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Lung Cancer - Science topic

Discussion about research related lung cancer topics.
Questions related to Lung Cancer
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I would like to obtain a database (digital or text) for lung cancer related to statistics or symptoms for patients and healthy people?
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Let us collaborate. I can give you the database of around 200 patients with small cell lung cancer, limited stage if U tell me what particular aspect(s) you want to research on, to see if mine is useful for U or not.
Prof Pat Tai, MBBS, DMRT, LMCC, FRCR, FRCPC
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This article 《Low Risk of Hyperprogression with First-Line Chemoimmunotherapy for Advanced Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: Pooled Analysis of 7 Clinical Trials》 can have 7 clinical Trials to analys, does that mean these 7 trials start by themselves or there is a way to get information like that?
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You need to look for "data availability" section when looking for patient data. They usually specify if the data is openly available in GEO, other repositories that require access request, available upon reasonable request from the corresponding author or not available.
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One of the recent paradoxes is the sharp increase in lung cancer cases among non-smoking women under the age of 50, which has raised concerns among specialists. While some scientists attribute this trend to random genetic mutations, often referred to as the "bad luck" theory, our preliminary investigations emphasize the role of environmental factors—particularly the greater amount of time women spend indoors and, consequently, their increased exposure to radioactive radon gas.
Could it be that "bad luck" simply refers to factors we have yet to fully understand?
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Very interesting study . You write :…male Balb/c mice exposed to varying radon concentrations showed significantly improved survival rates after gamma irradiation compared to mice that weren’t exposed to radon.
meanwhile as I know the predominantly radiation mass of radon is alpha radiation. Charles Darvwin taught us : survive not who is cleverer but who adapts…
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Hello, I have some questions in my research.
I try to do research about a specific gene in lung cancer. In RNA seq bulk analysis(the tissue of lung cancer), this gene may contribute to lung cancer, so I want to know if this gene is associated with lung cancer.
But now I have problems. Because in the protein atlas, the number of cell lines in lung cancer is very small. My advisors suggest me to study other cell types (like immune cell) than tumor cells.
Some basic information about the gene is that it's about enzyme, ECM associated, and high expression in lymphoma and leukemia.
As a result, there are some questions. First, I want to ask, besides tumor cells and immune cells, what are the other cell types? Second, in my case, is it suitable to study tumor cells(lung cancer)? Or I need to try immune cells(like NK cellss) or connective tissues(like CAFs)?
Hope someone give me some advices!
Thank you.
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1. Searching on website ATCC: atcc.org https://www.atcc.org/, for more gene/target details;
2. Or uniprot website: https://www.uniprot.org/, you may identify the conresponding protein's function;
3. ECM related stroma cells, incluidng myofibroblast, endothelial cells may helpful.
Regarding your research questions:
Should you study tumor cells (lung cancer)? Yes, studying tumor cells is highly relevant, especially since your gene of interest is potentially contributing to lung cancer. It’s important to understand the gene’s role in the context of the primary disease you’re investigating.
Should you study immune cells or connective tissues? Given that your gene is highly expressed in lymphoma and leukemia and is associated with an enzyme and ECM, it might be particularly relevant to study its role in immune cells, especially since the immune system plays a significant role in lung cancer progression. Additionally, since the gene is ECM-associated, studying its role in connective tissues such as CAFs could provide insights into how it might affect tumor growth, invasion, and metastasis.
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The detection of lung cancer is a critical fact or in enhancing patient survival rates. The integration of intelligent computer-aided systems can significantly aid radiologists in this endeavor. The present study centers on the development of a machine learning-oriented methodology aimed at detecting lung cancer through the analysis of text-based medical data extracted from authentic medical reports. The present dataset encompasses a range of machine-learning algorithms that have been utilized for binary classification purposes. The findings of this study indicate the capability of machine learning algorithms in the prompt identification of lung cancer, thereby facilitating enhanced diagnosis and timely intervention.
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While machine learning shows great promise, I htink there are still challenges:
*Ensuring models generalize well across different patient populations and imaging equipment
*Integrating AI systems into clinical workflows.
*Addressing potential biases in training data.
*Improving interpretability of complex deep learning models.
Future research is focused on developing more robust and explainable AI models, as well as validating their performance in large-scale clinical trials.
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My aunt is a patient with advanced lung cancer. The current treatment is very simple, just combining traditional Chinese medicine with taking Zotinib. I would like to ask if there are better treatment methods or drugs?Thank you all here.
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There is guide lines but by my experience let her to enjoy the rest of her life without side effect of all “ new therapies” Quality of life has to have priority to survival In this elderly patients.
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I've been having difficulties inducing a proper amount of lung nodules in a KRAS-driven (KrasLSL-G12D) conditional mouse lung cancer model following this protocol:
Conditional mouse lung cancer models using adenoviral or lentiviral delivery of Cre recombinase
This is the Nature Protocol paper from Tyler Jacks lab that I have been using as a reference
Reagents
  • MEM (Sigma catalog #M-0268)
  • 2 M CaCl2
  • Adenovirus - University of Iowa (VVC-U of Iowa-5 Ad5CMVCre)*
Add 2.5 uL of Ad5CMVCre to 121.9 uL of MEM and mix well.
Add 0.6 uL of CaCl2 and mix well.
Let this mixture sit for ~20 minutes before use.
I have been using 2.5 x10E7 pfu for my experiments. Here are my questions:
1. When making the virus prep, is it a homogeneous solution after calcium phosphate precipitate formation? I wonder if one needs to flick the tube or pipette to mix it well after sitting on ice for 20 minutes and before giving it to the mice.
2. Can I make a "master mix" virus prep for all mice dosed on the same day? Or should I prepare one tube per mouse?
3. Is there a specific reason one must use 2M CaCl2 when making virus prep? Because sometimes 0.6 uL could be hard to pipette.
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Homogenization of the lesions with buffer solution and culturation on suspension growth medium the freezing and thawing ....several passages
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Hi everyone,
I need help and yuoue experience!!!
What kind of cell culture contamination is it?
Video attached: The cells are lung cancer cells that are thawed from -80°C fridge and we known that are probably alla dead, but we see this strange, non identify object, that move and change shape.
I never seen this kind of bacteria before. I always seen the classical sand contaminaion with torbid medium.
Thank you for any information or suggestions
Valeria
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It looks like cell debris in Brownian motion.
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Why WES and RNAseg analyses of the primary lung cancer tissue give different percentage of VAF for the same gene?
Nan-Haw
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Hi Nan-Haw
2 different kinds of samples from the same individual....
since from DNA (template for WES) will give you the results from 2 strands (at the exception of clonality), RNA-seq (if you don't use UMI in the analysis) will give you a biased version of the transcriptome (every genes are not expressed at same amount).
the biases are differences of transcription between genes and PCR amplification in the RNAseq library preparation. of course quality of the samples will also give you more variability.
all the best
fred
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How to download Lung cancer (LUSC) gene expression data which includes tumor tissue samples and corresponding control tissue samples from TCGA(https://portal.gdc.cancer.gov/repository). Any information or resources you could provide. I look forward to your guidance. Thanks in advance.
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Bioconductor packages can be used to download TCGA datasets.
Example for downloading LUSC gene expression datasets:
#Install and load the library TCGAbiolinks in the R
library(TCGAbiolinks)
#Query the datasets using the following criteria using GDCquery (it may change accordingly).
exp <- GDCquery(
project = "TCGA-LUSC",
data.category = "Transcriptome Profiling",
data.type = "Gene Expression Quantification",
workflow.type = "STAR - Counts", #May change to HTSeq - Counts
sample.type = c("Primary Tumor","Solid Tissue Normal")
)
#Download the files using GDCdownload
GDCdownload(query = exp)
After this process, you'll need to extract the data and process using GDCprepare and list the sample types using shortLetterCode, Primary Tumor (TP), and Solid Tissue Normal (NT).
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I have a dataset from lung cancer images with 163 samples (2D images). I use the fine-tuning of deep learning algorithms to classify samples, but the validation loss did not decrease. I augmented the data and used dropout, but the validation loss didn't drop. How can I solve this problem?
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I feel there are few checks and techniques that could be applied to avoid/mitigate overfitting:
1.Clean your dataset (check and handle null values, missing values and decide accordingly to keep of remove the records)
2.Handle the outliers.
3.Cross validation: Split the data into training and validation/test sets to evaluate model performance on unseen data. Use techniques like k-fold cross-validation to get a more robust 4.estimate of model generalization.
5.Feature Selection/Dimensionality Reduction: Identify and remove irrelevant, redundant or noisy features that may be causing overfitting.
6.Thoroughly evaluate model performance on held-out test data, not just the training data.se techniques like Principal Component Analysis (PCA) to reduce the dimensionality of the data.
7.Apply regularization techniques like L1 (Lasso), L2 (Ridge) or Elastic Net to control model complexity and prevent overfitting.
8.Use simpler models with fewer parameters, such as linear regression or decision trees, instead of more complex models like neural networks.
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I am growing small cell lung cancer suspension cells. How do I separate dead cells from live cells while splitting the cells after confluency in flask?
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Hello Chandra Kishore,
You may use density gradient centrifugation. In density gradient centrifugation depending on the density of the particles in the sample, similar substances will group together when exposed to rotational force. Because dead cells and cellular debris are fractured, they become less dense than living, healthy cells. Adding in certain separation reagents such as Ficoll can purify the sample by acting as a barrier that only one population can pass through.
For instance, in a 50 mL centrifuge tube, you may layer 18ml of your cell suspension onto 12ml of a Ficoll-paque combination. Centrifuge your tube for 15 minutes at 400x g. When centrifugation is complete, you will note that the live cells will collect at the interface and the dead ones will form a pellet at the bottom of the tube.
Another simple method as mentioned by Samir would include centrifuging the cell suspension at 150-200g for 10 mins. You may discard the supernatant which consists of cell debris and resuspend the cell pellet in fresh medium.
