Science method

Laboratory Weighing - Science method

Techniques and methods that use any laboratory weighing system, like laboratory balances, moisture analyzers, test weights etc.
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We have purchased 1 mg of a neat polyethylene standard and would like to weigh out 250 mg of it to use as a standard for our microplastics research. We are sending out our samples to a contractor for pyr-GC/MS analysis for mass and polymer identification. We want to send them a known mass of the PE. The PE adheres to the bottle -static charge? We tried using a static gun but that doesn't seem to work. What is the best way to measure out the PE accurately?
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It is really difficult. Better, if this has to be dissolved in a solvent (Toluene/Xylene) at high temperature. Dissolve the whole amount in fixed solvent volume. Now, pipette the solution out and measure is done by volume.
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Please help me
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Do you mean aqueous citric acid? Simply, you can calculate weight basis before adding or can add based on dry weight?
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Hello,
I would like to calculate the doping percentage. I want to do Mg doped CuO nanoparticles (5% & 7%). Can anyone help me to calculate the material i need to weigh? Also do i have to make two different solutions of this metals or adding one metal in another metal solution?
Regards.
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Doping Percentage=(Amount of Mg/Amount of Mg+Amount of CuO)×100
  1. Weigh the Mg and CuO separately to get their individual masses.
  2. Convert these masses to moles using their respective molar masses
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we have to make 10ml solution.
how to measure 0.2mg while our lab doesn't have weighing machine to measure 0.2mg. so do we have to make a stock solution and then have to dilute? please explain.
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I need 0.2 mg gentamicin total in 10 ml of solution. Alexandra Johnson
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I want to dissolve caseinFITC (commercial) in ddH2O and store it at -80 to have standard aliquotes (instead of weighing powder each time which is prone to mistakes). Literature says unconjugated FITC is not stable in water and should not be stored. They suggest dissolving in DMSO or acetone to stoe longer but this is not possible due to my experimental setting. I am wondering if the stabilty of FITC is effected by casein conjugation. Can I store caseinFITC dissolved in water and would it be stable on the contrary of unconjugated FITC?
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The unconjugated FITC is unstable for longer period even it dissolved in DMSO and this need to be subjected for conjucation immediately. Further it's light sensitive, the conjugation process to be carried out under dark condition.
I hope you are using casein tagged FITC (commercially available) for your research work and that's not requires any FITC tagging and purification protocols.
You may reconstitute the caseinFITC in PBS buffer (pH 7.4) instead of ddH2O and store it at -80 C untill the use.
Prepare the caseinFITC in multiple vials and freeze it. Use a vial per test (it's not advisable to re-freeze the thawed taggedFITC).
The working concentration of the taggedFITC can be arrived by performing the staining procedure with different dilutions.
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Salts usually remain unmixed in the solutions, even after vigorous mixing, while preparing buffers for DNA isolation. Is there a method to it?
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Usually, to dissolve a salt, we need a particular pH. So, check the pH requirement for the salt you are using. By adjusting the pH, you can dissolve that particular salt. Additionally, some salts need a specific temperature to dissolve. After dissolution, you can store the solution at room temperature or the temperature required to store that particular solution. So, whenever you want to prepare a solution, you should first check its dissolution parameters. Then, you can start preparing the solution. Wish you all the best!
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Hi everyone, I came to you because I know there is people here with novel knowledge in the AI realm, so it would be awesome if you take some time to weigh on the following question! What's the current best T2V model that is performative and capable of generating long and high-resolution videos? If there isn't one yet, what are the latest ongoing studies that are close to yield the way for such an innovation?
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An Agile Project Kick-off is designed to:
  • build a shared understanding of the Project Vision: what you’ll deliver for your organisation and your customers
  • bond the team as a collaborative unit aligned behind the Vision
  • ruthlessly prioritise only those elements that will deliver these outcomes
  • let you set expectations about what will be delivered within your organisation
  • do all this quickly with a view to delivering a working product as soon as possible.
It’s often the first time people have met so it’s a chance to get to know each other. Everyone has input and works together to give the project the soundest foundation possible.
Regards,
Shafagat
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We want to study the growth and development of plant roots under different soil moisture contents. Considering the advantages and disadvantages of several commonly used water control methods, we would like to seek your help to explore a relatively simple and accurate water control method for potted seedlings.
1. Weighing method. A commonly used method is to determine the amount of lost water through weighing and replenish it in a timely manner. But once there are too many biological replicates in our treatment group, it is time-consuming and labor-intensive, and we spend a long time in the weighing and hydration process. On the other hand, as plants grow, their own weight also changes, making the addition of water to each weighing method unscientific.
2. Moisture monitoring instrument. According to the moisture monitoring instrument, the soil moisture content was detected, but according to the several moisture detection instruments we purchased, it was found that there were accuracy issues. At the same time, the measurement value largely depends on the placement of the sensor probe and the influence of the watering position
3. PEG simulation. We would like to know how long PEG can be maintained, i.e. the validity period during treatment. We may consider combining short-term and long-term water control to determine if long-term testing is feasible.
4. After watering, control the water naturally. It can be used for short-term water control, stopping water supply after initial watering, and observing the plant's response during gradual water loss. But we believe that in this situation, there may not be significant differences in the root system, and a long-term water control situation is needed to make the root system different from the control group.
We sincerely invite everyone to help provide a scientifically feasible method for controlling water in potted seedlings. We are extremely grateful for this.
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Thank you very much for your suggestion. I will consider it carefully.
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Hi, I should prapare a standard curve of IAA and I don't know the method is. For measuring of IAA in bacteria, I culture bacteria in TSB medium and mix the supernatant of inoculated medium with salkowski solution (1: 2). Should I mix the IAA with salkowski in standard curve? And how much IAA should I weigh and solve in NAOH?
Thanks
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Preparing a standard curve for Indole-3-Acetic Acid (IAA) is crucial for quantifying IAA produced by bacteria. Here’s a comprehensive guide to the process:
Materials Needed
  1. Indole-3-Acetic Acid (IAA)
  2. Salkowski’s Reagent (50 ml of 35% perchloric acid mixed with 1 ml of 0.5 M FeCl3)
  3. NaOH (Sodium Hydroxide)
  4. TSB (Tryptic Soy Broth) Medium
  5. Distilled Water
  6. Spectrophotometer
  7. Cuvettes
  8. Volumetric Flasks
  9. Pipettes
Step-by-Step Procedure
1. Preparation of IAA Stock Solution
  • Weighing IAA: Weigh a precise amount of IAA (e.g., 10 mg).
  • Dissolving IAA in NaOH: Dissolve the weighed IAA in a small volume of 1 N NaOH. Since IAA is more soluble in alkaline solutions, this will facilitate dissolution.Example Calculation: To make a 1 mg/mL stock solution, dissolve 10 mg of IAA in 10 mL of 1 N NaOH.
  • Dilution: After complete dissolution, dilute the IAA solution with distilled water to a known final volume (e.g., 100 mL) to achieve the desired concentration.
2. Preparation of Standard Solutions
  • Serial Dilutions: Prepare a series of standard IAA solutions by serial dilution. For example, prepare concentrations such as 0, 5, 10, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100 µg/mL. Procedure:Take 1 mL of the stock solution and add it to a 10 mL volumetric flask, then fill to the mark with distilled water to make a 100 µg/mL solution. From this 100 µg/mL solution, take 5 mL and dilute to 10 mL to make a 50 µg/mL solution. Repeat the process to prepare the other concentrations.
3. Mixing IAA Standard Solutions with Salkowski’s Reagent
  • Reaction with Salkowski’s Reagent: Mix each standard solution with Salkowski’s reagent in a 1:2 ratio.Example: For a 1 mL standard solution, add 2 mL of Salkowski’s reagent.
  • Incubation: Allow the mixture to incubate at room temperature for 30 minutes. This time is needed for the color to develop.
4. Measuring Absorbance
  • Spectrophotometry: Measure the absorbance of each standard solution at 530 nm using a spectrophotometer.Zero the Spectrophotometer: Use a blank solution (1 mL distilled water mixed with 2 mL Salkowski’s reagent) to zero the spectrophotometer. Measure Samples: Measure the absorbance of the standard solutions.
5. Plotting the Standard Curve
  • Plotting: Plot the absorbance values against the IAA concentrations to create the standard curve.X-axis: IAA concentration (µg/mL) Y-axis: Absorbance at 530 nm
  • Linearity: Ensure that the plot shows a linear relationship between absorbance and IAA concentration. The standard curve should ideally be a straight line passing through the origin.
6. Using the Standard Curve
  • Unknown Samples: For measuring IAA in bacterial supernatant:Preparation: Mix the supernatant with Salkowski’s reagent in the same 1:2 ratio. Incubation and Measurement: Follow the same incubation and absorbance measurement procedure. Quantification: Use the standard curve to determine the IAA concentration in the bacterial samples by finding the corresponding concentration for the measured absorbance.
Important Tips
  1. Accuracy: Ensure accurate pipetting and thorough mixing at each step to maintain precision.
  2. Fresh Reagents: Use fresh Salkowski’s reagent and prepare it just before use to ensure reliability.
  3. Consistency: Maintain consistent timing for incubation to ensure reproducibility of results.
  4. Calibration: Regularly calibrate the spectrophotometer to ensure accurate absorbance readings.
By following these detailed steps, you can effectively prepare a standard curve for IAA and accurately measure IAA concentrations in your bacterial cultures.
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methylene blue
stock solution
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To prepare a 100 ppm (parts per million) methylene blue stock solution in 1 liter of water, you need to know the molecular weight of methylene blue and apply the definition of ppm.
Definition and Calculation
- 1 ppm means 1 mg of solute per liter of solution.
- Therefore, 100 ppm means 100 mg of solute per liter of solution.
Given:
- Desired concentration: 100 ppm
- Volume of solution: 1 liter
Steps to Calculate the Required Weight
1. Determine the amount of methylene blue needed:
- Since 100 ppm is 100 mg/L, you need 100 mg of methylene blue per liter.
