Science method

MRT - Science method

Explore the latest questions and answers in MRT, and find MRT experts.
Questions related to MRT
  • asked a question related to MRT
Question
3 answers
Many different sources introduced various values for the "S" matrix.
#LBM
#LBM_MRT
#multie_relaxation_time
Relevant answer
Answer
The S matrix is a diagonal matrix. The value of this matrix depends on the selected moments. In general, the moments can be classified into three groups: conserved, quasi-conserve, and non-conserved.
-The relaxation values in the S matrix that are related to conserved moments can be set to zero.
-The relaxation values in the S matrix that are related to quasi-conserved moments can be related to macroscopic transport coefficients, such as thermal diffusivity or kinematic viscosity.
-The relaxation values in the S matrix that are related to non-conserved moments can be set close to 1.
In some cases, the stability of the method can be improved by imposing constraints on the relaxation values related to non-conserved moments. These constraints result in relations between the relaxation of the non-conserved moments and the relaxation of the quasi-conserve moments.
For preliminary stability analyses, look at my master thesis.
For more advanced stability analyses, look at the pioneer work of Alexandre Dupuis or Luo Lallemand.
  • asked a question related to MRT
Question
1 answer
I'm implementing a solver leveraging the Lattice Boltzmann method for Basic Oxygen Furnace simulations (using multiple-relaxation time and D3Q27 cell model), where the jet blows oxygen onto slag surface with speeds of 1.5-2.5 Mach. Process involves multiphase flows, phase transitions, combustion, and turbulent behavior of slag fluid around the interface with blown oxygen. My current focus is on the gas-fluid interface and the impact of the high-Mach flow of oxygen.
I would like to ask what would be the best approach for simulating such phenomena with LBM and MRT scheme?
Relevant answer
Answer
Dear Michal,
Not to discourage you but every single component of the flow you are targeting is currently subject to major difficulties in LBM. Just to name a few:
I) Compressible flow at Mach 1.5-2.5:
(a) Would require you to use a thermal (as opposed to the classical iso-thermal) LBM with energy conservation. You have to either use higher-order stencils or two separate distribution functions, knowing that the former option would be very costly and limit the domain of temperatures supported by the solver.
(b) Furthermore, going to Mach 1.5-2 is not that easy (at least with the classical on-lattice LBM formulations).
II) Multi-species flows: A very complicated area, even if you try to tackle it with classical methods. In LBM, you'll find a very limited number of models for multi-species flows (correctly capturing the species diffusion dynamics, i.e. the Maxwell-Stefan equation, or approximations such as the Hirschfelder-Curtiss model). Some people have developed LB models, others have opted for FD solvers for species balance.
III) Multi-phase flows: Depending on the Weber and Reynolds number, and density ratios you are targeting this might also prove to be rather difficult as most LB-based diffuse-interface models have restrictions. For example with the so-called pseudo-potential and/or free energy class of models, you can readily do low and mid-range Weber number simulations. However going to larger Weber numbers where you might see primary break-up in jets will be extremely costly (maybe even impossible). In addition even with the "best" collision operators you will be severely limited in terms of the maximum allowable density ratio and non-dimensional viscosity. These limitation will manifest themselves in the form of either instabilities (where your code will simply blow up) or very large surface currents. For other classes of methods (I would naively call them decoupled) such as the Allen-Cahn based formulation (which is quite similar to VOF or similar interface tracking methods) although you can access larger Weber numbers, you'll still be limited by density ratio and spurious currents.
IV) Coupling: Last but not least, there is the overall thermodynamic consistency of your solver. Now I am no expert but a thermodynamically consistent and stable model (equation of state, fluxes etc) for a compressible multi-species multi-phase flow might be difficult to find and implement (especially in the context of LBM).
