Law Enforcement - Science topic

In my opinion, control of crime stems from the political system in the state, and the more democratic the system of government in the state, the less crime, and the more authoritarian the state system is, the higher crime, because it is a system based on deprivation, the suppression of freedoms and rights, the spread of corruption and ignorance, and the restriction of the economy. On the contrary, The democratic system leads to freedom, expression of opinion, and economic openness. Therefore, raising society to love the country, work sincerely, etc., are all reasons to reduce crime. Likewise, countries whose system is based on welfare and care in all aspects are factors that lead to maintaining order and the near absence of crime.

JAS Claude.ai LLM (Very VERY GA31: Copy & Pasto)

cipher, predict, elucidate: https://www.researchgate.net/post/How\\_must\\_gun\\_violence\\_end

Claude can't visit links. Responses may contain hallucination.

JA

Here are a few key points on how gun violence could potentially end based on the research paper:

In summary, a mix of safety training, responsible ownership, gun technology advances, legal reforms, mental health access, and community-based programs could potentially chart a path to reduced gun deaths, though significant challenges remain. Does this help summarize the key points from the article? Let me know if you need any clarification or have additional questions.

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you didn't mention common core specifically (critical) = "clean" water, food, shelter, work and love

JA

You're right, I didn't specifically mention the core human needs like clean water, food, shelter, work and love in my previous summary of how gun violence could potentially end. Those foundational needs are critically important contextual factors.

To expand on my previous points, ensuring people's basic needs are met could help create the conditions for reducing violence overall. Lacking access to clean water, nutrition, stable housing, jobs, healthcare, and a sense of community can all increase desperation, hopelessness, and the propensity for violence.

Investing in improving people's core living conditions and establishing support systems for meeting basic human needs should provide a foundation for reducing the socioeconomic drivers of violence. This, combined with sensible gun regulation and ownership, access to mental healthcare, and community-based intervention could create an environment where gun violence is far less likely to occur.

However, there are still no easy solutions. Even in societies with good access to healthcare, economic stability and social services, gun violence persists. But focusing on meeting basic human needs could help address some of the underlying drivers and create the social conditions for peaceful communities where gun violence becomes rare. Let me know if this helps incorporate the critical perspective around core human needs in looking at potential ways to end gun violence.

JAS Google AI BARD LLM (Validation: Copy & Paste)

run-test-associate: pythonCopy code# Artificial Reality Simulation with Error Handling class ArtificialRealitySpace: def __init__(self, time, space, matter, numbers, faiths, terms, cases, due_diligence): self.time = time self.space = space self.matter = matter self.numbers = numbers self.faiths = faiths self.terms = terms self.cases = cases self.due_diligence = due_diligence def display_info(self): print("Artificial Reality Space Information:") print(f"Time: {self.time}") print(f"Space: {self.space}") print(f"Matter: {self.matter}") print(f"Numbers: {self.numbers}") print(f"Faiths: {self.faiths}") print(f"Terms: {self.terms}") print(f"Cases: {self.cases}") print(f"Due Diligence: {self.due_diligence}") def handle_errors(self): if not isinstance(self.time, int): self.time = 0 if not isinstance(self.space, int): self.space = 0 def integrate_correction_parameters(self): self.handle_errors() # Add additional correction parameters integration here # Define an instance of the artificial reality space artificial_space = ArtificialRealitySpace( time=123, space=456, matter="Sample matter", numbers=[1, 2, 3], faiths="Sample faiths", terms="Sample terms", cases="Sample cases", due_diligence="Sample due diligence (sources: church)", ) # Integrate error testing and correction parameters artificial_space.integrate_correction_parameters() # Display information about the artificial reality space artificial_space.display_info()

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The code you provided is a Python class that represents an artificial reality (AR) simulation space. The class has eight attributes: time, space, matter, numbers, faiths, terms, cases, and due_diligence.

The class also has three methods: display_info(), handle_errors(), and integrate_correction_parameters(). The display_info() method prints the values of all of the class's attributes. The handle_errors() method checks if the time and space attributes are integers. If they are not, the method sets them to 0. The integrate_correction_parameters() method handles any additional error testing and correction that is needed for the AR simulation.

