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What impact will the development of artificial intelligence technologies and applications, including the use of AI-equipped machines, robots, AI internet chatbots, AI virtual robots, AI agents, etc., in various sectors of the economy have on future labour markets? Will this result in the loss of many jobs for people or will new professions and jobs be created for people who operate IT systems, machines, robots, chatbots, etc. equipped with artificial intelligence technology? Will the negative effects outweigh the positive ones or vice versa?
In my opinion, the development of artificial intelligence technologies and applications, including the use of AI machines, robots, AI chatbots, AI virtual robots and AI agents in various sectors of the economy, will probably have a major impact on future labour markets. As a result of the changes in the labour market caused by the development of AI applications, some human professions will become less important and some jobs will be lost, while new professions and jobs will be created for people who operate IT systems, machines, robots, chatbots, etc. equipped with artificial intelligence. equipped with artificial intelligence technology.
The coming era of artificial intelligence, referred to as the fifth technological revolution, Industry 5.0, will bring about profound changes in labour markets that require careful analysis and preparation. On the one hand, progressive automation driven by AI will inevitably lead to the elimination of many jobs, especially those based on routine and repetitive tasks, which may result in increased unemployment in certain sectors. On the other hand, the development of AI will open up new job opportunities, creating demand for specialists in fields such as AI engineering, data analysis and AI ethics. In addition, many existing jobs will be transformed and workers will need to acquire new skills to work effectively with intelligent systems. The key challenge will therefore be to adapt to these changes by investing in education and training that will enable workers to retrain and acquire the skills of the future. Research plays an invaluable role here, providing knowledge about trends in labour markets, identifying occupations at risk of automation and forecasting the demand for new skills, which will enable the development of effective adaptation strategies.
The research and observations I have conducted show that artificial intelligence technology has been developing rapidly in recent years and is finding new applications, with new opportunities and threats emerging. I have described the main determinants, including the potential opportunities and threats to the development of artificial intelligence technology, in my article below:
OPPORTUNITIES AND THREATS TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE APPLICATIONS AND THE NEED FOR NORMATIVE REGULATION OF THIS DEVELOPMENT
Please write what you think about this issue. Do you see more risks or opportunities associated with the development of artificial intelligence technologies?
And what is your opinion on this topic?
Please reply,
I invite everyone to the discussion,
Thank you very much,
Best regards,
I invite you to scientific cooperation,
Dariusz Prokopowicz
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The development of AI applications will have a significant impact on future labor markets, and this impact can be both positive and negative. Let's take a closer look at this issue.
Positive impact:
Creates new jobs - The development of AI will create completely new professions related to the management, development and application of new technologies. For example, the demand for professions such as AI engineers, data analysts, robotics specialists will increase.
Increases efficiency - AI will increase the productivity of companies and allow people to engage in creative and complex problem-solving tasks by automating repetitive and tedious tasks.
New business opportunities will emerge - New products and services will be created based on AI, which will create great opportunities for startups and enterprises.
Flexible labor market - Remote and freelance work opportunities will expand, as physical location becomes less important thanks to AI tools.
Negative impacts:
Disappearance of traditional professions – AI could replace workers in many industries. For example, some professions could disappear due to automated cash registers, self-service systems, and robotized production lines.
Increased skill gaps – People who understand and can use AI can earn good salaries, but people who are not familiar with AI technologies risk being left out of the labor market.
Increased wage inequality – Highly skilled professionals who can work with AI can earn high salaries, while low-skilled workers may have limited opportunities.
New professions may be difficult to adapt to – Many people will have to change their professions and learn new technologies, which will require a lot of time and resources.
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In your opinion, what are the main aspects of the consideration of the impact of the development of artificial intelligence, including such solutions of advanced language models built using generative artificial intelligence as ChatGPT, on the situation in labour markets in the future?