Best.
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Like in Lung cancer how b cells are getting affecting, so just want to how and what are the complications B cells are facing regarding different type of cancerous cells
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Yess sir
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Is there a link between breast and lung cancer?
Does one lead to another or do they occur simultaneously?
When an individual is diagnosed of breast cancer, is it a must for the person to have lung cancer?
Generally, does a type of cancer leads or precedes another type?
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Dear Olaoye,
Like colleagues said those two are separate different types of cancer. But there is a link between some risk factors known as oncogenes for lung cancer to increase the risk of developing breast cancer like smoking or family history. Check out our recent publication which will be linked below about breast cancer and let me know if you have any questions.
Sincerely,
Amar, MSc in MLT
LINK TO ACCESS THE ARTICLE:
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In the past two years, Oncology Research has witnessed remarkable progress in the field of lung cancer research, with numerous innovative and prospective articles published between 2022 and 2023. From these we have carefully selected a range of papers covering different areas, including the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of lung cancer. By sharing these research breakthroughs, we aspire to provide readers with valuable insights and inspiration, fostering a deeper understanding of the ongoing advancements in lung cancer management.
The article is as follows:
01.High expression of PD-L1 mainly occurs in non-small cell lung cancer patients with squamous cell carcinoma or poor differentiation
02.Changes of protein expression during tumorosphere formation of small cell lung cancer circulating tumor cells
03.Survival and comorbidities in lung cancer patients: Evidence from administrative claims data in Germany
04.The synergistic effects of PRDX5 and Nrf2 on lung cancer progression and drug resistance under oxidative stress in the zebrafish models
Thank you for your time.
Sincerely,
Oncology Research Editorial
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There has been advances in systemic therapy against lung cancers but radiation therapy dose escalation has not shown much promise.
Investigation into radiosensitizers might be a good research question
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Objective of the study: Evaluate whether normal bronchial epithelial cells acquire invasiveness following exposure to particulate matter.
Initial approach: Expose the BEAS2B cell line to PM10 at concentrations of 50ug and 75ug for 48 hours. Subsequently, perform a wound healing assay and an invasion assay using matrigel.
Problem encountered: Post exposure, a significant number of cells died, resulting in inadequate cell viability. This has hindered our ability to observe if the non-malignant BEAS2B cells acquired invasiveness.
Query: Are there strategies to maintain cell viability post PM exposure while ensuring the effects of PM are still observable in the cell line? Would it be advisable to modify the PM exposure conditions, such as by reducing PM concentration and prolonging the exposure duration? Should I provide break for the cell lines to recover and reinitiate the PM exposure?
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Thank you very much! Your answer helped me a lot
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WHO & ILO jointly declared for elimination of silicosis by 2030. But unfortunately we do not see any initiative or effort from both ILO as well as WHO for elimination, the reason of which is not understandable. By eliminating silicosis, silico-tuberculosis as well as silica induced other comorbidities including lung cancer can ne prevented. Can anybody explain why ILO & WHO are so silent about it after declaration?
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Dear Mr. Jack,
Thanks a lot for initiating this discussion. I am also not sure why both WHO & ILO suddenly stopped/reduced their activity of silicosis elimination. Considering huge burden of silicosis in India (including sub-radiological silicosis), it appears unless silicosis is controlled, elimination of TB is difficult as silicotic workers are highly vulnerable to lung tuberculosis for rest of their lives. We hope appropriate initiatives will be initiated soon by the all National and international authorities.
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I mean, which physiological or immunological parameters/markers that I need to study to know the effect of using immunotherapy in the patients with lung cancer?
Any suggestion for research would be helpful?
Thanks for your time..
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Tabarak Jalil Talab up to knowledge CT imaging post op or treatment is best approach to assess tumor regression. As for circulating biomarkers, I think it would be patient specific (pre treatment cancer biomarkers) and depending on targets of immunotherapy. Consult reviews of circulating biomarkers for lung cancer such as (doi: 10.1016/j.ctarc.2021.100410), and studies monitoring type of immunotherapy you are considering (Mabs, autologous immune cell transfer, vaccine, chimeric receptors..etc). Good luck
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I mean, which physiological or immunological parameters/markers that I need to study to know the effect of using immunotherapy in the patients with lung cancer?
Any suggestion for research would be helpful?
Thanks for your time..
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Or check other immune markers in lung cancer cells like CTLA4
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I need to perform staining of A549 lung cancer cells using Alexa flour 594 phalloidin. Can anyone explain the protocol
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Certainly! Here's a protocol for staining A549 lung cancer cells using Alexa Fluor 594 Phalloidin, which is commonly used to label F-actin in cells:
Materials:
  • A549 lung cancer cells
  • Cell culture medium
  • Phosphate-buffered saline (PBS)
  • Fixative solution (e.g., 4% paraformaldehyde in PBS)
  • Permeabilization solution (e.g., 0.1% Triton X-100 in PBS)
  • Blocking solution (e.g., 1% bovine serum albumin (BSA) in PBS)
  • Alexa Fluor 594 Phalloidin (concentration and dilution may vary depending on the manufacturer's instructions)
  • Mounting medium (e.g., mounting medium containing DAPI for nuclear counterstaining)
  • Microscope slides
  • Coverslips
  • Pipettes and tips
  • Centrifuge (if necessary)
Protocol:
  1. Culture A549 lung cancer cells in appropriate cell culture medium until they reach the desired confluency or experimental condition.
  2. Prepare the required solutions, such as fixative solution, permeabilization solution, and blocking solution, according to the concentrations mentioned above or as recommended by the manufacturer.
  3. Harvest the A549 cells by washing the culture flask/dish with PBS and then detaching the cells using trypsin-EDTA or any other suitable cell detachment method. Collect the cells in a centrifuge tube and pellet them by centrifugation at an appropriate speed and duration (as per cell type and experimental needs).
  4. Remove the supernatant carefully, and resuspend the cell pellet in the fixative solution. Incubate the cells in the fixative for about 10-15 minutes at room temperature to immobilize and preserve the cellular structure.
  5. Wash the fixed cells with PBS to remove the fixative solution.
  6. Permeabilize the cells by adding the permeabilization solution and incubating for about 5-10 minutes at room temperature. Permeabilization helps in the entry of the staining reagents into the cells.
  7. Wash the cells again with PBS to remove the permeabilization solution.
  8. Prepare the staining solution by diluting the Alexa Fluor 594 Phalloidin according to the manufacturer's instructions. Typically, a recommended dilution is around 1:200-1:500, but this can vary depending on the specific product.
  9. Remove the excess PBS and apply the staining solution to the cells, ensuring all cells are covered. Incubate the cells with the staining solution for an appropriate period, usually 30 minutes to 1 hour, at room temperature or as suggested by the manufacturer.
  10. After staining, carefully wash the cells with PBS to remove the unbound staining solution.
  11. If desired, you can counterstain the nuclei by incubating the cells with a suitable nuclear stain, such as DAPI, following the manufacturer's instructions. This step is optional but helps visualize the cell nuclei along with the actin cytoskeleton.
  12. Finally, mount the stained cells onto microscope slides using a suitable mounting medium. Place a drop of mounting medium on a clean microscope slide, gently transfer the stained cells onto the drop, and carefully cover them with a coverslip, avoiding air bubbles.
  13. Allow the mounting medium to dry, and then seal the coverslip edges with clear nail polish or an appropriate mounting sealant.
  14. The stained cells are now ready for visualization under a fluorescence microscope. Use appropriate filter sets to visualize Alexa Fluor 594 and DAPI (if used) fluorescence.
Remember to always follow the specific instructions provided by the manufacturer of the Alexa Fluor 594 Phalloidin and any other reagents used in.
best..
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Hi,
I'm working on lung cancer cells, LLC1 (CRL-1642, ATCC) but I'm not familiar with it.
which media and what kind of FBS are good for LLC1? or are there anything important I need to know?
Many thanks.
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Tingting Wang, you may follow the company’s instructions as this would be the proper way to go about. As far as heat inactivation of FBS is concerned, it is basically done to inactivate the complement system for immunoassays and it has also been reported to inactivate other undetermined inhibitors of cell growth in culture. Using non-heat inactivated FBS should not make much of a difference.
If you are well-versed in tissue culture techniques, and have never got contamination in your previous cultures, you need not add 1% Pen/Strep in complete DMEM.
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Hello everyone
How can I find and select new cancerous marker from genetic/genomic panel of lung cancer?
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Thank you very much Dr. Vinay
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If I have the total burden of disease e.g. mortality of lung cancer in adult age 25+ in DALY, can I estimate the lung cancer DALY due to air pollution PM2.5 using attributable proportion calculated from WHO AirQ+ software? If possible, what is the equation? Thank you
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The GBD paper Lancet 400:563-591 (2022) (copy on my RG site) gives number of lung cancer DALYs due to air pollution in Fig 1 p567.
Detailed methods in paper .
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I have found a significant gene (BIRC5) between lung cancer tumor and adjacent normal samples. In the literature, it is mentioned that BIRC5 (an anti-apopotic gene) is generally upregulatd is most solid tumors. But unlikely, in my case I'm getting its expression as downregulated in tumor samples as compared to normal. Is it possible to get expression status of a gene altered in biofomatics analysis as compared to wet-lab results? Does this depend on sample size or type of dataset?
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Hi,
Yes it is possible to get expression status of a gene differ in your bioinformatics analysis as compared to the wet-lab results. It mostly depends on the type of dataset you have and the kind of analysis you are doing. The bioinformatics covers broad areas and uses controlled set of conditions for such analysis which may not correlate with the uncontrolled wetlab conditions. When I faced similar situation, I broadened my approach and looked for the epigenetic factors such as TFs and methylation. I could identify the factors that were involved in the changed gene expression.
