Lithium - Science topic

Thank you for the answers

To calculate the detection limit (LOD) and quantification limit (LOQ) in ion chromatography, use the formulas LOD = 3.3s/m and LOQ = 10s/m, where s is the standard deviation of the blank and m is the slope of the calibration curve. Construct a calibration curve with standards to ensure linearity and calculate s and m accurately.

Chemistry Letters, 2024, 53, upae198

Advance access publication 2 November 2024 Letter

"Highly concentrated solution of lithium chloride in organic

solvents with heteroditopic receptors"

Aloe vera contains approximately 98.5% water, while the gel consists of about 99.5% water. The remaining 0.5–1% solid material consists of a range of compounds, including water-soluble and fat-soluble vitamins, minerals, polysaccharides, and organic acids. Due to the high content of water and lower conductor species, it makes it a less promising candidate for the energy storage devices. Additional challenges are lower ionic conductivity, limited electrochemical window, and electrode compatibility.

It is important to note that some electrolyte additives perform better in full cells than in half cells. However, whichever cell type, additional resistance occasioned by the additional additive could lower the cell's capacity specifically at higher C-rates.

During charging, lithium ions are extracted from the LiFePO₄ cathode and migrate through the electrolyte to intercalate between graphite layers at the anode, storing energy.

Ricardo Tadeu Maia I appreciate your time and response. I'm currently using the NURION cluster system provided by KISTI in Korea. I will try it by using the new input you attached. It helps me a lot. Thank you so much and have a good one :)

Sincerely,

Yoonju Oh

that's depend on type of deposits. pegmatite as residual in Highly Fractionated Granite in thick continental area are good for lithium deposits. other hand in recent research coal and mineral in clays are very important for lithium exploration

Please check supporting of this paper: DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b03297

Üretilen lif kullanılan malzemeye zarar vermiyorsa her zaman kullanılabilir. Lifin uygulanacağı yüzeyin zarar görüp görmeyeceği malzeme yüzeyinin sahip olduğu özelliklere bağlı olur.

Hiwet Meresa Gebremeskel

Thank you for the informative response. Although, i need the database files of these elements. If possible, may you please provide the same?

You are flirting with the truth but not quite there yet.

Li does produce x-rays. H and He do not having only electrons only in the first shell. It is unfortunate that the JEOL chart does explain that. The only reason that I can see they left it off is because the analysis is not practical. I see that my Oxford chart also does not show an x-ray line for Li, but their software shows the line at 0.054 keV.

One issue is the absorption of x-rays by the detector window. When I began working with EDS, Be was commonly used as a window. It effectively absorbed everything below Na. Thin windows became available and they allowed detection down to B, then down to Be as they were made thinner. I don't think they will ever get to Li with windowed detectors.

Now, Oxford and probably others have demonstrated the detection of Li using a windowless detector. The spectrum I saw was collected from a block of Li (100% before oxidation) and it showed a peak, perhaps weakly. That would not make for practical analysis.

Another issue is the strobe peak that is often present near 0 keV. On our Oxford system, that is centered around 0.015 keV. Under the shaping time that I use, that tails over across the Li position. At the highest resolution setting, it does not. But remember that because of the window, there is no intensity to be seen.

FWIW, I have recently been trying to analyze B in glass. Even that is near impractical. With 4% B, the precision is 0.4% for a 400-second acquisition. Be and Li would be worse.

Gregory J Rees

Hi Gregory，

Sincerely thank you for generously sharing your experience. Today, I followed your advice and tried using the MSME sequence (p90=150us@150W, TE=2ms，slice = 5mm， Resolution = 1mm * 1mm), but still did not observe any signal. I noticed that the RF field strength of the coil is limited, resulting in longer hard pulse widths. Additionally, it is very challenging to reduce the TE to less than 1ms in Paravision. Considering that the T2 of Li0 is very short (<1ms), I wonder if the signal disappearance is still due to T2 decay? Or it just need more sampling time?

**Extraction of crude oil and its derivatives**

* **Pollution during extraction:** Drilling, refining and extraction processes produce emissions of greenhouse gases, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides and particulate matter. In addition, offshore drilling can pollute the water and harm marine life.

* **Pollution during use:** When fossil fuels are burned, they produce carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides and other pollutants that contribute to air pollution and climate change.

* **Pollution during disposal:** Crude oil and its derivatives can leak into the environment during transportation and storage, causing soil and water pollution. In addition, methane and carbon dioxide can be emitted from landfills containing petroleum products.

**Lithium extraction and disposal**

* **Pollution during extraction:** Lithium extraction from salt mines or brines can cause water consumption and air pollution due to dust. In addition, lithium can leach into groundwater, harming plants and animals.

