Livelihoods - Science topic

Optimizing Pakistan’s green landscape through Artificial Intelligence (AI) offers a promising path to address future environmental, economic, and social challenges. Given Pakistan’s diverse ecosystems, including forests, grasslands, agricultural areas, and urban green spaces, AI can play a critical role in optimizing landscape management, improving resource efficiency, and mitigating the impacts of climate change. Here are some key areas where AI can be leveraged effectively:

1. Precision Agriculture for Sustainable Food Production

2. Forestation and Reforestation Initiatives

3. Urban Green Space Management

4. Water Resource Management

5. Combating Climate Change and Promoting Renewable Energy

6. Biodiversity Conservation

Potentially a regression analysis or a SEM.

In the long run, demonstrations may not be the best vehicle to create meaningful change. They can actually embolden the alternative voices, in some situations. For example, the current demonstrations in the US about the horrible Netanyahu offensive in Gaza has actually created the counterproductive outcome of putting Jewish Americans in an awful position of supporting Netanyahu when a more strategic approach could have hastened the pressure on him to evacuate nonmilitant Palestinians, and provide for their care, prior to invading Gaza to confront the Hamas figures responsible for the outrageous October 7th attack on the Israeli people.

The most effective demonstrations are the result of a well thought out strategy based on carefully designed, and practical, objectives for the government and other officials to adopt once the pressure of demonstrations are applied. In addition, no demonstration should be implemented until the "rules of engagement" have been clarified and explained to the organizers and participants. All potential responses of responsible officials should be anticipated and incorporated into "bargaining points" well in advance of the start date. Acts of violence and destruction of property should be eliminated from the objectives as they create the very reason for otherwise supportive members of the society to rise up in opposition to the demonstrators. No one, and no organization, should be allowed to participate unless they agree to the "terms and conditions" of the proposed demonstrations.

Finally, well regarded spokespersons for the demonstrations should be identified and recruited prior to figuring out the forgoing elements of a successful demonstration strategy.

Upon reflection, perhaps the best way to discuss the better alternative, would be to conceptualize a different, more effective approach that I would call "citizen assemblies" where the issues and all of the affected parties are given a seat at the table where all views and positions can be fully articulated. In this approach, potential allies and opponents would be included and anticipated rather than having "counter demonstrations" emerge that would diminish the impact of raising concerns about a particular policy or management of a crisis, again thinking about the Israeli strategy to respond to the Hama attack, as an example. I also believe that intellectuals need to find a method to "weigh in" early on in similar situations. I briefly circulated a "thought experiment" about how the Israeli response to the Hamas attack could have been managed much more effectively. Without a mechanism, however, the best thoughts of intellectuals about how to manage a complex situation without creating a humanitarian crisis remains to be answered. Clearly, we have a very real example of a "situation gone very wrong" right in front of us. Unfortunately, we don't have mechanisms in place to provide very real, potential solutions, from the most thoughtful members of our world.

I hope this helps to frame the issues involved.

yes

Cooperatives are effective tools for advancing sustainable livelihoods in rural areas globally. Cooperatives serve a vital role in promoting economic empowerment, social inclusion, and environmental stewardship by utilizing the combined strength and resources of their members. It plays a crucial role in promoting sustainable livelihoods by offering rural community members opportunities to access markets, loans, and technical help. By engaging in collective action, small-scale producers can surmount obstacles to entering markets, secure more favourable prices for their goods, and gain access to financial services that empower them to invest in their enterprises and enhance their productivity. In addition, cooperatives frequently give priority to environmentally conscious techniques and sustainable management of resources, such as organic farming, agroforestry, and water conservation. This ensures the long-term sustainability of natural resources and ecosystems, which are crucial for rural livelihoods. Furthermore, cooperatives enhance social unity and integration by encouraging underrepresented demographics such as women, youth, indigenous communities, and individuals with disabilities to engage in economic endeavours and decision-making procedures.