My suggestion is to look for the similarities and differences that you have in your experimental setup of both dry-lab and wet-lab experiments to identify the factors that are downregulating the gene expression. All the best!
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Hi all,
I'm growing primary basal cells from lung digests, and was wondering if anyone has recommendations for cell freezing media for primary lung basal cells.
Previously I have been using Cryostor CS10, however I'm finding quite costly and would like to make my own.
My expansion media is Pneumacult EX Plus.
Many thanks,
Sam
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My pleasure! Let us know how your cells recover from freeze-thaw and how it compares to the current freezing medium!
Cheers,
Martine
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I am first semester PhD Cancer Biology student . I would like to perform in vivo analysis of nanoparticles that I have prepared using plant extracts on lung cancer cells. Can someone help me with the methodology to be followed or feasibility of this research in terms of in vivo analysis?
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Have you done the physiochemical characterization of this plant extract-based nanoparticles? Does this meet quality required for nanoparticles?
If yes, go for mouse xenograft of A549.
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Dear All, I am going to detect MMP2 and MMP9 in different cancer cell lines after drug treatment, like breast cancer and lung cancer. However, I cannot get bands in western blot using both cell lysate and culture medium. I guess the antibodies did not work so I just bought new ones. The question is do MMPs difficult to detect by WB and how can I improve this? I also find someone use zymography to detect MMPs, is it a better way or not? Thanks in advance!
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Hello Gongli Cai
There are techniques that have been developed to detect and identify MMPs in various samples. Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and Western blot require the use of antibodies targeted to the MMP of interest.
I would suggest you use gel zymography which is extensively used to detect MMPs in many cell types and tissues as well as in most bodily fluids.
You may follow the protocol described in the article attached below.
Best.
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The BEIR VII Phase 2 Report presents the lifetime attributable cancer risk for incidence and mortality:
BEIR VII Report: https://nap.nationalacademies.org/download/11340 (You can choose Download as guest), Tables 12D-1, 12D-2 and 12D-3, pages 311-312
The values for mortality from lung cancer are slightly greater than the values for incidence. How is this possible? Thanks for answers.
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I agree with @James Leigh; three might be an error in the modeling.
The other possible explanation could be the fact that the attributable factor for lung cancer mortality is greater than the lung cancer diagnosis . . . .
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I am culturing some patienet-derived primary lung cancer cells in vitro .Recently I found there was some bubbles in several flask of tumor cells, with no matter high or low passage numbers.Some of these have no inner strcture, but some of these bubbules have tumor cells inside.Also I could see some bubbles floats in medium.So is this phenomenon an appearance of cell senescence? I was wondering does it means these cells are in a bad state?
Thank you for your answer!
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The bubble-like structures in the first image look like they could be lipid droplets trapped in the cellular island or explant. Alternatively, if you have mixed cell types, they might be epithelioid domes. When you focus onthe top of the "bubbles, are they cellular. If not, try a lipid stain, like DiI (flourescent for polar lipids) or Oil Red O (non-fluor for neutral lipids)
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Hi,
We are doing focused scSeq of lung cancer and we need a panel of genes to identify and differentiate the lung epithelial cells from other cell types of lung. What genes would be useful?
Best regards,
Morten
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Increased activation of the TRPM8 variant in human lung epithelial cells leads to increased expression of several cytokine and chemokine genes, including IL-1alpha, -1beta, -4, -6, -8, and -13, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), and TNF-alpha
Sabnis, A. S., Reilly, C. A., Veranth, J. M., & Yost, G. S. (2008). Increased transcription of cytokine genes in human lung epithelial cells through activation of a TRPM8 variant by cold temperatures. American journal of physiology. Lung cellular and molecular physiology, 295(1), L194–L200. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajplung.00072.2008
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I would like to ask whether there will be a worse result of the immunocytochemical reaction, which will be carried out on archival materials (2006-2008): cytological smears of lung cancer, stained by Pappenheim and Papanicolaou?
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I am afraid it won't work, especially on the previously stained smears.
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I am updating my earlier review on the role of Fluoride doped Hydroxyapatite in Cancer and my current focus is on Psammoma Bodies which have been found, and identifed as high risk, in a very wide range of Cancers. These include Cancers of the Bone, Spine, Brain, Choroid Plexus, Dura Mater, Gliofibroma, Medulloblastoma, Meningioma, Cervix and Endometrium, Ovary, Kidney, Lung, Mesothelioma, Pancreas, Skin, Hemangioendothelioma, Olfactory Neuroblastoma, Duodenal Somatostatinoma, Stomach and Thyroid. Early studies did not have the benefit of advanced analytical techniques, or did not even consider the Fluoride content or composition of the mineralization. Can anyone help by supplying analytical data based on Raman spectroscopy, neutron activation, x-ray or wet analysis?
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Hello, Dear Geoff.
We continue to work on the subject you mentioned. There are methods that can analyze this.
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I have lung cancer biopsy slides that show auto-fluorescence (FITC) how do I quench or overcome the fluorescence?
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Autofluorescence can be a problem as it could interfere with detection of specific fluorescent signals, especially when the signal of interest is very dim. Most autofluorescence is detected at shorter light wavelengths with most absorbing in UV to Blue range (355-488 nm) and emitting in the Blue to Green range (350-550 nm). Autofluorescence can therefore be a problem in these light ranges as the signal to noise ratio is decreased resulting in reduced sensitivity and false positives.
There are several ways you could overcome autofluorescence.
1. As there is less autofluorescence at longer light wavelengths, fluorophores which emit above 600 nm will have less autofluorescence interference. The use of a very bright fluorophore will also reduce the impact of autofluorescence. So, choosing a fluorophore with emission spectra in the red and far-red regions will help distinguish specific staining from autofluorescence.
2. To lower tissue autofluorescence you can also treat the tissue with solutions of Sudan Black or similar non-fluorescent diazo dyes. These hydrophobic dye molecules will generally bind non-specifically to tissue sections. After binding to the tissue, Sudan Black acts as a mask to lower the fluorescence through the absorption of incident radiation (dark quenching).
3. Another method to diminish tissue autofluorescence is photobleaching. When this technique is used, tissue sections are exposed to high-intensity UV radiation for long periods of time to irreversibly photo-oxidize the fluorescent tissue elements. Photobleaching, which is often used in conjunction with other treatments, has been shown to be somewhat effective. However, it is time consuming.
4. You can also use the vector true view autofluorescence quenching kit which involves the treatment of tissue sections with an aqueous solution of a hydrophilic molecule that binds electrostatically to collagen, elastin, and RBCs. This non-fluorescent negatively charged molecule also binds effectively to formalin-fixed tissue including colon, pancreas, prostate, tonsil, spleen, kidney, gallbladder, and thymus.
Good Luck.
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Do you think it is possible to study the spread of lung cancer in the parenchyma only by cytological and immunocytochemical methods (if access to histological material is limited)?
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Kindly check also the following good RG link:
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Hello, I have one problem with the sequence of DNA which would be used as the evidence for lung cancer Please help me and guide me about this problem.
Thank you.
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Thank you Mr. Taijun Hana.
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Would like to get Remi Mito et al 2020 full article under the following title: Clinical impact of TROP2 in non‐small lung cancers and its correlation with abnormal p53 nuclear accumulation.
Many thanks
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Hello Yasmina Berkani the author of this article is on researchgate, you can email them. But if you have done so already and they haven't replied to you (I get that all the time). You will find it attached below.
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Kanglaite (KLT) is a type of Chinese herbal medicine. It comes from the seeds of a tropical Asian grass called Coix. It isn’t a treatment in the europe or USA but doctors in China have been using it to treat cancer since the mid 1990s.
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Kindly check the following RG link:
In which this trial provides a high degree of evidence for the efficacy and safety of KLTi combined with chemotherapy in treating advanced non-small-cell lung cancer.
Also, check:
In which it had been found that Kanglaite injection combined with fluorouracil-based chemotherapy, including TS-1, could remarkably improve the clinical effectiveness and QoL and reduce the risk of hematotoxicity, gastrointestinal reactions, neurotoxicity, and hepatotoxicity in patients with advanced digestive tract malignancies.
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Rajan and Pandey have recently investigated the effects of low doses of alpha particles on human cancer cells. These researchers observed that in contrast to the tumoricidal effects seen at high doses, human lung adenocarcinoma (A549) cells irradiated with low doses of alpha radiation were more proliferative and tumor volume increased both in vitro and in vivo. The results derived from the paper authored by Rajan and Pandey pose a number of interesting questions.
Rajan and Pandey did not focus sufficient attention on other key applications of their findings in radiobiology and radiotherapy. For example, a key question is whether we can conclude that patients with lung adenocarcinoma should decrease their indoor radon levels. Although we have tried to answer this question in our LTE, I believe there is still room for exploring different aspects of the findings of these researchers.
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small doses of any radiation usually stimulate growing.
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I need to test if a certain value (e. g. the number of lung cancer patients) has changed over time (e. g. over the last 30 years). I want to observe time trends over the years – when did the numbers increase, when did they decrease, and what is the overall trend over time.
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I think incidence and odd ratio are useful
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Good time dear
Which extraction kit for DNA or RNA from tissue? Best quality and higher yield...
Thanks
Best regards
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Hello
You can try QIAamp DNA FFPE tissue kit. They have now come up with next generation QIAamp DNA FFPE Advanced kits for improved performance.
Best Wishes.
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Anyone with experience in the model of lung cancer induced by intraperitoneal injection of NNK in mice? What dose to use? where can I buy NNK?
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I would like to sort from a fresh specimen of lung cancer Non-Small Lung Cancer cells and cancer-associated fibroblasts to establish two different cell cultures. Which markers should I use?