2. Convert mg to grams:
100mg = 0.1g
Weighing the Dye
Weigh out 0.1 grams of methylene blue dye accurately using an analytical balance.
Preparing the Solution
1. Weigh the dye:
- Use an analytical balance to weigh 0.1 grams of methylene blue dye.
2. Dissolve the dye:
- Add the weighed dye to a 1-liter volumetric flask.
3. Add water:
- Fill the flask with distilled or deionized water up to the 1-liter mark.
4. Mix thoroughly:
- Stir or shake the solution until the dye is completely dissolved.
To make a 100 ppm methylene blue stock solution in 1 liter of water, weigh out 0.1 grams of methylene blue dye and dissolve it in 1 liter of distilled or deionized water.
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I have been boggled by a seemingly simple problem. Many studies state that "The water contents of the pots were checked daily by weighing and adjusted to field capacity."
How is this performed? What pre-tests should I carry out to know approximately how much water I should be adding to my pots to keep them at FC? Anyone?
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Janson offers a good recommendation. Let me add a couple of other thoughts. There are several states of soil moisture content to consider. The extremes are bone dry (oven dry) and saturation. Using an oven to dry a soil sample then taking the weight is a good step. You also need the weight of the soil in a saturated state. This should be easy to to. Remember, Field Capacity is the amount of water held in the soil after gravity drainage has stopped. The sample should be allowed to drain without the influence of evaporation. When the water stops draining, take the weight. This will get you the target weight. I do not know the nature of the test, but just a reminder, plant roots need air and water. When soil moisture is kept at field capacity, roots will remain shallow to the the air the plant needs. Allow soil moisture to be depleted to 50% +/- of Plant Available Water, which is the amount of water held in the soil from Wilt Point to Field Capacity.
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I have 0.2ml of essential oil X weighing about 200mg, I wanted to diluted it to a final volume of 5 ml, calculate its concentration in mg/ml ?
Thank you.
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To calculate the concentration of your essential oil solution in mg/mL after dilution, follow these steps:
1. Determine the amount of essential oil:
You have 0.2 mL of essential oil weighing 200 mg.
2. Dilute to the final volume:
You want to dilute this 0.2 mL of essential oil to a final volume of 5 mL.
3. Calculate the concentration:
The concentration C in mg/mL can be calculated using the formula:
C = Amount of essential oil (mg) \ Final volume (mL)
Substitute the values:
C = 200 mg / 5 mL
Perform the division:
C = 40 mg/mL
So, the concentration of the diluted essential oil solution is 40 mg/mL.
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  1. In your opinion, what are the key advantages of pursuing an online postgraduate degree, specifically in the context of MBA and Doctoral of Management programs?
  2. Conversely, what challenges or disadvantages do you believe individuals may encounter when opting for an online postgraduate degree in these fields?
  3. Are there specific considerations or factors that one should weigh when deciding between traditional and online formats for postgraduate education in management?
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There not different since the curriculum is the same
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Distinguish between short-term challenges and potential long-term benefits. Assess the risks, including the potential for introducing harmful pathogens or unintended ecological consequences, and weigh them against the long-term benefits of sustainable agricultural practices.
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Some of these impacts include algae blooms causing the depletion of oxygen in surface waters, pathogens and nitrates in drinking water, and the emission of odors and gases into the air. Long term uses to restore the soil's fertility; bio fertilizers are necessary. The use of chemical fertilizers over a lengthy period damages the soil and reduces crop output. On the other side, bio fertilizers improve the soil's ability to hold water while also adding vital minerals like nitrogen, vitamins, and proteins.Soil Temperature, pH, Bio fertilizer source and species, and soil aeration. Factors affecting the efficiency of bio fertilizers are many, the most important of which are the C / N ratio, ventilation, soil moisture content, and degree of reaction PH of the soil.
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Q 1. Which model should be preferred (FE/RE) when conducting a meta-analysis for pooling prevalence?
Q2. In the RE model, why do all studies receive equal weight irrespective of sample size or confidence intervals?
Q3. When we use the FE model, all the studies receive weight according to their sample size or CI. But my question is, is it correct to use the Fixed Effect Model?
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  • RE model is generally preferred over FE model for pooling prevalence in meta-analysis.
  • In RE model, studies with lower variance are given greater weight.
  • FE model should not be used unless you are confident that the true prevalence of the outcome is the same in all studies.
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Does herbicidal residues used during termination of cover crops have impact on soil health? Other alternatives for cover crops termination may have benefits over use of herbicidal residues.
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They weigh in terms of economics behind management, urgency of management and ease of management of weeds. At times, their decision of using or not using herbicide may depend on their scale of operation and knowledge on their efficacy.
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Hello fellow researchers and innovators
At the moment I am working for a small / medium Norwegian municipality. There we want to develop a method, which enables us to make climate positive decisions when planning, building and maintaining urban public spaces w/ and w/o greenery.
This municipality is suffering rural migration, which means, the economics isn't the best. So we need to find / work out our own solutions instead of buying.
In addition to that, most of the software and calculators I have come across are developed for "buildings", hard materials for housing constructions, but in urban public places w/ greenery vegetation can account for CO2-sinks.
I feel the benefits of plants are far too often forgotten.
Do any of you have possible "links" to interesting webpages, or perhaps and even better, do any of you have an Excel-sheet which one could use to calculate this?
You know, perhaps someone has already done this job and worked out how to give factors and benefits and measurements into a calculation matrix, which then could work out a weighing up of a variety of design-elements...?
Your name would of course be mentioned and the research / product would be given your credits / copyright...
Cheers,
Berit
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Dear Volodymyr Durmanov
Thank you for you quick reply.
I agree that a mere literary study will not suffice.
I am aware that there are a handful of software types that calculate the carbon emissions of (building) materials. These have come to use in some projects in the municipality, where colleagues managed to reconstruct one of the main roads in such a way that the who project was (nearly) carbon neutral.
But, as mentioned, there seem to be no coordinating tool for urban places that also includes vegetation and soils.
I was however hoping that someone out there in the big world of researchers that some had already tried to merge the different tools and their outcomes in a kind of user-friendly matrix of some sort, f.eks. in an Excel-sheet-matrix... something that we could test in our project that is supposed to start these days.
Meaning as well, that we cannot wait until next year. Not sure if I can go as far as to start a research project.
Sorry!
But thank you for you quick reply!
Greetings from Norway!
Berit
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I am planning to perform C13 MFA, and I was wondering how I can weigh the labeled glucose and add it to the media while maintaining sterility. I didn't find any protocol specifically explain this part.
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Assuming that the labeled glucose powder is not sterile, you have 3 options.
1. Prepare a concentrated stock solution of the labeled glucose and pass it through a sterile syringe filter into a sterile container.
2. Prepare the medium from powder, including the labeled glucose powder, and then sterilize it in the usual way.
3. Add the non-sterile labeled glucose as powder or stock solution directly to sterile medium, then re-sterilize the medium by membrane filtration.
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I am releasing curcumin in a PBS/ethanol solution. The concentration of my drug is 5mg/ml in the encapsulation and I weighed 20mg of the loaded sample to perform the release studies. I take absorbance of the data at specific time intervals, after which I replace the same volume of PBS withdrawn. Volume withdrawn is 3ml out of a 10ml PBS/ethanol solution.
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Hello there Nadesh Kwakye! I'd be happy to guide you through the process of calculating cumulative drug release percentage. It's an essential step in pharmaceutical research. Here's a step-by-step procedure:
**Materials and Equipment:**
- Loaded drug sample
- Spectrophotometer
- PBS (Phosphate Buffered Saline) solution with ethanol
- Glass vials
- Pipettes
- Stopwatch or timer
**Procedure:**
**1. Prepare Your Sample:**
- Start with your loaded drug sample. You mentioned you weighed 20mg of the loaded sample.
**2. Set Up Release Media:**
- Prepare your release media, which is PBS/ethanol solution. Ensure it's well-mixed.
- You mentioned that you're replacing 3ml of the solution, so initially, you have 10ml in total.
**3. Begin the Experiment:**
- Start your timer or stopwatch.
**4. Withdraw Sample:**
- At specific time intervals, withdraw a small volume of the release media. You mentioned 3ml. This is your "sample."
**5. Measure Absorbance:**
- Take the absorbance measurement of your sample using the spectrophotometer.
- Be sure to measure at a wavelength suitable for curcumin detection.
**6. Replace Sample:**
- After measuring, immediately replace the volume you withdrew (3ml) with fresh PBS/ethanol solution to maintain a constant volume.
**7. Record Data:**
- Record the absorbance values along with their respective time points.
**8. Calculate Drug Concentration:**
- Using your absorbance data, you can calculate the concentration of curcumin in each sample. You might need a standard curve or calibration equation for this, relating absorbance to concentration.
**9. Calculate Cumulative Drug Release Percentage:**
- To calculate the cumulative drug release percentage at each time point, use the following formula:
Cumulative Drug Release Percentage = Total Released Drug (mg) divided by Total Drug in the Sample (mg) times 100
- Total Released Drug (mg) is the sum of the drug released at each time point.
- Total Drug in the Sample (mg) is the initial amount of drug in your 20mg sample.
**10. Plot Your Data:**
- Create a graph with time on the x-axis and cumulative drug release percentage on the y-axis. This will show how drug release changes over time.
**11. Analysis:**
- Analyze your data to understand the drug release kinetics and behavior of your formulation.
Remember to perform the experiment under controlled conditions, maintain a consistent temperature, and handle samples carefully to ensure accurate results. Always refer to your specific experiment's protocol and any relevant standard operating procedures. Good luck with your drug release studies!
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Forest litter was sampled from 1 x 1 m plots, weighed as W1 and a sub-sample was taken. The subsample was also considered as (W2) before being taken to the laboratory for oven drying. After the oven-dried, the subsample was weighed as the final weight (W3).
From the above, please how can I estimate the biomass?