History is important! From an island perspective, some examples:

1. https://islandstudiesjournal.org/files/ISJ-2-1-2007-Kelman-pp101-114.pdf

2. https://doi.org/10.1111/area.12457

3. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.imic.2015.04.001

4. https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/e/9781315764528/chapters/10.4324/9781315764528-9

5. http://jmic.online/issues/v6n2/1

Yes you are more poor than jesus and he died bro

Justifying climate resilience through participatory forest management in a natural forest involves making a strong case for how this approach can contribute to mitigating and adapting to climate change. Here are steps and key points to help you justify the importance of this approach:

Remember to tailor your justification to the specific context of the natural forest and the local community's needs and aspirations. Providing a well-rounded argument with scientific evidence, social benefits, and economic considerations will help garner support for your climate resilience initiatives through participatory forest management.

Hi Bello,

Please check this out : www.Stats4Edu.com

Dear Abhijit Mitra

I would like to recommend you my following articles since I believe that they would provide useful information in this regard:

1.

2.

3.

Desde mi interpretación, la pregunta de fondo es como hacer para que los jóvenes aporten a las sociedades ingresos sin tener que constituir una empresa. Bajo esa interpretación de tu pregunta, te contesto:

En las sociedades basadas en el conocimiento y la información los jóvenes han encontrado en las TIC diferentes formas productivas de generar ingresos a través de funciones que brindan las redes sociales (ejemplo monetización de videos), prueba de aplicaciones digitales, participación en encuestas, entre otros. Ahora, es importante entender que sus ingresos se dan en especie tipo productos, servicios o monedas de cambio digital con sistemas de intercambio tipo puntos. Por ello, este tipo de aporte en la economía no es evidenciable en las medidas tradicionales de la economía, pero si son percibidas por el sujeto, un ejemplo de esta economía de información es el uso de aplicaciones, no pagas por el uso o descarga con dinero, sino con los datos que extraen a través de cookies directas y cruzadas que aceptas al realizar el uso o la descarga.

Por lo tanto, como investigadora me llevas a plantearme si existe alguna forma de evidenciar ese aporte o economía basada en los datos, dentro de los sistemas de indicadores económicos actuales.

Espero te sirva mi respuesta!

Aura M.

Form a consortium of institutions. Develop a Memorandum of Association. Divide projects based on the region or specialty of the area of work. Prepare a common bid proposal. Plan for sharing the project gains. Resolve the conflicts.

Most of the coastal area farmers used to suffer the soil erosion. This is because of faulty procedures are being followed among the people and flooding apart from wind erosion.

These costal lands are being exploited for many reasons. There is no systemic way if protecting the environment because the costal area pose them to involve fish production and processing in the near by land areas.

The main livelihoods if the coastal population depending on the fish 🐟🐠 catching, sorting, marketing etc where the income variable matters to determine the life of the people.

Ghana costal area have greater opportunity to generate the livelihoods income to many people.

While saying costal erosion that affects agriculture directly. Due to erosion that may pose challenges in agriculture and the soil micro nutrients might have dislocated to others that could affect the livelihoods of the farmers.

Mist of the human and natural interventions might have been the cause for these costal erosion in Ghana.

Dear college

In my opinion - First: The governments of developed countries should reduce their industrial activity, which causes many biological problems and negatively affects the natural balance between living organisms.

Secondly, ecologists should know how to return to nature (at least to return to the appearances and behavior of the seventies of the last century), not only at the level of plants, insects, and animals but also at the level of humans in their dealings with the surrounding environmental conditions.

Dear Awukudzie,

Such an important question...

Considering your question, I think largely, these impacts are to be considered..

1. Loss of Coastal Resources: One of the major economic impacts of coastal erosion in Ghana is the loss of coastal resources. This includes marine life, mangrove forests, and fishing grounds, which are all essential to people living in coastal areas. These resources provide food, income, and other benefits to coastal communities.

2. Loss of Property: As coastal erosion continues to occur, land, homes, and other structures located close to the shoreline are at risk of becoming damaged or destroyed. This can result in costly repairs and reconstruction, or a complete loss of property for those living in the affected area.

3. Decline in Tourism: As coastal erosion continues, beaches and other attractions that attract tourists to the area are at risk of becoming diminished or destroyed. This can lead to a significant decline in tourism in the area, which in turn can impact the local economy.

4. Loss of Agricultural Land: Coastal erosion can also lead to the loss of agricultural land, which can impact the food security of local communities. This can be particularly devastating for communities that rely on subsistence farming, as the loss of land can lead to a decrease in food production and an increase in food prices.

5. Loss of Livelihoods: Coastal erosion can also lead to the loss of livelihoods for those that depend on coastal resources for their income. This can include fishermen, farmers, and other people living in coastal areas whose livelihoods rely on the resources provided by the ocean.

