Legislation - Science topic

Yes, the law can sometimes stand in the way of achieving justice, in several cases, including:

(1)

Rigid legal texts: When laws are old or outdated, they may not be compatible with societal developments or new circumstances, leading to unfair results.

(2)

Little interpretation of the law: Some may adhere to the literal interpretation of legal texts without taking into account the spirit of the law or the intent of its enactment, leading to unfair rulings.

(3)

Unfair legislation: In some systems, laws may be enacted that serve the interests of a certain group or protect the ruling authorities at the expense of justice and equality.

(4)

Imperfect implementation: Even if the law is fair in its texts, its misapplication due to corruption or favoritism may lead to unfair results.

(5)

The conflict between law and moral justice: Laws may sometimes conflict with moral principles or human values, making their application unfair in some cases.

Conclusion: Therefore, achieving justice does not depend only on the existence of laws, but on how they are formulated, applied and interpreted in a way that serves equality and human rights.

there are many legislation and policies in place to ensure the right to education , to what extent is it being ensured though

I would like to ask for classic literature on the democratic legislative process, most of that was born before the Internet age. Are they still relevant today?

Human rights violations occur when actions by state or non-state actors infringe upon the basic rights and freedoms to which all humans are entitled, as outlined in international agreements like the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) and various other treaties. These rights encompass civil, political, economic, social, and cultural dimensions, which are essential for dignity, freedom, and equality. Violations can take many forms, including, but not limited to:

1. Civil and Political Rights Violations

2. Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights Violations

3. Genocide, War Crimes, and Crimes Against Humanity

4. Environmental Degradation and Climate-Related Violations

5. Gender-Based Violence and Discrimination

Mechanisms for Addressing Human Rights Violations

International and regional bodies, such as the United Nations, the International Criminal Court (ICC), and human rights organizations, work to document, report, and advocate against human rights violations. Victims and civil society groups often rely on these organizations to seek accountability, raise awareness, and push for legislative or policy reforms. However, persistent challenges remain, especially in areas where governments or powerful groups are implicated in rights abuses.

Ending human rights violations requires robust legal frameworks, political will, international cooperation, and a strong civil society that advocates for justice, accountability, and systemic reforms that protect individuals and uphold fundamental human rights.

This focus on the communicative aspects of self-harm (with the help of assiduous follow-up from psychiatric social workers in the UK) noted how people's social situations were changed, often for the better, by the action of being hospitalised for an overdose. Stengel called this motivation “Janus-faced” after the Roman god of doorways, arguing that the self-harming act looks both ways, towards death and also towards a change in life. He claimed that many of the patients he saw wanted to risk death in order to see whether they would survive. Other psychiatrists, mainly in North America, viewed patients' “slashing” or “scratching” wrists, forearms, and legs as a “gesture” towards suicide. Such patients reported to them that they were more concerned with regulating internal turmoil and tensions than any wish to end life.

This notion of self-regulation has also been emphasised by people who self-harm by self-cutting and self-burning from at least the 1990s onwards. Sociologist Amy Chandler has analysed self-injury (here classed as cutting, burning, or hitting the outside of the body) as a form of “embodied emotion work” that allows self-injurers to control, release, or otherwise manage powerful emotional states.

Some clinicians attempted to classify self-harm on the basis of particular behaviours. The work of psychiatrist Neil Kessel (1925–2003) during the 1960s in Edinburgh promoted the term “self-poisoning”, attempting to get away from presumed motives, which he deemed difficult to ascertain reliably. Obviously, with this choice of term, Kessel was largely concerned with people who had been brought to hospital because of an overdose and viewed patients' actions as instances of disordered communication of distress. From the 1980s through to the 21st century there have been discussions seeking to differentiate behaviours, separating self-cutting and self-burning from self-poisoning, which are all behaviours that together comprise a substantial proportion of hospital presentations of self-harm. Self-poisoning becomes seen as ambiguous, with the harm invisible, and that it could be motivated by anything from a cry for help to a serious wish to die. Non-fatal self-cutting, by contrast, is seen as reliably motivated by a wish to survive, to cope, and to relieve internal tension or distress. This approach is largely taken by those who focus on self-harm in the community, whether psychiatrist, psychologist, anthropologist, or sociologist. Some practitioners, such as psychologist Jan Sutton in the 2000s, complained that hospital statistics of self-harm in the UK were misleading because they included a large number of overdoses, when, in her estimation, the term self-harm is strongly associated with self-cutting.

In 2013, the category of non-suicidal self-injury disorder was introduced to the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5); this new category includes only damage done to the surface of the body, excluding most forms of self-poisoning. The difference in focus between poisoning and cutting has much to do with the context—whether the self-harm is recorded from an urgent hospital admission in an emergency department or retrospectively from a psychiatric outpatient setting. Self-poisoning typically emerges more often at emergency departments and self-cutting more in other community-based settings or established retrospectively.