* **Pollution during use:** The use of lithium batteries does not produce any direct emissions. However, the production of lithium batteries requires large amounts of energy, which can generate emissions if obtained from fossil fuel sources.

* **Disposal:** Lithium batteries can be recycled, but the process is complex and can be expensive. If batteries are disposed of in landfills, lithium may leak into the environment and cause soil and water pollution.

**Conclusion**

The extraction of crude oil and its derivatives pollutes the environment at all stages of its life cycle, from extraction to use and disposal. Although lithium extraction can also cause pollution, the environmental impact of lithium battery production is much lower than that of fossil fuel production and use. Additionally, lithium batteries can be recycled, reducing their overall environmental impact.

However, it is important to note that both industries have an environmental impact and we must continually strive to find ways to reduce this impact. This includes investing in renewable energy sources and developing more sustainable technologies to extract, use and dispose of lithium.

Dear V. Balaram

You addressed your question to the open Q&A forum here on RG. It is unlikely that anyone of the RG team will see this. But back to your question, the thing is that most preprints (of in this case Preprints.org) are added to the RG database automatically, as you can see here https://www.researchgate.net/publication/377640214_Potential_Lithium_Sedimentary_Deposits_of_the_Land_and_Deep_Oceans (no one of the (co-)authors added it).

You already took step one: withdraw the preprint https://www.preprints.org/manuscript/202312.0073/v1

In most cases the corresponding publication page cannot be removed as you read here https://help.researchgate.net/hc/en-us/articles/14293099743121-How-to-make-content-private-or-remove-it but if you scroll down you see the contact info.

S0, step two is to contact the RG team. With the message (and link) that the preprint is removed I guess the RG people will act upon your request to remove it completely.

Best regards.

The assay dictates which tube to use. EDTA and sodium citrate containers contain preservatives that interfere with clinical chemistry assays. Red top clotted serum tubes can be used for any assay a yellow top serum gel tube is used. The only difference is the red top tubes don't contain gel to separate the cells from the serum.

There are tube guides published on the internet.

During a 6-hour storage period, the stability of routine biochemical analytes in whole blood and plasma from lithium heparin gel tubes was investigated. Results showed that in tubes stored before centrifugation, plasma concentrations of phosphorus and lactate dehydrogenase significantly decreased after 3 hours, while potassium slightly decreased after 6 hours. In plasma stored after centrifugation, bicarbonates decreased after 6 hours, and lactate dehydrogenase moderately increased after 4 hours. According to the reference change value (RCV), all analytes remained stable up to 6 hours, both before and after centrifugation. This study suggests acceptable delays for most biochemical tests on lithium heparin gel tubes in hospital laboratories.

Reference:

Monneret, D., Godmer, A., Le Guen, R., Bravetti, C., Emeraud, C., Marteau, A., Alkouri, R., Mestari, F., Dever, S., Imbert-Bismut, F., & Bonnefont-Rousselot, D. (2016). Stability of Routine Biochemical Analytes in Whole Blood and Plasma From Lithium Heparin Gel Tubes During 6-hr Storage. Journal of clinical laboratory analysis, 30(5), 602–609. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcla.21909

The study's findings should be taken tentatively. The results are from one research period alone, which only lasted two years (2022, 2023) and only had 76 participants, whose medical conditions were also not stated. There were a number of studies in the past referenced however, performing the same question of plasma as an alternative to serum, to which the results did align. But even so, this transition to using plasma instead of serum has not been normalized for a reason: and that is due to the long standing tradition of serum being used, and a reluctance of abandoning that tradition.

In the same vein, for lithium heparin in particular, the study's findings show consistency and high quality results with plasma.

In the clinical chemistry laboratory, serum is the routinely used specimen. Obtaining the specimen of choice requires blood clotting for 30-60 minutes. In urgent cases, time is of the utmost importance. Hence, the plasma samples are preferable. The journal of Oguzhan Zengi entitled, "The Transition from Gel Separatory Tubes to Lithium Heparin Gel Tubes in the Clinical Laboratory" assesses the viability of Lithium Heparin Gel Tubes in terms of its implications on Turnaround Time (TAT), hemolysis index values, aspiration errors and to assess the possibility of switching to these tubes in Clinical Chemistry tests and Emergency cases. To further establish the viability of Lithium Heparin Gel Tubes for Clinical Chemistry Tests and Immunoassays necessitates retests and further testing.