Thank you in advantage
Adriana
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Napsin A & TTF1 for Lung Adenocarcinoma, and other are as similar as answer mentioned above by Rabeah Al-Temaimi
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Which database shall i use for lung cancer detection which contains normal lung ct images and cancerous LUNG CT images ? please provide your valuable information regarding this
thanks in advance
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What about visiting the TCIA (i.e The Cancer Imaging Archive) website, in the USA. It is a huge well-recognized database for all types of medical images, dedicated for research purposes. Definitely, you will find a variety of CT images for different clinical applications, but only abnormal as far as I remember.
Give it a try:
Best Wishes
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Call for Book Chapters:
Intelligent Diagnosis of Lung Cancer and Respiratory Diseases
Editors:
Wellington Pinheiro dos Santos, Federal University of Pernambuco, Brazil
Juliana Carneiro Gomes, Polytechnique School of The University of Pernambuco, Brazil
Maíra Araújo de Santana, Polytechnique School of The University of Pernambuco, Brazil
Valter Augusto de Freitas Barbosa, Federal University of Pernambuco, Brazil
Introduction
The series of books Intelligent Systems in Radiology aims to present the principles and advances of diagnostic techniques in Radiology based on Artificial Intelligence, from the perspective of the advent of Digital Health. The series consists of three books. Each of them is divided into two parts: one dedicated to theoretical foundations and the other to radiological applications in the real world. This call for chapters is dedicated to the first volume.
The first book, Intelligent Diagnosis of Lung Cancer and Respiratory Diseases, is dedicated to the diagnosis of diseases of the respiratory tract or those that seriously affect the respiratory system. In the first part, the physiological foundations of the respiratory system and the formation of radiographic images and x-ray computed tomography are presented. Principles of respiratory diseases are also presented, including lung cancer, viral and bacterial pneumonia, tuberculosis, and Covid-19. In addition, the principles of pattern recognition and machine learning and the main theoretical and practical tools are also briefly presented, and libraries in the programming languages ​​Python, Java and Matlab are also commented. The second part presents innovative works and systematic reviews of intelligent applications in the diagnosis of lung cancer, tuberculosis, viral and bacterial pneumonias, and Covid-19.
No publication fee will be demanded from the authors of the accepted chapters.
The Objective of the Book
This book series is intended for readers interested in intelligent systems to support diagnosis in Radiology. The series is composed by three books. The first one, Intelligent Diagnosis of Lung Cancer and Respiratory Diseases, the focus of this call, is dedicated to diagnosis of respiratory diseases. The second book covers the diagnosis and treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. The last book is dedicated to Neuroscience applications, from clinical to affective computing applications. All books present comprehensible theoretical fundamentals both from clinical and computer engineering perspectives.
Target Audience
This book is intended to everyone who needs to understand how radiological images, neuroscience and artificial intelligence could work together to generate solutions in the context of intelligent diagnosis support and applied neuroscience and how intelligent systems could process and analyze images to improve early diagnosis and, consequently, prognosis of diseases.
Recommended Topics
Contributors may submit proposals on topics that include, but are not limited to, those listed below. The chapters may take various forms.
Part I: Fundamentals
1. Physiology of the respiratory system
2. Fundamentals of x-ray images and computerized tomography
3. Principles of lung cancer and respiratory diseases
4. Principles of pattern recognition and machine learning
5. Principles of image processing
6. Computer-aided image diagnosis
7. Computational tools and tutorials on Python, Java and Matlab
Part II: Applications
1. Lung cancer
2. Tuberculosis
3. Viral and bacterial pneumonias
4. Covid-19
5. Emergent imaging techniques
Submission process
Potential contributors are invited to submit, on or before January 31, 2021, an abstract of 300 – 400 words proposal (excluding references) that presents the intended contributions of their chapter, intended approach and methodology.
In addition, authors should provide the following:
· Proposed titles of their chapters
· The theme (see above) of their intended chapters
· Full names
· E-mail addresses and
· Affiliations
Chapters submitted must not have been published, accepted for publication, or under consideration for publication anywhere else.
Proposals and full chapters should be submitted via EasyChair according to the following link:
By February 15, 2021, potential authors will be notified about the status of their proposed chapters. When accepted, the authors will receive further information regarding the submission process, including the formatting guidelines.
Full chapters should be submitted on or before April 16, 2021 in a single attached Word or LaTeX file with the Copyright Letter. References should follow IEEE standards. The authors should follow the formatting rules in this link:
Final submissions should be approximately 4,000-5,000 words in length, excluding references, figures, tables, and appendices. All chapters will be peer-reviewed. No fees will be demanded from the authors at any stage.
Full chapters are expected to be at least 25 pages in length, font size of 10pt for the abstract, 12pt for the body text, and single-spaced paragraphs.
Key deadlines
• January 31, 2021 - Proposal submission deadline (300-400 words)
• February 15, 2021 - Notification of acceptance of proposal
• April 16, 2021 - First draft of full chapter submission
• April 30, 2021 - Revision submission
• May 14, 2021 - Final acceptance notification
• December 2021 - Publication
Publisher
The book will be published by Bentham Science Publisher until December 2021.
Please address any questions you may have to Prof. Wellington Pinheiro dos Santos - wellington.santos@ufpe.br.
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Dear Wellington Pinheiro Dos Santos, I am now dealing with a book chapter dealing polymeric nanoparticles (PN) for solid cancer drug delivery. During my bibliographic processing I found appreciable bibliographic material on the same PN used in cancer diagnosis for image contrast mainly. However, in the recommended parts of your Book no one is concerned by this aspect. So, what do you think, if you think this is feasable I Can be in charge of that. Kindest Regards
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I am working on lung cancer. Till now I have studied the metastasis, only in cells. I want to use animal model.
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Well, the question is a bit unspecific. It depends on what you wanna do and which cells/models you wanna use. There are genetic mouse models of metastasizing lung cancers (for an example see here: https://www.nature.com/articles/1210493). The more commonly used method are transpantations. Here again, it depends on what you wanna do or see. Most commonly used are tail vein, or intracardial injections, with the latter having a higher prevalence for brain metastases than tail vein injections. The mice to use then depend on if you want to use murine or human lung cancer cell lines. In case of lung cancer metastasis, one can also use orthotopic or subcutaneous implantation models to see if the primary tumor will metastasize. A general overview about mouse models of metastasis you can find here for exaple:
doi:10.1242/dmm.030403
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what is the best mouse model for lung cancer study? No Knockout Mice We Have Simple Strain?
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I agree with Yulia Panina , mice species depend on the purpose and planning of the study.
My suggestion: Swiss Albino mice (Mus musculus)
They could be easily procurable in large numbers, could be maintained under laboratory environment, their cost of acquisition and maintenance lies within affordable limits. Moreover, they have a high fertility rate, short gestation period, convenient size, and representation of diseases similar to human beings.
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  1. I wish to use find whether PFS can be used as a surrogate for OS ,using data from TCGA. However, I am having difficulty to extract data and how to analyze the data. I would be grateful if someone can suggest or advise me how to extract data and how to proceed .thank you in advance.
I wish to analyze whether progression free survival can be used as a surrogate for overall survival in lung cancer. I want to use clinical data from TCGA database. however, I am having a problem how to extract the data and how to analyze the data.any advise or suggestions,would be most welcomed,
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You can learn UCSC Xena browser https://xena.ucsc.edu/
I think it will help. We have recently used TCGA data in our article ( )and most of the used data were extracted from UCSC XENA only. Happy to help you further
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I am working on mechanism study of some anticancer compounds using A549 and H460 NSCLC cell lines. I want to check if my compounds are non-toxic to normal cell or not. Some researcher use human normal lung fibroblasts HEL-299 and MRC-5 cells while others use normal cell lines that don't belong to lung tissue. I want to use only normal lung cell, not from other tissue. Can anyone suggest me which one is the best normal lung cell line model?
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Hi there, may I know if the results are reliable and valid when we are to compare between two cell lines composed of different cell types? For example, A549, the epithelial cells, and MRC-5, the fibroblasts? Anyways, I have seen a lot of researchers using MRC-5 as control cell lines when they are working on A549 cell lines.
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How to get access to LYON19 dataset? histopathological image dataset of Lymphocytes provided by LYON19 challenge is not accessible from its challenge site https://lyon19.grand-challenge.org/Background/ .
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Train dataset not available in this chalange..
" No training set is provided, participants should use their own data to develop a method. "
Test data can be downloaded from the  Zenodo platform
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My investigation is related to measures countries (Mexico for example) have taken focusing on lung cancer prevention, considering sustainable environmental policies.
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First step - close all tobacco companies.
Second step - smoking is not allowed.
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Do you know any normal mouse lung cell lines other than MLE 12 (which transformes Tumorogenic)?
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Hi Robert,
I found that Wi38 is a human lung fibroblast line, not from mouse. It is mentioned in the article you attached and also in the Sigma Aldrich website from where I wanted to get it.
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Studies of underground miners exposed to radon have consistently demonstrated an exposure-related increase in lung cancer risk; based on this evidence, radon is classified as a known human carcinogen
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Prof. Djamel Ghernaout
Thanks a lot for your recommendation, encouragement and help!
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Though tobacco is considered to have high levels of toxic compounds, nicotine being the most abundant, from my observations those who chew tobacco have up to 99% not suffering from dental problems. Comparatively with smoking tobacco those who chew are not at risk of lung cancer, or throat cancer.
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Good Answer Joe Graymer
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What are the differences between H1299 and A549 lung cancer cell lines?
and what is the best choice to use in scientific researches?
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My regards, Thanks
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It had been seen a quite considerable positive tendency in African-American people to be least susceptible to developing lung cancer in specific. Can this be a cultural associated tendency?
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African-American smokers are aware of the relationship between smoking and lung cancer and are interested in smoking-cessation treatment. These data also indicate that lung cancer disparities are unlikely to be associated with differential willingness to receive care but that African Americans may perceive financial and insurance barriers to lung cancer treatment .
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Looking for answers to the following questions:
What are the immunity mechanisms in relation to the protection against lung cancer?
What is the difference in energy obtention between normal cells and cancerous cells?