Some approaches to self-harm during the 20th century have attempted to categorise it irrespective of intent—that is, focusing on the criterion of “harm to the self”: if an action done by the self results in harm to the self, it is “self-harm”. While this has a logic to it, there are problems: someone taking an overdose of vitamin C tablets in considerable distress with the intent to harm oneself could be disqualified from “self-harm” on the basis that no harm was done. In the opposite case, a genuinely mistaken overdose of prescribed drugs leading to serious harm or even death could be included as “self-harm”. How can it be right to exclude the first and include the second when thinking about self-harm? And if harm done to oneself by oneself is the only criterion, what of alcoholism or anorexia? What of self-neglect? These all involve practices that harm the self and are done more or less by the self, to the self. But does it match what we think of as self-harm? American psychoanalyst Karl Menninger (1893–1990) called alcoholism “chronic suicide” in the 1930s, emphasising its link with self-destruction; many of the studies of “delicate self-cutting” from North America in the 1960s and 1970s noted the coincidence of eating disorders among patients with self-cutting behaviour, even as they sought to emphasise the importance of cutting.

Historical shifts in framings of self-harm still resonate when considering current work in this area. The Lancet's new Commission on self-harm takes a laudably “broad and inclusive perspective on self-harm”, defining it as “intentional self-poisoning or injury, irrespective of apparent purpose” and has put forward much-needed recommendations fighting back against the criminalisation and punishment of self-harm, supporting people with lived experience to design care that works, calling for much greater research and prevention efforts in low-income and middle-income countries, and supporting self-determination for self-harm prevention among Indigenous communities. But even here, boundaries are maintained and certain practices are excluded—for example, anorexia (on the basis of aetiology and different treatment approach), as well as “[b]ody modification or self-inflicted mutilation, whether performed for cultural, religious, or social reasons”. It seems that some “apparent purposes” or reasons matter for inclusion as self-harm, whilst others do not.

In this respect it can be instructive to reflect on historical interpretations. For example, what was understood as “social reasons” in the past in relation to self-harm. Indeed, Stengel's and Kessel's definitions of “attempted suicide” and “self-poisoning” in the 1950s and 1960s cast these behaviours as overwhelmingly socially directed. Looking back at the history of self-harm highlights just how fraught definitional issues continue to be when trying to gather together diverse behaviours, opaque intentions, and different temporal and cultural contexts under one term.

However fraught these terminological issues are, it remains important to acknowledge how far definitions of self-harm have historically been created out of an attempt at precision and differentiation: creating distance from straightforward attempts to die in the 1950s and making efforts from the 1980s onwards to separate self-cutting from overdosing. The increase in popularity of internet message boards in the 1990s and social media in the 2000s has given people with lived experience (when they are not also clinicians or academics with access to more traditional forms of publication) a platform for intervening in this definitional debate. This has enabled people to articulate definitions of, and reasons for, their self-harm in varied ways. Trying to build from this sprawling history to a definition wide enough to encompass all the things that have been called self-harm results in a term that struggles to be precise at the ambiguous and ambivalent edges of intent, behaviour, and ideas of what is “harmful”.

Understanding the history of self-harm as a history of multiple context-specific attempts to make sense of human behaviour, trying to categorise in order to understand motives, or to provide appropriate care, shows that there is not one thing called self-harm but many. The term evolved in the UK and USA during the 20th century as clinicians sought to differentiate certain behaviours from suicide and gave careful attention sometimes to a patient's social context and at other times to their reported inner motivations. Ultimately it was and it remains a category born from confusion and ambivalence, trying to understand distress, communication, impulse, anger, self-regulation, and the symbolism of suicide.

Self-harm is complicated. The term can encompass any number of different behaviours, carried out with varied, often opaque, intentions and which can have contrasting results. There is also the question of the term itself: self-harm, attempted suicide, self-poisoning, self-mutilation, non-suicidal self-injury, deliberate self-harm, delicate cutting, wrist-scratching, and parasuicide are among the terms that have been offered at various points in the 20th and 21st centuries to try and put a firm boundary (in fact, lots of different boundaries) around the phenomenon of behaviour judged to be an intentional harming of oneself.

One way that historians (including me) have navigated this terminology is by sticking to what are called historicist principles. This means that terms are viewed as fundamentally rooted in historical context. Diagnostic labels are investigated on the basis of what past clinicians and patients have meant when talking about them, rather than what we might think in the present. This approach means that the phenomenon is analysed according to definitions that were influential at the relevant points in time.

In the UK during the 1950s hospital-based clinicians, notably psychiatrist and psychoanalyst Erwin Stengel (1902–73) in London and psychiatrist Sir Ivor Batchelor (1916–2005) in Edinburgh, began to talk about a kind of “attempted suicide”, largely by medication overdose that did not appear to them to actually be aiming at death. Instead, it seemed to be a form of communication or “cry for help”. Thus, one kind of concern around self-harming behaviour achieved prominence. When psychoanalytic psychiatrists in North America in the late 1960s began to notice that some groups of patients in psychiatric hospitals would “scarify” their wrists and forearms in a way that appeared almost completely unrelated to any attempt to kill themselves, another kind of self-harm was inaugurated. The historicist approach helps to understand behaviours and psychiatric categories as linked to changing institutional contexts. The 1950s concept of “attempted suicide” was largely the outcome of the increasing provision of psychiatry in UK general hospitals during the early post-war period. This was partly enabled by the inclusion of both mental and physical health care in the country's new National Health Service. By contrast, the notion of self-cutting as a response to internal turmoil was influenced by a reading of psychoanalysis that considered the absence of pain and the presence of blood highly significant among largely female patient populations in psychiatric hospitals in the northeastern USA.

