that these forces are generally incapable of doing work since they are perpendicular to the curved path of the particle, and they are both proportional to the velocity of the particle. The only difference is that the Coriolis force acts on any particle regardless of whether it is charged or neutral, whereas the Lorentz force is exerted on charged particles.

I try to design a thought experiment in which the Coriolis force is entirely eliminated by a Lorentz force both acting on a charged particle. Can someone tell me if this idea is plausible or if there are some references regarding this matter?

We know that an electron precesses when placed in an external magnetic field. It precesses with Larmor frequency. Does this precessing electron produce an electric field? If so how does it relate to the Larmor frequency? Any possible relation?

can someone point me towards any relevant literature on this? Thanks.

Hello community!

I want to ask a question that might be pretty silly to some of you. In the magnetic induction equation, when we consider the external magnetic field, do we have to consider the magnetization of the medium too?

Let's suppose we have a liquid film at rest with an external transversal magnetic flux B0. The liquid will be magnetized, creating a magnetic flux B1 that will be proportional to the external one.

Let's assume that the liquid film starts to move. The relative motion of the liquid, which is assumed to be a ferromagnetic material, with respect to the external magnetic field will engender an induced current density field in the medium. In turn, the current will generate its own magnetic field. The creation of this secondary induced magnetic field b is generally described by the magnetic induction equation. In this equation, the unknown function B is assumed to be given by the sum of the external field B0 and the induced one b.

In the literature, people are not considering the magnetization field B1 in the magnetic induction equation. In my opinion, this is not a generally valid assumption, because it does not account for the penetration of the external magnetic field in the medium due to the magnetization. Moreover, for some materials, the magnetic flux field inside the medium would be even higher than the external one.

From a more physical perspective, the velocity field inside the liquid enters in contact with the magnetic field inside the medium, the one given by the external one multiplied by a constant factor given by the permeability of the material.

Dear Colleagues,

Working with a composite material whose band gap is found to be 2.5 eV, the Hall effect experiment shows decrease in Hall voltage with increase in magnetic field.

Is it possible?

Please discuss.

Thanks and Regards

N Das

We have a rectangular cubic cavity that is about a few millimeters in size. We put a magnetic system inside this cavity. Then we apply a fixed and static magnetic field to it. We know that this system is full of spins. They will make a Precession motion in the presence of an external magnetic field. Forget them for a moment and assume a semi-classical vector instead. We know that ultimately the total energy of this system consists of the cavity energy and the energy of the magnetic system and the energy of the interaction of the two systems. The question is how to find the energy of the magnetic system.

While solving for the electric and magnetic wave components using Maxwell's equations in the free space, I have read that it was assumed that propagation of the wave is in z direction and that all the field components in this direction may be expressed in the form e^(-r*z) where r is a complex number. It is stated that it is a reasonable assumption for any uniform transmission guide. Why is it so?

And what does the term 'propagating in z direction' mathematically mean, with respect to the solution obtained for each field component through variable separable method where the solution is in the form of the product of a separate functions each of which is a function (constant * exponential) of just one independent variable?

When superparamagnetic particles in a ferrofluid are converted to a thin-film and influenced by a strong magnetic field, they form micron-sized chains. I have searched the internet for images of these chains at the 200 nm resolution level while influenced by a field, but have not found any.

If you have the capabilities to examine a pre-made cell at this level and want to collaborate on a dynamic magneto-optic paper, please message me and we can make arrangements for me to ship a Ferrocell to you at no cost.

I am conducting a CO2 electrolysis experiment in aqueous medium, where I will be stirring the medium with a magnetic stirrer. I read in the paper linked below that a perpendicular magnetic field (to the surface of the electrode) of more than 1 T can improve bubble dispersion and thus solubility.

As I am stirring my medium with a magnetic stirrer, I was wondering whether such effect would apply to my system. But I am not sure about the strength and direction of the magnetic field generated by the magnetic induction stirrer. Is it ≥ 1 Tesla? And what is its direction?

Thanks

I was looking for some sources (if available), which contain information about geomagnetic events, ICMEs, Flares, SEPs during the different encounters by Parker Solar Probe (PSP). I am working on the analysis of abrupt fluctuation in solar wind parameters during the encounters by PSP. I would really appreciate your suggestions. :)

I want to know how solar wind from a sun ( towards the earth) vary over a distance, specially during solar minimum period. Can you suggest some any related articles?

I am looking for good books/articles for the study of solar wind. I would be happy to get your valuable suggestions. Thanks.