What an unhelpful set of responses you have gotten to this question. In my view, landesque capital and infrastructure are related conceptually but are not the same thing. They are privileged in different approaches to and notions of what development means. ‘Infrastructure’ (capital ‘i’) almost always refers simply to built or engineered modernisation or ‘improvement’ to the environment / technical support systems for development, often (but not always – see for example ‘public health infrastructure’ or ‘sanitation infrastructure’) to address ostensible ‘needs’ such as intensified production (irrigation canals) or connect markets (roads). Landesque capital, in contrast, I see as more of a framework for understanding how a 'productive' landscape is constructed, rooted in an approach more informed by landscape and human ecology and strongly integrates consideration of social institutions, human labour, and creativity in histories of landscape change. It reflects an historical perspective and emphasises the social and co-produced nature of landscape and has temporal considerations that one does not associate with mainstream discussions around ‘infrastructure’.  TLDR, I think landesque capital is a more inclusive framework for conceptualising productive landscapes that is accommodating of what we might think of as extensively as well as intensively produced forms of infrastructure and takes temporality and human ecological relationships into account. I hope this reflection is helpful.

Q1 Journals cannot have that short publication periods. They do real review. Thank you

Hello,

I have seen some e several application ecosystems that integrate IoT sensors and domain awareness systems. please check out for these ref:

Just type your focused area in google, you will get experts along with few invitations

Management of flow and aquifer capacity can reduce the adverse effect

I do agree Professor Dr.Patrick Webb's statement that it will be a useful tool to identify the gaps existing in the Food Insecurity regions or areas.

I had reviewed the manuscript from Nigeria, Kebbi region that the author has applied Food Insecurity Index but not Coping strategies Index.

It is possible to measure with suitable indicators that coping strategies index can be measured on the area or the region.

Though it is qualitative measurement that needs to be tested with potential indicators that will help to identify the problems in Food Insecurity situation.

You could look at an interesting approach here:

It cannot be ignored that for small production units the transition to sustainable agriculture also implies difficulties.

It was nice to take part in big marches, meet people and feel part of a "big family".

Now, it is time to help the planet by avoiding the use of fossil fuels and convince others to do the same. Start recycling and support others. You can bicycle to work, school or university and meet nice people on the way while doing so.

Eat well, because a healthy mind needs a healthy body.

If applied as an early treatment, two thirds of all deaths could have been prevented.

That is quite a figure, which some may find excesive.

Precisely those who haven´t yet published the success of paracetamol in covid...

Yes, if properly formulated and enforced.

Yes both aspects essential.

Good and important topic.

It's the shared responsibilities, the shared contributions and after all assertive as conclusion for mitigation with adaptation, are must factors to be brought in application.

Regards,

Fatema Miah.

Some similar studies:

1.

2. https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/6248793.pdf

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

Vertical Farming is crucial in overpopulated countries and cities. Especially as the development of science, research and technology, vertical farming model is popular and affordable in those areas.

Demand is one side, and food security is another consideration for vertical farming. Moreover, it is beneficial to reduce the carbon expulsion and protect our environment.

In a nutshell, vertical farming model is one of advance trend for nowadays and forthcoming agriculture.

Thank you, Sir. No question on the raised issue, and farmers are really farm managers in their indigenous knowledge. They need only what they have not, ie; mechanization. Livelihood security and ecosystem management in developing countries sustained mainly from the application of smallholders' indigenous knowledge.

The approach of Dr. Michael W. Marek , gives more pressure to the question and opens new edges in this discussion. Sounds good to me.

Please, go through this paper which will support you to calculate vulnerability.

Dear Dr. Tay,

the major commodities exploited by artisanal mining are high-unit value commodities (opposite to high place-value commodities) encompassing gemstones and precious metals, mainly gold. The processing and disintegration of the ore needs often huge amounts of water (hydro-mining) and the liberation of the ore and gem minerals in sluice boxes is not better either. As far as the chemical processing is concerned it is mainly the amalgamation and cyanidation of placer gold that may cause us raise the eye-brows and let us frown. While large companies used to be under surveillance of mining authorities small-scale mining frequently escape from this surveillance and mercury and cyanide spills often are not anything out of the ordinary. To be honest, larger companies are no angels either in this job.

