Logic - Science topic

This chapter seeks to broaden the scope of computational thinking beyond its traditional boundaries within the disciplines of Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM). It aims to dispel the prevailing misconception that computational thinking is limited to computer science and digital technology and highlights its applicability in n...

The study of uncertainty has been a significant area of research, with concepts such as fuzzy sets [87], fuzzy graphs [51], and neutrosophic sets [58] receiving extensive attention. In Neutrosophic Logic, indeterminacy often arises from real-world complexities. This paper explores the concept of locality as a key factor in determining indeterminacy...

Mediatization refers to a societal transformation wherein mass media increasingly influence and shape other societal spheres, such as the political sphere. Central to mediatization is the concept of media logic(s), which relates to specific criteria in the selection, production, and distribution of news. Mediatization of politics not only suggests...

The study presents reflections on the historical relevance of buffoons through an analysis of the artistic and social view from the buffoon to the hospital clown. The subject is discussed in four topics: The mask, the actor, and the audience; The buffoon and the expression of ridicule; The spectacle and the indication of ridicule; and Laughter in t...

Compact and energy-efficient computing avenues such as in-memory computing and processing-in-memory (PIM) are being actively explored to address the limitations of the sparse von-Neumann computing systems. The recent advancements in the field of emerging non-volatile memories (e-NVMs), such as FeFETs, RRAMs, MRAMs, etc., have propelled the developm...

Decision-making in medical diagnosis is often hampered by uncertainties due to incomplete, ambiguous, and evolving information. In reviewing the traditional methods for lung cancer detection, we found that crisp and logic values have more difficulties and challenges. These challenges related to the big data analytics, uncertainty values, and the...

English Text ●https://www.morebooks.de/shop-ui/shop/product/9786207451982●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● In the present text, the author will put forward a novel theory of logic, Praxeological Logic. Praxeological Logic will be analyzed and put in relation with the logical construct called under the name of Postulated Logic which, in ultimate a...

Sustainable diversity management—defined as the deliberate utilization of diversity to achieve organizational goals—offers a potential means to account for both the logic of organizations and the individual psychological patterns of their members. This study advocates for a pragmatic application of diversity management without excessive normative d...

The paper studies the phenomenon of informational impact within the framework of the political discourse communicative dynamics. Despite the obvious increase in the role of information in the formation of ideological attitudes and value orientations, it still seems important to identify subject-content boundaries, forms and levels of information im...

Methodology is the study of how one can reach the truth. In fact, the English word method is derived from the Greek word Meta (following) and Hodos (the way). Thus, the implication of "method" is that in order to attain some purpose, one should follow a certain way. So Methodology can be defined as the strategies of using different ways to gather d...

Let $\mathrm {R}$ be a real closed field. Given a closed and bounded semialgebraic set $A \subset \mathrm {R}^n$ and semialgebraic continuous functions $f,g:A \rightarrow \mathrm {R}$ such that $f^{-1}(0) \subset g^{-1}(0)$, there exist an integer $N> 0$ and $c \in \mathrm {R}$ such that the inequality (Łojasiewicz inequality) $|g(x)|^N \le c \cdot...

In this paper we outline various problems with the current IPA consonant chart, based on the study of an ever-increasing number of languages. We propose a revised version of the chart, which has many similarities with the pre-1989 version of the chart, but which at the same time shows innovations. We particularly focus on the laryngeal sounds; the...

This paper discusses the representation of ontologies in the first-order logical environment FOLE. An ontology defines the primitives with which to model the knowledge resources for a community of discourse. These primitives consist of classes, relationships and properties. An ontology uses formal axioms to constrain the interpretation of these pri...

A great deal of study has been done recently on support vector machines (SVMs) and how they are used in various scientific domains. The statistical learning theory's mathematical foundation allows SVM to offer logical solutions to issues. A portion of the training input serves as the SVM's solution. SVM is frequently employed in applications involv...

This paper discusses the representation of ontologies in the first-order logical environment FOLE. An ontology defines the primitives with which to model the knowledge resources for a community of discourse. These primitives consist of classes, relationships and properties. An ontology uses formal axioms to constrain the interpretation of these pri...