Best of luck,
Ali
  • asked a question related to MRT
Question
1 answer
Hi all researchers! I am working on simulation of flow past a square cylinder using IB-LBM MRT method at Re=2100. I am having 4096 by 2048 mesh cells in a 50D by 25D domain where D=0.1 and I am looking at the results that on the same number of simulations the flow seems to be attached at Tau=0.505 while it seems to be OK as at Tau=0.5025 while all the parameters are kept same. Could anybody please let me know that how far this thing depends on relaxation parameter as the results are quite different and strange. The Z vorticity contour images are attached for reference Anxiously waiting for expert opinions and guidance.
Best Regards
Relevant answer
Answer
Hi, im working on simulation of flow past a square cylinder with MRT method. I have the same problem with yours. I wonder that could you solve the mistake related set of relaxation parameter.
  • asked a question related to MRT
Question
4 answers
As MRT express the decay rate (average time that biochar can persist from decaying) and this rate decreases with time. Therefore, the incubation period becomes pivotal for the MRT calculation because shorter duration may lead to higher estimated mineralization rate and shorter MRT. So, can we consider other means of getting justifiable stability period?
please suggest a methodology for above.
Relevant answer
Answer
Dear Shiv,
you may check following publications to get some ideas on how to proceed:
Enders et al 2012 10.1016/j.biortech.2012.03.022
Spokas 2010 10.4155/cmt.10.32
Kuzyakov et al 2014 10.1016/j.soilbio.2013.12
Wang et al 2016 10.1111/gcbb.12266
Harvey et al 2012 10.1021/es2040398
and more...
BR
Nils
  • asked a question related to MRT
Question
2 answers
I want to compare the recalcitrance of two different root residues by incubation to infer differences in potential SOC sequestration. Many studies do this by showing the short-term CO2 efflux; however, this says nothing about the stable fraction or potential sequestration. A sample with faster short-term decay may have a longer MRT for its stable fraction. Why not measure TOC at time points over a longer incubation instead of CO2?
Relevant answer
Answer
CO2 efflux (if measured correctly, e.g. by using IR gas analyzers) is one of the best non-destructive technique. It allows to monitor decomposition over long time period including stages of slow decomposition of the most resistant components of plant residues. Single short-term CO2 efflux is meaningless for decomposition/sequestration studies, I agree with Justin. However switching to any other alternative single-term analysis is also bad idea. Use a combination of techniques over time and be prepare to spent months if not years to characterize recalcitrant plant constituents. TOC alone is not adequate because plant decomposition (TOC decrease) is accompanied with growth of decomposers (microbial biomass adds TOC), therefore you measure the difference underestimating decomposition rate and overestimating sequestration. You need to go to specific fractions like lignin, cellulose, hemicellulose, proteins, specific microbial polymers (e.g. peptidoglycans) etc. Thousands of papers published on the subject, the best modern method is NMR and mass-spectrometry but they are expensive.
  • asked a question related to MRT
Question
2 answers
Dear All,
I performed a compound PK analysis in Dog and Monkey. The PK modeling is based on non-compartment analysis (NCA) and, I found that the compound's t-half time much longer than its mean residence time (MRT).
I was wiondering if anyone also observed this phenomena before and could please give me any suggestion to explain the data.
Thank you so much!
Best,
Tianzhu
Relevant answer
Answer
Hello Tianzhu Zang,
You did not mention how the drug was administered. If the drug was administered IV and follows one-compartment, then MRT > t1/2. If two compartment occurs there a strong possibility that MRT < t1/2. Several years ago two authors, Sobol E, and Bialer M published a paper pertaining to an equation that is applied to this phenomenon. You can access this paper as follows:
  • asked a question related to MRT
Question
3 answers
How MRT is greater than SRT and HRT in attached growth biogas reactor?
Relevant answer
Answer
In biological biogas reactor, COD or organic fraction are convert in in gas and microbial biomass (solid). If you calculate a mass balance, with mass of solid growth (microbial) inside your reactor and flowrate of mass of solid outlet, you can evaluate a retention time of solid and or microbial inside your system (total weight of biomass inside the reactor divided by daily basis weight of biomass in the outlet= MRT or SRT....MRT if you are able to dissociate microbial with other inert solid). For a CSTR the concentration of solid outlet (microbial + inert solid) are equal of the inside reactor concentration. If there is no biomass recirculation, in this case HRT=SRT.
