Science topics: MedicineUrologyLithiasis
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Lithiasis - Science topic

A condition characterized by the formation of CALCULI and concretions in the hollow organs or ducts of the body. They occur most often in the gallbladder, kidney, and lower urinary tract.
Questions related to Lithiasis
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I asked a similar question a few days ago, but I didnt quite get the complete answer I was looking for and no further answers have been given.
Since , for some time now, calcium ingestion has been recommended in order to bind with oxalate in the stomach and intestine and therefore, make it less available to be absorberd. On the other hand, I have seen citrate medication also being recommended since it binds with calcium to make it less available to bind with oxalate, in order not to form crystals, but also binds with calcium in the intestine to reduce its excretion. My question is if citrate wouldnt also make calcium less available to bind with oxalate in the stomach and intestine, and therefore, make it more likely to be absorbed.
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I don't think so, it doesn't affect ca absorption in intestine
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  • Depending on the statistical power will be the acceptance of a new drug under study.
  • Efficacy and safety clinical trials are the most suitable for investigating new molecules as potential drugs for use in humans.
  • The meta-analysis design, a mathematically summed set of the statistical power of each of the trials, is the strongest if it meets several conditions, including the internal consistency of its calculations in sample size, variances, and weighted alpha and beta values.
  • Items under consideration to calculate the statistical power of a test.
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The clinical trial process is usually very long (to be counted in several years); gaining the statistical power of medical evidence is delayed in 80% of all phases (0-4), because of the usual lack of volunteers.
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So, if I am correct, for some time now, calcium ingestion has been recommended in order to bind with oxalate in the gut and therefore, make it less available to be absorberd. On the other hand, I have seen citrate medication also being recommended since it binds with calcium to make it less available to bind with oxalate, in order not to form crystals. My question is if citrate wouldnt also make calcium less available to bind with oxalate in the gut, and therefore, make it more likely to be absorbed.
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Azzawi meant renal tubules.
Citrate inhibits stone formation by complexing with calcium in the urine, inhibiting spontaneous nucleation, and preventing growth and agglomeration of crystals.
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can the supeesaturated urine produce a stone in vitro?
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Crystal growth is a complex issue. To sum it up. Having been formed a crystal, its growth depends on the solute concentration, its size and the spatial structure of the molecule. The factors that lead to crystals growth include factor such as: that the distance between crystal be small and the presence of Tamm-Horsfall glycoprotein (which acts as a glue).It is more frequently that in the kidney crystals grow in hyperosmolar sites as Henle loop and distal tubules. However, if its surface is healthy there are antiadhesive properties that inhibit this growth by means of the secretion of inhibitory macromolecules such as hyaluronic acid and osteopontin. Lastly, pH has a paramount influence in case of calcium fosfate stones, while calcium concentration is much more important in oxalate stones.
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2-(4-nitrophenyl)thiophene can be lithiated particularly by using LDA, but what will be impact of -NO2? Will that cause some trouble? It is also activation of the ortho-protons. 
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I'd probably go with freshly prepared LDA, then switch to LiTMP is it isn't behaving
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A 9 - year old boy has been examined by means of sonography on the occasion of increased discomfort at the right testicle. The imaging findings showed multiple reflective areas in both testicles. A control reexamination has been done after nine months which shows the same sonographic picture. The mother is worried because she knows for possible future malignant transformation in the testicles.
The interest in testicular microlithiasis has increased over the past few years, owing to an observed association with testicular germ cell tumor. What medical tactic can be applied in this unusual case?
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Best regards, N Zhukov
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Through physical techniques such as scanning electron microscopy may give information on the effect of drugs on kidney stones. Such investigation shows that the structural characteristics of surface defaults at the surface of kidney stones depend of the drugs taken by the patients.
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In fact there is no kidney stone made of calcium carbonate but you can find calcium carbonate in pancreas. As you know better than me different polymorphs exist (calcite, aragonite ...). We have just begin a research on such pathological calcifications. I think there are some papers on such subject. I will send you ASAP a paper i will try to submit before the end of this year.
Sincerely
D. Bazin