The journal "Clinical Laboratory Testing in the Emergency Department: A Six-year Analysis" by Beştemir, A. & Bozdereli Berikol, G. (2023) states that the most common clinical laboratory tests in the emergency department were kidney function tests, liver function tests, acute phase reactants, electrolytes, and CBC. In the article "Comparison of Test Results Obtained from Heparin Gel Tubes and Serum Gel Tubes," Ercan, Ş. (2020), the analytes tested for this study are similar to the analytes tested by Oguzhan Zengi but differ in terms of sample source, wherein Ercan's Study utilizes both healthy and hemodialysis patient as sample source to compare the values generated by lithium heparin gel and serum gel tubes. In this study, 28 analytes, or all of the analytes measured in lithium heparin gel tubes, yield similar results with serum gel tubes. To further establish the viability of heparin tubes in clinical chemistry and urgent cases, it is necessary to test for Complete Liver Function Tests. Complete Liver Function tests include Total Bile Acids, a marker for detecting liver functional changes, and Cholinesterase, which detects liver disease and determines poisoning risks. By conducting such, one can further assess the limitations of lithium heparin gel tubes.

Beştemir, A. & Bozdereli Berikol, G. (2023). Clinical laboratory testing in the emergency department: a six-year analysis. Turkish Journal of Biochemistry, 48(5), 467-474. https://doi.org/10.1515/tjb-2022-0250

Ercan, Ş. (2020). Comparison of test results obtained from lithium heparin gel tubes and serum gel tubes. Turkish Journal of Biochemistry, 45(5), 575-586. https://doi.org/10.1515/tjb-2019-0117

The proportion of tubes with aspiration errors in the total number of samples was 0.88%. The proportional reduction in total aspiration errors and related device warnings was statistically significant two months after switching to plasma tubing. The proportion of specimens with aspiration errors to the total number of specimens was 0.44% between April and May 2022 (X 2=41.718, p<0.001).

There are previous studies that show the same result to the TAT. Some studies such as the study of Hetu et al. and Ramakers et al. For Hetu et al.it studied Potassium test and concluded a significant decrease in the average time in terms of sample reception and result confirmation. This is similar to Ramakers et al. wherein there is a decreased median TAT with the use of Barricor tubes. Another study is from Badiou et al. that reported the same result using Barricor tubes instead of gel LIH tubes. In this study, the TAT was reduced due to the use of plasma instead of serum that needs to be clotted which is the factor that increases the TAT.

It is worth mentioning that the samples collected from the emergency department could potentially result in inaccurate findings due to the randomization of patients coming from the emergency department. This may lead to a biased sample, which could affect the validity of the results. In order to overcome this, one possible solution is to standardize the patients coming from the emergency department. For example, we could only collect samples from patients who have been involved in car accidents. This approach would help ensure that we obtain a representative sample and minimize the potential for bias, which will lead to more accurate and reliable results.

Since lithium heparin interferes with the lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) test, most clinical chemistry and immunoassay assays cannot be performed using lithium heparinized plasma (LIH) tubes. An anticoagulant that is frequently used in blood collection tubes to stop clotting is lithium heparin. It may, however, obstruct several colorimetric and enzymatic tests, such as the LDH test. Red blood cells, the heart, liver, muscles, kidneys, and other tissues all contain the enzyme LDH. It is essential to cellular metabolism because it helps in glycolysis by changing lactate to pyruvate. Increased blood levels of LDH may be a sign of illness or tissue injury. Lithium heparin can cause interference with the enzymatic reaction or the assay's detection technique, which can lead to false increases or decreases in LDH activity. Inaccurate results from this interference may have an impact on patient diagnosis and therapy.

Huimin Gu thank you for your kind response!

I realized that the contact between the current collector and Li metal is the problem...

The reason why liquids show two half-cycles is due to the fact that the ion transport mechanism in liquid electrolytes is different from that in solid electrolytes. Ion transport in liquid electrolytes is mainly achieved by the diffusion of solute ions and the flow of solvent molecules, so two half-cycles are observed in cyclic voltammetry tests.

According to Zengi (2023), turnaround time (TAT) is the time interval starting the time from request to report or acceptance of the report. The utilization of lithium heparin tubes leads to a significantly reduced and improved TAT due to the partial reduction of centrifugation time to produce plasma compared to serum samples.

The researchers evaluated sample quality by monitoring aspiration errors and hemolysis index values before and after the transition. They assessed turnaround time data by analyzing specimen reception-device result output times for specific tests. The study compared these parameters to assess the impact of switching to plasma tubes on sample quality, aspiration errors, hemolysis rates, and turnaround time efficiency in the clinical laboratory setting.

Hey there Vijayakumar Samiyappan,

So, you're diving into the fascinating world of cyclic voltammetry (CV) experiments, exploring the behavior of a carbonyl-rich porous organic polymer. It's intriguing to see how different electrolytes can impact the results.

