Science topic
Local Anesthetics - Science topic
Drugs that block nerve conduction when applied locally to nerve tissue in appropriate concentrations. They act on any part of the nervous system and on every type of nerve fiber. In contact with a nerve trunk, these anesthetics can cause both sensory and motor paralysis in the innervated area. Their action is completely reversible. (From Gilman AG, et. al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 8th ed) Nearly all local anesthetics act by reducing the tendency of voltage-dependent sodium channels to activate.
Publications related to Local Anesthetics (10,000)
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The fabella is a sesamoid bone located on the posterior aspect of the lateral femoral condyle, positioned on the anterior gliding surface of the lateral head of the gastrocnemius muscle. It comes into contact with the lateral femoral condyle during knee extension. The prevalence of the fabella in the general population ranges from 10 % to 30 %, and...
A
treatment method of vitamin C administration for preventing repigmentation of gingiva after laser depigmentation, comprising the steps of performing a surgical
depigmentation of gingiva by using laser under local anesthesia, removing all the pigmented layer of the epithelium, anesthetizing the area with local anesthetic spray
after two weeks afte...
Knowledge of drug pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution is precious for ensuring patient safety and optimizing treatments. The varied use of local anesthetics, as well as the fact that anesthetics can sometimes have low therapeutic indices and numerous adverse drug reactions, makes any novel pharmacokinetics information valuable. The present man...
While the impact of (−)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) on modulating nociceptive secondary neuron activity has been documented, it is still unknown how EGCG affects the excitability of nociceptive primary neurons in vivo. The objective of the current study was to investigate whether administering EGCG locally in rats reduces the excitability of...
Purpose of Review
The rhomboid intercostal and subserratus plane (RISS) block is an effective, safer alternative for managing postoperative acute pain following abdominal surgeries. The RISS block offers several advantages over traditional approaches, including reduced incidence of puncture-related complications, lower rates of systemic opioid cons...
Regional anesthesia is a popular method for surgical anesthesia in clavicular surgery. Selective blocking of the cervical 3, 4, and 5 nerve roots shows promise in clavicle surgery, with its fast onset, good anesthesia and less complications, necessitating evaluation of its impact on diaphragmatic function. The purpose of this study is to examine th...
This case series explored the potential therapeutic effects of 0.5% procaine injections in myofascial points for patients with severe anxiety. Anxiety disorders involve excessive fear and tension, often affecting daily activities. These disorders are linked to neurological circuits, inflammatory responses, and the sympathetic nervous system, which...
Background & aim: Management of Temporomandibular joint disorders are challenging that necessitates continuous research of efficient treatment options. This study aimed at evaluating the clinical efficacy of magnesium sulfate injection in the treatment of myofascial pain in patients with parafunctional habits versus local anesthetic injection.
Background: Perfect pain management is one of the most essential problems in anesthesia. Intravenous block isconsidered a simple anesthetic method to reduce extremity pain. This study is aimed to determine the effect ofproximal injection compared with distal injections to avoid the problems related to be in the vicinity of thesurgical field and mak...
A analgesia multimoldal promovida pela infusão contínua de fármacos durante o trans-anestésico desencadeia múltiplos bloqueios da cadeia nociceptiva, inibindo esta em diferentes pontos. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo relatar o protocolo analgésico utilizado durante uma exérese de carcinoma de células escamosas em um cão. Foi atendido um can...
Objectives: The development of novel long-acting injectables for local anesthetics is necessary to effectively manage the acute postoperative pain. The aim of this study was to prepare an injectable oil-based formulation of ropivacaine (ROP) prodrug (ropivacaine stearoxil, ROP-ST) and to investigate the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics after i...
Background: Despite a favorable clinical experience, little evidence exists for the efficacy of greater occipital nerve block (GONB) in migraine treatment. Considering such a premise, we wished to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of GONB in patients affected by migraine headaches. Methods: A randomized double-blinded controlled trial was conducted...
Purpose of Review
Peripheral nerve blocks are performed using local anesthetics that are commonly performed prior to surgery to either be the sole anesthetic and/or for postoperative pain management. Interscalene blocks are a specific type of nerve block that targets the superior and middle trunks of the brachial plexus inhibiting transmission of p...