A historicist approach can also take legal changes into account. For example, the decriminalisation of suicide in England and Wales in 1961 allowed people who would have previously potentially committed a crime (attempted suicide) to become the explicit target of government provision and psychiatric help. Soon after suicide had been decriminalised, a Ministry of Health hospital memorandum was issued in 1961 that asked hospitals to ensure that all “attempted suicides” received appropriate psychiatric care.

This legal change in the status of suicide and attempted suicide came only 2 years after arguably the most important piece of 20th-century mental health legislation in the UK. The Mental Health Act of 1959 abolished all restrictions on treating people with mental illness in general hospitals. Before this act, there had been complicated restrictions on when someone could receive mental health treatment outside of the large, mostly isolated psychiatric hospitals. These institutions (formerly called insane asylums) had been built over the course of the 19th century. In the same year as the 1961 Suicide Act was passed, then Health Minister Enoch Powell made a speech calling for psychiatric hospitals to be torn down in favour of psychiatric care in the community.

People who had taken overdoses were much more likely to be taken to a general hospital than a psychiatric one, because immediate life-saving treatment was the first priority. But the restrictions on mental health treatment before the 1959 Mental Health Act made it difficult to provide adequate psychiatric investigation and care once patients had recovered. This was exacerbated by the legal status of “attempted suicide” still being a criminal offence. Thus, both the 1959 and 1961 acts helped to enable more psychiatric attention to be focused on these patients. The 1961 memorandum further explicitly asked psychiatrists to investigate these incidents. This was a crucial part of the establishment of ideas of communicative self-harm, rather than regarding this behaviour as aiming at death.

The value of a historicist approach is that it shows how varied contexts make particular kinds of self-harm visible at specific times. This specificity can be contrasted with the more wide-ranging approach of those such as Armando Favazza, a cultural psychiatrist. His three editions of the influential Bodies Under Siege: Self-Mutilation and Body Modification in Culture and Psychiatry includes Tibetan tantric mysticism and the Passion of Christ as examples of “self-mutilation”. Here the net is cast so widely that it becomes difficult to see what unites the varied phenomena under that label.

However valuable it may be, the historicist approach is not a solution to present difficulties in categorisation. Historicism works to understand specific contextual usage, but these varying definitions are not easily used in the present. This is seen in the work of scholars who have written about the historical and cultural contexts of self-harm. For example, historian Sarah Chaney has shown that one authoritative definition of “self-mutilation” in the 1890s included not only self-castration, limb amputation, and eye-removal, but also the eating of rubbish. During the late 1980s, clinicians Barent Walsh and Paul Rosen's book Self-Mutilation: Theory, Research, and Treatment focused overwhelmingly on “harm” inflicted on the surface of the skin. This account included large “biker” tattoos as possible examples of “self-mutilation” but excluded small tattoos. It would not clarify present concerns around self-harm to include the eating of rubbish or tattooing under the definition.

The clinical concept of self-harm in the 20th century in the UK and USA emerged through an attempt to alleviate definitional confusion, to label a phenomenon correctly. Clinicians and service users alike attempted to classify behaviour that has a persistent but ambiguous and often contrasting relationship to suicide. The definitional questions that recurred over the century focused on motivation, behaviour, and harm.

Definitions of self-harm centring motivation are at the core of 20th-century psychiatric studies. They began from the idea that not everyone who acts in a “suicidal” way is trying to end their life. Many of the behaviours at the basis of self-harm categories in the UK during the mid-20th century outwardly appeared similar to suicide attempts—cutting one's wrists or taking an overdose of medication. Some patients came to the attention of hospital psychiatrists who were trained in the 1950s and 1960s to see some psychiatric disorders as psychosocial, and to understand patients in their social contexts. This approach has broad and varied roots, including the interpersonal focus of all the various schools of psychoanalysis, ideas of communication in the genesis of mental illness which were popularised by anthropologist Gregory Bateson (1904–80), insights generated from group psychological therapy for soldiers during World War 2, and psychological approaches to child guidance that focused on family dynamics.

I particularly want to know which section(s)/provisions of the Competition legislation in Austria deal with small and medium-sized enterprises?