This is not the case of attached growth reactor where the main biomass keep fixed on the support inside the system. The outlet of the reactor is supposed to contain less active biomass than the CSTR reactor because the biomass remains attached on support.
Hope that will help you.
Sincerly.
Yann
  • asked a question related to MRT
Question
1 answer
If I follow Anderson v. Wincoop with their structural gravity model and want to lay focus on only three sectors and for estimation purposes assume that GDP equals the expenditure, then
1) would it be an issue taking total GDP (as I find no concise data on GDP per sector for each country)?
- What would be alternatives?
2) How do I incorporate multilateral resistance terms in form of dummies (i.e. how would I calculate them exactly) when using an OLS estimator?
- Are there any examples to be found on this matter?
- How do I best arrange it in a panel data format?
Thankful for any hints, suggestions and thoughts.
Merry Xmas everyone.
Relevant answer
Answer
Do consider Heckman Selection Model as estimation method.
  • asked a question related to MRT
Question
3 answers
No matter how many iterations I do for a steady state problem, the residual for the BGK (or MRT) LBM does not drop below a certain value (which I noticed to depend on the inlet flow velocity).
Even with double precision calculations the residual does not drop below 1e-7
Relevant answer
Answer
Interested
  • asked a question related to MRT
Question
3 answers
I am currently following the MRT scheme but I am not getting when should I use definitely MRT over BGK as keeping computational cost in mind. Any input from your side is always appreciated.
Thank you
Relevant answer
Answer
Up to this point, the issues that have been risen (against SRT, and hence for the necessity of using MRT) are: 1- Position of the wall in BB-type boundary conditions. As shown in many articles, the actual position of the BB wall is viscosity-dependent, therefore using MRT, or TRT, gives you the opportunity to fix the position of the wall regardless of the relaxation coefficient associated to viscosity (to do so one of the diagonal components of the relaxation matrix has to be set to a specific value, again given in many articles). 2- Stability at high Reynolds numbers; Linear stability analyses show that that the blow-ups observed for the SRT method at high Re numbers are usually caused by the interaction between, kinetic, acoustic and shear modes. Therefore, relaxating each mode with a specific relaxation coefficient can help you damp out non-physical modes and therefore, stabilize your scheme -to a given extent.
Now if you're planning on doing a ver well-resolved simulation, and your relaxation coefficient (related to viscosity) is not too far from 1, SRT would be fine. But if you are planning on doing under-resolved simulations, with high Re numbers and using BB boundaries, to have a stable code, MRT -or TRT, seem to be good choices. The list given here is of course non-exhaustive.
  • asked a question related to MRT
Question
2 answers
I was reading following paper in this paper equation no. 11 is taken from ref[23,30] for calculation of Ur velocity; however both references have different formula, So which is the correct formula?
Lattice Boltzmann simulations of axisymmetric natural convection with anisotropic thermal diffusion
Zuo Wang, Wenfan Zhang, Jiazhong Zhang
Relevant answer
Answer
I think this book will help to you
  • asked a question related to MRT
Question
6 answers
Hi Guys. How do you comment the computational efficiency of the Lattice Boltzmann method even though anyone work on the LB methods said the method has very good parallel efficiency. This topic is limited to the efficiency comparison for unsteady state problems. The relaxation time of the LB-BGK model cannot be adjusted within a wide range due to the numerical accuracy and stability. This means the physical time step cannot be increased greatly when the mesh structure is given. On the contrary, the traditional CFD method, such as FEM, can allow for adjusted physical time steps even for a non-linear problem. Sometimes, the physical time step of the FEM method is several order magnitude  higher than that by the LB-BGK method. Though the LB-BGK method can take less computational time to run a numerical step, the numerical step is much lower than the traditional CFD method. For validation, I compared a parallel LB code with the COMSOL software, which shows a much worse efficieny of the LB-BGK model than the COMSOL software when solving a single-phase reactive flow through some squares in an open channel. How about the computational efficiency of the LB method for the other physical problems, such as two-phase flow, or flow in more complex structures. Can the relaxation time of MRT method be adjusted within a wider range for a greater physical time step but to guarantee the numerical stability and accuracy? Any other method to overcome the problem? Thanks a lot. 