Background
Local anesthetic systemic toxicity (LAST) is a rare but potentially life-threatening complication. Under general anesthesia, neurological signs are often masked, delaying diagnosis and increasing the risk of sudden cardiovascular collapse. Therefore, early detection methods are critically needed.
Case presentation
A 48-year-old male pat...
Background
Modified thoracoabdominal nerves block through perichondrial approach (M-TAPA) is a trunk block that has been gaining attention for managing postoperative pain following abdominal surgeries since its first report in 2019. We conducted a scoping review on M-TAPA, aiming to comprehensively evaluate existing research, identify the gaps in k...
Recent advances in techniques such as iontophoresis represent a promising approach to pain management. Iontophoresis involves the use of low-voltage electrical currents to improve transdermal delivery of medications, including local anesthetics. This technique is based on physical principles, including Faraday and Oërsted's laws, which elucidate th...
The present work reports the development, optimization, and validation, of a methodology to determine lidocaine, procaine, tetracaine, and benzocaine in urine matrices. Two extractive preconcentration techniques, solid-phase microextraction (SPME) LC Tips and bar adsorptive microextraction (BAμE), were studied and applied to the four target anesthe...
Tetrodotoxin (TTX), a potent Site-1 sodium channel blocker (S1SCB), offers highly effective local anesthetic properties with minimal addiction potential. To fully leverage TTX’s capabilities as a local anesthetic, it is crucial to develop a drug delivery system that balances its systemic toxicity with its therapeutic efficacy. Recent studies have s...
Background: Using hydrogels for the controlled release of drugs is beneficial for patients, who then receive the proper dose of the medicinal substance. In addition, the formulation can provide more consistent drug absorption while reducing the frequency of dosing. Objectives: The aim of this investigation is to propose a novel HA (sodium hyalurona...
BACKGROUND: Given large number of patients with hypertension attending dental clinics and the profound effects of local anesthetics containing vasoconstrictors, this study aimed to compare the effects of lidocaine 2% + epinephrine, prilocaine 3% + felypressin0.03, and mepivacaine 3% on blood pressure changes.METHODS: The current study was carried o...
Purpose of Review
This review article examines the development of chronic post-surgical pain (CPSP), approaching the subject in a temporal manner. It provides an overview of pre-operative, intraoperative, and perioperative risk factors, as well as some effective risk reduction strategies identified in prior literature.
Recent Findings
Our understa...
OBJECTIVE
To compare the postoperative complication rates of anal sacculectomy procedures in dogs treated with or without liposomal bupivacaine (LB).
METHODS
Medical records of 397 client-owned dogs treated with closed anal sacculectomy between 2016 and 2023 were retrospectively identified and grouped on the basis of administration of LB (LB group...
The development of regional anesthesia marks a significant milestone in medical history, closely tied to the discovery and application of local anesthetics. Cocaine, the first and only naturally occurring local anesthetic, paved the way for advancements in this field. Spinal anesthesia, a cornerstone of regional anesthesia, was first successfully p...
Recent advances in techniques such as iontophoresis represent a promising approach to pain management. Iontophoresis involves the use of low-voltage electrical currents to improve transdermal delivery of medications, including local anesthetics. This technique is based on physical principles, including Faraday and Oërsted's laws, which elucidate th...
Background
The injection of local anesthetics, an extremely painful procedure, leads to a reduction of patients’ acceptance.
Objective
To investigate the efficacy and adverse reactions of 4% tetracaine gel (TG) and lidocaine-prilocaine cream (LPC) on reducing the local anesthetic injection pain for upper eyelid blepharoplasty.
Methods
Sixty parti...
Aim and background
Although local anesthesia (LA) eliminates pain and instills a positive dental attitude, the physical appearance of its syringe is highly fear provoking and often intolerable. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the pain and fear perception in camouflaged syringe (CS) and vibration-assisted syringe (VA) when compa...
