Science method

Luminescence Dating - Science method

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In any OSL phosphor we require optical energy more that the thermal trap depth of that trap for optical stimulation. For example in case of Al2O3:C we require 2.6 eV photon to detrap the electron from the trap having 1.12 eV thermal trap depth. How are they related to each other?
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For a given trap, E(optical) is always > E(thermal), because of the Franck-Condon principle. As a result, transitions on a configurational coordinate diagram always take place vertically, meaning that the transition is much faster than the lattice relaxation time. Once ionized optically the defect’s lattice configuration relaxes to a new configurational coordinate via the emission of phonons. Thermal excitation, however, includes the phonon emission and lattice reconfiguration takes place simultaneously. Thus E(optical) = E(thermal) + E(phonons), with the latter term given by the Huang-Rhys factor.
If experimentally measured energies ( for example E(optical) using OSL, E(thermal) using TL) are either unphysically different or approximately the same, I would question whether the two methods are actually probing the same defect, and/or whether or not the E(optical) and E(thermal) values are correctly obtained from the data, before launching into detailed possible explanations.
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When we understand dating methods as being based on models (i.e. representations of some portions of reality), we shall ask ourselves whether those models are linear deterministic, non-linear deterministic, stochastic, or hybrid. I am under the impression that often archaeologists expect dating methods to behave in a linear deterministic way, while they most often behave stochastically or in a hybrid way. It looks like this misconception may be particularly problematic when combinig the results of different dating methods (scientific, archaeological, historical) to obtain a general chronological framework for a site or a period. What do you think? Which examples would you provide to illustrate the deterministic, stochastic and/or hybrid models used in archaeological chronometry?
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Johan, I appreciate your perspectives on this question. Theories explain large scale processes in the natural world, i.e., movement of objects, evolution, the structure of the universe, etc. I like your characterization of the physics & chemistry behind dating methods as laws of nature, it's just the nuts & bolts of how our dating methods work. I don't know if Maria's initial question also concerned the statistical models used to evaluate the raw data from these methods to determine a range of dates from any particular sample, but I think you and I are in agreement these are just archaeological methods and not any higher level of explanation about the archaeological record, our questions about the past, or hopes to better understand human behaviors and our evolution.
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We found a historic cathode-ray oscilloscope manufactured by Trüb Täubner in Zurich Switzerland 1946. This device is equipped with a radium 226 source and I would like to understand what the purpose of this source is. Was it common to use radioactive sources in such devices for high voltage analysis?
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Radioactive sources were placed in vacuum and gas filled tubes to enhance the ionization process. Cs-137, Co-60, Ra-226 were commonly used solid sources. Kr-85 was and still is used as a sealed gaseous source in ignition igniters.
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I have ~5mm thick potsherds which are of archaeological importance. I want to date them using OSL. What steps should I follow during sample preparations and after sample preparation should I target feldspar or quartz or polymineral? 
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A few things to note are :-
1) The sherd thickness is near the minimum to achieve a completely internal beta microdosimetry.For this the outer 2-3 mm would normally be removed, and both dose and dose rate measurements performed on the interior portions.
2) If this is not already too late the sherds should be double bagged and sealed, unwashed, from the excavation site, together with detailed records (photographs and sketches) of the materials within 30-50 cm of the find location. Subsamples of the materials in the categories should be retained. The reason for this is to allow reconstruction of the external gamma dose rates applicable to the excavation site. Typically this might account for about 30% of the total dose rate. If it is too late, then some information will be needed of the local hydrology to enable reasonable reconstruction of water content history.
3) Also note the geographical coordinates (longitude, latitude, altitude and overburden depth to surface) so that cosmic ray dose rates can be modelled
4) I agree that TL has some advantages for heated materials such as ceramics, but under appropriate conditions OSL may also be useful. There are OSL signal components which can be readily reset by thermal zeroing, providing the mineralogy is suitable.
5) Perhaps the most important step of all is to articulate the archaeological question and discuss it with the laboratory prior to initiating work. It is important to consider the levels of precision and accuracy which are realistically attainable from individual samples, or groups of samples,  and to work out how best to address the most important underlying questions.  
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I am interested in compiling a list of all the REVIEW papers for luminescence dating and dosimetry, going back to at least 1980. I realize there are literally over a 100 such papers (possibly 200 such papers), but I would like to know of any articles in journals I may not read routinely (i.e. anything starting with the word Quaternary). I have already checked the bibliography lists in Ancient TL but I think that there are probably more than a couple I am missing because they might have been published in medical or space journals. If you read this message and want me to know about your favorite review paper please send me a message . Thank you.
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Far too many!!!!
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We are inquiring about the potential archaeological applications of OSL dating. More specifically, we are trying to determine if OSL (or, perhaps, another non-invasive, absolute-dating technique) would be able to determine the date at which the cortex of quartzite cobble was fractured. Recently, we were handed a roughly football-sized quartzite cobble, which has been in a private citizen's collection of artifacts for decades. The cobble is totally unprovenienced and has been totally rinsed clean of whatever sediments originally encased it. However, of note, the cobble is incised with what is unmistakably the profile of a woolly mammoth. This incised drawing could easily be a 19th- or 20th-century forgery of some kind. On the other hand, it may be a piece of Paleoindian art. So, we are trying to determine if there's a non-invasive, absolute dating technique that could determine when the cortex of this particular quartzite cobble was pecked/incised through, to render the mammoth illustration. We look forward to your feedback on this matter. We have already thought about cosmogenics (Beryllium) but that is very destructive. We would destroy the very thing we wish to date.
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It seems like mission impossible with luminescence, because the cobble has been exposed to light. Had it been taken from an excavation and not exposed, you could have tried the exposure dating developed by Reza Sohbati. But even if you now drill a core through the cobble and get a good profile, its interpretation will always be questionable.
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When we estimate the equivalent dose of soil samples in 3-6 meters depths we find 400-500 Gy using exp+lin or double exp fit procedures in growth curves. Are these results reliable?
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This depends on your samples. For some quartz grains, these doses are OK. Signals from other samples may be close to saturation. In this case, you have to analyze the shape of the growth curves as mentioned above, and try to find indepentent age controls to determine the reliablility of the ages obtained.
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In case of TT-OSL the electron can be transfered to any trap by heating and then those traps will also give OSL. While in case of TAOSL the temperature assists the electron within the same trap and OSL come from that trap only.
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Thanks a lot Shannon for the information..
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dating of Pliocene fluvial sediments in Danube Basin, Central Europe
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The most important thing is collecting the most representative samples for the feature you are trying to date. You should consider origin, transportation, deposition and erosion/burial history of the sample. All of these factors will affect the age your sample yields. Detailed geomorphic documentation of the sample and its surrounding always helps.