There is a constant conflict of interest between miners and farmers in the neigborhood who need water for irrigation and their livestock. Even if they take care of the chemicals and prevent them from getting washed into the creeks and ponds there is a lot of fine-grained material which raises the turbidity of streams and ponds a problem which impacts negatively on the fishery and oxygen content of the water and cleaining of water used in the households.

Locally, veins and ore-bearing structures may (by change) be opened up bearing arsenides, e.g., arsenopyrite or its oxidation product scorodite, both of which are harmful when released in aquatic systems. This is also the case with Cd-enriched sulfides such as greenockite or sphalerite.

To make mining profitable and competitive with bulk-mining conducted by large-scale mining operations you have to trim down the safety standards and handle the environmental protection measures a bit more sloppily and monitoring is done more leniently.

It is often a hard nut to crack to meticulously abide by the mining regulations on one hand and make enough money for the family in a safe way on the other. You have to look at this operations always from different angles and to avoid to hand down prematurely verdicts from a high morale pedestal as a person living in a comfortable housing area of a highly industrialized country. In some of my foreign assignments I have tried to mitigate the problems a bit. I hope, it was of help to these persons forced to making their living from small-scale mining

I wish you much success.

H.G.Dill

The economic and social costs of chaotic housing on development The presence of dozens of tin houses at the entrance to various major cities, which have turned into background rules for the practice of many prohibitions, such as trafficking in drugs, prostitution and other illegal activities due to widespread unemployment and high indicators of lack of work opportunities [19]. Studies suggest that the growth of slums is mainly due to the failure to implement the laws on buildings as well as the protection of state-owned land in exchange for the reluctance of the relevant government agencies to implement, as well as the weak interest in regional development, which aims to redistribute the population of the country, and most importantly, the disruption of the housing market and the decrease in the supply of housing units. Inadequacy of supply with the quality of demand, as the proportion of economic housing in the total housing units decreases. These slums cause an increase in the economic and social costs incurred by the state and society alike. They also cause a decline in the results of many of the millennium goals and dimensions of human development, most of which are related to improving the health and social level of the population, and can be summarized as follows: The spread of diseases: Tin neighborhoods are considered a suitable environment for the transmission of diseases and infections due to the high rates of crowding and the lack of clean water sources and sewage channels for waste, in addition to the lack of attention to the general cleanliness of the area as a result of being considered informal housing areas. Malnutrition, and diseases such as chest diseases such as permanent inflammation of the bronchi. Tuberculosis due to lack of proper ventilation. Internal diseases such as malaria, diarrhea and intestinal worms due to the use of contaminated water. Mental illnesses: as a result of the existence of a culture of poverty and the inability to keep up with the outside world in terms of capabilities and standard of living, high birth rates and deaths: School dropout, assault on green spaces and agricultural lands: The increase in tin houses has led to an increase in the number of violations and attacks on green spaces and agricultural lands. Attempts to reduce the spread of informal settlements The reform processes of such a residential environment face very severe difficulty due to the complex urban fabric and the increase in population and construction density of these communities. Therefore, efforts to upgrade these areas have been limited to supplying these areas with public utilities (clean drinking water - sanitation - electricity) without extending to the planning aspects and spaces. Urban and social aspects of this community. In spite of that, this pattern has recorded some positives that can be used to direct this pattern towards urban methods that are commensurate with the urban fabric of cities, and in order for the state to avoid staying in the same closed circle, it seeks to implement a group of attempts to limit the spread of random housing.

Aribi Asma

I have as an example my country and specifically the micro-region where I live: we have a cooperative bank that, by financing small producers, turned us into a hub for the production of milk, chickens and swine. In addition, we have small factories for clothing and food products derived from meat and vegetable fairs.

Also, with microcredit, we are starting to make wine, with the production of grapes in a place where nothing had been planted before.

This is the scenario I am following.

Cheers!

It’s true that young enthusiast people should be more enterprising and less dependent on traditional trend to only try to get a job to have a livelihood.

Dairy farming, no doubt, is a good option as a start up business investment. Both milk and related products like cheese, butter, etc have good prospect and are positive products to produce as these are products which contribute towards overall social wellbeing of mass population of any country. Moreover, dairy value chain has still have ample scope to add have to it and one can contribute through dairy farming in an appropriate manner.