Here's the deal: When you Vijayakumar Samiyappan switch from 1M H2SO4 to lithium perchlorate, you Vijayakumar Samiyappan notice a couple of changes. First off, the redox peaks disappear. Secondly, there's an increase in current.

Let's break it down:

1. **Redox Peak Disappearance**: This change likely stems from the different chemical interactions between your polymer and the electrolytes. The absence of redox peaks could indicate alterations in the redox processes within your system. With lithium perchlorate, the mechanism might shift or become less pronounced, leading to the disappearance of these peaks.

2. **Increase in Current**: Now, the bump in current is intriguing. It suggests that while the redox peaks vanish, there's still significant electrochemical activity happening in your system. This could be due to enhanced conductivity or other electrochemical processes that aren't as visibly represented by redox peaks.

So, why is this happening? Vijayakumar Samiyappan Well, the specific interactions between your polymer and the electrolytes, as well as the differing chemical environments they create, are likely driving these changes. It's a complex interplay of factors that might require further investigation to fully understand.

In essence, your system is responding differently to these electrolytes, showcasing the rich complexity of electrochemical behavior. Keep digging, my friend Vijayakumar Samiyappan. There's a lot to uncover in the realm of CV experiments, and each discovery brings us closer to a deeper understanding.

Keep those electrodes buzzing,

Kosh

The research "The transition from gel separatory serum tubes to lithium heparin gel tubes in the clinical chemistry" claims that during centrifugation, LDH may be released from platelets and other cells into plasma. This is because the Barricor mechanical separator heparinized plasma tube provides high-quality plasma sample for chemistry determinations for in vitro diagnostic use, thanks to its current mechanical separator that is being launched under centrifugation.

Tungstic acid (H2WO4) is rather insoluble in water, and a weak acid. Li2WO4, as the salt of a strong base and a weak acid, is probably hydrolyzed, especially in boiling water.

Try to add an excess of LiOH to the milky suspension, just enough to clarify it.

Plasma insulin refers to the concentration of insulin in the liquid component of blood after it has been separated from the blood cells. When transitioning from Gel Separatory Serum tubes to Lithium Heparin Gel tubes for insulin testing, it's important to understand that Gel Separatory Serum tubes are typically used for serum separation, while Lithium Heparin Gel tubes are used for plasma separation.Insulin testing often requires plasma rather than serum because the gel in the Lithium Heparin Gel tubes helps to prevent clotting, allowing for better separation of plasma. Plasma is the liquid component of blood in which blood cells are suspended, while serum is plasma without clotting factors.The transition to Lithium Heparin Gel tubes for insulin testing ensures better preservation of the sample, reducing the risk of clot formation, and providing accurate results for insulin concentration.

Dear friend Giyos Khamdamov

Well, assembling a silicon carbon-based anode lithium coin cell with LiPO4 cathode is quite a fascinating endeavor. Regarding your observation of the open circuit potential (OCP) being near zero, let's dive into that.

A near-zero OCP could indicate various possibilities. It might be due to the cell being discharged, a result of a high resistance contact, or even a sign of a faulty component. However, in the case of a freshly assembled cell, it's essential to consider factors like initial activation and settling time.

Firstly, ensure that your assembly process was meticulous, with proper electrode preparation, electrolyte filling, and sealing techniques. Secondly, allow some time for the cell to stabilize after assembly. This settling period allows any initial chemical reactions or equilibrium adjustments to take place, potentially affecting the OCP.

If the OCP remains near zero after this settling period, it might be worthwhile to investigate further. Check for any potential short circuits or defects in the components. Also, consider measuring the OCP under different conditions, such as after a brief rest period or with varying temperatures, to gather more insights into the cell's behavior.

As for specific guidance or resources, you Giyos Khamdamov might find valuable insights in academic papers, research articles, or forums dedicated to battery technology and electrochemistry. Platforms like ResearchGate (this one) or relevant subreddits could potentially provide useful discussions or references to address your concerns.

Remember, in the realm of experimental research and development, each observation, no matter how seemingly trivial, can serve as a valuable clue in the pursuit of innovation. So, keep exploring, stay curious, and don't hesitate to reach out for assistance or collaboration. Good luck with your endeavors!

Dear Prof B. R. Ramachandran Thank You so much for your help . I have used done according to your comment really its fruitful. Thanks again.

The primary reason for considering this is that lithium heparin gel tubes minimize analyte carryover across samples and reduce the possibility of cell lysis which yields more consistent and efficient results. In addition, it enables the laboratory to offer a wider range of tests or improve the performance of specific assays that are sensitive.