Our study consists in noting the progressive apprehension in Iraq and French positive civil law of environmental legislation. The purpose of this study is to demonstrate that there is a functional and interactive relationship between civil law and current environmental concerns. These help to modify Iraqi civil law and force a rethinking of a number of its fundamental principles. When interacting with civil law, environmental concerns will primarily affect contract law. Finally, regarding contract law, environmental concerns affect the general theory by increasing the compulsory content of the contract and the content of named contracts. The environment is also becoming a fully-fledged object of new contracts which have as a direct or secondary purpose the protection of the environment. All the changes thus observed foreshadow a specific legal space, private and public, whose object is the environment and its protection. In view of these concerns, it is possible to wonder how the environment and the contract can really meet, consider each other and more broadly influence each other since, in fact, the environment is part of a long-term perspective. It is developing for current generations but also for future generations. As some authors argue, environmental law is intended to govern a general interest, whereas the contract is the tool par excellence for governing particular interests. But are general interest and particular interests diametrically opposed? Why can't the contract serve the environment? Of course, environmental law has its own instruments, such as impact studies or environmental responsibility, but doesn't this law deserve efficiency from all .

In the attached image, D1 dummies are for interaction term of public debt for each state, and D2 is a single dummy for structural break of Fiscal Responsibility Legislation implementation year which is different in each state. Is this specifcation of model is correct in a panel data fixed effect model?

Dear colleagues and researchers,

Our research group from Federal Paraná University (UFPR), Brazil, is currently working in partnership with the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) in Germany on a research project focused on floating photovoltaic (FPV) plants installed in reservoirs. Therefore, we would like to find specific legislation or regulations for FPV installation that could exist in your respective countries around the world. If anyone has some information that could be helpful to our research, we would be very grateful if you can contact us.

Thank you in advance for your support.

According to the Regulation, issued by the Commission Regulation (EU) 2017/833, it is not allowed to produce insect biomass on manure and catering wastes. Is it because of potential contamination of these wastes with deleterious chemicals, like pesticides, antibiotics, and endocrine disruptors (which can be applied in farming processes and in kitchens), or because of potential contaminations with pathogens, which is common for agricultiral animals and human? This legislative restriction significantly reduce the opportunity of the recycling of the valuable compounds (fat, amino acids etc.) from the by-products. So, I want to understand, what can we do in order to make the by-product save for recycling by means of insects, earthworms and other invertebrates? For instance, we can use manure from animals, which are free from pharmaceutical usage (I mean veterinary treatments), or we can thermally sterilize the by-products to prevent the propagation of human pathogens.

How can the legislator balance the interests and rights of individuals and achieve the public interest at the same time?

Maintenance of children born out of live in relationships

Everyone should watch this groundbreaking hearing on AI oversight...

...think hard, and voice your ideas (and crucially the reasons for those ideas).

So, what are your thoughts?

I gained a sample of 33 respondents who evaluated 13 dimensions of a topic surveyed.

21-level evaluation scale was used. As I understand, I should use some non-parametric tests like U Mann-Whitney to determine whether these results by each dimension are statistically significant or not. Which test(s) could you recommend to properly assess these results?

The survey issue is a restrictions' severity on human activities within 13 types of zones of protected areas (0 points - mildest restrictions, 20 points - most severe restrictions). Each respondent has been acquainted with these sets established by legislative acts.

I attached xslx file below.

Taking the notion of Galilean Science, as explained by Klaus Jaffe in his book, What is Science, Law today can be considered a scientific field. Legislation, statutory norms, do not use reality as a parameter, nor do they suffer the consequences of it. Empirical studies of law are an exception. Experimentation is even more so. To answer the question whether Law is a Science is to start treating it as if it were. That is why my interest is in Experimental Law.

I have come to the conclusion that chieftaincy and Democracy have similar features. Both have three arms of Government ie Executive, Judiciary and legislative. Why do we have to adopt one to neglect the other, Can we enhance African chieftaincy to suit the African space?

Specifically, I mean how is it working, for example when someone that builds a house, wants to change colours, proportions, ect, things that are basically prescribe on the legislative level. Is it easy to make changes? How it decides what changes can be made and to what extent?

According to your national legislation, are there any requirements for the indexation of the journals or their characteristics to be recognized for promotion? And what do you think about that?

Financing and oversight of electoral campaigns in Algeria, Morocco and Tunisia.

With the increase in cases of attacks on journalists in the Arab world in general and the occupied State of Palestine in particular. Is there a glimmer of hope to legislate binding international rules that limit the violation of the sanctity of journalists and not prevent them from exercising their role by revealing the facts and communicating information to the international community about any violations of human rights law?

In some countries, capital profits are exempted by virtue of a presumption from the tax legislator, bearing in mind that the income tax law does not provide for their exemption. Is it permissible to bypass the law and rely on the presumption of the legislator?

I have to write my bachelor's thesis on international relations and I'd like to dissert on children's legislation, with a comparison between east Asia (Japan or South Korea) and Europe. Does anybody know about some cases that may have entailed both?

Do you believe that it has considerable importance in public?

The vast legislative regulation, if not performed, doesn't guarantee that things work in the right way.

Does politics care about it?

I would like to know what experts think about the current regulations of educational work and the influence that these laws have on the health of the education professional.