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To estimate the biomass of the forest litter, you can follow these steps based on the information you provided:
  1. Calculate Moisture Content (MC):MC = ((W2 - W3) / (W2 - W1)) * 100
  2. Calculate Dry Weight of Subsample : Dry weight = W3
  3. Calculate Biomass:Biomass = Dry weight / Area of plot (1 m²)
In your case, the biomass estimate would be the dry weight of the subsample divided by the area of the plot (1 m²), as you already have the dry weight of the subsample and the area of the plot.
However, keep in mind that this estimation assumes that the subsample accurately represents the entire plot's litter biomass. If the distribution of litter is uneven within the plot, using multiple subsamples or larger sampling areas might provide a more accurate representation of the biomass.
Additionally, if you're working with a larger area, you might need to scale up your biomass estimation accordingly.
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I'm designing a new activity for an undergraduate biology course about enzyme activity. I'm running into a slight complication. I've ordered a lyophilized powdered version of human salivary alpha amylase.
The issue is "how long can it be stored once dissolved?".
Most protocols say to use "freshly made" enzyme. But the amount needed for a lab section is too small to weigh out. Seriously, the bottle has 1000 Units and is only 10 milligrams. Diluting to 1 Unit/mL for a working concentration makes 1 Liter of enzyme solution. That is more than enough for an entire week of lab sections!
But, will it denature/lose too much activity in the refrigerator?
Looking for some practical advice!
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Were did you purchase this Amylase? Was there a specific reason why you are using a human source material? I work for a company that has Amylase from other sources and it is available as stabilized liquid that is treated with a protease inhibitor.
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As essential oils are in liquid form, they are usually weighed in milliliters. However, in various studies, it is converted to powder and measured in milligrams by following different methods that can result in the loss of its vital activities.
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Thank you for adding your reply.
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Speed=Utter Energy*Velocity Equation…. Speed=F*dx,Then Speed=ma*dx,Then Speed=m*v/t*dx,Then Speed=mdx/t*v,Then Speed=Utter Energy*Velocity.S=UV..Simple Equation but my Very Favorite…And I Guess This Equation Speed=Utter Energy*Velocity Equation It Goes Everyside In Science In Universe….People-Animal-Fish Walk-Run-Planet Movement-Chemistry Atom Velocity And Everyside In Science In Universe It Goes.Here At Elements Mass And Utter Energy Comes With Mass Inside Atom Velocity When Atom Distribution And Distance comes With Time And Utter Energy Velocity Comes With Mass And Atom Distribution. By Utter Energy And By Environmental Partial Reaction And Environmental Reaction Another Velocity Comes Which Velocity Increase And Decrease Depend On Environmental Partial Reaction With Environmental Attraction And Repulsion And Increase And Decrease.Utter Energy And Mass Comes From Elements Mass And Mass Inside Atom Velocity With Distance And Time And By Environmental Partial Reaction And Environmental Reaction Another Velocity Comes Which Velocity Increase And Decrease Depend On Environmental Partial Reaction With Environmental Attraction And Repulsion And Speed Goes To=Utter Energy*Velocity And Work-Energy And Kinetic Energy Equation Gonna E=mv2Square...Man,Animal,Bird,Fish Walk- Run And Others All Equation Same And It Is Speed=Utter Energy* Velocity.And I Guess This Equation Speed=Utter Energy*Velocity Equation Is Number One Equation Is Universe Among Trillion Trillion Equation In Universe Cause It Goes Everyside In Universe….People-Animal-Fish Walk-Run-Planet Movement-Chemistry Atom Velocity And Everyside In Science In Universe It Goes
Work-Energy And Kinetic Energy Equation……Physics Books Says…..E=1/2MV2(SQUARE)……And Work=1/2MV2(SQUARE)……….But Here Acceleration And Velocity Uniform But Nothing Is Uniform In Universe…….But My Equation….
And Simply…..Kinetic Energy Or Work Or Energy Equation=F*Dx….. Then..W=ma*dx...W=m*v/t*dx….W=mvdx/t…..W=mv2(SQUARE)……….Here Dx=Distance,T=Time,V=Velocity,a=Acceleration
Work Equation= We Know W=F*Dx...Then..W=ma*dx...W=m*v/t*dx...Now....W=M*V*Dx/t..W=M* Δm (Delta Mass)/Δt (Delta Time)*dx/t...Now..W=M*V* Δm (Delta Mass)/Δt
Now...W=M*V* Δm/Δt…….W=MV Δm/ Δm/V……..W=mv2(SQUARE)……….
HERE, Δm (Delta Mass)= V× Δt……And…. Δt= Δm/V
I Guess my equation is correct cause earth physics books Says…. Kinetic Energy Equation-Energy Equation And Work Equation……Physics Books Says…..E=1/2MV2(SQUARE)……And Work=1/2MV2(SQUARE)……….But Here Acceleration And Velocity Is Uniform…..but nothing is uniform In Universe…At Our Physics Book Work-Energy-Kinetic Energy Equation=1/2 mv2square But Here Velocity And Acceleration Uniform But Nothing Is Uniform In This Universe...Atom Velocity,Air Velocity,Water Velocity,Light Velocity And Nothing Is All Time Uniform In This Universe But Our Physics Books Many Many Equations And Isac Newton Equations Depends On Uniform Velocity And Acceleration Equations.but nothing is uniform In Universe
.
*********I Have Physics Four Force Accommodation Rule.When Gravitational Force Strong Then Weak Nuclear Force Strong Then Electro-Magnetic Force Strong Then Strong Nuclear Force Strong.When Weak Then All Are Weak. Now If Gravitational Strength=Mgh/tan90.I said One cm degree angle if increase then it will be 1.135cm(According to my Rule). Now Gravitational Force Strength=Mgh/tan90 that 1.135*90. Now Weak Nuclear Force Strength=M*(-NB that break nucleoli beta)gh/tan 90 that 1.135*90. Now Electromagnetic Strength=M*EES(Electromagnetic Energy)gh/tan90 that 1.135*90. Now Strong Nuclear Force Strength=M*(+NB that Compact Nucleoli Beta)gh/tan90 that 1.135*90. Now If we will identify Four Force math then it will be When Gravitational Force Strong then Others Three Force Strong,When weak all Are weak. .Now Simply.it will be just 4force Accommodation=mgh{1+{-NB(Less or huge)+EME that electromagnetic energy+(+NB Less or Huge}}/tan90 that 1.135*90
*******Desert Mirage Equation=Light Intensity*Warm Vapor.When Light Intensity high then Silica burns Inside and warm Vapor Comes.Why it is not seen from near but seen from far cause vapor ripple.When vapor comes then its ripple small.When we see from far then we can see large length ripple cause ripple become slowly large.When we see from far then we see large ripple&we can see mirage.when we see from near then ripple length small&we cannot see any mirage.This is the Desert Mirage Mystery And Also Cause For Road Mirage Mystery….We Can Also Prove It By Water Hot And Make Vapour
Jupiter,Mars,Venus,Moon Planet Mystery……….. Other Planets People Who Are Live Inside{Under Soil Surface} Those Planets Like Jupiter,Mars,Venus,Saturn And Others Cause They Are Rolling On Magnetic Force And Light Is Absorbing There. And It’s Also True Creator Also Showed Me Symptom That Signs And Creator Also Confirms Me That There Are People Live Inside That Under Soil Surface Others Planet Around The Earth Like Jupiter,Mars,Venus,Neptue,Saturn,Urenus And Others Cause They Are Rolling On Magnetic Force And Light Is Absorbing There. Those Planets Just Like Coconut Fruit That Upper Surface Normal After That Hard Surface Inside And After That Blank Inside .And If We Will Digging Right Upper Corner Then We Will Be Able To Enter Inside.Cause Only Right Upper Corner Side Pale And Others Everyside Thick. At-First It Should Be Come In Mind It Is Quiet Impossible Or Unbelievable That People Live Inside Others Planet.But Truth Is Actualy They Are Live Inside.And There Radio Frequency Will Not Work Cause Radio Frequency Weak Frequency And It Is Not Go So Under Of Soil.You Can Use Light Or Satellite Or Sound Frequency Or My Light Absorb Equation Frequency. Then You Must See Them.Why They Couldnot Or Cannot Come Outside Cause May Be They Did not Or Donot Know How They Can Come Outside.Otherwise Not Every Planet But Many Planets Can See Sun,Moon,Twinkle Star For Light Frequency When They Are Live Inside But Every Planet Cannot See.Now We Have Electric Recycling And Triangle Vehicle And Missile Like Electric Force.We Can Go Any Planet This Sky Or Invisible World Sky….
About Gog And Magog (Bible) That Yajuj And Majuj (Quran)………… I Told You About Gog And Magog(Bibel) That Yajuj And Majuj(Quran) Who Are Live Inside This Earth And They Will Be Come And Attack You Just Like Ripple Wind Ripple Within Very Short Time And Many People Will Be Die Or Can Be Die.And I Told You Some Places Name In Earth If You Have Frequency Which Go Under 500 Kilometer Of Soil {Under Soil Surface}Than You Must Be See Them Those Places And Creator Allah Showed Me Symptom That Signs Those Places Like Very Vast Near Iran And Turkeministan Border{Like "Mashahad" Name Place}.You Can Go And Fall Frequency On Turkeministan Near Iran Border Mashahad Name Place Or Turkeministan To Near Iran Border And Take Prove Yourself Of My Word That I Am Cheater Or True. And You Must See They Are Also Vast Caste{Tribal} Like You.I Told You Some Places Name In Earth If You Have Frequency{You Have Earth Quake Vibrate Or Soil Vibrate Identifying Machine And You Can Easily Identify Them} Which Go Under 500 Kilometer Of Soil {Under Soil Surface}{They Are Under Soil Surface But Not So Under Deep Soil Surface}Than You Must Be See Them Those Places .And You Should Get Words About Gog And Magog(Bibel) That Yajuj And Majuj(Quran) In Quran And Bibel.Creator Send Them Long Thousand Years Ago Under Soil For Their Cruelty.And They Are Originally Cruel Caste.Its Your Matter You Are Believe Or Not.He Created Everything And He Knows Very Well About Creation.He Is Mine And Our Creator.We Are Nothing.Who You Are Donot Know About Gog And Magog(Bible) That Yajuj And Majuj(Quran) You Can Just Give Internet Search And Get Knowledge About Gog And Magog(Bible) That Yajuj And Majuj(Quran).