The planet faces a global ecological crisis of climate change, biodiversity loss and species extinction. Conventional management approaches are failing to address this crisis. There is an urgent need to adopt an ecology-centred (ecocentric) ethic to support management learning. We interweave positive and critical perspectives to question the pervas...

A text on metaphysics which approaches it through Aristotle's claim that it is the science of being as being. Each chapter starts with Aristotle's view and assesses that view. Topics covered include: substance, attributes, powers, universals and particulars, relations, space, god, and the laws of logic. Philosophers discussed include Plato, Hume, O...

The first-order logical environment FOLE provides a rigorous and principled approach to distributed interoperable first-order information systems. FOLE has been developed in two forms: a classification form and an interpretation form. Two papers represent FOLE in a classification form corresponding to ideas of the Information Flow Framework ([14],[...

Designs for quantum error correction depend strongly on the connectivity of the qubits. For solid-state qubits, the most straightforward approach is to have connectivity constrained to a planar graph. Practical considerations may also further restrict the connectivity, resulting in a relatively sparse graph such as the heavy-hexagonal (“heavy-hex”)...

Ensuring the stability of homogenization processes (HS) is crucial in industrial production, thereby heightening the urgency for effective fault diagnosis. Existing fault diagnosis methods suffer from high complexity and low interpretability of the processing steps. Boolean networks (BNs) possess unique advantages in addressing the aforementioned i...

This paper discusses the representation of ontologies in the first-order logical environment FOLE (Kent [11]). An ontology defines the primitives with which to model the knowledge resources for a community of discourse (Gruber [7]). These primitives, consisting of classes, relationships and properties, are represented by the entity-relationship-att...

Dani Rodrik’s 2007 article ‘How to Save Globalisation from its Cheerleaders’ is a critique of the pursuit of the new conventional wisdom on perfect globalisation with blind adherence to opening markets. Rodrik also criticises globalisation defenders, arguing that their unwillingness to acknowledge the paradoxical effects of globalisation enhances p...

We provide a version of first-order hybrid tense logic with predicate abstracts and definite descriptions as the only non-rigid terms. It is formalised by means of a tableau calculus working on sat-formulas. A particular theory of DD exploited here is essentially based on the approach of Russell, but with descriptions treated as genuine terms. Howe...

This paper presents a novel photonic crystal structure for designing all-optical photonic crystal logic gates and functions based on threshold logic concept. The structure offers two- and three-input AND/NAND logic gates as well as three-input majority/minority functions. In this method, the summation of inputs values connects to a threshold detect...

Modeling of collisionless galactic systems is based on the N-body model, which requires large computational resources due to the long-range nature of gravitational forces. The most common method for calculating gravity is the TreeCode algorithm, which provides a faster calculation of the force compared to the direct summation of contributions from...

Elaborating on previous work [20], in this paper we discuss in more detail the conceptual and philosophical basis of the depth-bounded approach to FDE. However, a contribution of this paper consists in improving, simplifying and partially correcting the semantics presented in [20].

We further develop the algebraic approach to input/output logic initiated in \cite{wollic22}, where subordination algebras and a family of their generalizations were proposed as a semantic environment of various input/output logics. In particular: we extend the modal characterizations of a finite number of well known conditions on normative and per...

The process of increasing expansion and privatization in the field of higher education is characterized by complex dynamics, particularly concerning the materialization of distance education (DE), with emphasis on the intricate process of regulatory flexibilization demanded by the private sector, which has led to the logic adopted by the federal go...

News is a viable and essential form of traditional journalism. News television programming incorporates the seriousness of democratic issues into the public conversation. Regarding themes, current events, international policies, or cultural phenomena, news value is key in structuring newscasts. Scholars and practitioners identify the news value dyn...

Recent studies showed that network slices (NSs), which are logical networks supported by shared physical networks, can experience service interference due to sharing of physical and virtual resources. Thus, from the perspective of providing end-to-end (E2E) service quality assurance in 5G/6G systems, it is crucial to discover possible service inter...

In the rapidly evolving landscape of knowledge and innovation, the boundaries between disciplines are becoming increasingly porous. Interdisciplinary collaboration often reveals unexpected equivalences between ideas from seemingly disparate fields, such as metaphysics, artificial intelligence (AI), and quantum mechanics. These connections suggest t...