I have a comparative study on Morocco and Turkey, and I am looking for references or studies on Turkish political institutions: the legislative, the executive, and the judiciary

Struggles over whose law is better is continuous but can you perceive any common factors among all laws that unite them? How to agree on some common principles? Is reconciliation possible?

I know that integration is possible but what do you perceive the best way to harmonise differences of opinion yet allow everyone to follow distinctive legislations of own sources of law?

Thanks to all in advance.

Current legislation in Brazil for this type of shipment is very confusing (not to say chaotic) and bureaucratic. I would like to know from colleagues who have had this experience how they did to send specimens legally and safely to US institutions.

For a comparative study of legislative activity during the coronavirus pandemic, we are looking for experts who can report about the current operation of the legislature in their country.

We will be most grateful for links to relevant experts, particularly from countries outside Europe and North America.

If you can suggest relevant experts, please write me privately at Ittai.Bar-Siman-Tov@biu.ac.il

Thank you very much in advance,

Ittai

What is your opinion regarding these issues?

Some legal philosophical approaches to these questions can be found in my paper "Extreme Wrong Committed by National and Supranational Inactivity: Analyzing the Mediterranean Migrant Crisis and Climate Change from a Legal Philosophical Perspective", Göttingen 2021.

The global nature of the Internet and e-Activities requires a new method of Legislative and Ethical control that includes the many different governments that exist.

Do we need a new International Cyberspace Organization that can lead this process?

To create a framework that is acceptable to all and takes all viewpoints into account.

Are we up to the task?

I've heard some talk about some people trying to get certain highly intelligent animals classified as nonhuman persons. (e.g. elephants, monkeys, orcas,). The primary intention of this action is that it would raise the consequences of abusing these animals as well as making them easier to protect.

I'm looking for both opinions and any factual information anyone may be able to offer. I'm particularly curious about the perspectives of people who have worked relatively extensively with highly intelligent animals, as well as those of people who have significant experience in animal testing.

If dependent variable - the number of participation in legislative elections (1-8), which regression is better? count model and negative binomial regression? If 'yes', why?

How possible is it for one challenge implementation of a bill in parliament before it becomes law? Can the same be taken to court. All views from different jurisdictions are welcome.

Although we assume that thinkers change society, from Socrates to Marx, what about artists? What about writers (novelists and poets)?

What for example did Shelley mean 'by poets are the unacknowledged legislators of the world'? For example, did this imply changes in perspective or the way words reconstruct that perspective?

My hypothesis is that from 1980s onwards a neoliberal consensus emerged, favouring a liberal trade agenda and prescribing a reduced role for state actors in governing and managing socio-economic development.

The financial crisis of 2009 and now the Covid-19 pandemic have brought the state back in, bailing out financial institutions with public funds and ordering the closure of large parts of national economies (whilst subsidising income losses and keeping businesses afloat) - seemingly inconceivable developments 15 years ago.

I would be grateful for both: a) literature recommendations and b) further examples of state legislative intervention ('activism' particularly with regards to sustainability regulation and laws).

Many thanks in advance!

Big Data, targeted advertising, medical diagnosis systems, etc. use methods of automatically generating decision trees by recursively searching for criteria that can be used to incrementally reduce uncertainty. These methods can span many dimensions without suffering from the "curse of dimensionality."

An application that I have yet to encounter is to use these methods to: a) analyze social problems and their causes; then b) use the resultant decision trees to write legislation that can adapt to many distinct situations - getting away from "one size fits all" overly simplified laws and regulations.; and c) in the execution of the law use the decision trees to decide on: 1) filing charges or not, 2) severity of the penalties, and 3) appropriate remedial follow up.

There are too many cases of overly simple laws that were intended to ensnare major criminal behavior being applied to citizens who are honest and law abiding, but who are subjected to onerous red tape or investigations simply because some element of their activities or appearances innocently triggers certain criteria that makes them subjects worthy of investigation or inquiry.

If the judges don't are elect for popular voting, why would they have - in terms philosophical, and not in legal terms - legitimacy to fail to apply a law approved democratically by legislative?

Which tool do you use to anonymize the files, taking into account what the legislation requires (GDPR/LGPD)?

The objective in formulating the questioning is the search to identify what is the feeling that the researchers have about the interactions between the strengthening of democracy through the improvement of the popular legislative initiative.

EU directives on medical devices only include medical devices for human beings. Medical devices for veterinary use are not included in the legislation and therefore there is no requirement that they must be CE-marked as medical devices or meet the essential requirements for the CE marking.

In Italy there are no local regulations for the design, manufacture and marketing of medical devices for veterinary use.

What local regulations are in force in the EU and not-EU countries?

Can you help me find legislation in any country in the world that regulates the permissible limit concentrations of PBDE congeners in soil. Thank you!

Dear colleagues, please for your information. Which year formally through legislation regulates inclusive education in your country.

You can also send me links to posts.

Thanks in advance!