Dear Dinusha Randimal,

In my opinion, the minimum research period in order to achieve a high level of objectivity and minimize research errors should be set at several growing seasons of crops grown in these greenhouses. In order to precisely determine the number of growing seasons, various aspects of climatic seasonality, cycles of cultivation and breeding of specific species of crops and livestock, as well as business and economic cycles should be taken into account. If the growing seasons of cultivated plants coincide with the periods of years, the years may be divided into specific seasons as a unit of periods on a multi-annual scale. Precise definition of the minimum number of years should take into account all relevant cycles mentioned above, so that the longest-lasting, multi-year cycles are taken into account at least to a minimum extent, i.e. single full periods of specific cycles. The longest-lasting cycles of vegetation, business cycle, breeding, climate, economic etc., included in the research, may determine the minimum scope of the research duration.

Best regards,

Dariusz Prokopowicz

Development is specially meant for ease of life. Sustainable development is the use of resources for the present generation without compromising the needs of the generation to come. However, Sustainable livelihoods are nothing but one should think of nature, each biotic and abiotic factor of the environment in every small day-to-day act.

The tool I normally use is public meetings with focus group discussions as a priority.

It is importnat study

Agricultural extension can help the small holder farmers through:

1. Educating the farmers on modern farming practices which gives higher output with little input. E.g. hydroponics, planting of improved seeds, among others.

2. Educate them on the important of adopting innovation as majority of smallholder farmers are risk averse.

3. Provision of high quality planting materials.

Good question Priti. Diaspora has been emerged as a study of more significance recently. People in a new set-up whether it is a forced migration or a compulsive one are facing some sort of identity crisis which leave them in no where. The older community especially struggle more in getting adjusted to the new environment. Leaving behind their age old ancient native place is no doubt an emotional shock, apart from other crisis like economic and so on. I have witnessed, many communities from both tribal and rural background emotionally affected more due to migration to a new place. Intensive studies needs to be carried out to have more details on impact of migration on these particular communities, their transitional phases, in different socio-cultural aspects of their life. Preeti Oza

Estimado, creo que si en el caribe aun no se desarrolla la acuicultura considérense unos afortunados. Si bien es cierto la acuicultura se considera como una alternativa mundial sostenible para obtener proteína animal sin depredar el mar, también hay que considerar que realizar la misma cerca o enclavadas en zonas ecológicamente sensibles y vulnerables a los contaminantes como arrecifes o manglares, hacen de esta actividad nada sostenible y poco amigable con el medio ambiente, como lo sucede actualmente en sudamericana. Para citar un ejemplo, lo que sucede con la actividad acuícola langostinera que se ha desarrollado en el pacifico ecuatoriano y peruano, la cual para asentarse ha tenido que talar cantidades muy considerables de bosque de manglar, atentando ecologicamente con el medio dado que los manglares funcionan como zonas de reproducción y precria de muchas especies de peces, invertebrados y aves costeras, y si pensamos que el atentado acaba allí, pues nos equivocamos, entre mas grande es la granja acuícola, mas grande es la contaminación con los efluentes que ellas vierten al ecosistema, si bien es cierto existen normas para regular la emisión de los mismos, pues el control y fiscalización de las mismas es nulo.

Livelihood for RMG sector: It usually affects the poor garment workers most. For last 4-5 months most of the garment industry of Dhaka and adjacent industrial district which cost their work and hamper their daily way and means of living. This empty handedness means it will cost their treatment procedures if they get infected with Covid-19. Same hardship can imply for other working sectors also.

It might increase migration as suggested by the head of the red cross, but given the fact that most developed countries have been affected by COVID - 19 both socially and economically will resist receiving migrants, therefore, we could see more deaths of migrants at sea and elsewhere

It depends on how severe is the lock-down in your area. If it is to the extent of ban on both production and consumption, it would be severe. Lock-down vary from country to country depending on the severity of the pandemic. Especially, in my own country situation, the poultry industry picked up instead of dwindling. Producers are encouraged to enhance domestic production since the import was banned. Producers are given loan on low interest rates to boost production.

Your issues need more information to get specific suggestions.

Regards !!!

The plight of the economically disadvantaged is a terrible thing to consider in this covid crisis. Neither food was available nor the money to buy groceries. As the cycle is vicious, the entire community takes the brunt of this financial breakdown.