The study aims to assess the viability of replacing serum samples with plasma samples in clinical chemistry and immunoassay tests, examining the implications on turnaround time (TAT) and sample quality during the transition process. Results demonstrate that while most tests showed no significant difference between serum and LIH tubes, some analytes exceeded total error (TE) values derived from total allowable error (TEa) limits. However, alternative allowable error limits were determined for certain tests, indicating that plasma tubes could be used instead of serum tubes for most tests, except for lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). Additionally, the use of plasma tubes improved sample quality, reduced aspiration errors, and significantly decreased TAT, thus suggesting that LIH tubes can effectively replace serum tubes in clinical laboratories, enhancing healthcare quality and reducing staff workload.

Dulal Chandra Pattak thank you for your response.

How may we consider the ethical issues regarding adopting AI?

Respected George Zheng Chen , Sir, The terminological concerns you identify come from the devices' overlapping nature. Due to the hybrid nature of its design, some consider all metal-ion capacitors to be a form of supercapattery. Some publications use the phrase "metal capacitor" (e.g., lithium metal capacitor, or LMC) when discussing new breakthroughs in metal-negative electrode-based supercapattery.

For your special issue on "Merit-hybridization: Supercapattery, Ion-Capacitor, and Advanced Energy Stores," it would be beneficial to encourage authors to provide accurate definitions and explanations of the terminology used in their work. This will assist in increasing our understanding of the devices under consideration and standardizing nomenclature in this rapidly developing field.

Hamza Hboub Yes, there is a direct relationship between the maximum concentration of lithium in the solid (ct) and the theoretical capacity of the electrode material in a Li-ion battery.

ct = Theoretical capacity / (atomic weight of Li * Avogadro number)

Thank you, Professor Yuri, and Professor Emanuel for your valuable response.

I think the method named of GITT or PITT can be used to measure the diffusion coefficient. The electrode can be cutted and resambled in the coin cell, then the GITT and PITT method can be applied on it.

Hey Kristina,

we ended up using the triethylammonium salt from Sigma/Merck (94455-1MG) and it worked well for our experiments (https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/SE/en/product/sigma/94455).

Best

/S

Dear Dr. François Cardarell

Many thanks for your valuable data. It will help me a lot for my paper about solid state batteries.

Thanks again

Branimir

A little more information would be helpful, but in general, it sounds as though your patient benefitted from the switch to valproate, but showed signs of hypomania when the antidepressants were added/increased. In most US settings, one can obtain serum levels for both lithium and valproic acid, which can be helpful in guiding dosage (do you have levels?). It can be a very good strategy to find which mood stabilizer is best tolerated and most effective for each patient (it might be valproate in your patient's case), and then to add one antidepressant when mood becomes depressed (and withdraw it when mood improves. Similarly, one might add a second-generation antipsychotic like olanzapine when manic symptoms appear, and taper it when they ease. Best of luck.

Hey there, Sunita Saharan researcher friend! I am here to assist you.

In Atomistic Tool Kit (ATK), which is a popular software for performing Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations, you generally work with ions rather than isolated atoms. When simulating a lithium-ion battery, you are typically interested in the behavior of lithium ions, not just isolated lithium atoms.

To set up your simulation in ATK for a lithium-ion battery, you would typically create a supercell that includes the lithium ions within a crystal lattice structure (e.g., a cathode material). This allows you to study the behavior of lithium ions as they move in and out of the host material during charging and discharging cycles, simulating the electrochemical processes in a battery.

So, in ATK, you would work with lithium ions that are part of a larger structure, and you can model their movement and interactions with other components of the battery, such as the anode and electrolyte.

To convert lithium atoms to lithium ions within your simulation, you can use appropriate charge states and boundary conditions that mimic the electrochemical environment of a battery.

Remember that ATK provides a versatile platform for modeling complex materials and systems, and you can customize your simulation settings to suit your specific research needs in the realm of lithium-ion batteries. Good luck with your research!

Thank you, Ali but that exactly do you mean?

In fact that is precisely the problem I raise with my questions. Searching for "Lithium Resource in the world" seems referring me to Google? Mmmm

Anyway, I google and the system answers me: "According to the U.S. Geological Survey, there are 98 million metric tons of Lithium resources across the globe with the largest portion of these resources (53%) located in three South American countries" etc. Mmmmm

If I filter answers in search of more consistent results there is an inflation of primary and secondary data intertwined, where it's also complicated to distinguish between national and commercial interests

Related to the Lithium value, even pulling the financial thread it is not easy to determine its real market value and how it has evolved over time. Google, in this case, highlights a specialized website that don't provide any real source

Actually, this is a typical commodities problem, I know, but I wonder if there are some reliable estimation models that have already been proposed/constructed

Thank you again

It depends on the mass loading of your electrode. After you decide on the mass loading value, try to control the thickness of the slurry during casting to get that value.