At present, ChatGPT is not yet taken fully seriously in many applications as a completely infallible and professional tool that can replace humans in many professions requiring creative word processing etc. This is related to the aforementioned high level of factual errors and the creation of 'fictitious facts' in the texts that ChatGPT creates in its answers to the questions people ask. In addition to this, it examines the data and information on the basis of which it provides answers from 2021, so it is no longer fully up to date in terms of many areas of knowledge. For example, it has happened on more than one occasion that when ChatGPT was asked about an event that was recently supposed to have happened ChatGPT would give an answer that a particular event, incident, etc. happened recently in 2023, give the exact date and details of the event, when in fact this event described by ChatGPT never happened and the knowledge base it uses ends temporally in 2021. The issue of the technological progress taking place dynamically in this field in various circles of citizens acting as employees in various companies, enterprises and institutions, as well as in discussions in scientific spheres and in the media, generates a lot of controversy. On the one hand, the technological progress, development of artificial intelligence and its applications are presented in many discussions and publications, press and scientific articles mainly in positive aspects in the context of ever faster economic and social processes, structural changes in the industry and sectoral structure of the economy, including the emergence of new branches of services, new types of technological products, development of technological sectors, emergence of new professions and occupations in the context of developing information technologies ICT and Industry 4. 0. On the other hand, there are critical and pessimistic opinions concerning the potential effects of the dynamic development of artificial intelligence and its applications, which will lead to the replacement of work done by humans with the same work done by artificial intelligence. It is already estimated, on the basis of ongoing research in this field, that by the end of this decade, artificial intelligence could take away jobs from at least 300 million people globally. So it is certain that the implementation of certain different technological solutions of artificial intelligence into the various spheres of activity of companies, enterprises and institutions will change labour markets to a large extent in the next few years.
In view of the above, I address the following question to the esteemed community of scientists and researchers:
In your opinion, what are the main aspects of the consideration of the impact of the development of artificial intelligence, including such solutions of advanced language models built using generative artificial intelligence as ChatGPT, on the situation in labour markets in the future?
What are the main aspects of considering the impact of the development of artificial intelligence on the situation of labour markets in the future?
What do you think about this topic?
What is your opinion on this subject?
Please respond,
I invite you all to discuss,
Thank you very much,
Counting on your opinions, on getting to know your personal opinion, on an honest approach to discussing scientific issues and not ChatGPT-generated ready-made answers, I deliberately used the phrase "in your opinion" in the question.
The above text is entirely my own work written by me on the basis of my research.
I have not used other sources or automatic text generation systems such as ChatGPT in writing this text.
Copyright by Dariusz Prokopowicz
Best wishes,
Dariusz Prokopowicz
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ChatGPT can be helpful in programming and creating new IT applications and formulas. ChatGPT can help programmers by providing suggestions for code snippets and algorithms. ChatGPT can also help programmers by answering questions about programming languages and frameworks. ChatGPT can also help with natural language processing tasks such as text classification, sentiment analysis, and language translation.
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It is estimated (e.g. by IMO) that there is only 1-2% of women working at sea. What are the causes of this underrepresentation? Do women themselves are not willing to undertake such professional challenges? Are the socio-cultural obstacles (biases)? Maybe the sector needs more diversity management programmes? Maybe there are some legal obstacles, maybe in some countries or under some conventions women are not allowed to enter maritime professions? Do you think is there a growing tendency of women's presence at sea?
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1. Lack of knowledge and awareness: Women are often unaware of the opportunities available to them in maritime professions, and may not have access to the necessary resources to learn more about them.
2. Gender stereotypes: Women may face gender stereotypes and discrimination in the maritime industry, which can make it difficult for them to break into the field.
3. Lack of support: Women may have difficulty finding mentors, support networks, and job opportunities in the maritime industry, which can make it difficult for them to gain the experience needed to advance.
4. Physical requirements: Certain maritime professions may require physical strength and stamina that some women may not possess.
5. Cost: The cost of training and gaining the necessary certifications can be prohibitively high for some women.
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Which jobs do you think are worse for their lack of workers' rights? Please let us have specific examples from various countries and types of work (the worst jobs you can think / know of)
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Generally speaking while not referring to any country I may say that the worst kind of job of workers rights is no job at all or in other words joblessness. There are many who would like to at least have some job. There are many who would like to at least have some job.
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Dears,
Whether DESIRE is "Development of a system of indicators for a resource efficient Europe"?
Please, describe about the DESIRE project goal.