Fascial plane blocks have been widely introduced as a competitive alternative to paravertebral, epidural, and perineural blocks. They represent a paradigm shift as they do not require visualization of the nerves or injection of local anesthetic close to the nerves. However, there are a number of controversial issues surrounding these new blocks, in...
Nociceptive information is transmitted by action potentials (APs) through primary afferent neurons from the periphery to the central nervous system. Voltage-gated Na+ channels are involved in this AP production, while transient receptor potential (TRP) channels, which are non-selective cation channels, are involved in receiving and transmitting noc...
Background: Anesthetic irrigation is an effective treatment for postoperative pain suppression in patients after molar extraction, but exerts a short period of extraction. The study aimed to evaluate the effect of lidocaine with epinephrine irrigation on acute pain relief in healthy volunteers with inferior alveolar nerve block (IANB) injection for...
Purpose
Intrathecal morphine is increasingly used for pain management in laparoscopic colorectal surgery. While ropivacaine shows advantages of reduced cardiotoxicity and faster motor recovery compared to bupivacaine, the impact of intrathecal morphine-ropivacaine combination on postoperative recovery quality remains unclear. This study aimed to ev...
The analysis of data from relevant domestic and foreign literature on the intraoperative determination of intestinal viability using modern diagnostic methods in various diseases of the abdominal cavity accompanied by impaired blood supply to the intestinal wall is presented in this work. The analysis is based on the concept of mesenteric ischemia...
Local anesthetics are commonly used in various clinical settings for both prevention and symptom relief. Numerous clinical studies have demonstrated that intra-articular injections of local anesthetics achieve high success rates in orthopedic practices. However, several widely used local anesthetics, including bupivacaine, lidocaine, and ropivacain...
Introduction
Effective postoperative pain management remains a significant challenge due to the severe side effects of opioids and the limitations of existing analgesic delivery systems. Inflammation plays a critical role in pain exacerbation, highlighting the need for therapies that combine analgesic effects with intrinsic anti-inflammatory proper...
Pain management is a central aspect of modern obstetric care, achievable through various methods, including manual techniques, neuraxial approaches, systemic medications, and inhalational analgesics. This review focuses on the latest findings regarding the effectiveness and safety of these options. Over the past decade, obstetric regional analgesia...
The biggest bone in the human skull, the mandible shapes the inferior third of the face and forms the lower jawline. The inferior alveolar nerve and vessels enter the mandibular canal through the mandibular foramen, which punctures the internal surface of the ramus. It is located at the level of the occlusal surfaces of the lower teeth, midway betw...
To compare sodium bicarbonate buffered lignocaine solution with hyaluronidase mixed with lignocaine in peribulbar anesthesia.
: Complete analgesia and akinesia are goals of any anesthetic procedure used for intraocular surgery the peribulbar technique is popular for safer approach. To achieve better efficacy of anesthesia various modifications have...
Background/Objectives: In 2021, the Food and Drug Administration approved liposomal bupivacaine injectable suspension for single-dose infiltration in patients ≥ 6 years of age. Liposomal bupivacaine and bupivacaine hydrochloride admixtures may also be administered off-label for pediatric regional anesthesia including peripheral nerve blocks (PNBs)....
Dental anxiety, the fear related to dental services, can be presented in diverse ways, hindering those in need of dental treatment. This anxiety often results in higher levels of untreated dental issues, affecting oral health-related quality of life primarily due to insufficient dental care or dental care avoidance. Identifying its causes is crucia...
A BSTRACT
Introduction
Lignocaine, commonly used for local anesthesia, often results in discomfort during mandibular premolar extractions due to limited tissue diffusion with the buccal infiltration technique. Articaine, with better lipid solubility, promises improved diffusion and patient comfort. This study compares the efficacy of 2% Lignocaine...
A dor crônica afeta a qualidade de vida e o bem-estar dos animais. As causas e sintomatologias variam entre as espécies. Os sinais clínicos da dor crônica em animais podem ser sutis, em contraste com a dor aguda. A Terapia Neural envolve a aplicação de anestésicos locais em concentrações baixas em pontos específicos do corpo que variam em cada paci...