Julia Doncheva

Hi, I am a  final year student at the Universidad Complutense de Madrid ( Spain), doing my final thesis about the working-life conditions in the Nordic Countries.  

Especially, I am researching about the different types of statutory entitlement to leave. However, I haven´t found in any nordic country legislation about days off work to enjoy the honeymoon after marriage. 

I was wondering if you could know or even pointing me out in the direction of someone with knowledge in those Nordic labour law questions. It would be extremely appreciated. 

I a looking to confirm or falsify the often made claim that the period from 1970-1985 was the "dark age" in EEC legislation. For this it would be useful to have a numerical comparison..., ideally also within that period.

What do you think what is the difference between Mandatory Overtime and slavery? and where is the line? Should it be allowed on the legislative basis that in some scenario employers would have a right to have mandatory not paid overtime requests > that employee can not refuse?

Good afternoon, my dear friends and colleagues.

As part of my research, I want to ask you a question: what state support for small business is the most important?

-Financial (state subsidies for starting a business, providing soft loans, state guarantees for creating and developing an enterprise, financing investment, innovative projects, etc.)

-Property (state and local governments create modern business incubators and techno-parks in which small enterprises can develop, the state transfers its property, premises, land, equipment for temporary or permanent use to entrepreneurs, leasing is offered on favorable terms)

-Information (the state creates resources (sites or information stands) for the exchange of business information, general information distribution systems, organizes information seminars and advertising stands, industry and intersectoral exhibitions, at which potential partners can find suppliers and buyers)

-Educational (the state develops special educational programs aimed at developing entrepreneurship skills for various segments of the population, creates conditions and programs for improving professional knowledge in the field of conducting and managing a business, and organizes training seminars and lectures)

-Consulting (the state creates and maintains centers providing consulting services on organizing, promoting development and particularities of doing business, and also compensates entrepreneurs for the costs of services of such organizations)

Legislative (the state simplifies legislation and reduces the number of procedures for registering an enterprise, reduces and simplifies the tax and administrative burden (reduces the number of forms and types of reporting), introduces preferential tax treatment for small and medium-sized enterprises).

Below is a link to my research. If it's not difficult for you, fill it out, please, it's very important!

Thank you!

Trout and other salmonid taxonomies are still in a chaotic state and in many respects have advanced little since the 19th Century. Salmonids are renowned for their phenotypic plasticity expressed under different environmental conditions. This high plasticity in many morphological characters and life histories is such that almost any population will be found to differ from other populations especially if only a few populations are compared. Yet such characters are the basis of many species descriptions. Some claim to be following the Evolutionary Species Concept (ESC) of Simpson (1951), where “An evolutionary species is a lineage evolving separately from others and with its own unitary role and tendencies”. Evidence for the ESC is provided by morphological differences that are adaptive in nature (my emphasis), i.e., by definition have a genetic basis (Simpson, 1961). Yet many simply assume that the morphological differences that they use have a genetic and adaptive basis without further investigation even though heritability may be extremely low or absent. In that respect their approach is purely phenetic.

Since most conservation legislation is species-based accurate taxonomy is key to conservation of salmonid biodiversity. Bad taxonomy can kill by failing to recognise a population as a distinct taxon and thus it does not receive the conservation attention it requires. On the other, it can result in wasted conservation resources if the taxon is based on purely environmentally-induced differences and is simply part of a more widespread species of lesser concern. Some 51 species of Salmo trouts are currently recognised in FishBase and recent publications, including several in recent years. Most trout species have been classified on colouration, spotting pattern, occurrence of parr marks in adults, dentition, scale counts, and body measurements. In many, but not all situations, these characters are subject to environmental modulation with the effects of phenotypic plasticity and adaptation being difficult to disentangle. Body measurements are, in some cases, converted to ratios of standard length, but this approach has long been regarded as inappropriate due to allometric growth. Often insufficient specimens and populations are examined to give a true picture of intra- and inter-population variability.

An important criterion in taxonomy is that the characters used to define a species can be used to identify individuals to that species with ≥ 99% of individuals being correctly assigned (Mayr, 1963), either using molecular approaches or genetically based life history and morphological differences. Etheridge et al (2012) found that the power of supposedly diagnostic morphological characters to identify individuals of three putative Coregonus species was low (27%) due to the species descriptions being based on a few specimens, and as a result of phenotypic plasticity.