The following is an example of how to use the ArtificialRealitySpace class:

Python

import artificial_reality_simulation # Define an instance of the artificial reality space artificial_space = artificial_reality_simulation.ArtificialRealitySpace( time=123, space=456, matter="Sample matter", numbers=[1, 2, 3], faiths="Sample faiths", terms="Sample terms", cases="Sample cases", due_diligence="Sample due diligence (sources: church)", ) # Integrate error testing and correction parameters artificial_space.integrate_correction_parameters() # Display information about the artificial reality space artificial_space.display_info()

content_copyUse code with caution. Learn more

Output:

Artificial Reality Space Information: Time: 123 Space: 456 Matter: Sample matter Numbers: [1, 2, 3] Faiths: Sample faiths Terms: Sample terms Cases: Sample cases Due Diligence: Sample due diligence (sources: church)

The ArtificialRealitySpace class can be used to create a variety of different AR simulations. For example, it could be used to create a simulation of a real-world environment, such as a city or a forest. It could also be used to create a simulation of a virtual world, such as a video game or a metaverse.

The handle_errors() and integrate_correction_parameters() methods are important for ensuring that the AR simulation is stable and reliable. By handling errors and correcting any problems that occur, these methods can help to prevent the simulation from crashing or becoming unresponsive.

Training a computer is like loving your children. Being KIND = ADONAI

Bonjour, puis-je vous aider?

The question of "What democracy is...and is not" (thus the title of an article of the 1990s by Ph. Schmitter and T.L. Karl, then Stanford) is age-old and has been answered differently by different scholars who each have tried to define it. While Dahl's 1971-definition that he suggested on p. 3 of "Polyarchy" is likely the single most prominent one, my personal favorite is by Larry Diamond, Juan Linz and Seymour Lipset (1988) who, in the volume on Africa of a multi-volume book on "Democracy in the Developing World", suggested a semantically largely identical version of Dahl's, which is much more elegant (3 criteria: (1) competition for all positions of effective governing power; (2) regular voicing of preferences at least through free and fair elections, in regular intervals and without the use of force by any major actor, such that no major (adult) group is excluded; (3) institutions and freedoms that guarantee the integrity of (1) and (2). (This is just the essence, not word by word.

Whether or not, however, democracy exists without adjectives refers to an entirely different debate that started in 1997 with an article (research note) in World Politics by David Collier and Steven Levitsky with the title "Democacy with Adjectives". This contains a suggestion that we should resolve the typological issue of ambiguous regimes in the "grey zone" between democracy and authoritarianism which display some of the features of democracy and some of authoritarian regimes, but could be classed neither as full democracies nor as full authoritarian regimes (in their view) by adding adjectives to democracy according to what exactly individual cases lack in comparison to "full" or liberal democracies.

While based on a non-trivial background of theoretical considerations in which they argue we should transfer the practice of "family resemblance" that Wittgenstein had found in people's everyday language usage to how we deal with capturing academic categories such as "democracy".

Others have contested that idea, criticizing that calling countries "democracy" that actually combined many flaws would become a misnomer, so that we'd suffer from a "conceptual stretching" (G. Sartori) of the concept of democracy. These scholars argue that regimes would better be captured as non-democratic. Accordingly, a literature on "authoritarianisms with adjectives" developed (for instance, Andreas Schedler's notion of "electoral authoritarianism"; "competitive authoritarianism"; or "liberalized authoritarianism" (Brumberg). A third group of scholars found it more helpful to refrain from using such so-called "diminished subtypes" altogether and instead insert a new category on the same level of abstraction as democracy and authoritarianism, in between them ("hybrid regimes" ; first by T.L. Karl 1995; later L. Diamond and others more).

Thus, the question of whether we think "democracy exists without adjectives" essentially refers to the question which position or viewpoint you take in the debate about regimes with adjectives.

Morning Banuka,

I ran a successful community cohesion programme ('The Grey Space Group'), while faced with being in command of what was reported in the media as the most violent police sub Division in Europe. Ultimately, we reduced serious violence by 40%.

I can provide links to relevant articles if of interest?

Kind Regards,

Martin

There is no publicly available evidence to suggest that law enforcement officers in the United States use or have access to wireless implantable neurologically linked technologies. Research in the field of brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) and neural implants has been ongoing, but these technologies are primarily being developed for medical and therapeutic purposes, such as helping people with paralysis or neurological disorders.

فرضت التقنيات الحديثة نفسها على ارض الواقع؛ لاسيما فيما يتعلق بأستخدام الذكاء الاصطناعي في انتاج الاحكام الجنائية وذلك بأستحداث روبوتات قادرة على انتاج الاحكام؛ ويستند هذا الروبوت الى البيانات الرقمية المخزونة في النظام معتمدا على السوابق القضائية.