New Basic Color Making Procedure From Plant(Like Heaven Color)……………….. New Basic Color Making From Plant Main And Important Matter Is Color Contrast…….And Here How Color Will Be Contrast…………..Color Contrast Main And Important Matter Is We Should Be Hold Whole Plant Or Branch Or Leaf By Rope And Stick Or Fence For No Movement…….Without Color Will Not Contrast…….That There Will Be No Movement Of Leaf Or Plant Or Branch Without Color Will Not Contrast. So…We Should Be Work On Unexpress Color Pigment And Sunlight Color Wavelength Change By Mirror Device…..If Sunlight Color Wavemength Suppose Green Color Wavelength 25nm And If We Are Change With 50nm 70 nm 75 nm 100nm Than New Basic Color Will Be Come And Bloom At Plant. We Can Push Others Color By Injection Syringe At Plant Soft Bark Or Leaf Or We Can Work Just Like Paint Others Colors By Painter Without Erase Soft Skin Elastic Or With Erase For Beautification Or Others Or We Can Cover Leaf By Cloth Or Others For Somedays To Make White And When We Will Give Cover Than After Somedays It Will Be Whitish Color And After That We Will Be Give Color Or Just Paint Color On Leaf And Branch And Root…..And If We Are Cover Plant Or Little Plant By Poly-Ethylene Normal Polybag That It Will Be Change Sunlight Color Wavelength And After Follow Some Procedure And If We Are Push Others Color Or Paint Color At Plant Than Cover Plant Or Little Plant By Poly-Ethylene Normal Polybag For Somedays Than After Somedays It Will Be Various Colorful Croton Plant And Normal Green Plant Will Be Various Colorful Croton Plant….By This Way We Can Also Change Sunlight Color Wave Length And Make Green Plant Various Colorful Croton Plant And Also We Can Make New Basic Color
Corona Mutation Pathogen: Corona Symptom…..Taste Less,Fragrance Less,Weakness,Gut Problem,Inspiration Problem,Liver Problem,Fever,Body Pain And Others………….Those Are Mutation Pathogen Symptom And Those Are Not Virus Diseases Symptom….Though Pathogen Type Diseases Comes For Virus And Bacterial Infection But Cure System Different…….Here Corona Spread From China……..Maximum Chinese Eat Half Boil Food……Corona Spread From Sick Mammals Or Flying Mammals……Animals Eat Maximum Times Rotten Food…..At Rotten Food Various Types Of Germ, Virus And Bacteria Lives That Various Pathogen Lives……When You Will Be Not Properly Temperature Cooking Food And Eat Half Boil Food And Eat Than It Should Be Sick Animals Inside Germ Should Not Be Die And By Half Boil Eat Food Sick Animal Inside Diseases Germ Should Be Enter At Your Body And You Should Be Attack By Diseases Germ And Gonna Sick…..Like That Half Boiled Sick Mammal Or Flying Mammals Eaten By Chinese And Corona Pathogen Enter Chinese Body And Like Influenza Its Spread All Over Earth And Kill People.To Take Corona Sampol And If You Are Exam Pathogen Diagnostic Lab Than You Will Be Easily Sure That Corona Is A Pathogen And Not Virus….Just Exam Its Sampol.If You Are Simply Eat Taro,Coconut Fruit And Water,Vit-D,Sunlight Than Corona Pathogen Will Be Ultimately Ok…..Cause Taro,Coconut,Vit-D,Sunlight Has Usefulness Against Pathogen Type Diseases…..To Take Corona Sample At Pathogen Diagnostic Lab We Can Easily Prove Corona Is A Pathogen Not Virus
Every Fruit,Vegetable,Plant Or Leaf Has Medicinal Value…………….Creator Gives Every Diseases Cure And Remove Solution To Every Fruit,Vegetable,Leaf…………
Condition:You Should Be Eat Regularly Those Fruit And Vegetable Than Those Fruit And Vegetable Chemical Will Be React With Body And Disease Germ And After Certain Time It Will Be Kill Diseases Germ And Body Will Be Good And Ok And Antibody Will Be Arise Also At Body
Suppose: Diabetes Disease Solution……..Malta Fruit(Blood Organge) And You Can Also Eat Garlic,Orange,Lemon,Ginger And Vit-E And Flattened Rice(Poha) When We Put Water For 15 To 20 Mintutes And Than We Will Be Take That Water And Eat That Water And Fish Head And Leaf Vegetables
Body Fat Removal--------Apple,Cumin,Elachi,Water Melon,Jack Fruit,Carrot,Potato,Lettuce,Ginger,Lemon,Pumpkin,Taro,Cabbage,Cauliflower
Corona Pathogen:Taro,Coconut Fruit And Water,Vit-D,Sunlight
Good Skin:Mango,Jack Fruit,Pumpkin,Cabage,Taro,Sandal Wood
Like That You Should Be And Must Be Get Every Fruit,Vegetable,Plant Or Leaf Has Medicinal Value…………….Creator Gives Every Diseases Cure Or Remove Solution To Every Fruit,Vegetable,Leaf But
Condition:You Should Be Eat Regularly Those Fruit And Vegetable Than Those Fruit And Vegetable Chemical Will Be React With Body And Disease Germ And After Certain Time It Will Be Kill Diseases Germ And Body Will Be Good And Ok And Antibody Will Be Arise Also At Body
Is Air Particle Or Ripple Wave?.....Is Light Particle Or Ripple Wave?......Is There Air Or Light Has Weight And Mass?....Here Water Is Liquid…..But Water Can Be Solid Or Gas……Just Like That Air Is Wave But If We Wanna We Can Make Air Solid Or Liquid…..Now How? Here Environmental Light,Cloud Movement,Plant Movement Depends On Air…..But At Environment Various Types Of Partial Reaction Happen Everytime…..And Various Types Of Frequency Happen At Environment…..By Air And Moments Maximum Heavy Wave And Acceleration At Environment Goes To Around Earth Or Planets…Air Has Mass And Weight? Now How We Can Identify…..You Know People Use Air At Vehicle Tyre….If You Are Take Mass And Weight Of Vehicle Tyre Before Push Air And After Push Air Than You Must Be Get Difference And After Push Air Tyre Weight And Mass Increase And That Is Air Mass And Weight…..So….It Must Be Air Has Weigh And Mass And Every Air Atom Has Mass And Weight….Like That Light Wave Has Also Mass And Weight And Every Light Atom Has Mass And Weight(If We Are Exam Light Just Like Air And Vehicle Tyre) And All Wave And Particle And Aton Has Mass And Weight….And If We Want Than We Can Make Air And Light Solid,Liquid,Gas Or Wave……Here If We Want Than We Can Make Air Or Light Crush That Pulverize Than Environmental Everything Will Broken Just Like Broken Glass And People Animal Plant And Their Body,Blood,Hand,Leg,Head Will Be Scattered Just Tear Down That Tattered That Broken….Air And Light Will Be Kill People Just Like Archer If We Will Crush Air And Light….If We Are Use Some Procedure Than We Can Crush Air And Light Easily…And Environmental Atom And Free Atom And Its Charge Gonna Charge And Their Charge Arise With Seasonal Air And Change With Seasonal Air With Light And Time But…..By Air And Moments And Light Maximum Heavy Wave And Acceleration,Particle At Environment Goes To Around Earth Or Planets ……And Here There Are Various Types Of Particle,Wave At Environment To Control Climate And One Is Flemingo Particle…..And This Flemingo Particle Maximum Control Environmental Climate…..And Flemingo Particle Absorbs Environment Extra Everything……When Flemingo Particle Gonna Inert Than Environment Carbon,Temperature,Storm,Tsunami Increase….Though Environmental Temperature Depends On Light But Increase Or Decrease Or Environmental Abnormal Temperature That Heavy Temperature Or Low Temperature Depends On Flemingo Particle… Climate Control…….You Can Simply Work On Flemingo Particle……Flemingo Particle Is One Kind Of Particle Which Blows Or Flows At Environment,Soil,Water,Air.And Environment Temperature,Carbon,Partial Reaction,Tsunami Storm Depends On Flemingo Particle……Flemingo Particle Absorbs Environment Extra Everything…When Flemingo Particle Gonna Inert At Environment Than Temperature,Carbon,Tsunami And Others Gonna Increase………We Can Work Just On Flemingo Particle From Inertness By Electric Wave And Resonance Reaction And Work On Flemingo Particle That Environment And Climate Will Be Ultimately Ok…. According To Theory Of Relativity------Light Velocity Is Constant---------If Light Velocity Is Constant Than Why Temperature Gonna Different?Why Seasonal Change(Summer Winter Rainy Season And Others Seasonal Change Happen?----We Know Plant Takes Light To Make Food-----So,If Light Velocity Is Constant Than Why Short Day Plant-Long Day Plant And Day Neutral Plant-Seasonal Vegetables-Fruit-Flower Comes When Season Change?And When At Open Field Where There Is No Obstacle Of Light And There Also Short Day Plant-Long Day Plant And Day Neutral Plant-Seasonal Vegetables-Fruit-Flower Comes When Season Change.So,Light Velocity Is Never Constant----It Can Be Light Spped High But Truth Is Light Is Ripple Which Goes By Master Force--- Now What Is Master Force?Master Force Is One Kind Of Force Which Flows Or Blows All Over Universe Within Sometime Just Like Wind Flows All Over Earth.And Light,Wind And Others Velocity And Intensity Flows Or Blows By Master Force.Example:Suppose Sea Water Wave Or River Water Wave Blows By Wind And Its One Kind Of Ripple And Light Is Also Ripple.If Wind Is Just Like Sea Water Wave Then Master Force Is Just Like Wind.By Master Force Light,Wind And Others Intensity And Velocity Pass Planets And All Over Universe.Now Why Master Force Comes?----Its Cause Planets Rolling In All Over Universe And Rolling Planets Has Scale Of Balance For Rolling Balance.And For Rolling,Absorb,Spark And Others Cause Master Force Comes And Blows Or Flows All Over Universe.Why Your Sky Color Is Blue?I Guess,Its Cause Your Plant Leaf Color Green,Soil Color Ash Or Red And Sea Water Blue.So,Light Velocity Is Never Constant……… We Can Work Just On Flemingo Particle From Inertness By Electric Wave And Resonance Reaction And Work On Flemingo Particle That Environment And Climate Will Be Ultimately Ok….Or We Will Be Crush Flemingo Particle From Inertness By Resonance Reaction Than Earth And Environmental Climate Will Be Ultimately Ok….Is Those True About Work-Energy And Kinetic Energy Equation- (Speed=Utter Energy*Velocity That S=UV Equation)-Mirage Equation And Others Equation?....Please See Attachment For Further Discussion
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Mehadi,
What do you mean by 'utter energy'?