How does the body protect itself against a cancerous cell or formation?
How does stress affect the cells, and how can it be linked to causing cancer?
How can we change so that environmental factors in lung cancer can decrease?
How can biomimicry help us in the fight to cure lung cancer?
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We have recently published two papers on lung cancer and you will find some of the answers there
The Biology of Lung Cancer Development of More Effective Methods for Prevention, Diagnosis, and Treatment INTRODUCTION: THE BIOLOGY OF LUNG CANCER; February 2020 Clinics in chest medicine.
and
Recent Progress in the Theranostics Application of Nanomedicine in Lung Cancer April 2019; Cancers
Pls check my site.
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Hi, Very new to survival analysis here. I am now trying to correlate the gene expression level with survival and prognosis for patients with lung cancer, and I want to run a cox regression analysis on it. However most of the example I've encountered so far are based on discrete covariate such as sex and I know we can analyze continuous covariate using the coxph function, but I can't see how the actual plot would look like for continuous variable? For instance, for discrete variables you would have the number of regression lines correspond to the number of discrete variables. eg. for gender you'd have two lines on the graph. But what about continuous covariate? Should we first turn the continuous covariate into discrete by assigning quantiles to them? Or else I don't know how to visualize the graph. What are the pros and cons for doing so?
Thanks!
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I think that could be of your interest to perform survival analysis with determination of optimal cutpoint on continuous covariate. It does the survical analysis with calculation of hazard ratio etc dividing patients into two groups according to the most significant cutpoint chosen from continuous covariate like gene expression. Check this paper out and corresponding software, maybe it will fit your needs https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169260718312252
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I'm aware of respiratory system deseases caused by crystalline silica (C-SiO2), but does elemental silicon (nanostructured silicon) have negative effects on lungs? Are there any article and experimental reports in this topic? I'm working with this material and I want to know about safety cares that have to be taken.
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Please take a look at this useful PDF attachment.
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I am looking to develop a model for lung cancer metastasis in C57 mice. I used a tail vein injection method but the model did not work for me. Do you think an injection of saphenous vein can help me? Or should I look for another way? Thanks a lot
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It is unlikely that the route is the issue. It doesn't get much more direct than tail vein → heart → lungs. The more likely explanation is that your cell line cannot form mets when injected intravenously. The very best model at this is CT26 cells (BALBc) which produces about 250 mets when you inject 500,000 cells, so even in the best model, the ability to complete the entire process of forming a metastasis after IV injection is very very rare. Your model is likely not able to do it.
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Hello everyone,
Is it possible to expand primary tumor cells in 2D culture? Are they adherent cells? Do you have any experience especially with culturing non-small cell lung cancer in 2D?
Thank you.
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Yes, they can, but this depends on the sample.
Not all samples will grow on 2D.
but mostly lungs cells grow on 2D
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Hello,
I used to work on gliomas and used several websites for RNA-seq such as Gliovis, geoprofile GDS1962 and many others to explore the mutation and the differential expression of genes in gliomas subtypes. Currently, I started working on lung cancer and I need to perform the same analysis of the gees expression in different lung cancer (adenocarcinoma) subtypes. Does anyone has an idea about a good website to extract the datasets that I want?
Thank you
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Check this new database: https://lndb.grand-challenge.org/Home/
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We sequenced the exons of some healthy persons, and we know that some of them run the risk of developing cancers. Is it feasible to develop preventive cancer vaccines? The vaccines would secure them from developing lung cancer, liver cancer, etc. Thanks.
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Please take a look at these useful PDF attachments.
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I'm working on a report that suggests an alternative device for patients with lung cancer.
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Of possible interest in your design is that we performed inhalation paclitaxel chemotherapy in dogs with pulmonary metastases as a preclinical trial, and our facility stopped performing it, as there was occasional leakage from the device, and the potential for handler/administration exposure was too great. Scavenging could be a major drawback.
Other facilities continued regardless and the preclinical work is published (although they did not mention the potential for exposure). Clin Cancer Res. 1999 Sep;5(9):2653-9.
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This figure is from "A transcriptionally and functionally distinct PD-1+ CD8+ T cell pool with predictive potential in non-small-cell lung cancer treated with PD-1 blockade" of Nature Medicine. They did H&E staining on human tumor slide. The white arrows point to the tertiary lymphoid structure (TLS), does anyone know why haematoxylin (purple) can stain for TLS and eosin (light pink) stained for cancer cells in this figure?
I don't really understand the mechanism.
Can someone help me? Thanks so much!
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It's not a matter of the eosin specifically staining the cancer cells and the hematoxylin specifically staining the lymph cells. Both stains will stain both cell types. However, lymph cells tend to have very large nuclei and a lower amount of cytoplasm. Since the hematoxylin (blue/purple) stain is basophilic, it is attracted to nucleic acids in the nucleus, so the nucleus is primarily stained with hematoxylin. Lymph cells are mostly nucleus, therefore they appear more blue/purple. The cancer cells (in this case) either have more cytoplasm, and/or less dense nuclei, so they appear pink at low magnification.
I hope I have answered your question! Let me know if you need any other clarification!
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I'm working on a report about alternative devices for patients with lung cancer.
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Add this article
Zarogoulidis P, Chatzaki E, Porpodis K, Domvri K, Hohenforst-Schmidt W, Goldberg EP, Karamanos N, Zarogoulidis K. Inhaled chemotherapy in lung cancer: future concept of nanomedicine. International journal of nanomedicine. 2012;7:1551.
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I'm writing a paper for my Biology class and my teacher said that there is a link between your ethnicity and the odds of you getting lung cancer, especially with black people (outside the differences in socio-economic circumstances), supposedly they're more prone to get it, but every paper I've read on the matter says the exact contrary.
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Please see the following PDF attachment.
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Is there any research on molecular level lung cancer in Iraq? Especially with regard to the gene of Kiras? Does it have any relation with the progression of the disease and the progression of cancer in it and its development from the first level to the fourth level?
levelˈlevel
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Hello researchers,
I am trying to check the effect of a chemokine on lung cancer cell (A549) metabolism. Last time I tried to induce the cells with different concentration of the chemokine (inducer) at 0,10,20,50,100 and 200ng for 24,48 and 72 hours and check the absorbance of lactic acid (LD) using the colorimetric kit. The values in triplicate at each concentration and time point vary from each other making it difficult to get any idea of what could be the possible optimum dose and/or time point.
My question is do the cells need to be starved before performing this assay? and is it reliable to check LD to describe the glucose uptake? Anyone could suggest me any change in my experimental design or can recommend me a good protocol?
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From what I understand, you want to measure the impact of a certain chemokine on glucose uptake. Lactate is the end product of glycolysis. Therefore, by measuring it, you are measuring glucose uptake indirectly. A better approach would be to use a glucose uptake kit, if you are specifically interested in that aspect (links below). From my experience and from what I see, you do not have to starve the cells.
I would expect the values to differ at different time points and different concentrations. If you have issues getting consistent values for triplicates, this is what I would do.
1. Follow the kit protocol to a T.
2. Add a positive control (bacteria or something that induces glucose uptake and glycolysis) so you know your kit works and that your cells are metabolizing glucose.
3. Are you sure your chemokine induces glucose uptake? Is there a reason why you picked the 10-200 ng range? If not, check the literature and see if you should be using a different range.
4. Make sure you have similar cell numbers in your triplicate wells.
5. Pick a dose and time point where your values are in the linear range (preferably on the higher end) of the assay. Values nearing upper/lower asymptote can give you high variability.
6. If still having issues, use a different kit. I have had good experience with Cayman Chemicals.
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This is too far from my area of expertise (theoretical physics) for me to get an idea. I saw that a paper had been published on this subject but I do not know how to interpret it:
Lai H, Sasaki T, Singh NP, Messay A, « Effects of artemisinin-tagged holotransferrin on cancer cells », Life Sci, vol. 76, no 11,‎ 2005, p. 1267-79.
Above all, if artemisinin is effective against cancer, what is it for small cell lung cancer (bronchi and lung metastases)?
Also, what are the chances of survival when coupled with cardiovascular problems (especially blood clots)?
Please answer with serious publications in support or explain to me, if possible, the publication issued if you have an opinion on it.
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I am currently trying to obtain a gene knock-out in H2030 cell line (lung cancer) using CRISPR/Cas9. The transfection rate is very low (<10%) despite preparing various panels for optimization. I am using Lipofectamine 2000 and pSpCas9(BB)-2A-GFP (PX458) and pSpCas9(BB)-2A-Puro (PX459) constructs (Addgene). I am using 2µg/ml of puromycin for selection, established by a kill curve. I tried different seeding densities, lipofectamine concentrations, DNA concentrations, lipofectamine/DNA ratios, also different times of changing transfection medium to normal DMEM+10%FBS without antibiotics, as well as transfecting on different plates (6,12,24,96-well plates). I also tried CombiMag for transfection with nanoparticles on a magnetic plate, but it does not improve the transfection rate and leads to reduced viability of the cells. It seems that cells don’t really want to take the plasmid, because even the GFP signal disappears very fast (24h). I used DharmaFECT 1 to check different transfection reagent, but the results weren’t any better.
So far the “best” setup is a 96-well plate, confluency ~60%, 0,5µl lipofectamine/well + 0,8µg DNA/well in Opti-MEM, incubated for 5 hours, then medium changed to DMEM+10% FBS. Then after 24 hours medium is changed to 10%FBS DMEM with 2µg/ml puromycin for ~48h. Usually, only a few cells survive. I kinda gave up on GFP because a lot of them die when I try to detach them, even if I try to use something gentler then 0,05% trypsin in EDTA and after that, they mostly lose their fluorescence completely, so sorting them is very problematic. After screening they don’t show any differences between clones, because most likely, they are the non-transfected ones. I can’t say much about the puromycin-selected cells because they need a lot of time to grow back to confluency.