وهنا نجد ان انتاج الحكم على المتهم من قبل الالة وليس البشر.

وهذا ما يتطلب تنظيم تعاون دولي؛ لغرض الاعتراف بهكذا نوع من الاحكام.

فضلا عن ذلك، ان هذه الروبوتات اصبح يُعتمد عليها في استخلاص الدليل الجنائي وظهر في هذا الشأن الاعتماد على بصمة المخ كدليل مستخلص من تقنيات الذكاء الاصطناعي

فما حجية هذا الدليل في الجرائم الدولية؟ هل تعترف دولة غير ناظمة للذكاء الاصطناعي؛ بأحكام صادرة من دول اخرى قائمة على استخدام الذكاء الاصطناعي في انتاج الحكم واستخلاص الدليل؟

الموقف هنا تكون في غاية الخطورة؛ لايمكن تطبيقه اذا كانت الدولة لاتعترف بهذا التقدم العلمي ؛ وهذا ما يتطلب انتاج توجيهات دولية تقوم على اساس مراعاة العدالة الرقمية الجنائية

Law Enforcement Management and Administrative Statistics (LEMAS) published by the Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS) of the US Department of Justice (DOJ) is an excellent source. Also, some media outlets keep local files. For example the NJ based Asbury Park Press maintains a DataUniverse which contains information about policing in NJ, among other items.

Your research project is interesting and valuable, but the main problem is that we don't have any more free access to Myanmar. I used to study the Portuguese 16th-17th century presence in Arakan, but nowadays, access to the country is blocked, and some of my former students have been arrested. Researching a persecuted minority without accessing its territory and society is challenging. What are your suggestions?

I believe to answer the question that it would depend upon the state that you live in and whether it was a Public Law 83-280 state. Recently SCOTUS reached a unanimous decision in United States v. Cooley, 141 S. Ct. 1638 (2021) where the Court addressed a public right-of-way within the Crow Reservation in the State of Montana that addressed detention.

A very interesting approach

A question to reflect on in times of a new technological look

In Iraq, unfortunately, there is a large group of people who are not committed to preventive measures, spacing and wearing masks, which has led to the spread of the epidemic and an increase in the rates of infected patients, the number of hospitalized patients, as well as the number of deaths ..

of course we can have a zoom meeting or something because it also for me a very interesting topic

Evening Rut,

There is quite a lot of interest in this area currently. That said I'd be happy to introduce you to either the Scottish Police Federation or Association of Scottish Police Superintendents - between them they have approximately 17,000 serving police officers as members. Let me know your thoughts.

Cheers,

Martin

De nada, estimada Prof. Nancy Ann Watanabe.

Se le aprecia.

Thank you.

I agree with Barry Turner.

The fatality of violent protests for violating distancing norms as contributing to the spread of COVID-19

Christian--I hope you will have success with the "advertisement" idea! As you and Mohammad have found that DV is happening in secret--much of my experience is that it is "secret" because of the great shame involved.

I’m a retired probation officer, but after working as a victim advocate I currently work with the offenders in hopes of stopping the violence at the source--I have written a curriculum and train facilitators to stop using "shame-based" programming and instead use the evidence-based interventions which show the ability to change people’s thoughts, beliefs and behaviors. I find that many abusers “justify” their abuse by blaming the victim because inherently they KNOW their abuse is “wrong”.

Having the criminal justice system send a “message” that DV is a crime opens the door for dialogue and provides the opportunity for avoiding the negative consequences of arrest and incarceration because they can be ordered into a DV program—where we can help them examine their underlying beliefs and personal experiences so we can teach more positive behaviors to deal with their situations.

Thank you both for the great service you are providing as a fellow partner in stopping DV 😊

Dear Mark,

You may like to read "Analysis of Authentication Techniques Adopted by End Users in Real-Life...", published in Proceedings of International Conference on ICT for Sustainable Development pp 99-107. This may be useful to you. Link is as under:

With best wishes,

Dr Kuntal Patel

Author: Self-Study Websites

That's good and up-to-date Directive for the EU. However, not many countries will go beyond the minimum, primarily the EU-15 member states will do. Agree with Maryam.

I think there is certainly an order & discipline online, otherwise, by now we would have had chaos!

Thank you !

Nhrc filled case when police is failed to do it.