Given that a reference sequence is available for brown trout and that the determination of full genomic sequences is now relatively straightforward, is there any reason why a DNA sequence in an appropriate depository cannot be the name-bearing type sequence for a species? Linked to the type nuclear sequence should be DNA specimens, which can be used for further study. Once isolated, it can be stored nearly indefinitely. DNA can be easily shared for secure, multi-site curation. Since it takes up little space and can be stored at room temp there is no reason why all national museums should not be involved in such curation. Mitochondrial DNA sequences, while much easier to obtain, are problematic due to the potential for horizontal transfer and the linkage of genes. There are several examples of incongruence between nuclear and mtDNA. Use of only part of the nuclear genome could also be potentially problematic due to differentiation between some closely related trout being present in localised genomic ‘islands’. Sufficient DNA sequences to represent intra-specific variability would be required. Clearly international collaboration would be required to cover the entire Salmo trout range and a meaningful number of specimens. Do others consider this a potential way forward and what are the possible difficulties involved? Or is the real question whether conservation legislation should be species-based in the first place but instead be focused on populations, or groups of populations, as in North America using Evolutionarily Significant Units or Designatable Units?

have been trying to separate the d- and l-forms of propylhexedrine using chiral acids, namely, (-)-tartaric, (-)-malic and (+)-mandelic acids. The latter two readily form precipitates and looks promising but I working with a proper procedure. Most of it has been based on US patent 2454746, which lack procedural details. There are better details in US patent 2276508/9, however I have not been able to repeat this. Does anyone have experience in this and can share some insights?

Do you have any information legislation about mycotoxin limitation acceptance in food for human and animals.

I would like to anticipate the idea why research activities in the academe is not usually adapted or been used by third parties in behalf of its purpose: I mean the purpose of their research. Consequently, college and post graduate schools require thesis products for graduation requirement intents, but, the idea is just for the compliance purpose of the course program; and what about being endorsed to important third parties such as government institutions as to be used as basis for policy making. I see the lapses in that point and that it is ironic that some educational institutions are better and very hard working dealing on their research activities and publications and yet their studies are minimally recognized by their government for policy making and protocols, in which, in this way, the idea or the effort of scholars doing such ingenuity will be usable as it get beneficiaries in hand. Studying is not that easy, why not support or maybe the university or educational institution must endorse their research products to nearby jurisdictional policy makers for the better and best of the community in nearby future. I am just wondering why that research products are treated that way not on the exact way that studies and experiment of these experts must be commended for being excellent in such field they had chosen as proven by the research studies they have done. Is it because it lacks support from their respective government? Is it because their government does not appreciate the efforts of their research scholars and enthusiasts? Or maybe, Do these research products are not totally important in the political maneuvers of their place?

Can anyone answer this question? Will the answer be Legislators?

legislative regulation represents not only of the guarantees of rights and freedoms .but as its said the best of those guarantees. Rights and freedom exists only within community and the legislator is the who organizates right or freedom and regulation gives real existence to those and freedoms.the organization undertaken by the legislator is the one that gives right and freedom its real existence where through I the mechanism of its existence is based and established.

In my country, Brazil, we don't yet have legislation that makes it possible to compensate for the cost of purchasing of BESS for photovoltaic plants. How is the scenario in your country?

Oil prices have waxed and waned following COVID-19, but supply pressures and compliance from OPEC member countries have provided a much-needed balance int he last decade. With the U.S. becoming self-sufficient and both UK and EU legislating for net-zero emissions by 2050, can we expect a sustained upside for oil prices? This is particularly salient for

1) Government finances for commodity exporters?

2). GDP growth and economic development.

3). Employment in the energy sector and exports.

5). Processed fuels vital for global manufacturing value-chains.

Non-exhaust emissions are increasingly in the interest of science. There are numerous working groups around the world that are concerned, for example, with the development of standardized test procedures for determining brake wear particle number and mass. As the interest on the part of the legislator is growing, the developments are becoming more and more extensive.

This platform shall enable scientists to exchange information on important issues and developments in the field of sampling, measurement and classification as well as on technological measures to reduce brake/tyre wear emissions. To make the exchange as efficient as possible, it is necessary that numerous experts gather on this platform. In this way, questions on global developments can be answered in a targeted manner.

Hello everyone,

I am searching for legislation regarding the legal limits of furosine in milk but I have found so far only information regarding Italy. Are you aware of other EU and not EU countries setting maximum levels in milk or other commodities?

Thanks a lot!

IDPs means internally displaced persons. However the African Union has enacted a Convention on the Protection and Assistance of IDPs in Africa. Then I am looking at the state parties obligation and responsibility to the Convention which they have ratified and not domesticated as a national legislation with particular reference to internally displaced persons in Nigeria.

Helo, I am interested in looking into Secondhand smoke exposure and support level towards smoke-free legislation. I am planning to use secondary data. Can anyone advice on which statistical analysis will be most suitable for this study please? I am planning to analyze sociodemographic factor as well. Should I analyze it separately, or just include it in multivariate/ multiple logistic regression? Please advice me on this and it will be much appreciated if anyone could suggest me with a suitable conceptual framework for my study.

The toxicity of nanoparticles span over a large range from those which are relatively safe all the way to those which can potentially cause cancer. It is clear that the problem is tricky since it is a function of a number of variables including particle size and size distribution, agglomeration state, shape, crystal structure, chemical composition, surface area, surface chemistry, surface charge and porosity. In the middle of all this uncertainty, I would like an elaborate answer, advice, legislation, guide on how to safely deal with nanoparticles.

I would look to research Illinois legislator's perspective and attitude of school based agricultural education but I am not sure what framework to use.  I don't have much about the research yet because I do not want to research it if there is not a framework for it. Thanks!