Best Regards,
M. Kiani-Harchegani
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Good
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I am currently doing a project for a government who wish to introduce the use of body cameras among their labour inspectors and health & safety inspectors when conducting visits to business premises. They are thinking of combining this with the use of GPS so that the camera automatically switches on when the inspector reaches the business and automatically switches off when he/she leaves the business. Does anybody know of any research on the impacts of the usage of such body cameras, such as in related areas (e.g., policing)?
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Critical security scholars has done some very interesting stuff relating to the (b)ordering of different places and spaces - also in terms of the public/private divide in surveillance. Don't know if it useful, but Maria Stern and Joakim Berndtsson (2011) have a great piece in International Political Sociology on the latter, focusing on body searches in airports for example ('Private Security and the Public–Private Divide: Contested Lines of Distinction and Modes of Governance in the Stockholm-Arlanda Security Assemblage'). Maybe that could be useful even if its not related to labor or work places?
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I'm searching for this paper : Salt, J. 1988. ‘Highly skilled international migrants, careers and internal labour markets,Geoforum, 19(4): 387-399
I'm not able to find. Anyone could help me, please?
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Hola María Luisa:
Aquí tienes el artículo de Salt. Que disfrutes de la lectura!
Cordialmente,
Silvia
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want to know how ethnic conflict in Libya started,its causes and the prospect of peace
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Libya has been undergoing contradictory trends and policies. I humbly offer you some of my article that tackle different dimensions of the ongoing conflict.
-Post-Qadhafi Libya: interactive dynamics and the political future,
-
Libyan constitutionality and sovereignty post-Qadhafi: the Islamist, regionalist, and Amazigh challenges, http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13629387.2013.838056
- Public Administration in Libya: Continuity and Change,
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I am currently writing a paper about injured workers stigma, especially immigrant workers facing different forms of stigma. I would like to include your work in my review.
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No it looks like a good direction for the next review point. STIGMA on a forensic level as far as foundational "hunch" in research is a compulsive cognitive reaction due to feelings of remorse, guilt, depression, and conflict at a point of borderline personality disorder (diverse) to where remission, recovery and psycho-active somatic environmental impulsive autonomic function more times than not is influenced, affected, and/or disrupted on the three criteria levels (Mild, moderate, severe)... (Comorbidity on chronic ailment and phobia points of STIGMATIC behavior is more times than not a good proposal direction for Associative professionals like The Mental Health Association...)
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I have heard lately that the idea of romantic love that exists today may be one of the reasons why patriarchy is so present in our day.
I am interested in finding books or articles that talk about this relationship.
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I had a limited understanding about UK and USA basically on ER and IR features which are employer association, Trade Union and the State. If there any article that can accommodate me with more information i appreciate. 
thanks
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You could try looking up Greg Bamber's work on comparative IR.
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I want to apply data for research purposes. I would like to see the relationships between natural resources abundance and its impact on the Internet regulation policies/freedom in non-democracies.
Perhaps you can advise me to compile my own proxy for DV (Internet freedom)?
Thank you in advance!
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This is exactly what I am using. The problem is that this report has only 65 countries.
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We are doing research based on the ILO's concept of 'decent work'. However, issues of measuring 'decent work' in the Ukrainian context of shadow economy are challenging. I would be grateful for suggestions and relevant references.
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Це дуже важливе обговорення. Адже вимірювання та оцінка "гідної праці"  може грунтуватися на різних методологічних засадах і не всі дані для адекватної оцінки доступні
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In the context of a pre-existing labour force with 66% untrained and uncertified members, would expanding the pool of available talent in the labour force result in a positive productivity impact (refer section 2, page 7 on Policy Document attached). On a scale of Very Low, Low, Neither Low nor High, High, Very High, what productivity impact would most likely be the result ? Are there empirical data to support your assertion ?
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If we measure average productivity as output per hour worked, then holding other things constant such as the 66 percent of the workers being untrained in your example, then adding skilled workers would likely increase average productivity.
When we are looking for greater precision, measuring the marginal product of each worker group becomes more interesting. For example, examining changes in the marginal product of skilled workers when adding more of them might be quite revealing. This assumes the skilled workers are doing different tasks than the untrained workers, of course.
I hope this helps.