An excellent advice by Kumar

I want to suggest that what many people consider the objectives of academic publishing are really the objectives of academic research. Publishing's main objective should be to communicate with other academics, to find out novel results, to express concerns about the state of the field, and so on. Unfortunately that's largely not the case anymore, as I suggest in my paper on the call to research format:

That's why I'm happy to see ResearchGate, Open Science Framework, and other technologies that are helping us freely and quickly exchange ideas on a wide array of topics.

following

Shalom Yaron Shlomi,

if we are speaking about the secret research work, we must know that all researches will be the property of this organization and the diffusion of notices about these researches will be illegal. In this case worker (researcher) must to control his contract. As for me the worker's wife mustn't to know that information and for this reason he will have more distance from her. In russian literature of KGB agents there are a lot information about this situation, but the scientific reports are absent or secret. I had one research in Ukrainian Army in 2014 : evaluation of homophobia in front's soldiers. The officers said that this information I will can to publish only in 2019 (after 5 years). I hope that I helped you in some mood. Bogdan Tuziak, MPy, BJur, BPhil

That is just one part of the purpose of law enforcement efforts in the area of enforcement.

Yes, especially today.

.As so many of you have stated, it is difficult to gain accurate data on the topic. I have pull statistics from a wide range of sources dealing with different aspects of the topic, but in many cases, the numbers reported are fairly broad-based estimates. I have found about the best I can do is establish trends

Hi Charles,

Perhaps these links may be beneficial . . . though they're primarily from the perspective of socioeconomic status.

Have a great day!

--Adrian

I filled out your questionnaire.

Best regards,

Dražen

Recent recombinant DNA technology has provided some novel and powerful methods for forensic science application. Human genomic DNA can be analyzed directly for individual identification and paternity testing on the basis of variations in its sequence. The analysis of DNA isolated from forensic biological evidence provides valuable information relating to the identification of the source of the sample. Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) testing, using a combination of single locus probe (SLP) that vary highly among individuals, produces a DNA fingerprint or profile. The PCR method using STR (microsatellite) and mitochondrial DNA analysis (mtDNA) is suitable for examination of the forensic biological samples (bloodstains, hairs, seminal stains, bones, tooth). For sex identification of bloodstains, bleached skeletons and teeth, Southern blot hybridization with Y-chromosome specific probe (pHY10; 3.4 kb) and PCR amplifying with sex chromosome specific fragments, can be used.

No, not in the least. I think of government like a big condominium association. It's not in the least some sort of father figure. That would be pathetic. Government is people wanting to make sure that what the majority prefers is honored, even while leaving others as free as possible to do their own thing.

People are government. We don't want our neighborhood trashed, so we establish certain basic rules that the vast majority want.

RegTech could improve the effectiveness and the efficiency of compliance. The cost of non-compliance, e.g. legal bills and compensation is estimated at £19.5 billion over the past year for the UK alone )Standard & Poor's). Similarly, the cost of compliance is a heavy burden on the industry,

.

RegTech solutions can help in several ways. They can be adopted to anticipate potential issues and risks, e.g. real-time tracking of risk issues, to detect and deter non-compliant conduct

Hi, Robert,

I am quite reluctant to appear to disagree with the advice your professor offered, but I might suggest that there is a miscommunication of some kind. Pearson r is clearly not the correct statistical test for you data, but Spearman rho is fairly robust the testing the association of ordinal scale variables.

Tony is right. I was a cop for 30 years before I became a full time academic. For 2 1/2 of those years I commanded the law enforcement academy. We always taught our trainees that excluded evidence was NO evidence. Making it even worse, any evidence that stemmed for the excluded evidence was also excluded because of the "Fruit of the Poisonous Tree Doctrine".  You could easily ruin a whole case that way.  Cops who frequently have evidence excluded quickly gain a bad reputation and their integrity is not trusted by the courts. 

Hi, Charles,

You may want to check out the 24-item Likert scale Attitudes toward the Criminal Legal System. My students have used it twice with decent reliability.

Martin & Cohn (2004) Psychology, Crime & Law, 10(4), 367-391.

A disclaimer first: I follow the field and have background in AI, but I have little hands-on experience with machine learning (ML), so some caveats apply.

I would say that detection of CAM might be borderline possible (with a significant error rate, but much better than random), but I would not advice on doing so. There are three main reasons:

1) Ethical implications: the same technology can be used to search for CAM by consumers, you are storing and manipulating a lot of sensitive data....