The cells were checked and they are mycoplasma-negative.
Has anyone perhaps run into similar issues with this cell line? Or maybe you know some “tips and tricks” how to improve the transfection?
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Thanks a lot!
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I am working on a deep learning model for detecting lung cancer from lung CR images. I know that instead of creating a new model from scratch, I can use pretrained models like InceptionV3 for faster training and/or better performance.
But since most of these models are trained on ImageNet data-set, would they prove to be useful for classifying medical image data-sets like lung CR images?
Also, would cutting off/freezing the final layers and training them with my data-set work in this scenario?
Edit: I found a model called as niftynet that is specifically for medical image analysis, but my main question here is whether these popular models could be successfully used for transfer learning of medical image data-sets?
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My answer is yes. Actually, most recently studies used pre-trained model for transfer learning, which could decrease a lot the training time and achieve a better performance. However, as you have mentioned, these pre-trained model were developed on natural images. I have to say that using them is a "no-choice" choice, as there is no a specific pre-trained model for specific medical image such as CT, MR. Hopefully my comment is helpful.
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I’ve used the same normalization and chip to search a gene expression in R2 Genomics Analysis and Visualization Plataform, but I have compared very different cells (like lung cancer and melanoma). So my doubt is: is it correct/safe to say that a gene is more expressed in lung cancer, for example, than in melanoma (p<0,05) based on comparations made in R2 Genomics?
Ps: my intention is to prove this experimentally, and the results obtainned on R2 would serve as a guide for me.
thank you!
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What is the normalization based on?
I think differences in gene expression between tissues are tricky on two levels.
In the first place, there is the normalization issue. In my experience, if you test for differential gene expression between tissues, a large proportion of the transcriptome comes out DEG, and it all depends on the normalizations used. So for a given gene: do you consider its expression relative to the rest of the transcriptome? Dangerous, because highly expressed genes in the background may "dilute" your transcript of interest, even if stoichiometrically, it is "upregulated" relative to the genes it interacts with. Or do you normalize relative to housekeeping genes? It is known that housekeeping genes exhibit tissue-specific expression. Do you consider it relative to the genes it interacts with? Interesting, but requires a lot of prior knowledge...
Secondly, there is also the question of what it actually means to be differentially expressed between tissues. Transcripts (and/or their corresponding products) hardly ever function on their own. They interact with the rest of the transcriptome/proteome, causing feedback to gene expression etc. These "backgrounds" are drastically different between cell types. Also, the same amount of mRNA may lead to different amounts of protein depending on the status of the cell (presence/activation of ribosomes, tRNA,...). As a result, the impact of a change in the number of copies of a transcript may be enormous in one tissue, versus negligible in the other.
These are actually considerations that to a large extent hold true even when comparing gene expression between conditions in the same tissue, but obviously the more different your samples are to start with, the more exaggerated the effects will be. So, my two cents is: be careful, it's a dangerous comparison. I would rather try healthy lung vs lung cancer and healthy skin vs melanoma.
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Assume that you have discovered a cDNA for an unknown gene from a lung cancer tissue which contains sequences for zinc finger domains. In comparing to the wild type allele, you notice a missense mutation in one of the zinc finger domains. You hypothesize that this
gene is a transcription factor and that this mutation alters the direct regulatory targets and plays a causal role in carcinogenesis.
My professor gave an assignment to write a research plan for this matter. Can anyone help me ?
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Lola Sb First see the link below for zing finger relation to cancer
Second you have hypothesized that it may be the cause of mutation in zinc finger so you have to find that if it actually relate to the cancer.
For finding the function and transcriptional activity of your target you have the sequence of that protein you can easily find out in KEGG tool. before you go through with this computational work you must have a proper knowledge of computational tools and data bases like NCBI, UniProt, KEGG, BLAST, clustal omega, ExPASy, PDB, and HADDOCK etc, when you got all these tool and database you will be so clear what i am taking about. thanks
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I am planning a study on specific inflammatory biomarkers in lung cancer. This is to analyze prognostic value of inflammatory biomarkers in lung cancer (survival and disease progression).
In order to change the continuous variable (primary biomarker) into categorical variable (binary), I underwent ROC curve analysis.
I used SPSS version 20. for this evaluation.
In ROC curve anlaysis, the biomarker was plotted against survival status of the cancer patients (follow-up loss was also considered as censored). The cutoff calculated from the analysis had the highest AUC of 0.641, however p-value was not significant (p-value >=0.05).
Can this cutoff be used to change the continuous variable (inflammatory biomarker) into categorical variable (high/low risk)?
If the validity of this cutoff should be questioned, what alternative cutoff can be used (median value? quartile?)?
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The ROC analysis summarizes the performance of the classifier, independent of the chosen cut-off. If this is not significant, then your data is isufficient to conclude that the classifier is useful at all (no matter what cut-off). As soon as you can demonstrate (clearly) that you have enough data to show that the classifier gives you some information (about the survival), the next step is to chose a sensible cut-off, and this means you should select the cut-off so that lower limits of the sensitivity and the specificity (positive and negative predictive values) are kept. These values should be chosen based on the context (how bad is it to miss a patient that will die, how bad is it to tell a patient wrongly that she will die soon?). If these limits are not reasonably high, the marker is worthless (or even dangerous).
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What is the most suitable animal model for lung cancer using the CD1 mice? Exposure to B[a]P? for how long at what consentration?
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Actually, the Harrison study needs to be repeated, considering its problems with early termination.
I don't know what animal handling facilities you have access to but there is a need for a well controlled in vivo study into the interaction of tobacco carcinogens and asbestos at the biological level
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Hi,
Which growth factor accelerates the division of lung cancer cells? I need an answer specific to lung cancer cells not a general answer.
Thanks.
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0ver-expression of the phosphorylated EGFR protein accelerates the division of lung cancer cells.
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An obvious answer would be tar, but I can't find any analytical evidence for this. I have even found some weak evidence* against this. It seems that it's not even one particular substance.
Haemosiderin is sometimes implicated, but acculumation of this compound is seen equally in smokers and non-smokers.**
*Joyce K. Newman PhD , A. E. Vatter PhD & O. K. Reiss PhD (1967) Chemical and Electron Microscopic Studies of the Black Pigment of the Human Lung, Archives of Environmental Health: An International Journal, 15:4, 420-429, DOI: 10.1080/00039896.1967.10664943
** Craig, P. J., Wells, A. U., Doffman, S., Rassl, D., Colby, T. V., Hansell, D. M., ... & Nicholson, A. G. (2004). Desquamative interstitial pneumonia, respiratory bronchiolitis and their relationship to smoking. Histopathology, 45(3), 275-282, DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2559.2004.01921.x
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Carbon particles in pollution that has been inhaled.
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Which formula is used for lung tumor volume calculation in MATLAB software?
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Assuming you have segmented the tumor: count the number of tumor voxels and multiply that with the voxel-size along the three axes.
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Hello,
Does anyone know of an EGFR exon 20 mutated cell line I can receive/purchase? Preferably Lung cancer, but not exclusively. Thanks!
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Did you check ATCC? Something like
EGFR Genetic Alteration Cell Panel (ATCC® TCP-1027™)?
Did you contact any authors who published using Exon20 mutant cell-lines?
Good Luck,
Shyam
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In this article fig. 1. The Author has made a decision tree with 24 nodes. Each node is specified for a specific cancer tissue of origin and the couple of MicroRNA which can identify these cancer tissues of origin. My question is, if I isolate miRNAs at the node14(hsa-miR-21, let-7e), node21(hsa-miR-205, 152), node24 (hsa-miR182, 34a, 148), node10(hsa-miR-194, 382, 210), will it be enough to identify cancerous tissue originated from the lung.
Why am I asking this question, because, I want to identify cancerous tissue, which has migrated to different region but originated in the lung. So if I take miRNAs from those specified nodes, will it be enough to identify lung cancer tissue, which has migrated to different region but originated in the lung.
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microRNAs have to provide potential signature model for various cancers and other diseases. While miRNA in terms of sequencing is difficult , though being done provides huge number of miRNA in a specific cancer as you have exemplified some in your discussion. Few important learning points:
1- Specific sets of miRNAs usually express or otherwise together and they are termed miRNA families.
2-Some miRNA have the potential to act as pan cancer biomarkers but still no specificity is provided.
3-Some biomarkers are like positive or negative acute phase reactant and may rise or fall with non-cancerous disease.
4-There is some but as i experienced little correlation between blood and tissue based miRNAs
5- The science of miRNAs is still emerging and a lot more has to be learnt i guess before they are available, if available for clinical use.
6-Also need to have complete data about pre, pri and miRNA and he cleaving proteins like DROSHA, DICER and factors incorporated in RISC complex.
The whole picture is yet to appear and but hope is there that someday they may be appearing as both for diagnostic use and therapeutic targets like Riversin (spelling ?) for treating hepatitis C.
So potential is there but more research is needed to quantify and deal associated aspects of miRNA
Sorry, that I could not help you straight as i interpret the knowledge about this subject is still evolving.
Kind regards
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I am storing lung cancer and normal tissue in RNA later and immediately freezing them at -80C. Now, I need to use a portion of stored tissue for DNA isolation. Which method or kit is going to give best results in terms of quantity and purity of DNA? Please advice. 
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We are conducting a systemic reveiw about secondary mutations and mechanisms of resistence in patients with EGFR+ non-small cell lung cancer who recieved TKIs therapy.
We work remotely using Trello as a platform for the team progress and google documents for sharing documents.
Participants need to have an access to Endnote so we can share files.
If you interested in joining, message me. We are looking for 2 or 3 interested participants.
Thanks
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Even though systematic review as the best published fact-resourceful study attracts most cited among all publications, the stress behind conducting and pooling data in this process is one big factor intimidating many researchers. Aside this, it is not as easy conducted as a single authored study unlike in wet-lab studies (or rather original studies).