I do not understand your question.
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please tell me If there is a standard ratio in rearing Tilapia fish in an aquarium.
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When determining the best aquarium dimensions for rearing fish, several factors should be considered, including the number and size of the fish, their behaviour and swimming patterns, and the overall requirements for their well-being. While tilapia can tolerate a wide range of conditions, it's important to provide them with sufficient space to swim and thrive. Here are some general guidelines to consider:
  1. Water Volume: Tilapia are active swimmers and require ample space to move around. As a rough estimate, a water volume of at least 30 to 40 litres per adult tilapia is recommended. Since you have 10 tilapia, a minimum volume of 300 to 400 litres (or approximately 80 to 105 gallons) would be suitable.
  2. Surface Area: Tilapia are known to spend a considerable amount of time near the surface, so providing adequate surface area is important. A rectangular or square-shaped aquarium is generally preferred, as it maximizes the surface area compared to a tall, cylindrical tank. Aim for a surface area of at least 1 square foot (0.09 square meters) per adult tilapia.
  3. Length and Width: Considering the swimming habits of tilapia, it is advisable to have a tank with a length of at least three times the adult fish's length. Since your tilapia weigh about 100 grams each, assuming an average adult length of around 20 centimetres (8 inches), a tank length of approximately 60 centimetres (24 inches) or more would be appropriate.
  4. Height: Tilapia do not require a significant height in the aquarium, as they tend to occupy the middle and bottom regions of the tank. A height of 30 centimetres (12 inches) or less should be sufficient.
  5. Filtration and Equipment: Proper filtration and aeration are crucial for maintaining good water quality and oxygenation. Choose a filtration system suitable for the tank size, considering the bio-load from the tilapia. Additionally, provide a heater if needed to maintain the water temperature within the recommended range for tilapia (usually around 25-30°C or 77-86°F).
Remember that these are general guidelines, and it's always best to research the specific requirements for the tilapia species you intend to rear. Additionally, consider factors such as lighting, hiding spots, and decor to create a stimulating and comfortable environment for your fish.
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I am developing a UHPLC method for content and purity for a peptide based on 100mM KPF6 and 100mM NH4PF6 pH 3.5. TFA as an ion pair reagent does not give the required separation performance. My question is less about method development HPLC for peptides, but more about the negative effects of KPF6/NH4PF6 in the UHPLC systems used (Waters IClass binary system and Thermo Vanquish Horizon binary system).
The negative effects on 3 instruments were already noticeable after 1 to 2 sequences (extreme pressure fluctuations):
The repairs carried out showed more or less the same damage:
- strongly porous seals in the pump heads
- damage to the pistons
- defective inlet/outlet check valves
One system was used over 2-3 months and showed the most damage.
I will ask my questions right at the beginning:
- What experience do you have in using KPF6, NH4PF6 as additive/buffer in mobile phases for UHPLC analysis or for method development for peptides?
- How can these reagents be used "safely" and robustly without causing damage to the pumps?
These chaotropic reagents seem to be highly corrosive. I would be glad to get some useful advice. Many thanks in advance for your support and advice.
Kind regards
Ronald
Mobile phases are:
Mobile phase A 0.1M KPF6 pH 3.5 / ACN 8:2 (V/V)
Mobile phase B 0.1M KPF6 pH3.5 / ACN 35:65 (V/V)
and
Mobile phase A 0.1M NH4PF6 pH 3.5 / ACN 8:2 (V/V)
Mobile Phase B 0.1M NH4PF6 pH 3.5 / ACN 35:65 (V/V)
Preparation:
0.3M Buffer KPF6 pH 3.5
  • 55.2 g KPF6, were weighed into a 2000 mL beaker. 1000 mL water was added and stirred until complete dissolution for 15 min. Sonification for approx. 2 min. It was adjusted to pH 3.5 with Orthophosphoric acid 85% (+/- 255 µL) and stirred well. The buffer was filtered with a Steritop-GP 1000 mL Express Plus PES 0.22 µm into a 1000 mL bottle.
Mobile phase A1: 0.1M KPF6 pH 3.5 / ACN 8:2 (V/V)
  • 330 mL 0.3M_ KPF6 buffer pH 3.5, 470 mL water and 200 mL acetonitrile was transferred into a 1000 mL bottle and mixed well. Sonnification for approx.5. min.
Mobile phase B1: 0.1M KPF6 pH 3.5 / ACN 35:65 (V/V)
  • 330 mL 0.3M_ KPF6 buffer pH 3.5, 20 mL water and 650 mL acetonitrile was transferred into a 1000 mL bottle and mixed well. Sonnification for approx.5. min.
0.3M Buffer NH4PF6 pH 3.5
  • 48.9 g NH4PF6, were weighed into a 2000 mL beaker. 1000 mL water were added and stirred until complete dissolution for 5 min. It was adjusted to pH 3.5 with 25 % NH4OH (+/- 340 µL) and stirred well. The buffer was filtered with a Steritop-GP 1000 mL Express Plus PES 0.22 µm into a 1000 mL bottle.
Mobile phase A1: 0.1M NH4PF6 pH 3.5 / ACN 8:2 (V/V)
  • 330 mL 0.3M_ NH4PF6 buffer pH 3.5, 470 mL water and 200 mL acetonitrile was transferred into a 1000 mL bottle and mixed well. Sonnification for approx.5. min.
Mobile phase B1: 0.1M NH4PF6 pH 3.5 / ACN 35:65 (V/V)
  • 330 mL 0.3M_ NH4PF6 buffer pH 3.5, 20 mL water and 650 mL acetonitrile was transferred into a 1000 mL bottle and mixed well. Sonnification for approx.5. min.
After sequence, the systems were flushed with
  • 85min with ACN/H2O 15/85; 0.4 mL/min
  • 15 min with ACN/H2O 75/25; 0.4 mL/min
  • 15 min with ACN/H2O 50/50; 0.4 mL/min
  • following a low flow ACN/H2O 50/50; 0.1 mL/min
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Dear William Letter Thanks a lot for bringing this up. The instruments were serviced and repaired by their vendors. As thong as the degasser work fine, I think they are not being considered. I will keep this point in mind. Thanks.
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3.43 ml acetic acid and 3.26 ml isoamyl alcohol were reacted and the weight of isoamyl acetate was weighed at 2.114 g using balance.
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Dear Sudenaz Uysal!
I suggest that You follow all the steps outlined on the site
Regards, Vladislav Nikitin.
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The entire globe is facing a problem through the climate change. We all know that the climate change and global warming is an outcome of irresponsible human actions. Countries have signed the Paris agreement and are working to accomplish the net zero target at their best.
There are two arguments about the net zero target accomplishment. First, reduction is consumption which reduces the production, transportation, use of energy and ultimately reduces the emissions. Second, financing carbon neutral, green, clean and sustainable projects will gradually reduce the emissions.
Given these facts, which one do you think weighs more to help the environment and to accomplish the global net zero target?
We have a small evidence on the financing side (https://blog.bham.ac.uk/business-school/2023/03/28/green-bonds/) and working for causal evidence. I look forward to your thoughts for discussions.
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I think there should be a serious and effective global effort to address climate change and environmental support, especially by finding serious and effective peaceful solutions to hotbeds of tension and wars that destroy the environment for long periods that are difficult to replace. Because with wars, huge areas of forests and animals are destroyed, examples (Syria, Libya, Yemen, Afghanistan, many countries in Africa and Asia, and finally Ukraine). all UN slogans about sustainable Development and environment protection and ..... ext are a slogans only.
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A 10 X 10 three-story precast building with a floor area of 100 m2 with 30 cm thick concrete walls in a large earthquake with an acceleration of 1.5g has some overturning moment tendency.
Wanted 1. how much does the precast weigh
2.the inertia and shear base created at the 1.5g acceleration
3. plus the magnitude of the overturning moment of the entire building.
The building weighs 340 tons
Payload is 80kg/m2 = 24 tons
The floors another 24 tons
The building finally weighs 340+24+24= 388 tons without the base.
Inertia and base intercept = mass X acceleration = 388 ton X 1.5g = 582 tons
Overturning moment = height X inertia = the first floor is 3 m high the second 6 and the third 9 total 3+6+9 = 18m
Each of the three floors has an inertia of 582/3 = 194 tons
18mX194ton = 3492 ton overturning moment
But the precast as a rigid structure has a double lever arm, that of the height and that of the width.
So we divide the torque of 3492 tons by the width of the building which is 10 meters 3492/10 = 349 tons.
Every single anchor I have can withstand 100 tons of torque at two meters depth.
If we place 8 anchors around the perimeter, we will not have any loss of support from the ground due to the total withdrawal of the area of the base of the building, so no damage in the earthquake of 1.5g acceleration.
A 300 sq.m pre-fab house costs 310,000 euros finished today + 30,000 the eight anchors = 340,000 euros and you have the most earthquake-proof house in the world.
A conventional house today costs 2,000 euros per sq.m when finished, 300 sq.m costs 600,000 euros.
Choose.