This study explores the feasibility of utilizing quantum error correction (QEC) to generate and store logical Bell states in heralded quantum entanglement protocols, crucial for quantum repeater networks. Two novel lattice surgery-based protocols (local and non-local) are introduced to establish logical Bell states between distant nodes using an in...

We present a bisequent calculus (BSC) for the minimal theory of definite descriptions (DD) in the setting of neutral free logic, where formulae with non-denoting terms have no truth value. The treatment of quantifiers, atomic formulae and simple terms is based on the approach developed by Pavlovi\'{c} and Gratzl. We extend their results to the vers...

This thesis presents a novel AI-based load shedding management scheme for power system stability in regions like Barishal. The scheme integrates factors like supply availability, demand, weather conditions, and system frequency into its decision-making process, offering a flexible and adaptable approach. The research reviews existing load shedding...

We present a uniform characterisation of three-valued logics by means of the bisequent calculus (BSC). It is a generalised form of a sequent calculus (SC) where rules operate on the ordered pairs of ordinary sequents. BSC may be treated as the weakest kind of system in the rich family of generalised SC operating on items being some collections of o...

The neo-Kantian transcendentalist reading of the epistemic status of logical axioms in Frege argues that he is committed to the neo-Kantian idea that we are epistemically justified in accepting logical axioms because accepting them is necessary for achieving epistemically crucial goals. However, I show that Frege hesitates to be fully committed to...

The monograph is devoted to the issues of improving the energy security of Ukraine by organising the production of motor fuels from non-oil raw materials, namely, hard coal and lignite. A conceptual and logical model of synthetic motor fuel production in Ukraine from coal is built, the raw material potential and technological prerequisites for the...

It is widely held that metaphysical modality is the broadest non-epistemic, alethic modality, and that a posteriori modal essentialist truths, like that gold has atomic number 79, enjoy the necessity of the broadest alethic modality. One prominent argument for these conclusions—given by Cian Dorr, John Hawthorne, and Juhani Yli-Vakkuri—rests upon a...

Transfer learning is an umbrella term for machine learning approaches that leverage knowledge gained from solving one problem (the source domain) to improve speed, efficiency, and data requirements in solving a different but related problem (the target domain). The performance of the transferred model in the target domain is typically measured via...

The theory of institutions is framed as an indexed/fibered duality, where the indexed aspect specifies the fibered aspect. Tarski represented truth in terms of a satisfaction relation. The theory of institutions encodes satisfaction as its core architecture in the indexed aspect. Logical environments enrich this truth architecture by axioma-tizing...

The history of planning development in various countries shows that the core logic of planning is the spiral interweaving of control and development, and constantly makes corresponding adjustments to respond to changes and challenges in social and economic development. Most of the planning in western countries originated from control-oriented parad...

The primary goal of approximate computing is enhancing system performance, such as energy efficiency, speed, and form factor. Despite the growing use of approximate multipliers, the design of efficient approximate compressors – a fundamental multiplier block – remains a significant challenge. In this paper, 8-transistor and 14-transistor 4:2 compre...

Europe and the people without history ( EPWH ), published in 1982, challenged anthropology's focus on localism, synchronism, and culturalism, providing a meticulous exposition of multiscalar social relationships in motion. Wolf's bundles of “key relationships” of accumulation and social reproduction formed a breakthrough for holistic relational and...

Global concerns have arisen due to pollution-related mortality, and scholars studying the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) have explored the impact of economic growth on carbon emissions, yielding conflicting findings. Considering these opposing perspectives on whether wealth exacerbates or mitigates the negative consequences of environmental poll...

The paper propose the method for solving the Euler-Lambert problem proposed by V.A. Egorov and based on the works by D.E. Okhotsimsky, devoted to the analysis of a set of flight trajectories between two given points in the central Newtonian field. When considering the Euler-Lambert problem as the inverse problem of ballistics (dynamics), we have su...

Propositional product logic belongs to the basic fuzzy logics with continuous t-norms using the product t-norm (defined as the ordinary product of real numbers) on the unit interval [0,1]. This paper introduces a proof calculus for the product logic which is suitable for automated deduction. The calculus provides one of possible generalisations of...

Constructing a logical argument is the key to success in verbal communication. Yet, such an academic topic has not been satisfactorily dealt with in details. Therefore, the purpose of the study is to investigate the most prominent components utilized in the determination of an argument as product. This paper shows how the components of an argument...