Rob
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In my reading related to life course approach, I have noticed that the authors refers to this approach sometimes as "theory" and others as "perspective". Is life course approach a theory, a perspective or something else? Why?
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Sharing with my fellow philosophers and social scientists arrived at the conclusion that perspective are ways of interpreting a theory. For example, the theory of development has very different perspectives: economic and neoliberal perspectives. If this is correct, the next question is: What is the theory that the life course approach is a perspective? Could it be the theory of everyday life related to the Chicago School? Is another theory?
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I am searching for benefit and more developed methods used to determine the labor productivity in construction, and therefore i want to use this method in the perspective study and determine influencing factors. 
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An Established method followed in Industry in Time and Motion study.An activity is first broken down into steps and worker is asked to follow the steps to complete the task.This way the time is measured.Again another alternative method is conceived and time is measured.By doing Time and Motion study Labor Productivity can be Incresed.
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Social networks are a growing tool of use on HRM practices, notably on recruitment and applicant's attraction. With this new way of companies to recruit, will it be easy to deal with the unbalances in the labour markets? Is it easier to find well adjusted applicants? And furthermore, are applicant's ready for this new reality?
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I guess many books are now citing that LinkedIn is the most popular recruiter site in business domain.... It is a social network. I guess from your research do you have more statistics or studies on that... I would be happy to see some solid numbers
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I would like for someone who can answer this question or give me some resources to the: Root cause of high unemployment in Mauritania?
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Try slavery.  seriously.  Why buy the milk if you own the cow
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For my research, I'm making an overview of types of flexible labour arrangements in different types of welfare states. Are there any suggestions on other types of flexible labor organization in other countries?
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A repeat cross section survey of employers and employees in the UK called Workplace Employee Relations Survey (WERS) in 1998 2004 and later has lists of questionnaire items on this topic - you can find the Questionnaires online by looking up the survey - at National Institute for Economic and Social Research (niesr) or the UK's large scale survey "Question Bank" paid for by ESRC.
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 The concept of employability appears to be relatively new and has been variously characterised as comprising the three dimensions of career identity, personal adaptability, and social and human capital (Fugate 2004) as well as openness to changes at work, work and career resilience, work and career proactivity, career motivation and work identity (Hennekam, 2013). To the extent that it reflects “the individual’s ability to keep the job one has, or to get the job one desires” (Rothwell et al, 2007) does it provides an indicator of the efficiency and effectiveness of a labour market?
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 I thought this idea had outlived its natural life.
Bear in mind that it puts much of the responsibility on the worker, so it has an ideological component.
I have encountered it a lot with respect to older workers, who are supposed to improve their employability.  Perhaps more useful is the term "workability".  This puts more emphasis on the role of the employer, who has the responsibility to make adaptations to workplaces and to reduce the elements of work that are deleterious to health and /or to make sure that employees continue to provide training.
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We investigate the matured workforce’ employment possibility from the point of view of the health by comparing relevant data of Czech Republic, Hungary and Austria. We used the method of correlation and regression (enter method) analysis to find the connection between the health/social contribution/benefit system related service data and employment.
In Austria the most important factors are social benefit (not unemployment, or housing or sickness related) 83.5%, the Death ischemic 96.2% diseases and the cancer 95.1% to the employment rate of older workers. In Czeh Republic and Hungary the employment rate of older workers could be explained by some kind of social expenditure, may be heritage of the previous political system, although in Czech Republic it results the highest rate of employment of this age group.
The Questions are: What could be the reason of Austrian data?
Way of life? Nutrition? Health service? Or something else?
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The changing dynamics of the labour market imposes demands on the form and nature of the manifestation of collective action expressed in support of the holders/owners of talent (ie human capital). How are modern networks (unions, trade associations, professional bodies, guilds, etc) changing to be responsive, progressive and of value to members.
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This is an interesting question. Nowadays, networks and members need to equip themselves with modern technologies to educate and update themselves, and to communicate their expectations and needs.