Relevant answer
Answer
Some insight paper about the issue of error analyses of LBM are provided below.
Hans-Joachim Bungartz, ‎Michael Schäfer, 2007, Fluid-Structure Interaction: Modelling, Simulation, Optimisation In: Technology & Engineering, Springer Science & Business Media - 394 pages.
C. Peng, Y. Teng, B. Hwang, Z. Guo, L.-P. Wang, 2016, Implementation issues and benchmarking of lattice Boltzmann method for moving rigid particle simulations in a viscous flow, Computers & Mathematics with Applications, 72 (2), 349-374.
  • asked a question related to MRT
Question
3 answers
I am using StarFM for data Fusion between Landsat 8 and MODIS. I re-sampled MODIS from 500 m to 30 m resolution using MRT Tool.  I crop the both Images Landsat and MODIS using a Shapefile. When I overlap two images, MODIS resampled image shows more extent than Landsat 8 Image.
I need to make two images of same size and of same resolution.  
  • asked a question related to MRT
Question
5 answers
Since an Operation two years ago a Patient suffers from the impression that he is still in a room after he had left it.  He feels body sensations, for instance as if he still would sit on the chair and sees images of what he saw in the room before. The impressions last for hours and days and are very disturbing in the daily functioning. There is no evidence for other psychotic symptoms. He is aware that his symptoms are distorted impressions. In his MRT is no abnormality.
Does anyone have informations about a similar case? Is it possible that the perecptions are a result of the Operation and have an neurological reason?
Relevant answer
Answer
Hallo Anthony, thanks a lot for your interesting Input. Until now all physical examinations were negativ. Tomorrow the Patient will come again and we will do further tests.
  • asked a question related to MRT
Question
2 answers
the application of mental rotation test. 
concerned  the development of children.
Relevant answer
Answer
Dear Tong,
what could be tested by MRT  with respect to primary school?
Children???
Hands off children with respect to MRT as far as there is no necessity with respect to their health.
 Sorry, but I may have misunderstood your question.
  • asked a question related to MRT
Question
2 answers
We're doing a experimental research about cultivation microalage in MPBR ( using diluted human urine as a substrate ), we operated the model with HRT = 2days and MRT ( biomass retention time) = 10 days. The volume woking of each column of our model is 4L. After cultivation day 14, we started to withdrawn alage with 400ml alage for everyday to retain the stable biomass concentration in coulmn ( until now it lasted for 50 days).The result of dry weight biomass is rather stable. But now we don't know exactly about formula to caculate for biomass producticity and nutrient removal rate when we withdrawn alage everyday (although we read many publications about MPBR, but we couldn't find the suitable formula for caculating those parameters).The our operation condition of model is different to the previous researches (as in your research i didn't see you mentioning about MRT ).There are many new things for us to understand clearly about everything which relates to our model ( now we're only undergraduate students). We really hope you will provide and share your ideas or opinions for the problems we asked, that will help us to understand more about this top.
Relevant answer
Answer
The nutrient removal rate is obviously determined by the algal species used and the experimental conditions. In the absence of any other information you can assume 5% of the algal dry matter (DM) is nitrogen. If you have recorded the daily DM removal as algae, it is easy to estimate N removal in g/day. However, if you have still stored algal DM or fresh algae you can determine N by total kjeldhal nitrogen (TKN) digestion method.