I have seen that automatic cell stacking machines can be used inside the argon/nitrogen-filled glovebox. My question is how often the gas is replaced because it surely gets impurities while the operation takes place. Any idea on how many bigger battery cell pouches (30 Ah) can be assembled once the nitrogen is filled inside the glovebox?

Thank you Dr. Weippert for your answer. I have prepared YSZ using the chemical route. I wanted to cross-check the composition of my powders. I used EDS but that came out to be a less useful technique. Also, Y and Zr have similar atomic numbers and sizes, so difficult to distinguish.

For Borosilicate glass, that would be the region of BO₃ or Si-O-B, maybe it's the beryllium analogue of on of those?

thank you so much

egy

Dear friend Natthawut Suepsing

Setting up a program for running a silicon half-cell test involves several steps. Here is a general guide to help you get started:

1. Choose a suitable simulation software: Select a software package that supports electrochemical simulations, such as COMSOL, Abaqus, or ANSYS. These software tools offer capabilities for modeling and simulating electrochemical systems.

2. Define the geometry: Create a 3D model of your silicon half-cell. Specify the dimensions, electrode geometry, and any other relevant details. This model will serve as the basis for your simulation.

3. Define the electrochemical system: Set up the electrochemical parameters for your simulation, including the working electrode (silicon), reference electrode, and electrolyte. Define the material properties and initial conditions for each component.

4. Set boundary conditions: Specify the operating conditions for the half cell, such as temperature, current density, and voltage. Set appropriate boundary conditions for the electrodes and the electrolyte.

5. Implement appropriate physics: Include the relevant electrochemical and transport phenomena in your simulation. This may involve incorporating equations for diffusion, migration, charge transfer, and other relevant processes. Choose the appropriate models and equations based on your specific experimental setup.

6. Run the simulation: Execute the simulation program with the defined parameters and conditions. The program will solve the mathematical equations and generate results based on the specified inputs.

7. Analyze and interpret the results: Examine the output data from the simulation to understand the behavior of the silicon half-cell. Evaluate variables such as potential distribution, current density, and charge/discharge profiles. Compare the simulated results with experimental data to validate the accuracy of the simulation.

References:

1. M. E. Orazem and B. Tribollet, Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy, 2nd Edition (Wiley, 2017).

2. Newman, J., Thomas, K. E., Hafezi, H., & Wheeler, D. R. (2003). Modeling of lithium-ion batteries. Journal of power sources, 119, 838-843..

3. COMSOL Multiphysics User's Guide, COMSOL Inc., https://www.comsol.com/documentation

4. Abaqus User's Manual, Dassault Systèmes, https://www.3ds.com/products-services/simulia/

These references provide further details on electrochemical simulations, including modeling lithium-ion batteries, half-cell testing, and using specific software tools like COMSOL and Abaqus. They cover theoretical background, practical guidelines, and software documentation to help you set up and run your silicon half-cell simulations successfully.

The amount of linear DNA required for lithium acetate transformation of S. cerevisiae can vary depending on the strain, the size of the DNA fragment, and other factors. However, a common starting point is to use around 1-2 μg of linear DNA for each transformation. Additionally, adding a carrier DNA, such as single-stranded salmon sperm DNA, at a concentration of 50-100 ng/μL, can improve transformation efficiency.

Electroporation can also be used for yeast transformation and may provide higher efficiency compared to lithium acetate transformation. The amount of DNA required for electroporation can vary depending on the specific protocol, but a common starting point is to use around 0.1-0.5 μg of linear DNA. It is also recommended to use a carrier DNA in electroporation to increase efficiency.

These video playlists might be helpful to you:

Check the properties/impurities of the electrolyte. It seems to be decomposing at that stage causing continuous and fluctuating charging

2. True when you measure the cell capacity but for CE applications low current e.g. C/20 is used to assure the impedance won't bias the results.

3. & 4. Then I might have an explanation:

Resistances during charge and discharge are NOT identical. For example, if the charging resistance was slightly higher than the discharging resistance, this means you can extract more Ah during discharging than charging before reaching the cut-off voltages. In this case, CE can show values bigger than 100%. This is not true but simply because the resistance biased the CE calculations.

That is why I believe if you used low current you could get more realistic CE calculations.

Hope that helps :-)

Yes. It is happening to me and resistance data is not consistent when I am using Biologic EIS equipment. The suggestion is to use Faraday Cage to avoid magnetic wave in the lab.