My proposal for anti-seismic constructions is to prestress the sides of the reinforced concrete walls as well as to compact them with the foundation soil at the same time.
Prestressing + compaction on the sides of the walls Prestressing (generally compression) on the sidewalls has very positive effects, as it improves the oblique tensile trajectories. On the other hand you also have the other good thing... the non-shear failure of the cover concrete due to the high tensile strength of the steel, the reduced cracking and the increase in the elastic and dynamic displacement area due to compression, which increases the effective cross-section and stiffness of the structure, and most importantly increases the response of the cross-section to the intersecting base. If prestressing is combined with compaction in the soil then we divert the seismic loads into the soil, prevent the moments at the nodes, control the eigenperiod and ensure soil samples and a strong foundation.
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The response to your question:
How we increase the seismic resistance of buildings by reducing costs? is simply.
They will talk to both of us and we will solve it.
Regards,
Laszlo
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I weigh 100 mg of tissue. I don't cut open the tissue and wash with room temp PBS. I use 300ul ripa while homogenisation and add 200ul after that.
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MSE error weights both positive and negative errors equally. Is there any way to weigh them differently and create a new type of error ?
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Hello everyone,
To produce a composite material, how will I weigh the components mentioned above if I want to make this mixture?
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If you want to go by simple terms then if you know the total amount of material you need like if you want to make 10gm of composite material then PP would be 7gm, fibers will be 1gm and clay will be 2gm.
What is the method you are adopting for the composite preparation? Hopefully, then it will be more clear.
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H2Cit------H++HCit2- pka 4.67
HCit2------H++Cit3- pka 6.40 I am supposed to choose the pka closest to my buffer pH, so I can use pka 4.67 for calculation. I will need acid form H2Cit- and basic form HCit2- to make my buffer, right? But if I only have citric acid (H3Cit ) and sodium citrate (Na3Cit), which means I only have H3Cit and Cit3-, so I can't weigh what I have to make the buffer, right?
I know I can make 0.1M citric acid and 0.1 M Na3cit to reach the pH, but I want to know if I can make citrate buffer by weighing certain citric acid and Na3Cit directly... I hope you understand my question. Thank you in advance.
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About predicting the pH of citric acid ― sodium citrate solutions and buffers for approx. pH < 4.0 ― cf. my post at:
About predicting the pH of citric acid ― sodium citrate solutions and buffers for approx. 4.0 < pH < 5.5 ― cf. my posts at: https://www.researchgate.net/post/Why-the-pH-of-Citrate-buffer-increases-when-diluted-with-water
About predicting the pH of citric acid ― sodium citrate solutions and buffers for approx. 5.5 < pH < 8.0 ― cf. my posts at: https://www.researchgate.net/post/Why-the-pH-of-Citrate-buffer-increases-when-diluted-with-water
About predicting the pH of citric acid ― sodium citrate solutions and buffers for approx. pH > 8.0 ― and for approx. pH > 9.0 ― cf. my posts at:
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Hi so I'm trying to get to a concentration equivalent of 1ug/ml in a volume of 0.1 ml but i cant weigh out the amount of solute due to the limitations of the balances in my lab being only analytical. Is there a way i can use dilutions to get to these such small concentrations?
I'm doing this because i accidentally bought well plates with a volume that was not equal to the one i based all of my calculations on.
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So my dilema is that I have am trying to do MIC in 96 well plates with a working volume of 0.2 mL.
I need an antimicrobial solution to be about 0.1 mL with concentrations that are equivalent to these 4 concentrations:
1ug/ml, 0.5 ug/ml, 0.25ug/ml and 0.125 ug/ml.
I don't know if this helps but thanks for the response!
Just in case my solute is Curcumin which has a molecular weight of 368.125988 dalton.
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I am working with dry ground leaf material. This is the extraction protocol.
1. Weigh 25 mg of ground leaf powder, add 10 mL solvent to obtain 2.5 mg/mL extract
2. The extract is diluted 5000 fold to obtain 500 ng/mL
3. After analysis using LC/MS and using the standard curve, the amount of compound X is 46 ng/mL.
4. I want to convert the 46 ng/mL of compound X to mg/g of dry extract.
Please advise on how to do this.
Thanks,
Ruth
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Hi Ruth,
Please consider following calculations.
If you measure a concentration of the compound to be 46 ng/ml after the 5000-fold dilution, this means that its concentration in the starting solution was 46 (ng/ml) * 5000 = 230 000 ng/ml = 230 mcg/ml.
The volume of the extraction solvent was 10 ml, so, the total amount of the substance is 230 mcg/ml * 10 ml = 2300 mcg = 2.3 mg.
This amount was obtained from the weighing of 25 mg, therefore, assuming full extraction of the compound from the raw material, the content of the compound there is calculated as follows:
2.3mg (substance)/25 mg (dry leaf) = 0.092 mg/mg = 0.092 g/g = 92 mg/g.
Hope this helps.
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I'm trying to make a mixture of Gallium oxide (M.W = 187.44) and Tungsten Oxide (M.W = 231.85). How can I make a composite of these two different chemicals based on their molecular weights by taking equal amounts of the individual chemicals?
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You can apply this formula for molecules, which is used in stoichiometric ratio calculation for atoms. Calculates the weight required for 100 grams of mixture.
Wt%x=100x(at%A)(at.Wt.A)/[(at%A)(at.Wt.A)+(at%B)(at.Wt.B)]
For example, if you are going to use 75% Gallium oxide in 100 grams of mixture, you can calculate as follows:
Wt%Ga2O3=100x(75x187,44)/[(75x187,44)+(25x231,85)]
=70,806 g Ga2O3
Wt%WO3=100x(25x231,85)/[(75x187,44)+(25x231,85)]
=29,194 g WO3
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We purchased Nitinol wire on Amazon. Now, we would like to know if anything (any heat treatment) needs to be done before utilizing the wire for its intended purpose of shape memory effect? The intended purpose of shape memory alloy is to grip objects that weigh around 50 grams.
We tried heating the as received wire to 50 degrees celsius. Nothing happened.
Request experts to provide suggestions.
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Respected sir, I am not an expert, but i think that, shape memory alloy can hold the weight 50 gm , depends on the strength of the allow you have taken, if you send me the diagram of the setup , i can ask my teachers
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The reason of doing twice, I noticed that my sample was not quit dry yet after 24hrs of lyophilizing. The first time was 3ml of 50:50 (t-BuOH:ddH2O). When I weighed the sample, I figured out that its mass was not quite right, and that is why I want to relyophilize for longer time. So I don't if it Ok to lyophilized back with the same liquid (50:50) t-BuOH:ddH2O.
Thank you
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The freeze-dried product absorbs moisture very easily, you can put it back immediately and freeze-dry it once again. However, I am sorry to say that this may not always be successful. Because at room temperature, the structure of the lyophilized product may have been destroyed. Good luck. Next time you can lyophilize for a longer time or make a small sample to check.
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I am trying to obtain the confidence interval (CI) of the standard deviation of several weighted beta coefficients from linear and logistic regressions.
In Stata, I can obtain the CI using the "nlcom" command. However, the command is very slow, especially if you weigh the coefficients.
In MPLUS you can use the "constraints" command to estimate the point estimate and CI of combinations of parameter estimates from a model.
However, I have to weigh these parameter estimates by the proportion of the population e.g. imagine we have dummy variables for different types of religion and I want to weigh the Betas of these dummy variables by the proportion of people who follow each religion.
I want to automate this process so I do not have to write the weight [proportion] for each beta coefficient in the "constraints" section of the MPLUS input file.
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Can MPLUS estimate the Confidence Interval of standardized model results?
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I got the mass lost data and temperature already, but the lab assistant did not take the same amount of samples, so the curves don't start from the same origin which difficult to compare them. Now, I want to change the data of mass to weight percentage.
thank you
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I fully agree with Dr Philippe Tailhades, as the analisis of TGa curves are based on the loss weight percentage do you need to build the TGA curves in weight percentage to be able to compare
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When AHP is used for calculation of weights only and SAW is used for ranking the alternatives , how to carry out the sensitivity analysis ?
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Dear Vidya
Unfortunately, what you observed is very common, and again, false.
I am sure that nobody can justify this procedure.
Instead, you can use objective weights fron entropy, or statistics, or still bether, use the marginal values for each criterion. Both are exact, and based on values extracted from the data.
And most important, both can be used to evaluate alternatives. They are not trade-offs.
If more information is needed, please don't hesitate and contact me. I will be happy to help
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We are thinking about getting a EEG system, so we are weighing all the different specifications. Many systems offer sampling rates of up to 80,000hz, what is the advantage of having such high sampling rates when the highest signal frequency that we would observe in the brain is around 100hz?
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Hi Miguel A Velasquez . I fully agree with Sadeem Kbah and Blaine Tomkins . I just want to add there are certain scenarios in that you might use higher sampling frequency (but still not 80kHZ, 10kHZ at most!). Possible (very rare) scenarios are:
1. simultaneous EEG-fMRI when you don't have clock synchronization between EEG and MRI. that allows adjusting trigger position for artifact correction
2. HFO analysis for epilepsy (here optimal is c.a. 2kHz)
3. correlation study between EEG and sEEG, ECOG for convenience - can be also achieved with lower sampling though.
Please note that the higher the sampling rate, the longer the computation speed and memory usage. On the other hand, it is always possible to downsample later.
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I am working on code development for compressible flows and i am stuck on some basics. I want to understand that in a standard D2Q9 Lattice is there 9 particles or just one particle that can move in any of the 9 directions depending on weighing factor?
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The lattice Boltzmann equation (LBE) is a minimal form of the Boltzmann kinetic equation which is meant to simulate the dynamic behaviour of fluid flows without directly solving the equations of continuum fluid mechanics.
see
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I have been performing experiments in which I weigh polystyrene or polyurethane in an analytical balance, but anytime I place my sample, the weight keeps going down and does not stop. I read that probably is a problem with the static of the sample. Has anyone encountered this problem and knows how to deal with it?