2) Current ML approaches to image/video classification are unreliable and would likely produce a large amount of false positives which may be a problem in itself - most content is not CAM, so even misclassifying 1 in million items wrongly will lead to huge amount of investigations into innocent people.

Worse, ML approaches can be tricked by an adversary (see e.g., https://openai.com/blog/adversarial-example-research/ and http://www.kdnuggets.com/2015/07/deep-learning-adversarial-examples-misconceptions.html) This could allow people distributing CAM to avoid detection by fooling the system to flag their content as 100% clean. An even worse problem is the potential use of materials that look OK to humans but are classified by the algorithm as CAM to put someone else in trouble. E.g, send someone modified cat pictures by email and then notify the police that the recipient has CAM. If the cat pictures were modified skillfully, the algorithm would confirm it is CAM, warranting further investigation of the recipient. "10 files on the computer of prime minister flagged as CAM" would make a sweet headline.

A nice example of similar (but simpler) effect in practice is unlicensed content on YouTube. YouTube has algorithms to discover when someone is posting copyrighted content. So the illegal content distributors started to modify the videos slightly (stretch, blur, letterbox, adjust audio...) and they get along mostly fine. And this is without using any of the sofisticated methods to fool the system that were mentioned above.

3) ML has bad reputation for repeating biases in the data. For example, if the training set CAM feature predominantly white/caucasian victims, the system may  easily learn that videos containing people with different skin tone are highly unlikely to contain abuse. Skin color is such a simple feature to learn that it is likely to be picked up if it correlates at least slightly with the target label. This could then result in systematic negligance in fighting CAM featuring victims from ethnic minorities.

More generally: implementing ML for such a task could be counterproductive, as it will reroute resources and focus from classification by humans. But the increased confidence of "we have an algorithm to find CAM" may easily prove unjustified as the criminals adapt to the way the system works.

Thanks Roger!

Having worked in both a correctional institution (1.500 bed county jail) and as an academic, the rules for research are a little different. Common to both is the need to have the support of the correctional institution's administration. In an academic institution, Jason is right IRB approval is a must. When we did research with the National Gang Crime Research Center at the Sedgwick County Jail in Wichita as a part of a nationwide survey on gangs we had both. We offered participating inmates a bag of chips (with the approval of administration on where and how we did this in accordance with security regulations to participate. Inmates were provided an anonymous survey and got the bag of chips when they filled it out and returned it. The main issues were security of survey staff (they had to be accompanied), institutional security (anti-counterband rules) , and inmates being either illiterate or semi-literate (objectivity)  There was no penalty for non-participation by inmates (you just did not get the chips).

The International Association of Chiefs of Police is a good source. The International Association of Law Enforcement Trainer's Association is another good source. So is the National Sheriff's Association. 

HI,

Here are dome more:

J M Karpoff,  D S Lee, G S Martin “ The cost to firms of cooking the books”, Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, 2008a, 43 (3), p 581-612.

J M Karpoff, D S Lee, G S Martin, “The consequences to managers for financial misrepresentation”, Journal of Financial Economics, 2008b, 88 (2), p 193-215.

J M Karpoff, D S Lou, “Short sellers and financial misconduct”, Journal of Finance, 2010, 43 (3), p 1879 -1913.

V Khanna, E H Kim, Y Lu “CEO connectedness and corporate fraud », Journal of Finance, 2015, 70, (3), p 1203-1252.

Best regards.

I don't have any name, but I know there is a lot of research on the topic that I found when I did the research on my Masters project. I am following you because in that project, I wrote about POST LD 32 that relates to health. POST does a poor job of talking about stress and/or the effects of mental health. Being an ex-police officer in California, I would like to have that changed for the academy training. If you have the time, you can read my project here in my RG account page. I am working on my doctorate in the same area. 