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It will be more useful for me if the data would be about job quits per year due to different reasons (especially personal decisions)
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Not sure if you're looking for a specific cohort/country, but the NLSY79 (U.S. representative longitudinal survey, also from BLS) has very detailed coding for job separation--here's a sample of the coding in more recent waves (2002-2012):
1 Layoff, job eliminated
2 Company, Office or workplace closed
3 End of temporary or seasonal job
4 Discharged or fired
5 Government program ended
6 Quit for pregnancy, childbirth or adoption of a child
7 Quit to look for another job
8 Quit to take another job
10 Quit because respondent's ill health, disability or medical
problems
11 Moved to another geographic area
12 Quit to spend time with or take care of children, spouse,
parents, or other family members
13 Quit because didn't like job, boss, coworkers, pay or benefits
14 Quit to attend school or training
15 Went to jail or prison, had legal problems
16 Transportation problems
17 Retired
18 No desirable assignments available
19 Job assigned through a temporary help agency or a contract firm
became permanent
20 Dissatisfied with job matching service
21 Project completed or job ended
9 Quit for other reasons (SPECIFY)
There's a less detailed question asked in earlier waves (1979-2002), but you can still separate voluntary from involuntary, and a few causes of involuntary (closure, program ending, etc).
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My fiance is starting his nursing degree topup and would like to use this topic. He is particularly interested in the phenomenon/concept of PTSD in staff as a result of ongoing exposure to trauma/death/resuscitation as opposed to one single traumatic event. 
Any research or suggestions regarding incidence, contributing factors, management and avoidance of burnout/stress would be lovely.
Thank you!
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Thank you everybody! Very helpful indeed. 
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I am writing a paper about the public status of teachers and the teaching proffession. I would like to get similar information from other countries where teacher unions are strongly active or that they are very weak and the consequences. I would like to see if there is correlation between the strength of these "Trade Unions" and the professional status of teaching.
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Dear Professor Stein,
Unions and their impact on the public schools in America is, in my estimation, an understudied area. Teaching is one of the most heavily unionized work forces, yet little is understood about its effects. Opinions proliferate, but research supporting those opinions often lags.Your request extends the need for research and dialogue.
In response to your query, Case Cobb, University of Connecticut, and I studied the relationship between teachers’ perceptions of being a professional and being a member of a union. It was an exploratory study. Our conclusion is that it is tangled. Teachers think of themselves as professionals, yet they want the protection of a union. They want a contract but they perceive that the contract cannot reach those difficult places of professional practice. Some find the protection that a union provides to be necessary to their sense of professionalism while others find that the union to often protects incompetence thus diminishing their sense of professionalism. Teachers act as professionals and shift to acting as union members when there is a perceived threat.
If you would like to review our findings, you can find them at the following.
DeMitchell, T.A. & Cobb, C.D. Teachers: Their union and their profession. A tangled relationship. 212 Education Law Reporter 1 (2006).
DeMitchell, T.A. & Cobb, C.D. Teacher as Union Member and Teacher as Professional: The Voice of the Teacher. 220 Education Law Reporter 25(2007).
The issue of the impact of teacher unions on other school effects is discussed by such writers as Caroline Hoxby and Terry M. Moe. I found Tom Loveless’ edited volume, Conflicting Mission? Teachers Unions and Education Reform, to be quite informative and useful.
Thanks for starting this conversation. The responses from our colleagues are helpful as I work on the second edition of my book, Labor Relations in Education: Policies, Politics, and Practices.
Regards,
Todd A. DeMitchell
John and H. Irene Peters Professor of Education
Department of Education & the Justice Program
University of New Hampshire
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In the context of a qualitative research project of the Institute for Employment Research (IAB) in Germany non-standard (atypical) employees were interviewed on labour law compliance. One of our findings is: Not every employer entitles non-standard workers according to labour law. Do you know of any literature about the discrimination of non-standard (atypical) employees?
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Dear Frank,
my impression is that many (country-specific and comparative) publications deal with this question in one way or another.  If you search for "discrimination non-standard employees" in Google Scholar  you get a lot of results.
For the German mini-jobs, a survey of employees and employers carried out by the RWI in 2012 confirmed the findings of former qualitative research that non-compliance (paid holidays, sickness etc.) is particularly widespread.
Best wishes
Claudia
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I am doing research on migrants' social mobility in labour market and educational-occupational mismatch in migrants' population. Some of my respondents attain social mobility in  labour market by using their "ethnic knowledge" e.g. mother tongue, cultural knowledge of their country of origin, ethnic social networks etc. Can anyone recommend literature, research on that?