Most times, only the experts in an area are called upon to make contribution in this work, not just wake-up-and-go studies from anybody.
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I am using convolutional neural network to do classification for lung cancer data set
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First you need to prepare a dataset for your input. For each sample you need a labels. If you are classiying tumors in lungs, how many types of lung cancers in your dataset? you should make a separate class for each type. This is the first step then you can use any type of CNN net like ALEXNet, etc. Lots of codes available on github.
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In lung cancer classification in CT scan images, is false positive or false negative is more important to care about? in most paper they try to reduce false positives, but in some articles they showed false negative is more important to be decreased, in my opinion both are important but false negative is a little bit more, I am right or not? please help understand it with a reference if possible?
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False positive (FP) : pixels falsely segmented as foreground
False negative (FN) : pixels falsely detected as background
Both should be minimized. In medical image segmentation, false positive (FP) is big issue.
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Pemetrexed (brand name Alimta) is a chemotherapy drug manufactured and marketed by Eli Lilly and Company. Its indications are the treatment of pleural mesothelioma and non-small cell lung cancer.
Suramin is a medication used to treat African sleeping sickness and river blindness.It is the treatment of choice for sleeping sickness without central nervous system involvement. It is given by injection into a vein.
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What are the renown steps and common methods in detecting lung cancer?
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Modality Test
Imaging
Chest X-ray is usually the fi rst test ordered at fi rst presentation.
“Popcorn” calcifi cation is commonly a radiologic sign of benign
process
CT scan of the thorax and abdomen to study the extent of the disease
regionally and to rule out lesions in adrenals and liver. Sensitivity
is 64% and specifi city is 74%
FDG-PET: approved by U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to
workup pulmonary nodules. Limit of detection ~8-mm lesions. Rate
of detection of occult metastasis range from 6 to 18%. Sensitivity
and specifi city for staging is 83 and 91%, respectively. Positive predictive
value (PPV) is ~80% (false-positive rate ~10–20%) and negative
predictive value (NPV) is ~95% (false-negative rate ~5–16%).
Because FP rate is higher, a positive PET lesion needs to have pathologic
confi rmation if will impact management
MRI is more sensitive than CT is to detect brain metastasis, should
be done in patients with advanced disease. For superior sulcus tumors
to rule out brachial plexus invasion. For symptomatic patients
to rule out cord compression
Bone scan can be done for symptomatic patients. More sensitive
for blastic than lytic lesions. Bone scan is optional if FDG-PET is
performed, as FDG-PET is more sensitive for detecting osseous metastasis
Invasive
procedures
Bronchoscopy: Allows direct visualization and sampling of centrally
located tumors. The use of fi beroptic techniques allows visualization
and sampling of peripheral lesions.
Endobronchial Ultrasound (EBUS): Visualize extent of invasion
in centrally located tumors and mediastinal lymph nodes. Allows
sampling of suspicious lymph nodes using fi ne needle aspiration.
Generally stations 2, 3, 4, 7 and 10 could be interrogated.
Mediastinoscopy: Done to evaluate status of enlarged mediastinal
lymph nodes seen on CT and/or positive on PET. Can evaluate
stations 2, 4, and 7.
Chamberlain procedure (Anterior mediastinotomy): May be
necessary to evaluate nodes in stations 5 and 6.
Video Assisted Thorascopic Surgery (VATS): Reserved for tumors
that remain undiagnosed after bronchoscopy or CT-guided biopsy.
May also be important for management of malignant pleural
eff usions.
CT guided biopsy: This procedure is generally necessary for
peripherally-located lesions, or at sites of distant disease.
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I need 50+ Lung cancer images for our research. Though many images are available in different sites, some are not free and for the others, we have to install additional software to extract. Could you please send me some images on Lung Cancer? My email is kamal@jkkniu.edu.bd Thanks in advance.
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Which type of lung cancer is your research about???
if you dont have a specific type I would recommend you to choose bronchial cancer beca it’s the most common type😊
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WHO and Global Burden of Disease have data with five years of interval, however, I am looking for country wide annual data (at least from 2000 to 2015). If someone know the source of data bank please let me know. I appreciate your assistance.
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Thank you very very much Sir, this link worked.
I was unable to download the annual data from WHO's data bank.
Thank you again.
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I want to calculate the Standarized incidence ratio of second primary malignancies.
I have a database with patients that were diagnosed with lung cancer as first cancer and these were followed up to find if they developed a second primary malignancy. The patients were diagnosed with lung cancer between 1990 and 2013 and the follow up started in 1990 and finished in 2014.
For calculating the amount of expected cases one needs the amount of person years for every age category and also the age specific incidence rate . I only have the age specific incidence rates between 1999 and 2014.
How could I calculate the SIR? Should I exclude all the patients that were diagnosed with lung cancer before 1999 and:
- Calculate the person years from date of first diagnosis ( 1999) until outcome or end of follow up , count the observed cases from 1999 onwards?
Does anyone with experience in this topic have a suggestion?
Thanks in advance!
I want to calculate the Standarized incidence ratio of second primary malignancies.
I have a database with patients that were diagnosed with lung cancer as first cancer and these were followed up to find if they developed a second primary malignancy. The patients were diagnosed with lung cancer between 1990 and 2013 and the follow up started in 1990 and finished in 2014.
For calculating the amount of expected cases one needs the amount of person years for every age category and also the age specific incidence rate . I only have the age specific incidence rates between 1999 and 2014.
How could I calculate the SIR? Should I exclude all the patients that were diagnosed with lung cancer before 1999 and:
- Calculate the person years from date of first diagnosis ( 1999) until outcome or end of follow up , count the observed cases from 1999 onwards?
Does anyone with experience in this topic have a suggestion?
Thanks in advance!
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Dear Laura,
your problem sounds to be a kind of a mortality problem. As far as I know, the established method for such questions is the Kaplan-Meier estimator. While this is most frequently used for comparing treatment A vs. B, it can also stand alone, as it might be in your case. The important aspect of Kaplan-Meier is that it "censors" for missing values.
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I want to calculate the Standarized incidence ratio of second primary malignancies.
I have a database with patients that were diagnosed with lung cancer as first cancer and these were followed up to find if they developed a second primary malignancy. The patients were diagnosed with lung cancer between 1990 and 2013 and the follow up started in 1990 and finished in 2014.
For calculating the amount of expected cases one needs the amount of person years for every age category and also the age specific incidence rate . I only have the age specific incidence rates between 1999 and 2014.
How could I calculate the SIR? Should I exclude all the patients that were diagnosed with lung cancer before 1999 and:
- Calculate the person years from date of first diagnosis ( 1999) until outcome or end of follow up , count the observed cases from 1999 onwards?
Does anyone with experience in this topic have a suggestion?
Thanks in advance!
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I presume you are doing indirect standardization by age only, comparing the incidence of any second primary malignancy in those with a diagnosis of lung cancer to the incidence of any primary malignancy in the general population.
You appear to have an identified cohort of lung cancer patients.You know which of the patients developed a second primary after they developed lung cancer.The person years at risk would be calculated from the time of first cancer. The SIR for any second primary would be actual number od second primaries/ expected no of these as a first primay. The expected number would be calculated from the average age specific incidences for the general population over the period 1990-2014.
assuming the general population is quite large (eg national) , the age specific rates for all cancer combined are unlikely to have varied much between 1990 and 1999. So you can use the 1999-2014 general population age specific rates for the whole follow up period 1990-2014.
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Hello,
We are going to have a qPCR validation experiments from 108 sera (27 NSCLC Pre-Op, 27 NSCLC Post-Op, 27 High Risk Cohort, 27 Health) for 5 miRNAs.
We are planning to use spiked-in miRNAs as control in miRNA isolation, cDNA generation and qPCR steps. However, there is a need for an endogenous reference miRNA for serum to be used in data normalization.
Does anyone know any rescent articles mentioning any such refence miRNA in serum to be used in this purpose? I was unable to find.
Thanks in advance,
-Güven
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Thanks for your time and help
Prabu Paramasivam
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Can we adopt lung cancer to telemedicine ?
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Telemedicine can facilitate multidisciplinary meeting with experts in the field to discuss and put plan for the proper management of lung cancer among other types of cancers
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Dear Sir, please suggest me for inoculation and tumor development in mice using EAC cells in 3 groups of 3 mice intraperitoneally at different viable cell concentration i.e. 1X106 , 1.5X106  and  3X106  respectively. But even after a month, there is no sign of liquid tumor.  Please suggest me for the best way to develop mice tumor model with EAC cells.
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EAC xenografts are considered to be syngeneic models, and there are some that you could use to compare your procedure with (see more info here: http://altogenlabs.com/xenograft-models/syngeneic-models/). EAC cells came from mice, so it should be sufficiently simple to make them grow in host mice (especially immunodeficient ones). I would use matrigel if you want to make a solid tumor, and follow any previous protocols you can find on the topic.
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I'm interested to hear about other's experiences in A549 xenografting and if there are any issues that come up. Do the cells form tumors efficiently? Are there issues with mouse survival, and what mice should be used? Would the xenograft be suitable for the evaluation of lung cancer drugs/therapies?
Helpful tips would be greatly appreciated!
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A549 xenografts depend on the end goals of your study; when we do A549 xenografts we usually want to have a tumor form, which is why our injection dose contains the cells in matrigel (http://altogenlabs.com/xenograft-models/lung-cancer-xenograft/a549-xenograft-model/). The timing and functionality are exactly what Anastasiya described them to be - a few weeks for growth and another few weeks for the treatment regiment.
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Can someone give me a recommendation for a RET antibody for NSCLC diagnostics to detect a ret gene rearrangement?