The governments are trying to provide for the essentials (rice / pulses) through ration shops. What we can do as general public is to take care of those around us - Swaach bharath workers, municipality workers, roadside dwellers. This can be in the form of providing them cooked food / rice / provisions / clothing. NGOs if available would do a great job in reaching them. Anganwadi staff can also guide to catering the need of the people. Nevertheless this is a tough time which may go on for sometime, but together we can make a difference, for this too will pass.

The world must unite in common goals and overcome crises.

Olivier Serrat

Thank you for sharing a good collection of published news. Very informative..

Pashmeena Vikramjit Ghom this is an important question you are asking. Most contributions received focus on one aspect: the education on the topic of architecture, and the modalities of teaching and learning.

I would like to raise another aspect of your question: teach and learn an architecture which has to be different if it wants to address "living in the pandemic era".

The design of living spaces, from the bedroom, the apartment, its facilities, the houses, the streets, the buildings and desirably attached gardens, all this is now seen with new eyes.

The new architects being trained now will have to answer the questions of those living through the pandemic:

-(1) what apartment have you designed for me?

It's turning to a nightmare: three to five, six persons sharing an apartment, one toilet, one bathroom. How can the occupiers deal with one of them being contaminated? If people share meals, it is enough to share 6 meals (two days) for everybody to have a probability of more than 90% to be contaminated too...

The living hell of the closed spaces not designed to provide privacy/face isolation needs of infectious people in the household. The architects will bear the responsibility for what will be seen as a structural design fault, the next time a pandemic happens. Statistics show that virus death rates are higher in less wealthy parts of one city, where people cannot isolate, cannot have a separate bathroom for infected/not infected occupiers.

-(2) what open air space have you designed for me?

I know of people forced to live alone in an apartment, and not go out (elderly persons), with no virus-safe access to a balcony or a garden, just to be outside for a few minutes. This will be seen as a negative feature of a housing project if it misses some building access to a safe garden, where people can stretch their legs, and breath outdoors every day, during lockdown times.

I know people who have a city apartment and a country house, even a small one. Many of them escaped the city. Doing so they propagated the virus to places less at risk before they arrived. This is irresponsible behaviour, going outside cities, bringing virus risk, bringing further pressure on rural hospitals not dimensioned for such influx of part-time residents, whereas city hospitals have suitable infrastructure for the inhabitants of the city.

The fault is to ill-designed buildings, ill-designed cities.

-(3) Have you thought of urban designs robust to the pandemic?

You want people to be able to walk safely, with needed social distancing supported by floor marking (which can be creative and styled), grocery shop and pharmacy shop access, where standing lines is reasonable (think of too much sun, too much rain on a line of people waiting, think of social distance allowance).

-(4) What is a post-pandemic work place?

I will not go into details, but there is indoor design and outdoor design, technical aspects, decoration, artistic aspects.

This is true for a factory as well as for an office. Work places will have to be robust to pandemic, support the needs of workers and organisations.

I have just highlighted 4 areas, where Architectural Education will need to provide answer. There is no guilt for today's architects not to have designed for pandemic robustness. There will be a guilt for tomorrow's architects if they don not learn from the pandemic, and address the needs which have materialised clearly.

I hope this helps

Tnx Dr. Akhmad and Ahmed

Please, refer to the following links :

https://www.omicsonline.org/assessing-climate-change-impacts-on-ecosystem-services-and-livelihoods-in-ghana-case-study-of-communities-around-sui-forest-reserve-2157-7625.S3-001.php?aid=6079

https://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1890/120312

http://www.cifor.org/publications/pdf_files/Books/BLocatelli160138.pdf

http://www.fao.org/climate-smart-agriculture-sourcebook/production-resources/module-b3-forestry/chapter-b3-1/en/

https://helda.helsinki.fi/bitstream/handle/10138/37031/FE_26en_2011.pdf?sequence=3&isAllowed=y

Regards

ST, you may search through the web. A number of NGOs have sections on these; i forgot which one, but i think some are from South AFrica. The Canadian aid agency has promoted or supported some of these NGOs. I did a quick ask from google and there's a journal right here in researchgate. The genre is leadership studies. I have not written on it(maybe i should), but have practiced it and always guided by it when dealing with communities for research and personal visits. Hope this helps.