I'm looking for any kind of legislation, zoning, best practices, etc. either required or recommended by the state, the EU/other federation or local government.

Is there any particular legislation that you will be focusing on?

For a class I'm preparing to teach, I'm looking for (estimated) data on the numbers of U.S. citizens who engage in political activities beyond voting, such as

1. volunteering in campaigns,

2. contributing to campaigns,

3. working as election officers at the polls on election day,

4. contacting legislators, and

5. commenting to agencies about proposed administrative rulemaking.

I am looking for prosecutors who worked on human trafficking cases at any point during their careers as participants for a research study. This study will examine the challenges and limitations to prosecute human traffickers under state-level legislations, the differential evaluation of the state and federal level legislations (TVPA of 2000), and any future recommendations for these legislations as to what can be done differently to make them more efficient. I am conducting phone interviews with the participants to gain their insight on the issue and just to be clear the information provided will be completely confidential (consent forms are involved). If you know someone who could participate in this study, please let me know. I'd be grateful.

BWE was opened for signature in 1972 and entered into force in 1975. Now, it is 45 years old.

However, in some fields, effective implementation of BWC is still behind the Chemical weapon convention (CWC).

I would like to discuss this matter with National Authorities of state parties to BWC, and analysts.

https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-50944461

Unfortunately, not every scientist follows ethical rules.

The rapid growth of Gene Research and prospects of Gene Therapy raise the question of whether Global Legislation is lagging behind.

We have to be careful that the initiation of gene research, the running of gene studies and implementation of gene research in real world settings are better controlled and monitored. There are many criminal and evil players in the world that are willing to exploit the dark side of gene research. We really need to have a proper debate about this.

Do we urgently lobby and pressurise governments to get this done?

It is interesting to note that almost half of the countries do not have data protection legislation.

"Applying Internet Laws and Regulations to Educational Technology"

I’d like to invite you to submit a chapter proposal of 1,000 to 2,000 words before January 15, 2019. Your proposal should include your purpose in writing a chapter for a book. Proposals should be either: critical of outdated or ill-conceived law affecting educational interests; or comparative (e.g., how legislation is applied in different jurisdictions). The main criterion for acceptance is a clear connection for a lay reader between: “technology”, “law”, and “education”. The primary readership will be non-lawyers (e.g., college and university professors, medical educators, school teachers, instructional designers, computing educators, administrators, and librarians). Law educators and students may also find readings of interest. Prior to submission, authors should consult the publisher’s guidelines for manuscript submissions at http://www.igi-global.com/publish/contributor-resources/before-you-write

Editor: Bruce L. Mann

All modern constitutions contain and declare the concept and principle of popular sovereignty, which essentially means that the people and their representative organs (like chambers) are entitled to be involved into the legislation.

Is there a public order online? And how can we measure it?

In our study mayors in cyberspace we found that many mayors and practitioners indicate that there is such a thing as an online (public) order. In most cases, however, they do refer to physical effects. Not surprising in itself because the powers of mayors and the legislation are focused on physical effects. The question is whether there is also a separate order online. And to what extent is this space public?

Do we have an official document or publication in Nigeria where the process of policy formulation is highlighted and/or explained?

In countries that have membrane process leachate treatment plants, what is the destination for membrane's concentrate?

Is there any specific legislation for this?

Mental Health Legislation may not be consumer friendly if not designed considering the ground realities of a country.

UN Convention against Torture listed a number of positive obligations aimed at the prevention of torture and other forms of ill-treatment. Article 2 par. 1 of the UNCAT: “Each State Party shall take effective legislative, administrative, judicial or other measures to prevent acts of torture in any territory under its jurisdiction.”

Study “Yes, torture prevention works” analyses more than 60 preventive measures and identifies which of them have a particular effect on the occurrence of torture. These measures were divided

into four main groups: 1) detention; 2) prosecution; 3) monitoring; and 4) complaints mechanisms.

What kind of measures work in your country?

هل تعتقد بضرورة وجود قانون لمناهضة العنف الاسري

Improvement depends on all of us, but it needs to be organized to make it faster.

I am a civil servant working in the special department related to stray dogs. As the conductor of the description of the mutual assessment to get dog-food supplies, I have to be accurate about the reason I need to ask for dog-food protein rate around 18-22% with the detail of it containing not less than 18% biologically originated protein. Can you please inform me about the proper legislation referring it? A thousand thank you in advance.

What is the way forward for the current chaos in the U.S. concerning Emotional Support Animals? Legislation, research, education??

One of the worst experience for a human is being abused especially in childhood; psychological, physical and/or sexual. So many legislations, laws, social services and it still goes on almost in every country. Quite depressing, isnt it? So, do you think we will ever be able to stop child abuse in future?

These two terms almost seem identical, but if for eg. I preserve something, I keep it at the same state that it was.

Although if I protect something it is probably either because that state is at risk or I don't want it to be at risk- (it's threatened).