Postoperative sore throat is a common complaint and an undesirable outcome. It is often a side effect of general anesthesia, reported by 30% to 70% of patients following tracheal intubation. Despite advancements in laryngoscopy equipment, postoperative sore throat remains a common issue, requiring additional pharmacological interventions and negati...
Introduction: Intratympanic cortisone injections (ITI) have been established for sudden deafness for years. ITI can be used as primary therapy and, above all, as rescue therapy if systemic administration has not brought any improvement or if there are contraindications to systemic administration.
Methods: Many different forms of application, indica...
Local anesthetics are commonly used in ophthalmic surgery. However, their use can affect the healing process. This study aimed to investigate the potential impact of anesthetic substances at clinically relevant concentrations and incubation times (3 min), specifically oxybuprocaine (OBPC, 0.4%), lidocaine (LIDO, 2%), and bupivacaine (BUPI, 0.5%), e...
Background: Lower abdomen and lower limb surgeries can be performed under spinal anesthesia. Ropivacaine is a local anesthetic, belonging to the amino amide group. It is a pure S-enantiomer and is considered to have a better safety profile than bupivacaine. Aims and Objectives: The aim of the study is to compare the efficacy of intrathecal isobaric...
This study examined the effects of surgical castration and lidocaine-plus-meloxicam treatment on growth, physiology, behaviors, and leukocyte heat shock protein 90 (HSP 90) gene expression in Hanwoo (Korean cattle) bulls. Twenty Hanwoo bulls (body weight 248.8 ± 28.5 kg, age 9.4 ± 1.04 months) were assigned to three treatments: surgical castration...
Background: Cesarean section (CS) is a common surgical procedure, often accompanied by significant post-operative pain, which can hinder recovery, bonding with the baby, and breastfeeding. Effective pain management is crucial to prevent complications such as chronic pain and depression. Intraperitoneal (IP) instillation of local anesthetics, such a...
Background: Spinal anesthesia is the neuraxial regional anesthesia technique used in infraumbilical surgeries such as inguinal hernia, hydrocele, hysterectomy, and lower limb surgeries. Levobupivacaine and bupivacaine are local anesthetic agents used for spinal anesthesia. Aims and Objectives: The aim of the study was to compare the efficacy of hyp...
Background: Epidural anesthesia is a neuraxial regional anesthesia used to provide surgical anesthesia, to supplement general anesthesia, and to provide intra and post-operative analgesia. Levobupivacaine and ropivacaine are local anesthetic agents used in an epidural. Aims and Objectives: The aim of this study is to evaluate the onset and duration...
Abnormal corneal nerve function and associated disease is a significant public health concern. It is associated with prevalent ocular surface diseases, including dry eye disease. Corneal nerve dysfunction is also a common side effect of refractive surgeries, as well as a symptom of diseases that cause peripheral neuropathies. Here, we demonstrate i...
In recent years careful research has allowed us to identify that it was the Bologna surgeon Benedetto Schiassi who performed the first spinal anesthesia in Italy. The day was December 27, 1899 and the location was the Umberto and Margherita hospital in Budrio, his birthplace. There are four of his publications that, combined with the documentation...
The obturator nerve variably gives off the anterior, posterior, and hip articular branches along its course; however, all branches invariably pass through the obturator canal. Herein, we describe our obturator nerve block technique, which promises to deliver local anesthetic directly into the obturator canal. We performed the obturator nerve block...
Background: Cesarean section (CS) is a common surgical procedure, often accompanied by significant post-operative pain, which can hinder recovery, bonding with the baby, and breastfeeding. Effective pain management is crucial to prevent complications such as chronic pain and depression. Intraperitoneal (IP) instillation of local anesthetics, such a...
Background: Lower abdomen and lower limb surgeries can be performed under spinal anesthesia. Ropivacaine is a local anesthetic, belonging to the amino amide group. It is a pure S-enantiomer and is considered to have a better safety profile than bupivacaine. Aims and Objectives: The aim of the study is to compare the efficacy of intrathecal isobaric...
Background: Epidural anesthesia is a neuraxial regional anesthesia used to provide surgical anesthesia, to supplement general anesthesia, and to provide intra and post-operative analgesia. Levobupivacaine and ropivacaine are local anesthetic agents used in an epidural. Aims and Objectives: The aim of this study is to evaluate the onset and duration...