This work aims to investigate the discourses materialized in signs in Brazilian Sign Language used to designate white people and black people. We inscribed this research in Dialogical Discourse Analysis studies. As a methodological approach, we searched for the aforementioned signs on four virtual platforms: Google, Youtube, Signbank and National I...

This paper provides insight into a corruption scheme in Kinshasa’s traffic police agency. First, various data collection branches show that the agency’s revenue is five times that from fines and is derived from a coalition of traffic police officials, their managers, and judicial police officers scheming to extort drivers. Second, the analysis of a...

Fault-as-address-simulation (FAAS) is a simulation mechanism for testing combinations of circuit line faults, represented by the bit addresses of element logical vectors. The XOR relationship between the test set T and the truth table L of the element forms a deductive vector for fault simulation, using truth table addresses or the logic vector bit...

The understanding process of primary education students was analyzed when they solve tasks related to the concept of ratio. The study was based on the theoretical framework of Pirie and Kieren (1994). The methodology was qualitative with the case study method. The study was carried out in three stages: planning, development and analysis, using the...

Medical image recognition has enormous potential to benefit from the recent developments in federated learning (FL) and interpretable artificial intelligence (AI). The function of FL and explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) in the diagnosis of brain cancers is discussed in this paper. XAI and FL techniques are vital for ensuring data ethics du...

By using the comprehensive framework for security analysis of international system theory and intervening variables of policy-making in international relations, this article studies East Asian security in Sino-American strategic competition. After analyzing the discourses relevant with the US’s cognition of China in United States Innovation and Com...

Through a consistent surge in their salience and distinguished by their autonomy, female voters have become an indispensable constituency in Indian electoral democracy in recent decades. Through a constructivist approach to populist political representation, this paper studies the conceptual terrain of the relationship between voter loyalty and pop...

We demonstrate that the gate voltage Vg tunes the Schottky photocurrent ISG for the irradiation of two lights (Light A and B) in an n-AlGaAs/GaAs/AlGaAs double-heterojunction. Light A is a 975-nm laser that illuminates the entire Schottky gate region at 280 μW/mm². Light B is a 670-nm laser that locally illuminates the ungated region at 0.4 μW. Whe...

This paper addresses the complex issue of attitudes toward foreigners in the early modern age, together with that of social control. Focusing on the case of Genoa, a Mediterranean port city in north-western Italy, it shows to what extent the norms and policies implemented in this domain followed a logic of economic interests and good governance, ra...

Robust field-free spin–orbit torque (SOT) switching plays an essential role in realizing practical SOT-based magnetic memories and logic devices. Leveraging the strong interlayer Dzyaloshinskii–Moriya interaction, field-free SOT switching is achieved with a threshold switching current density of 5.4 × 10¹⁰ A/m². By exploiting the advantage of separ...

We study local tabularity (local finiteness) in some extensions of $\mathsf{MS4}$ (monadic $\mathsf{S4}$) that include products of transitive modal logics. Our main results are a syntactic characterization of local finiteness in varieties of $\mathsf{M^{+}S4}$-algebras, where $\mathsf{M^{+}S4}$ denotes the extension of $\mathsf{MS4}$ by the Casari...

Cross-border conflicts dealing with parental responsibility matters have a wide diversity which is projected in the Brussels IIter Regulation international jurisdiction model. In particular, the system is articulated on the principle of the best interests of the child, linked to the criterion of proximity. Following this logic, the Brussels IIter R...

span>In this study, we introduce an advanced convolutional neural network (CNN) model tailored for house occupancy detection, designed to accommodate the inherent uncertainties and contradictory information often encountered in sensor data. By integrating neutrosophic layers into the CNN architecture, we enable the model to effectively handle indet...

This paper introduces a novel approach for variable selection in survival analysis by integrating neutrosophic logic into the Cox Proportional Hazards (Cox PH) model to address the limitations of recent studies related to high dimensionality. Neutrosophic logic is a mathematical framework that allows for uncertainty, indeterminacy, and inconsistenc...

One of the main contributions from Marx and Engels to economic thought lies in their critique of classical political economy, its method, premises and theoretical development. But not only in their particular critique of what at that time prevailed as the dominant view of economic thought, but also in the very structure of the critique and its logi...