  • asked a question related to MRT
Question
3 answers
I am working on carvedilol loaded polymeric nanocapsules. The pharmacokinetic study of nanocapsules revealed an increased tmax, Cmax and AUC while a reduction in t1/2 and MRT as compared to drug suspension with same dose. What could be the possible explanation for the phenomenon?
Relevant answer
Answer
I am not familiar with the carvedilol PK but I agree with Adam interpretation of delayed release followed by a fast release. Regarding the t1/2 and MRT, is it possible that the  "total" elimination occurs via the "traditional" way, that is, the metabolization/excretion of the drug substance combined with the partial elimination (renal for instance) of the nanocapsules prior to drug release? In this case the apparent drug elimination would be faster but this would also require that the (free) drug shows a high elimination in order to compensate the higher AUC observed with nanocaps.
  • asked a question related to MRT
Question
1 answer
This approach is mentioned in the following articles:
How to get the probabilities P(R) and P(0)?
Relevant answer
Answer
I don't have access to those articles. Please send us the texts. I will try to help.
Best regards,
  • asked a question related to MRT
Question
2 answers
I have to prepare a design manual for seismic resistant stone masonry school building with mud mortar and timber frame structure. Roofing will be wooden or steel truss with CGI roofing.
If you have/know such document and design calculations, please help me by sending it to me for reference.
Thank you all..
Relevant answer
Answer
You can read A TUTORIAL: Improving the Seismic Performance of Stone Masonry Buildings.
  • asked a question related to MRT
Question
7 answers
Seems that MRT's batch model could not work due to 2G limitation for TmpMosaic.hdf file
Relevant answer
Answer
YES! Here is what I do, perhaps not the best, but it works.
1) you need a linux system with GDAL library installed.
2) convert all the HDF files to tiff files using the following command:
for i in *.hdf; do gdal_translate -of GTiff HDF4_EOS:EOS_GRID:$i:MOD12Q1:Land_Cover_Type_1 /data/ifs/users/yzhang/MCD12Q1_US/${i:9:4} /${i/.hdf/}.IGBP.tif;done
this is just an example of how i deal with MOD12 product, it actually convert all hdf files in the current folder to tiff using this loop. you can change the parameters and make it work for other products. you may also need another command 'gdalinfo' to get the information you need for that command
another example for MOD fpar:
for i in 201*/*.hdf;do gdal_translate HDF4_EOS:EOS_GRID:$i:MOD_Grid_MOD15A2H:Fpar_500m /data/ifs/modis/products/MOD15A2H/fpar/${i:21:4}/${i:25:3}/${i:11:25}fpar.tif;done
3) after you get all the tiff files, I suppose you are mosaicing all files for each DOY or year, because they may be organized in the same folder, you may need to write this command in R or python, basically, it still execute the gdal_merge command in linux, but it uses the R or python to find the input files and give the output directory, here is an example in python:
import os
for yr in range(2000,2015):
for doy in range(1,369,8):
os.system('gdal_merge.py -o /data/ifs/VPM/product/v01/merge/temp1/1/\
GPP.'+str(yr)+str(doy).zfill(3)+'.tif /data/ifs/VPM/product/v01/gpp/'+str(yr)+'/{h17v00,h12v01,h13v01,h14v01,h15v01,\
h16v01,h17v01,h09v02,h10v02,h11v02,h12v02,h13v02,h14v02,h15v02,h16v02,h17v02,h06v03,h07v03,h08v03,h09v03,\
h10v03,h11v03,h12v03,h13v03,h14v03,h15v03,h17v03,h08v04,h09v04,h10v04,h11v04,h12v04,h13v04,h14v04,h17v04,\
h07v05,h08v05,h09v05,h10v05,h11v05,h12v05,h15v05,h16v05,h17v05,h02v06,h03v06,h07v06,h08v06,h09v06,h10v06,\
h11v06,h16v06,h17v06,h01v07,h03v07,h07v07,h08v07,h09v07,h10v07,h11v07,h12v07,h15v07,h16v07,h17v07,h00v08,\
h01v08,h02v08,h08v08,h09v08,h10v08,h11v08,h12v08,h13v08,h16v08,h17v08}/GPP.'+str(yr)+str(doy).zfill(3)+'.*.tif')
I just merged 1/4 of the total globe here, but the spatial resolution is 500m, so I think it will work for 1km resolution for the globe.