Thank you
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If you are having a problem with static (which sounds likely given the materials you mention) I highly recommend using an anti-static gun, they are commonly used in analytical chemistry labs. It helps a lot when you are weighing very small amounts or polymers that build up charge easily.
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I have rubber formulation in phr. To know the amount needed for that formulation, I am confuse to weigh using weighing balance or measure in volume since my additive are in dispersion (4 additive) and some are in solid (2 additive). Can I directly weigh these two additive which in solid form and combine with other that are measure in volume and mix together ?
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Dear Anis,
If the rubber compound which you want to prepare is so sensitive base on its application, it is better not use the additives that were mixed together.
Most of the time whene the additives mix with each other, their properties change over time. I suggest you if it is possible for you, prepare the required additives.
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Hello, I tried to produce polymeric nanoparticles. I synthesized polypropylene adipate to realize a hybrid system with branched PEI. I used PVA (6000) as a surfactant in the double emulsion solvent evaporation method. pPAd:PEI (mg:mg) was weighed and dissolved in 5 ml of DCM.
The problem:
1. I tried PVA concentration from 1% to 8%
2. I tried all pPAd:PEI ratios (5:45, 10:40, 15:35, 20:30, 25:25, 30:20, 40:10, 45:5)
As a result, under pPAd( 40:10) and PVA: 1% conditions, I measure the size at 150.1 nm and the PI value as 0.1, but after 48 hours the particles precipitate into aggregates. Particle size and PI are excellent for my work but aggregation is a big problem. Could you help me to solve this problem?
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Dear all, please refer to the following chapter which explains the floculation mechanisms behind the instability (coalescence, agregation and precipitation) of PVA. As a summery, two of the most famous floculation mechanisms are operation with respect to MW. Low MWs PVA provoke instability via surface charge neutralization floculation, and on the other hand high MWs PVA provoke floculation by interparticles bridging. The values of high and low MWs are speified in the chapter. My Regards
Chapter 14: Flocculation of sterically stabilized dispersions.
In:
Handbook of Colloid and Interface Science_Vol.01 - Basic Principles of Interface Science and Colloid Stability
Tharwat F. Tadros (2018 edt)
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I've been trying to amplify a plasmid that I'm running low on, but every time I complete the purification step and try to run the products on an agarose gel, the samples float out of the wells. I've tried making sure to remove any remaining wash solution (containing ethanol) but that did not help, and I've run the samples on a nanodrop to make sure they contain DNA.
I've heard that using a glycerol-based loading buffer can help weigh down the samples on the gel, but I was wondering if I could just add glycerol directly to a pre-existing loading buffer (this one here specifically: www.neb.uk.com/products/neb-catalogue/other-products-(cloning)/gel-loading-dye,-purple-(6x)).
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You have residual ethanol in your sample which is causing the sample to float out of the well when you attempt to load it even with loading dye present. It's NOT the loading dye so don't waste your time on that. I assume you are using a column based kit to purify your plasmid. Be sure to do an extra spin (after the last wash) to remove any remaining wash buffer then elute your sample.
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#balance_scale #lyophilization #weighing
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Yung Hsing Huang
Thanks!
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For my PhD, I am measuring glucocorticoid metabolite levels in flying squirrel feces. I have freeze-dried the fecal samples and am now at the stage of crushing them (using a mortar and pestle) so that they can be weighed. The desired weight is 0.05g, but I am finding that a lot of the samples are smaller than this. On top of that, the process of moving the sample to a mortar, pestling it, and moving it back to the tube is resulting in lots of lost sample (i.e., ground sample is getting stuck to mortar and pestle because of static). I have heard that some people use a micropestle to grind the samples directly in the tube to overcome this. Have others found this to work well? Does the sample get sufficiently ground for glucocorticoid analysis? Do folks have any other tips?
Thank you!
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That is our standard extarction protocol for rodents (e.g. Palme et al., 2013), where normally not much feces is avialable. But it works very well - to our experience you can go down to 20 mg, but should not use less. We add 1 ml 80% methanol (for the 50 mg) - or aliquots in case of less (e.g. 0.9 ml for 45 mg; 0.8 ml/40 mg , etc..) to have a constant "dilution factor". Our group-specific EIAs are sensitive enough to measure the GC metabolites there (after a 1:10 or 1:20 dilution of the extract!) - so no problem so far.
Re your primary question: We homogenize (crush with a metal spatula, or you may even use a metal screw) the dried feces directly in eppendorf cups and then weight the 50 mg into a new Eppendorf cup for extraction. Alternatively, you may also use a tissue homogenisator (or a vibrating ball mill), but only recommended when you have large sample numbers (but this is of course much faster!)!!
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Hello!
I am going to dissolve phenylalanine and phenylpyruvic acid in the medium.
It is a very small amount of about 2mg, so there is a lot of loss when weighing it.
Then, I want to make a high-concentration stock in advance and dilute it before use.
To do this, I'm trying to freeze the culture medium, but is it still stable?
We also considered dissolving it in PBS or DMSO. However, I found that the pH of PBS changes after freezing, and DMSO is cytotoxic, so I am concerned.
If there is another way, please let me know.
I look forward to the help of many people.
I'm sorry my English is not good.
Thank you!
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You could try dissolving in 0.5 ml of Sodium Hidro-oxide or Hydrochloric acid solution. Must ensure proper pH level while mixing.
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I am interested in purchasing a slide scanner for histology and was presented with the Motic EasyScan Pro but I have never heard of the company, nor know of anyone who has used the system. Can anyone weigh in on the quality and their experience? TIA
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نعم يوجد بعض الاشخاص لديهم خبرة في هذا المجال
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Hello,
I am having some trouble deciding the accurate way to calculate my initial extract concentration. This is what I have done:
1) I weighed my empty urine cup.
2) I weighed 1g of my plant and placed them in the empty urine cup and I performed my extraction process that involved soaking the plant powder with the solvent, then centrifugation, filtration, and evaporation, and I was left with the concentrated plant extract.
3) I weighed my urine cup afterward and subtracted it from the first weight and was left with 100mg of plant extract
Do I consider now using my initial powder weight (1g) as my initial concentration and reconstitute it with my solvent (for example in 10ml of methanol and the concentration becomes 100mg/ml)?
Or do I use the 100mg that I obtained after evaporation and use it as my initial concentration (for example 1ml of methanol and the concentration becomes 100mg/ml)?
which is more accurate?
Thank you!
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Dear Marah Al Taher thanks for sharing this interesting chemical problem with other RG members.When you used e.g. 10 ml of methanol for the extraction process and extracted 100 mg of soluble products, then your initial concentration was 100 mg / 10 ml or 10 mg / ml. However, in the end you can use your 100 mg of extracted material to make solutions of any concentrations you want.
Good luck with your work and best wishes!
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I collected daily feces from two mouse groups and stored them in -80°C. Now i'm prepared to compare TG content in feces of two groups following a method which was entitled "Lipid Extraction from Mouse Feces" (this method was published in Bio Protoc. 2015 Jan 5; 5(1): e1375.).
1. Dry the feces at 60°C overnight about 11 hours (this step is personally added)
2. Weigh exactly 1000mg of dry feces per mouse and powderize it using the tissue grinder.
3. Add 5ml of normal saline to 1000 mg of powderized feces in a 15-ml tube and vortex.
4. Add 5 ml of choroform: methanol mix (2:1 by volume)and vortex.
5. Centrifuge the suspension at 1000 × g for 10 min at room temperature. Afterwards a phenomenon that two liqiud phase seperated by a solid phase will happen. The lower liquid phase contains the extracted lipids in chlorofoem:methanol mix.
6.Use needle to drain out the lipid containg lower liquid phase.
7.Place the collected lower lipid phase in a stand under a fume hood, leave the tubes alone for 3-4 days until all liquid is evaporated.
8.Analyze lipid mass of feces in grams.
TO assess lipid concentration
9.Dissove solid lipid in 1ml isopropanol. Use Wako LabAssayTM Triglyceride(GPO ・ DAOS method) to test TG .
I have several questions and will
appreciate some advice from more experienced people.
Q1: After adding choroform: methanol mix (step4 ), how long will it takes to completely extract lipid from grined feces? Is it necessary to use a shaking platform for overnight?
Q2: when lower liqiuid phase drain out from the pore (step6), some granulum from solid phase may also come out which will greatly influence lipid mass analysis. Is there some advice?
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A period of overnight will be better for complete separation of both organic (Lipid) and inorganic layers. The flask should kept witout any disruption.
Filter the content (Organic-Lipid phase) using sodium sulphate to avoid the unwanted materials.
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A lysimeter decreased in weight by 120 kg over a period when irrigation and rain was 30 mm. What was the evapotranspiration (in mm) if the area of the lysimeter was 1 m2 an the height 0.8 m ?
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In this case ET will 150 {120 +30 (irrigation and rainwater)} mm only. increase or decrease in weight in lysimeter by one kg will be equal to one mm in depth.
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My query is, has anyone worked with the compound, I got a 250 mg bottle from SIGMA. But I will only need about 70mg and planning to store the rest for further use.
Should I weigh and resuspend per use? or resuspend the whole amount and aliquot ?
The chemical is very light sensitive and that's why I ask if someone can help me with this.
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I stored the powder in the freezer wrapped in foil. Aliquots can also stay in the freezer. I made small aliquots for a single use so I wouldn't have to freeze thaw.
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I have seen that in Gekko gecko they use 1 volt to obtain seminal samples, but I search for Phyllodactylidae individuals that weigh 6-7 grams and measure 5-7 cm.
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Determing the value of electroejaculation as a method of semen collection in lizards and chelonians. Read that paper
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I am interested in the causes of war and wish to investigate the role of alliances in causing wars via case studies. My current hypothesis is that as alliance networks tighten between countries, war becomes more likely. What might be a typical, deviant and critical case to study on this topic? If possible, can you also explain why you think each case you suggest is a good case study for me (so I have something to weigh on for my research). Please do help me in this regard.