Ideas and thoughts in the process of formation do not necessarily go through a proper, logical process; instead they have a natural occurrence and emergence. Hence, studies of religiosity emerged before modeling and modeling emerged before contemplation on the principle of their construction. Following the primary simple studies about religiosity,...

Divergent transcription is a critical marker of active transcriptional regulatory elements (TREs), including enhancers and promoters, in mammals. However, distal elements with unidirectional transcriptional patterns are often overlooked, leaving their identity and function poorly understood. Here, we performed a systematic comparison between diverg...

In the study of uncertainty, concepts such as fuzzy sets [113], fuzzy graphs [79], and neutrosophic sets [88] have been extensively investigated. This paper focuses on a novel logical framework known as Upside-Down Logic, which systematically transforms truths into falsehoods and vice versa by altering contexts, meanings, or perspectives. The conce...

This article aims to reflect some relationships between Aesthetic Education and continuing education in the context of social policies, based on the studies of Vygotski and Rancière. It was divided into three sections: Theoretical-conceptual principles of Aesthetic Education; Good encounters in continuing education: eesthetic education; Aesthetic E...

This essay reads the poetry in Deborah Miranda's Bad Indians as a form of re-storying, a way of retelling stories and reclaiming the historical memory of those stories without abandoning their subjectivities, and without falling into the constraint of rules of determine stories must have a particular ‘structure’; must be ‘accurate and unchanged’; a...

How to handle division in systems that compute with logical formulas involving what would otherwise be polynomial constraints over the real numbers is a surprisingly difficult question. This paper argues that existing approaches from both the computer algebra and computational logic communities are unsatisfactory for systems that consider the satis...

Recent numerous video generation models, also known as world models, have demonstrated the ability to generate plausible real-world videos. However, many studies have shown that these models often produce motion results lacking logical or physical coherence. In this paper, we revisit video generation models and find that single-stage approaches str...

Some sciences work like devices in developing the other sciences; such as logic which works like a device in keeping the thoughts away from errors, and its rules and principles are used in true thinking and developing logical inferences in many sciences. Thus, hermeneutics is known as the knowledge of interpreting and clarifying the other sciences....

This paper analyzes the impact of absencing on well-being. It explores the source of absencing in the attentional violence created by the logic of internalized capitalism: the belief that one’s self-worth is linked to productivity, the consumerist model of well-being, and the instrumentalization of relationships. The worldview created through the i...

Artykuł przedstawia wyniki eksperymentu metodologicznego, w którym w odniesieniu do tego samego materiału badawczego posłużono się trzema odmiennymi w swojej logice i zastosowaniu metodami analizy wypowiedzi zapisanych w formie tekstowej. Celem tego opracowania jest wskazanie różnic trzech podejść analitycznych, w których mamy do czynienia z analiz...

Challenges to classical logic have emerged from several sources. According to recent work [24], the behavior of epistemic modals in natural language motivates weakening classical logic to orthologic, a logic originally discovered by Birkhoff and von Neumann [3] in the study of quantum mechanics. In this paper, we consider a different tradition of t...

The Infinite Regress Problem challenges the foundations of epistemology by questioning how beliefs or justifications can be validly supported. This paper explores the logical structure of infinite regress, formalizes the problem using mathematical tools, and analyses three proposed resolutions: foundationalism, coherencies, and in finitism. By inte...

The need assessment is not a certain situation in instructional research, but it is an important and effective method of instructional planning and designing in the Kemp model, the instructional development institute model, developing instructional systems, and criterion referenced instructional model. Need assessment provides a good situation for...

Previous studies have shown that language learners’ auditory word recognition behavior provides evidence for independent contributions of perceptual and phonolexical representations, and learners’ patterns of auditory word recognition have been characterized as resulting from “fuzziness” or “imprecision” associated with these representations. More...

The aim of this article is to investigate the impact of Aberdeen Football Club’s proposed relocation from Pittodrie Stadium to the environs of Westhill, almost seven miles west of the city-centre, and to assess the probability of acceptance amongst stakeholders of the football club. At the present time, writing in November 2024, it appears that the...

The generation of Xi Jinping’s "Theory of the Two Hands" is logically inevitable. This theory embodies the theoretical continuity and advancement of Marxist classicists and their successors' understanding of the relationship among planning, market, and fundamental social systems. It represents a historical necessity that builds on the Chinese Commu...