  • asked a question related to MRT
Question
12 answers
I want to analyze  and the compare linear and non-linear precoding techniques for large scale MU-MIMO downlink.please suggest the papers or book from where i can easily understand and implement these precoding techniques for downlink.
Relevant answer
Answer
I would recommend you to read my overview paper on transmit beamforming/precoding:
Emil Björnson, Mats Bengtsson, Björn Ottersten, “Optimal Multiuser Transmit Beamforming: A Difficult Problem with a Simple Solution Structure,” IEEE Signal Processing Magazine, vol. 31, no. 4, pp. 142-148, July 2014.
You can find the article here: http://arxiv.org/pdf/1404.0408
and Matlab code for ZF/MRT and MMSE here: https://github.com/emilbjornson/optimal-beamforming
If you also want to implement DPC, you can do that easily in Matlab by using the theorem on the first page of the paper "Sum Capacity of the Vector Gaussian Broadcast Channel and Uplink–Downlink Duality"
Please note that none of these papers are explicitly about massive MIMO, but the massive MIMO is nothing but a MU-MIMO system with many antennas.
  • asked a question related to MRT
Question
4 answers
Dear colleagues,
the case is a 16-year old boy who was diagnosed with Herpes Zoster Encephalitis. He developed headaches, had to stay home, had temperatures around 37,3 celsius, showed the zoster rash on day 3 (when brivudin and ibuprofene were started), then started vomiting frequently without gastroenteritic symptoms, and was hospitalized on day 4 when meningeal affection was found. 
He had no neurologic deficit, was treated on ICU for 3 days with aciclovir and antibiotics, liquor showed a mild increase in cell  count (260) and doubled proteines. 
PCR found a count of 36000 varizella zoster virus copies. Since there was no trace of bacteria in the liquor culture antibiotics were suspended.
The treating colleagues (the patient is a family member and the field not so familiar to me) were puzzeled to find this rare diagnosis in a healthy 80kg boy who had varicella immunization in 2000.
MRT is planned for next week. Immune status will be checked the next days. The iv antiviral therapy will be continued for 10 more days.
the clinical course is very promising (only very mild headache once today) so the exspectation is that recovery will be soon and complete. 
Since the case seems to be quite extraordinary I am very interested in your personal experience. 
THANK YOU 
Relevant answer
Answer
It has been estimated that 0.01% to 0.25% of patients with varicella (Chiken Box, Herpes Zoster and Varicilla syndrome which is compination of both of them) develop overt neurological complications such as cerebellar ataxia, encephalitis, transverse myelitis, aseptic meningitis, polyneuritis, cranial neuropathies, and Reye syndrome. Neurological sequelae are more common in the herpes zoster phase. These sequelae include-in order of decreasing incidence-postherpetic neuralgia, cranial nerve palsies, peripheral motor neuropathy, myelitis, encephalitis, thrombotic cerebral vasculopathy, acute ascending polyradiculitis, and aseptic meningitis.
  • asked a question related to MRT
Question
14 answers
 I downloaded MODIS product (MODQA9) for vegetative monitoring, processed using MRT tool and tried to geoprocess in SAGAGIS, but to no avail, image not uploaded. Can ARCGIS be used, If yes, can someone help with the steps to follow? Or is there any other model apart from ENVI (very expensive) to process MODIS data. Or can somebody help with ENVI code?
Relevant answer
Answer
For the automated download of MODIS data, you may check pyModis which is a Free and Open Source Python based library to work with MODIS data (http://www.pymodis.org/). It greatly simplifies the download and processing of MODIS time series. In the near future pyModis will be updated again to run even faster.
Then you can use the downloaded and preprocessed MODIS data easily in "any" GIS.