You don't need to worry about the potential. You just apply the current and record the overpotential. If possible, please check the operation range of your cycler and apply the cut-off condition for safety issues.

For symmetric cell testing, you need to decide the applied current density (mA/cm2) and areal capacity (mAh/cm2). Based on those, the how long time for each step will be calculated.

To get 3M, you'll have to calculate a weight of salt into a volume of solvent. Take the molar weight of the LiPF6, triple it, and that's how much salt you'd need for 3M in one litre of solvents. Assuming you're making less than a litre, divide accordingly.

What is your workup procedure? During workup, the MeLi might well become methanol or something else, depending on the procedure, and you just need to remove the Li ions.

Please check: A. J. Stasyuk*, M. Solà* and A. A. Voityuk*. Charge assessments on the encapsulated fragment. Case of endohedral borospherenes. Sci. Rep., 8 (2018) 2882, DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-21240-0. Open Access.

I am not a Mg expert, but I have some familiarity with the process of melting Mg. You need to shield the Mg from both O2 and H20 to prevent it from igniting - the "combustion" temp is lower than the melting temp. I understand that Mg die casting uses a mix of Sulfur Hexaflouride (SF6) with Nitrogen on an open top crucible to protect the exposed surface of the melt.

If your target primary amine is fairly soluble in water, and if you started with a high concentration of your starting material, it is possible that your product is capable of bringing together the two liquids and preventing phase separation. (Remember that primary amines are good at hydrogen bonding.) You can try adding some saturated sodium chloride solution in order to "salt out" your product and force phase separation.

Try to apply the constant-current-constant-voltage (CCCV) technique^[1,2] modified (parameterized) for your specific case.

The effectiveness of the method might be validated using two detection methods^[1]:

1)the differential charging voltage (DCV), and

2)the dynamic electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (DEIS).

Depending on the performed analysis you can extract different parameters.

If following the Bruce-Vincent method you can extract the lithium transference number, if needed.

Other analysis, such as cronopotentiometry testing at constant current, will provide the mechanical stability of the electrolyte against dendrite growth.

Instead, if you perform Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy you can obtain the resistance of the system and, knowing the geometrical parameters, the ionic conductivity.

Hi Carine

Plasma Hb can be accurately measured in samples with other anticoagulants, e.g. EDTA, citrate, etc. Lithium heparin is just one of many anticoagulants.

In clinical labs, plasma Hb is usually measured on a biochemistry analyzer instrument, along with several other analytes using the same sample. Heparin is often recommended by the instrument manufacturer because it is compatible with some of the other analytes also being tested in the sample, such as pH. Choice of anticoagulant is therefore dictated by these other circumstances, not by a specific biological requirement of the plasma Hb assay.

The article that you referred to was actually comparing 6 different assays/analyzers, not different anticoagulants. The important consideration is sample consistency - so use the same anticoagulant (and blood processing/handling conditions) for your entire set of experiments.

Typically expired blood tubes should not be used in actual clinical work to ensure that results are accurate and optimal. Although it depends on what you're gonna use it for, there are sources that states expiration date in blood tubes does not affect test results and would be ideal to be used for personal experimentation but most likely not for clinical work or research.

The reference below might be useful.

Booker, R., Lehmann, G.P., Mitchell, J.D., "Blood Alcohol Concentration in Expired and Non-Expired Approved Containers Stored at Room Temperature and Under Refrigeration for 21 Days", Canadian Society of Forensic Science Journal, 42(4): 260-265, 2009

Hi,

Type F adverse drug reactions (F=Failure; lack of response) occur as a result of an unexpected failure of therapy.

The intention of the treatment is to obtain a positive response in the patient. The doctor uses the drug for a specific purpose and the goal is to obtain the highest possible benefit from the treatment for the patient. However, if there is no positive response to treatment, it may be an exacerbation of the disease. The process can change its clinical picture. The doctor cannot control the course of the disease. This not only means that there is no benefit to the patient. It also means an increased risk that the disease will move to another stage that will be even more difficult to treat/control. And, depending on the disease, it can be very dangerous/risky way. This is why lack of benefit (no effect) could be defined as adverse (unfavorable, disadvantageous, unprofitable). Lack of efficacy is one of the key elements of benefit-risk analysis (see reference below).

"...lack of expected efficacy (LEE) events should always be reported in the same way as for other adverse events"

"....lack of therapeutic efficacy should be reported within a 15-day time frame. If no seriousness criterion is available, it is acceptable to submit the ICSR within 15 days as non-serious"

Best regards

Tomasz

In a (two electrode system) full cell (say, Graphite||NCM), the (floating) cell Voltage is the (floating) potential difference (between the cathode and anode).