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I would challenge the assumption that alliance networks "tighten". The definition of casus foederis is what really matters in real life. You do not go to war unconditionally just because you are a member of an alliance. In a hegemonic alliance weaker partners may be dragged into war by a hegemon (III Reich, Romania and Hungary). Warsaw Pact could be seen as another example, although the war stopped at being Cold War. In a more balanced alliance (in terms of power and influence of its members) this may not work this way. Article IV in NATO may serve as a good example of "checks and balances mechanism" to avoid being dragged into war just because of being an allied nation.
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I am trying to build a conveyor that weighs the products while moving, but there are several challenges:
1- As the conveyor is big , I am using four load cells at the corners.
2- the conveyor is too fast, the sensor must have low time response.
3- the accuracy of the available load cells is not that sufficient.
My question is : is it possible to train a neural network with the used weights, so when the four load cells detect certain oscillation they predict the right weight?
Thank you,
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Dear Karim Amr
Apparently yes, some proposed model uses deep learning algorithms to convert text data containing the core content of the paper into numerical data in the data embedding step and predicts the future growth potential of the technology in the prediction step. A recent study used deep learning to predict new technologies.
Kind Regards
Qamar Ul Islam
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I have in my lab TCA bottle. It is used and still ca. 200 g. However, i notice that it might contain some water because it is hygroscopic.
I want to prepare 20% TCA solution to be used for protein precipitation. I work on marine invertebrate.
I tried yesterday: I weighed 22 grams. Under fume hood, I put TCA in a glass dish and heated below using a hotplate for 1 hour. I noticed that it turns into dark yellow fluid and recovered 3 ml only (almost 4 grams).
22 - 4= 18 grams lost. Do you think this amount was water. Or do you think much of TCA has evaporated as well.
Thank You
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P.S. I assume that the dark yellow liquid which you obtained after your experiment contains mostly decomposition products. I would not use it for further experiments and better dicard it. You can also check the purity of your TCA sample by NMR. Chances are that you can use the acid straight from the bottle and that you don't need to worry about a small water content. 😊
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It is related to plant anti-nutrient analysis.
Method says:
The oxalate content was determined by the method of titration as described by Idris et al. (2019). A gram of the pulverized sample was weighed into a volumetric flask containing 75 mL of 3M H2SO4, and the mixture was stirred with a magnetic stirrer for an hour. The mixture was filtered, and 5 mL of the filtrate was transferred into a conical flask, and titrated against 0.05M KMnO4 until a reddish-brown color persists marking the endpoint. The oxalate content was calculated and expressed as 2.2 mg oxalate as an equivalent to 1 mL of 0.05 M KMnO4.
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It means that 1 ml of 0.05 M KMnO4 eq. to 2.2 mg of oxalate.
Calculate oxalate percentage in sample as below formula;
Volume of 0.05 M KMnO4 used multiplying 2.2 multiplying 100 divided by sample taken = answer
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I need to add 4 volumes of 5% MPA as a stabilizier to red blood cell pellet (after plasma separation). Can someone help me calculate what this 4 volumes mean? Will I need to weigh the RBC and then multiply that with 4 to understand the volume of MPA?
e.g. if I have 1mg of RBC pellet, I add 4 mL MPA?
Thanks!
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Adrita Banerjee is right
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Hi everyone, I have purified my bacterial protein weigh 22kda after purification I start concentrating it but after concentrating a few ml my protein start precipitating aven I have kept my ph 1 unit above the Pi of protein. Any suggestion?
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Dear Asmat,
To elaborate on Manuele Martinelli's answer.
The ionic strength and pH are very important parts of the equation, and indeed 200mM Phosphate gives on its own a quite high ionic strength. If you directly go down to 20mM phosphate without any salt to compensate that sudden 10-fold drop in ionic strength, that could in itself already cause issues. Just in case : a quick check of protein stability in various buffers could help finding more optimal conditions (see e.g. 10.1002/0471140864.ps2809s79)
The question of reducing agent Manuele mentioned is also important, though as it was generously present in your starting buffer, lack of it is less likely to cause a strong precipitation within the relatively short timescale of a concentration.
The method of concentration can indeed also be quite sensitive. In the widespread centrifuge conical filters (that I would assume you used), the protein tends to accumulate near the filter, creating quite high local concentrations at the bottom of the funnel which (if the buffer is not optimal for the protein) could trigger precipitation. I would suggest in this hypothetical case to :
- frequently resuspend your concentrate by pipetting to prevent this accumulation
- change your concentration method e.g.:
- ultrafiltration using pressurised gas, which is typically done in stirring cells that prevent such accumulation on the membrane.
- using a centrifuge filter where the membrane is above the protein solution (on a plunger) thereby preventing that strong local accumulation.
- though requiring high quality salts and some preliminary calculations, you could try a dialysis against your final buffer supplemented with high-purity high-molecular weight PEG, which when osmotic pressure is gentle enough is a very soft way of concentrating while buffer exchanging
- there are methods of native precipitation of the protein (e.g ammonium sulfate) but I would maybe skip on that in an already aggregation prone protein
- just in case, even though I am pretty sure you didn't overlook that, double check that your membrane cutoff is much lower than your 22 kDa protein.
Finally : there are proteins that unfortunately don't stand millimolar concentrations. In the unfortunate case yours would also behave so: try to very progressively concentrate part of your sample, regularly checking attained concentration, until precipitation occurs. You would then know where you need to stop. One can still record good multidimentional spectra - including NOESY - on a sample of only a few hundreds of uM.
good luck!
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Samples held in plastic beakers have a lot of static electricity after freeze-drying, which makes it difficult to weigh the samples and will waste a lot of samples, what is the way to remove the static electricity from the samples?
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Dear Mr Bowen that's a very important technical question of broad general interest to many RG members. For a potentially useful guide on how to deal with this problem, please have a look at the following link:
Eliminating Inaccuracy in Precision Weighing Caused by Static Charge
Also please see:
Electrostatic Charges and Their Effects on Weighing - How to deal with static samples to achieve fast and accurate results
This practically important question has also been frequently discussed on RG before. Thus it might be interesting having a look at the answers given to the following closely related questions:
Is there any special trick to weighing high static compounds accurately on an analytical balance?
(6 answers)
and
Can anyone suggest a way to deal with static electricity build up in organosilica powders?
(5 answers)
I hope this helps. Good luck with your work and best wishes, Frank Edelmann
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I am conducting research of stomach content of fish that mostly larvae. However, i can't get the value of Fullness index as most fish are small so that the stomach contents can't be weighed and i have only 0.0001 precision weighing scale
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Have you tried to weight the whole fish, removing the stomach contents and then measuring the fish again? the difference of the values should be a estimation of the contents's weight.
If it isn't possible, you could pretty much use Archimedes buoyant force: the weight of dislocated water should equate the weight of the mass you put on the water... You just need a small graduated beaker filled with water. Then, weight is just density (you can get a estimation of water density on the internet) X dislocated volume (that you measure on the beaker). It is not as precise as a scale, but should do it.
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Hello,
As the question states, I intend to automatically log the data from my digital balance at a set time interval (if a set time interval creates too much complexity then I am fine with the default rate).
Most guides I have seen online are sort of semi-automatic where I would need to press the 'print' button on the scale in order for the balance to transmit the mass data to the computer. Is there any way for this to be automated so I do not have to sit and press the 'print' button for every reading.
Any help would be appreciated.
Thank you
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It depends on your balance. If you didn't find a solution to your problem in the manual of the balance, and if you are free to modifiy the balance, I guess the simplest and most inexpensive way would be the following:
1. Open the balance, and find the two conductors you are closing when you press the print button. In the simplest case, this is a trace leading to an input of a microcontroller, and GND. But if there are several buttons, they might be (electrically) arranged in a matrix.
2. Test your findings by soldering two wires to the two conductors at suitable points, bring the balance back to the original state (with the new wires leaving the housing, of course), and connect the wires by, say, a 470 Ohm resistor. If this results in the same action as triggered by the print button: Congratulations! Otherwise, loop back to point 1.
3. If one of the conductors found in step 1. is GND, measure the voltage between the unconnected wires. If it is 5 V or less, you can probably switch the "hot wire" by an output pin of a microcontroller. If you found a key matrix, you can use an analog switch IC, e.g. 74HC4066 or MAX322CPA. These solid-state switches can be opened and closed by a logic signal, so again, you can use a microcontroller to drive them.
4. Choose a microcontroller. In case of switching 5V to GND, choose one which can be supplied by 5V. Otherwise, 3.3V should be o.k., too. Virtually all microcontrollers include timers. With the help of a timer (and about 20 lines of software), you can trigger the data transmission in arbitrary time intervals.
5. If you opt for the de luxe solution, you could attach a small display and a rotary knob to the microcontroller. Thus, you could adjust the time without changing your program.
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Vancomycin powder product detail states
≥80% (HPLC)
potency  1023 μg per mg (anhydrous basis)
impurities  ≤10% water
When deciding how much for weigh for MIC testing following CLSI guidelines, should the potency given as 1023 μg per mg be taken or should we calculate using the
potency=(assay purity)* (active fraction)*(1 - water content) formula?
Thanks in advance
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i agree with J.L.Champika Sajeewa Perera
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Hi all, I have been working on the quantification of chitin in insect samples and feed for a while but I can notice that the quantification methods (e.g. exposure to HCl, NaOH, and weighing sample on a filter) I previously tested are not very accurate. In our lab we only have the ability to measure absorbance and fluorescence, do you have any protocols I could try?
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I would prefer the quantification of glucosamine by chromatography after hydrolysis. However, you need an HPLC system for this approach.
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Can anyone identify what kind of Schistosome species this might be? Morphological features of cercariae and adults resemble Trichobilharzia, though I am fairly new to the field of parasitology and would appreciate more seasoned individuals weighing in. I've provided unstained microscope images of specimens at various levels of magnification as attachments. Though to be honest, I'm not always confident in my ability to tell the difference between specimens and bubbles/dust/fibers that could be contaminating my slides. The last three pictures were taken on a higher powered microscope with the assistance of more senior faculty.
If interested, I would be happy to share more images upon request.