Is there something like a mutation-specific antibody in the market?
for FFPET
thanks in advance
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Prognostic predictors in clinical epidemiology
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Hi I would like to comment that Lung cancer is the most common cancer worldwide. In 2008, the number of incident cases was estimated to be around 1.6 million (13% of all incident cancers). Mortality is high with 1.4 million of deaths the same year (18% of all deaths from cancer) (www.globocan.iarc.fr). Overall, survival rate at 5 years is <20% but heterogeneity is important and the search for prognostic factors has led to the publication of an impressive number of papers. However, due to the design and often retrospective nature of prognostic factors studies, few of these factors can really be used in routine care to guide management and to determine prognosis. More recently, with the development of so-called targeted therapies, more and more attention has been paid to the identification of predictive factors that might be better tools to guide therapy.
Prognostic versus predictive factor: A prognostic factor is generally defined as a factor, measured before treatment, that has an impact on a patient′s outcome “independently” of received treatment or of the general class of treatment. Populations of patients used for prognostic factors identification may be very broad (from resected stage I patients to stage IV patients scheduled to receive chemotherapy) or more specific such as patients treated with radical radiotherapy or stage III patients. Outcome is most often defined as overall survival but other outcome measures may be used, such as progression free survival, response to the anti-tumoural treatment as well as disease-free survival rate or proportion of patients alive at a specific time point. A predictive factor is a factor expected to be able to identify patients who will benefit from a specific treatment. The hypothesis that treatment effect is only subject to random variation does not hold any more. If a predictive factor is validated for a particular treatment, it will obviously guide therapy.
Prognostic factors:
1. Non-small cell lung cancer: The staging of cancer is one of the most reproducible prognostic factors with the TNM classification based on tumor size (T), nodal (N) and metastatic (M) involvement. The TNM system was first described by Denoix (1946) and successive TNM classifications for malignant tumors has been published since 1968 by the Union for International Cancer Control (UICC). The stage is one of the most used factors to guide therapy. According to the clinical stage, the survival rates at 5 years range from 50% for stage Ia to 2% for stage IV while, if the pathological stage is used, a 73% rate of survival at 5 years is observed for stage Ia decreasing to 13% for stage IV (table 1). Stage is a powerful prognostic variable summarising the information included in the three separate factors: T, N and M. Of course, taken separately, these factors are prognostic factors: an increasing tumour size worsens prognosis and the lymph node involvement is per se a major prognostic characteristic which has also an impact on the possibility of surgical treatment (N3 involvement being generally a contraindication to surgery). Pleural dissemination is a negative prognostic feature and, from the 7th edition, a patient with pleural dissemination is now considered M1a. In metastatic patients, a single metastatic site is less detrimental than multiple metastases.
2. Classical host-related and tumour-related factors: The second most reproducible prognostic factor, also very useful to guide therapy is performance status measured on the Karnofsky scale or on the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) scale although its value has mostly been demonstrated for non-resected patients. Therefore, some authors have argued that chemotherapy for stage IV patients should be limited to patients with ECOG performance status 0 or 1 however, other publications suggest that some patients with PS 2 may also benefit from treatment.
3. Other biomarkers: There are plenty of publications in the literature about biological markers not measured routinely in clinical practice. Most often, these factors are not reproducible and their prognostic independent value is not proven, with adjustment for well-known prognostic factors. We will cite only those that have been studied with meta-analyses or pooled analyses of selected trials, although published data generally do not allow the study of the independent value of the possible prognostic marker. The following features have been suggested to be associated with a more favourable prognosis: p53 normal status, no EGFR expression, low microvessel count, low VEGF expression, no overexpression of c-erbB-2 with an effect possibly restricted to non-squamous histology, Bcl-2 expression; low KI67 expression ; absence of KRAS mutation ; TTF-1 positivity ; high level of p16 expression, low or no ERCC1 expression (advanced NSCLC treated with platinum-based chemotherapy) ; low class III β-tubulin expression, in resected patients ; low survivin expression, in resected patients only ; and low lymphatic microvessel density, in surgically treated patients . Regarding the prognostic value of angiogenesis, microvessel count was confirmed as prognostic factor in a meta-analysis based on individual data, only if assessed by the Chalkley method.
Metabolic factors: Numerous studies have looked at the prognostic value of tumor metabolic activity as measured by [F]-fluoro-2-deoxy-d-glucose positron emission tomography. These studies have been meta-analysed and this review has shown that high metabolic activity is indeed an univariate prognostic factor (estimated hazard ratio of 2.08). The independent value remains to be proven and the conclusion holds mainly for limited tumours as few stage IV patients were included in the published studies.
Prognostic classifications:
1. Small cell lung cancer: Small cell lung cancer is a highly chemosensitive tumour but progression-free survival and overall survival remain extremely poor. Long-term survival is rare and cure rate is reached in <5% of the patients . For years, treatment of small cell lung cancer has been guided by the extension of the disease: limited disease (generally defined as a disease limited to the hemithorax of origin, the mediastinum and the supraclavicular lymph nodes which can be encompassed in a radiation field) versus extensive disease. Respective median survival times range within 15–20 and 8–13 months. Recently, within the IASLC Lung Cancer Staging Project, data concerning 12,620 small cell lung cancer cases were collected and complete clinical TNM staging was available for 3,430 cM0 patients as well as complete pathologic TNM staging for 343 cases.
Predictive factors:
Development of targeted therapies is evolving rapidly for non-small cell lung cancer. With the term “targeted therapies” we mean a treatment that is supposed to target a specific characteristic of the tumour. This specific target is expected to be a predictive factor. Most of the research carried out on predictive factors in lung cancer has been devoted to non-small cell lung cancer and we will restrict this review to non-small cell lung cancer.
EGFR and TKIs: Tyrosine-kinase inhibitors (TKI) targeting EGFR, such as gefitinib and erlotinib, have been first tested in randomised clinical trials without patient selection in addition to chemotherapy, in chemotherapy-naïve or untreated patients. They failed to show any benefit of the TKIs, although some clinical factors were suggested to be predictive of benefit: Asian, female sex, non-smoking status, non-squamous histology. The true predictive factor was identified later; the subgroup of patients who benefit in terms of progression-free survival from TKIs were those with somatic mutations in the EGFR gene (exons 19 and 21).
KRAS and TKIs: The KRAS pathway links the EGFR pathway to cell proliferation and survival and KRAS mutations have been suggested as a mediating resistance to EGFR mediators. A retrospective analysis of the BR.21 trial, as well as a meta-analysis, confirmed that presence of KRAS mutation is a negative predictive factor for benefit of TKIs in advanced non-small cell lung (HR of 1.97, 95% CI 1.16–3.33 for KRAS mutated tumours, HR of 0.79, 95% CI 0.59–1.05 for wild-type tumours; p-value for interaction 0.003).
EML4-ALK and crizotinib: The fusion between echinoderm microtubule-associated protein-like 4 (EML4) and anaplasic lymphoma kinase (ALK) has been recently identified in a subset of non-small cell lung cancers. EML4-ALK is most often found in never-smoking patients with lung cancer. Its expression is mutually exclusive from expression of KRAS and EGFR; it has no prognostic value but it is a predictive factor for efficacy of the ALK inhibitor crizotinib. Early trials with crizotinib led to approval of crizotinib but confirmatory trials are still ongoing.
Predictive factors for chemotherapy activity:
Although chemotherapy drugs have not been developed with the hypothesis of the existence of a molecular characteristic to target, some studies have also searched to identify predictive factors that might be useful in the choice of a chemotherapy regimen. These studies are extremely important as chemotherapy remains a cornerstone in the treatment of early or advanced non-small cell lung cancer.
1. ERCC1 and p27 and adjuvant cisplatin-based chemotherapy in completely resected patients :
Adjuvant chemotherapy provides a demonstrated benefit in overall survival when given to resected patients but brings also some toxicities. It was hypothesised that not all patients benefit from adjuvant chemotherapy and some biomarkers have been studied in order to identify subgroups of sensitive patients. Among them, ERCC1 has been tested and it is suggested that patients with low or no ERCC1 expression do benefit from chemotherapy (HR 0.65, 95% CI 0.50–0.86) while those with high ERCC1 expression do not benefit at all (HR 1.14, 95% CI 0.84–1.55) with a significant interaction test showing that chemotherapy effect is indeed not the same across the two subgroups.
2. RRM1 in more advanced non-small cell lung cancer:: The predictive role of RRM1 for sensitivity to gemcitabine, an antimetabolite frequently used in combination with platinum has been recently studied in the context of a randomised trial comparing cisplatin, docetaxel and gemcitabine to cisplatin–vinorelbine. Although the analysis was retrospectively done on a subgroup of 261 patients (out of the 443 randomised), the results suggest, surprisingly, that the predictive role of RRM1 is present for sensitivity to cisplatin–vinorelbine with better outcomes observed for RRM1-negative patients (better disease control rate, better progression free survival (6.9 months versus 3.9 months; p<0.001), better overall survival (11.6 months versus 7.4 months; p = 0.002).
3. Gene signatures:: The signature proposed by Zhu et al. as prognostic might also be predictive of a benefit reached with adjuvant chemotherapy (cisplatin and vinorelbine) in stage IB and II resected patients.
Prognostic factors are very useful to get information about disease evolution and to construct homogeneous groups of patients. They can sometimes guide the therapy and identify subgroups of patients where more aggressive therapy is needed. They can also be used as stratification factors. They are however not powerful enough to be used at the individual level. Predictive factors are more directly useful in clinical practice as they are directly related to the efficacy of a specific treatment. A few of them now have a definite place for guiding therapeutic decisions in non-small cell lung cancer and we are on the way to a personalised medicine for the treatment of this disease. However, their development and validation are more difficult and may require very large sample sizes in particular when the incidence of the predictive biomarker is low. I am wishing that above Answer would explain your Question with Depth and Research. Regards
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For example, if EGFR deletion is the cause of lung cancer in a specific patient, every cancer cell in that patient should contain EGFR deletion, right?
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Intratumoral heterogeneity is thought to be a major factor in resistance and recurrence for a number of cancers.