Dear Abdul Baki,

Thank you for your advice. I am still sorting the data and will soon conduct the analysis. I will get back to you for more advice when I start the analysis.

Thank you for sharing your knowledge and experience.

Sir

You can get a glimpse of the answer what are you looking for from these papers

Olivier Serrat Thank you so much for your response.

The plan or path should recognize one approach does not necessarily fit every circumstance. Some landscapes are more resilient than others. Some farming communities are open to conservation, while others need some approach from education, convincing, technical help, economic support through conservation easements, payments or tax credits, and in some cases policy and legal requirements. A good part of my career was directed at addressing impacts of excessive erosion and gullying from agricultural practices that left landscapes unproductive (eg, book - The Lands No One Wanted). The US NRCS and USFS are among agencies that have used varying means to help assess and address watershed issues and opportunities for improvement from agricultural and forestry practices. Getting to situations where farming and/or forestry livelihoods can become efficient enough or have funding supports to allow for some portion of the lands and investments be used for conservation, such as forested or grassed stream buffer zones, or low or no till approaches on erodible or low fertility lands. Certain benefits of stream buffers for hunting, fishing, water quality (downstream reservoirs, habitats, community or urban water supplies and treatment costs, etc), scenery, and other eco-functions have economic value that is sometimes difficult to determine as well as return benefits to the farmer for installing or incorporating best management practices of conservation on those lands. In some instances, an ounce of prevention is much more desireable when faced with a pound of cure.

I do not know about the context of Africa but I can give some general inputs.

Sustainability is not a small word and not that easy to measure it. It varies from place to place and people to people. So the tools of measurement are also subjected to change. So to understand the coastal livelihood sustainability first step is to understand the livelihoods of the coastal are. It may be only fishing, or agriculture mixed and even sometimes due to tourism a lot of diversified options come out for the community. To understand any livelihood I will really suggest the DFID framework(attached reading material) and for collection of the data of the location participatory tools like PRA (file attached for further reading) can be adapted.

Then the next step is to evolve the meaning of sustainability or definition of sustainability from the community. The literal meaning of sustainability can be cleared to the community at the initial stage and tell them to contextualise the concept of sustainability in their livelihood and locations. When they clarify everything must do a triangulation through the community and also a resource person from outside who know the livelihood better.

Later the previously collected data of present situations of livelihood can be compared with the definition of sustainability of a particular livelihood in the location. And the mapping of gaps should be the answer to understanding sustainability of coastal livelihood.

I'd have to know specifically how measure livelihood diversification is measured, but cannot imagine that these are Poisson distributed,.

Thank you @ Eberhard sir for your nice suggestion.

I do agree with both previous replies by @Lusine and @Yehia; tourism does not necessarily cause sustainability. It should, however, be constantly adjusted to stand in line with and towards sustainable strategies and goals.

Dear,

On top of what Manalo clearly stated "real interest of you" the second issue is to look for "what you can contribute-gap to fill" in the existing literature. Gap could mean many things: to identify areas not well researched, apply new methodologies, and even improved sampling approaches.

Following.

OECD equivalence scale”. This assigns a value of 1 to the first household member, of 0.7 to each additional adult and of 0.5 to each child. This scale (also called “Oxford scale”)was mentioned by OECD (1982) for possible use in “countries which have not established their own equivalence scale”. For this reason, this scale is sometimes labelled “(old) OECD scale”.

"OECD-modified scale". After having used the “old OECD scale ”in the 1980s and the earlier 1990s, the Statistical Office of the European Union (EUROSTAT) adopted in the late 1990s the so-called “OECD-modified equivalence scale”. This scale, first proposed by Haagenars et al.(1994), assigns a value of 1 to the household head, of 0.5 to each additional adult member and of 0.3 to each child.

There have been many studies, and even questionnaires on this topic. I think it is important to know the society very well before drafting questionnaires. Well enough to be able to estimate the variation of sources of livelihood. This then helps to concentrate on the most important sources and investigate how important they are , how often variations / combinations appear and which ones are more successful than others.

In this context I would consider that add much qualitative research components, which include life histories and focus group discussions among women.

With this you go beyond scale, but you go more into the depth....

Issues around such methods will be discussed at the event below

Three simple answers:

1. Provide Knowledge

2. Provide quality inputs in time

3. Provide Market Access