Thank you very much in advance.
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• Joane Nagel, “Constructing Ethnicity: Creating and Recreating Ethnic Identity and Culture”, Social Problems, Vol. 41, No. 1, Special Issue on Immigration, Race, and Ethnicity in America, Feb., 1994,
• Pelle Ahlerup and Ola Olsson, “The Roots of Ethnic Diversity”, Working Papers in Economics, No. 281, school of Business , Economics and Law, Göteborg University, Sweden, December 10, 2007,
• John Hutchinson and Anthony D. Smith (Eds), Ethnicity, Oxford University Press, Oxford, New York, 1996,
• James D. Fearon and David D. Laitin, “Violence and the Social Construction of Ethnic Identity”, available online at https://www.google.co.in/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=6&cad=rja &uact=8 &ved=0CD4QFjAF&url=http%3A%2F%2Fftp.columbia.edu%2Fitc%2Fjournalism%2Fstille%2FPolitics%2520Fall%25202007%2Freadings%2520weeks%25206-7%2FViolence%2520 and % 2520the%2520Construction%2520of%2520Ethnic%2520Identity.pdf&ei=nlPuU7Gp LILl8AWrk4H4CA&usg=AFQjCNHqxUJEP5DMj6gOh1DsmMhqsFQCsg&bvm=bv.73231344,d.dGc
• Max Weber, “The Origin of Ethnic Groups”, Oxford Readers Ethnicity, John Hutchinson and Anthony D. Smith (Eds), Oxford University Press, Oxford, New York, 1996,
• Montserat Guibernau and John Rex, The Concept of Ethnicity”, The Ethnicity Reader: Nationalism, Multiculturalism and Migration, Polity Press, USA, 2010.
• Paul R. Brass, Ethnicity and Nationalism: Theory and Comparison, Sage Publication, India, 1991
• Rebecca Kook, Ethnic Challenges to A Modem Nation State, Macmillan press. London, 2000.
• John Hutchinson and Anthony D. Smith (Eds), Ethnicity, Oxford University Press, Oxford, New York, 1996.
• Thomas Hylland Eriksen, Ethnicity and Nationalism: Anthropological Perspectives, Pluto Press, New York, London, 2010.
• Will Durant, The Story of Civilization: 1: Our Oriental Heritage, Simon & Schuster, New York, 1963.
• Connor, Walker, "Nation-Building or Nation-Destroying" in Hutchinson John and Smith, Anthony D (ed.), Nationalism: Critical Concepts in Political Science, vol. I, (Routledge, London: 2000),
• Joane Nagel, “Constructing Ethnicity: Creating and Recreating Ethnic Identity and Culture”, Social Problems, Vol. 41, No. 1, Special Issue on Immigration, Race, and Ethnicity in America, Feb., 1994.
• Paul R. Brass, Ethnicity and Nationalism: Theory and Comparison, Sage Publication, India, 1991.
• Thomas Hylland Eriksen, Ethnicity and Nationalism: Anthropological Perspectives, Pluto Press, New York, London, 2010,
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I am looking for an index or indicators on the level of corporatism in Central and Eastern Europe for the most recent time-period, but I am finding it hard to find a source. If anyone is aware of such indicators, can you please let me know? 
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Hi Eltion
Indeed ICTWSS is a very comprehensive database
You may find useful the following paper by Jelle Visser "Wage Bargaining Institutions - from crisis to crisis" .
Regards
Alfonso
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I am searching for up to date information on the migration trajectories of Subsaharian Migrants and their living and working conditions in North Africa (Morocco, Algeria, Tunesia, Libya, Egypt) as well as human rights violations by state and non-state actors against them. I am grateful for your advice on recent articles, books and reports.
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You can have some responses from Mohamed Saib Musette
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I am doing a Module on Work & Leisure. In notes and research findings, I came through some definitions and yet , I want some more definitions on 'Work' .
Everyone has worked in his life , but none had ever given a proper definition since it is vast as the world.
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Hello
For me - work is a calling where you conduct tasks through passion towards that task for the service of the community and society.
Thanks and regards
Theodora Issa