Background: Spinal anesthesia is the neuraxial regional anesthesia technique used in infraumbilical surgeries such as inguinal hernia, hydrocele, hysterectomy, and lower limb surgeries. Levobupivacaine and bupivacaine are local anesthetic agents used for spinal anesthesia. Aims and Objectives: The aim of the study was to compare the efficacy of hyp...
Objective
To compare the safety and effectiveness in improving function and reducing pain of autologous PRP to corticosteroid (CS) zygapophyseal (Z-joint) intra-articular (IA) injections at six months for patients with chronic osteoarthritis Z-joint mediated low back pain (LBP).
Design
Prospective triple-blinded multicentric randomized controlled...
Background: Dexmedetomidine has not been adequately studied as an adjuvant to peribulbar anesthesia in strabismus surgery. Objectives: We investigated how different routes of dexmedetomidine administration affect the peribulbar block characteristics in adults undergoing strabismus surgery. Study Design: A randomized, double-blind clinical trial. Th...
Background
Supraclavicular brachial plexus block (SCB) is a common regional analgesic technique for upper limb fracture surgery, but it often leads to rebound pain. Our primary aim is to determine whether different administration methods of esketamine can reduce rebound pain in patients undergoing SCB for upper limb fracture surgery.
Methods/desig...
Open or arthroscopic repair of hamstring tear requires both hard and soft, posterior and proximal thigh analgesia. Regional injections to completely relieve this unique pain are not available to the best of our knowledge. We present a novel, single injection, performed under ultrasound guidance, that utilizes the deep piriformis space. This space c...
Purpose
Patients undergoing thoracic surgery suffer from severe postoperative pain, and a series of complications will occur if there is no effective analgesic treatment. Liposomal bupivacaine (LB) is a novel multivesicular formulation with up to 72 hours of analgesia, which can be used in thoracic surgery. This meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the...
Many patients with underlying medical conditions are treated with local anesthetics in dental clinics. Dental local anesthetic cartridges contain the vasoconstrictor adrenaline, which can affect the cardiovascular system. For this reason, the adrenaline in the cartridge (2% lidocaine + 1:80,000 adrenaline) is sometimes diluted in order to avoid hem...
Background/Objectives: Buffered local anesthetics are suggested to enhance patient comfort and anesthetic efficacy during dental procedures. However, their advantages over non-buffered solutions in maxillary third molar extractions remain under-investigated. This prospective, randomized, double-blind, split-mouth study aimed to compare the efficacy...
The central nervous system (CNS), comprising the brain and spinal cord, plays a critical role in neuraxial anesthesia—a form of anesthesia involving the placement of local anesthetic agents in or around the CNS. Among neuraxial techniques, spinal anesthesia stands out due to its precision, as it involves the direct deposition of anesthetic into the...
Background and Objectives: Postoperative recovery from general anesthesia is a multidimensional process, and patient-centered outcome assessment should be considered an important indicator of recovery quality. This study compared the effectiveness of intraoperative lidocaine and magnesium on postoperative recovery in nasal bone fracture surgery, us...
Background
Local infiltration analgesia (LIA) is a crucial component of multimodal analgesia that enhances recovery after total hip arthroplasty (THA) and knee arthroplasty (TKA). However, LIA can cause fatal local anesthetic systemic toxicity (LAST). The incidences of LIA-induced LAST in different surgeries and anesthetic agents have not been well...
Background
This case report presents a complication, subconjunctival hemorrhage, after extraction of maxillary first and second molar residual roots. This is a very rare complication, with only four reported cases of sub-conjunctival hemorrhage in the literature.
Case Presentation
In this case report, a 62-year-old woman who had an extraction of m...
Thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS) is characterized by intractable cervicobrachial pain caused by strangulation of the brachial plexus and subclavian artery by structures of the superior thoracic outlet. We describe percutaneous epidural adhesiolysis for refractory pain due to TOS. A man in his 40s had received nerve block therapy for right upper extre...