Also, there is no (clearly visible, RE) ref., but there is, physically hangs on, a ('visible', CE) counter electrode (e.g. Graphite).

Check bibliography for these (common electrode) materials, using the same electrolyte(s).

Tommy Hoong Wy Lee I was confused about your question. In Gr|LCO full cell, OCV of 0.6 V is normal. As suggested by Dr. Ioannis Samaras, you can check the OCV of each half cell (OCV of Li|Gr is ~ 2.6 V, and OCV of Li|LCO is ~ 3.2 V)

Any power source used in a hazardous environment would need to go through appropriate approvals before it is used in the specified environment.

Large capacity cells produce a challenge when the short circuit current, in an untoward event, would exceed the required heat limits. You may have to work with your certification agency like ATEX (UK) to ensure the operation is redundantly safe.

Good day! Hope that the following articles will be helpful:

It's better to tell position électrode ad négatif électrode bécasse this polarity is changent in à mode génération or fuel cell

About anode électrode or cathode électrode it's word is due to attraction ion cathionic or anionic ion White working batterie migration .....

Dear Baltej Singh

The recently published paper in [1] by Victor Venturi and Venkatasubramanian Viswanathan titled "Thermodynamics of Lithium Stripping and Limits for Fast Discharge in Lithium Metal Batteries" provide a deep understanding of mechanism of void formation and pitting in lithium metal anodes. Please go through, it is helpful and any feedback from you is welcome.

Best regards

[1] https://arxiv.org/pdf/2103.03921.pdf

Hello Fatima

You better go TO the attached link to get understanding of state of health (SOH) and state of charge(SOC) of a battery.

https://www.biologic.net/topics/battery-states-state-of-charge-soc-state-of-health-soh/.

Hi Hamed,

You may make an inquiry at Alfa Chemistry, they offer kinds of good-quality materials.

Kindly see also the following useful RG links:

Hello,

Firstly I would like to give a small correction: the energy density of LFP is lower than other lithium ion batteries. This is mainly due to the lower voltage produced by this anode-cathode pair. I have made my master thesis on this subject 5 years ago so I will give you some information based on what I still remember (keep in mind that some of my references may be a bit outdated).

On the state of charge (SoC) discussion: the major difficulty with LFP is that its voltage-SoC curve is very flat over a large part of its capacity. This means that the open-circuit voltage does not change strongly as the cell is being charged-discharged. Only at the tails of the capacity (generally about < 20% SoC and > 80% SoC) will the voltage change strongly for a change in Coulombs (which can be expressed as the differential voltage, or dV/dQ). A comparison of estimation methods can be found at (Wladislaw Waag, Christian Fleischer, and Dirk Uwe Sauer. Critical review of the methods for monitoring of lithium-ion batteries in electric and hybrid vehicles. Journal of Power Sources) and another good reference is (Wen-Yeau Chang. The state of charge estimating methods for battery: A review. ISRN Applied Mathematics, 2013)

To make a simple but decent estimation of the SoC of an LFP battery, I'd propose you need 1 main piece of battery/cell-related information and one optional piece of information: mainly the voltage-SoC curve at sufficiently high resolution (which can be transformed to a dV/dQ-SoC curve) and additionally a mapping of the internal resistance of the battery over a range of temperatures & SoC. With this information, you can use a current counting algorithm which simply integrates the current (dis)charged by the battery and uses this to determine the SoC. The issue with current counting is that any measurement error is also integrated and over time this results in a large error. There are some simple fixes for this, at least if your use case allows for it. The idea is to reset the counter and SoC at specific moments: the most useful moment is to reset it when the battery is full, is empty, and/or when it is at rest. If the battery is at rest in the "flat" part of its profile you could also reset the counter, assuming your voltage measurement is sufficiently accurate. If at rest for a very high (or low) SoC, reseting becomes more accurate. If there are not many "rest moments" then it becomes more tricky, but you could use the internal resistance map to estimate the OVC of the battery while it is under load (you could even implement a higher order equivalent circuit model of a battery for a better estimation).

You could also use a simple recursive least squares method to estimate the SoC which has been widely documented in the literature (one example is here: Hongwen He, Xiaowei Zhang, Rui Xiong, Yongli Xu, and Hongqiang Guo. Online

model-based estimation of state-of-charge and open-circuit voltage of lithium-ion

batteries in electric vehicles. Energy, 39(1):310 – 318, 2012. Sustainable Energy

and Environmental Protection 2010)

Good luck!

Kindly see also the following useful link: https://www.cs.mcgill.ca/~rwest/wikispeedia/wpcd/wp/l/Lithium.htm

Please read this article

Good luck