The paper is devoted to the introduction of natural deduction systems for some weak subintuitionistic logics, along with proofs of normalization theorems for these systems.

. The thinking process is crucial in identifying students' challenges in formulating logical arguments, particularly when proving geometric concepts such as Ceva's Theorem. This study investigates the cognitive processes of students with high and medium mathematical ability to solve proof problems related to Ceva's Theorem. Adopting a qualitative a...

The integration of theoretical knowledge in ideological and political courses is a significant theme in character education. The theory of the socialist market economy stands as a core yet challenging topic in high school ideological and political education. Teachers can utilize this theme to implement the "three teaching methods" to solidify the t...

This paper argued that interpreting logic solely as a formal discipline is unjustified, as this science has always included a significant informal component related to its application in argumentative discourse. The Aristotelian paradigm, based on the subject-predicate approach to the logical-philosophical analysis of language, has influenced the h...

The rapid development of artificial intelligence technology is driving the intelligentization process across various fields, particularly in knowledge graph construction, where significant achievements have been made. However, research on hyper-relational knowledge graphs in the industrial domain remains relatively weak. Traditional construction me...

Mergers and acquisitions (M&A) often lead to combined or supplementary offerings, where the products, or services of the merging or acquiring companies are integrated into a new combined product portfolio. Nevertheless, integrating the offerings can be challenging due to structural differences or inconsistencies in the products. Systematizing produ...

Corruption is an extraordinary and very serious crime in Indonesia, because the crime of corruption never seems to have a solution that makes the perpetrators of the crime feel the deterrent effect. The crime of corruption is regulated in Law Number 31 of 1999 and amended by Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 20 of 2001 concerning amendments t...

The Sorites Paradox, or Heap Paradox, arises when vague predicates lead to seemingly contradictory conclusions. By examining the logical and mathematical underpinnings of this paradox, we explore its implications for formal reasoning, the philosophy of language, and computational modelling. Utilizing mathematical frameworks such as fuzzy logic, set...

To each simplicial set $X$ we naturally assign an \'etendue ${\'E X}$ whose internal logic captures information about the geometry of $X$. In particular, we show that, for 'non-singular' objects $X$ and $Y$, the \'etendues ${\'E X}$ and ${\'E Y}$ are equivalent if, and only if, $X$ and $Y$ have the same dimension. Many of the results apply to presh...

This paper argues the military are a central force in creating industrial-capitalist organisational order. It suggests that in the interests of preparedness for organised violence, the military come to see work organisation as a problem and so develop an ‘organising logic’ built on surveillance, control, and hierarchy. Using Foucault on discipline,...

I argue first that some propositions are obligatory without being obligatory for anyone (i.e., they are impersonally obligatory): if each of us has promised to vote and thus has an obligation to vote, then it is obligatory (i.e., morally required) that we all vote, but it is not obligatory for anyone that we all vote (because, for example, what is...

We present plingo , an extension of the answer set programming (ASP) system clingo that incorporates various probabilistic reasoning modes. Plingo is based on $\textit{Lpmln}^{\pm }$ , a simple variant of the probabilistic language Lpmln , which follows a weighted scheme derived from Markov logic. This choice is motivated by the fact that the main...

Dynamic reconfigurable systems are an alternative or supplement to improve computer performance, offering advantages such as flexibility and controllability. With increasing attention to information security, the security performance of chaotic systems, as the core of reconfigurable systems, has become a key concern. Aiming at the problem of low sa...

It is vital to have precise specifications and verification of UML class diagrams to ensure the correctness of complex software systems. However, current specification and verification methods often face a challenge known as the frame problem. This problem occurs due to incomplete operation specifications that can lead to unintended system behavior...

Previously, gradual verification has been developed using overapproximating logics such as Hoare logic. We show that the static verification component of gradual verification is also connected to underapproximating logics like incorrectness logic. To do this, we use a novel definition of gradual verification and a novel gradualization of exact logi...

In modern database systems, efficient log management is crucial for ensuring data integrity and facilitating swift recovery from potential data corruption or system failures. Traditional log structures, which store operations sequentially as they occur, often lead to significant delays in accessing and recovering specific data objects due to their...