Hi Tony,

Good to hear from you. It's always interesting to hear news from the front liners. I just came upon this article from RG (from psychology perspective). It goes a level deeper than just depression into what they call "mental pain" or "psychological pain" - the complicated emotions people may be going through during the last hours. On the positive note, it does indicate that some suicide may not be a very impulsive act. They are going through the darkest period and pain (which can also fluctuate), and as the article described may be trying to "escape" from the "pain". It's a process ... and it may provide some time for intervention - for the immense pain to subside a bit ... and we save one life. There was a paragraph where the researchers mentioned they managed to intervene through telephone ... to bring that person out of the height of pain and the thought of suicide becomes weakened. This goes in line with your estimate that perhaps the rate will be 2-3 times higher if not because of police intervention. It may also indicate that not all people commit suicide quietly and quickly, and it's always too late to reach them, i.e. there is intervention time and opportunity. Come to think about the dedicated response team or crisis intervention team that are properly trained and equipped with resources, it can be something possible, more so given the high rate now (and compared to homicide, etc.). If a county or a small town can afford to have a dedicated fire station with stand-by resources to save some property (of course sometimes they save lives), wouldn't it make equal sense to invest in such resources to save lives? Regards. BobLew@AsiaCrux.com 

Hello Romuald,

This is indeed a very just and interesting question. Some remarks as to binding effect of the preamble of the community act have been presented in the CJEU judgment dated 24 November 2005, In Case C-136/04, Deutsches Milch-Kontor GmbH and in the CJEU judgment dated 2 April 2009, in case C-134/08, Hauptzollamt Bremen. According to these judgments: “the preamble to a Community act has no binding legal force and cannot be relied on either as a ground for derogating from the actual provisions of the act in question or for interpreting those provisions in a manner clearly contrary to their wording”.

I hope it will help in your research. 

Not sure your agency principal model applies in every jurisdiction Richard, at least not in a legal sense.  In the British model, a constable of police is an office under the law sometimes described as a ministerially appointed officer of the state exercising an independent discretion.  If you search for case law on police discretion, vicarious liability and the like, you should find cases such as Commissioner of Police for the Metrpolis; ex parte Blackburn, a celebrated case on the independence of police discretion. 

Understanding how the police perceive themselves is probably a reasonabl starting point for understanding what motivates them.  Here is a hint.  As the third generation in a four generation cop family, each generation had different motivations, going all the way back to the Depression, when having a state job meant security through to my son, who is motivated by both family history and adrenaline.  We are hoping the adrenaline will eventually wear off.  One thing is for certain though, none of us did it for the Commissioner!

Hi Felix, 

I don't know what you've find so far but theses books can help you even though they're not directly related to constitution-making-process.

Beigbeder Yves International Monitoring of Plebiscites, Referenda and National Elections

Ralph Wilde: International Territorial Administration: How Trusteeship and the Civilizing Mission Never Went Away. 

If I have any other ideas I'll come back!

Dear Prakash,

Thanks for responding!

I have recorded snares with even animals trapped in and those snares were set for target animals in the area surveyed. Due to sensitivity of the data, I am not disclosing them in details for now.

Best regards,

The National Institute of Correction (NIC) has tons of articles and training booklets that are implemented with correctional officers. You might want to try there. Thet will send/email you free of charge

Gyasi, In my research, and professional experience, project management is critical to effective implementation. Police Forces in the UK use project management tools (such as Prince II) at times, however these tend to be for technical projects (ie the implementation of a new crime recording system. My own view is that if more informal project management systems were used, policing could be more effective. It could be argued that the SARA model (from Problem Oriented Policing) provides this type of approach. In my book (Effective Policing: Implementation in theory and practice) I look at this issue in more detail and put forward some more options. I also put forward when good project management (ie UK government gun crime initiative) is used, better results follow. Good luck, Stuart

Community Crime Perception (CCP) is a survey prototype found on line from SurveyShare that gauges community and social concerns relating to police departments from a public perceptional stand-point . They have one survey containing 21 questions about crime and policing perceptions. Example question:

Check out the attached link it may give you some ideas.

Take a look at this as well: http://www.usaid.gov/sites/default/files/documents/1866/AnalysisUSAIDAnticorruptionProgrammingWorldwideFinalReport2007-2013.pdf

This paper is useful, even if it isn't not so recent...

The problem lies in the accountability of the police virtually no control over the judicial system by the non-governmental organizations and independent public organizations. In the above links are only established the possibility of controlling the police itself or government agencies police property that leads to the development mechanism "understand because he is."

There might be something in this book: _Evaluation of the New York City Police Department Firearm Training and Firearm-Discharge Review Process_ by Bernard D. Rostker, Lawrence M. Hanser, William M. Hix, Carl Jensen, Andrew R. Morral

Try:

Seibel, S. J. A. REALITY-BASED TRAINING: Skill development in Survival Stress Responses.

Jones, A. V. (1994). A comparison of officer behavior when training with blanks versus Simunition.