Knowledge Creation - Science topic

Over the past decades, a number of sources of globalization have emerged. One of them is technological progress, which has led to a sharp reduction in transport and communication costs, a significant reduction the costs of processing, storing and using information.

The second source of globalization is trade liberalization and other forms of economic liberalization that have curtailed protectionist policies and made world trade freer. As a result there were tariffs have been substantially reduced, and many other barriers to trade in goods and services have been removed. Other liberalization measures have led to an increase in the movement of capital and other factors of production.

The third source of globalization can be considered a significant expansion of the scope of organizations, which became possible both as a result of technological progress and wider horizons of management on basis of new means of communication. Thus, many companies that previously focused only on local markets have expanded their production and marketing capabilities, reaching the national, multinational, international and even global level.

Globalization brings not only benefits, it is fraught with negative consequences or potential problems, which some of its critics see as a great danger.

One of the main problems is related to the question: who benefits from globalization? In fact, most of the benefits are rich countries or individuals. The unfair distribution of the benefits of globalization gives rise to the threat of conflicts at the regional, national and international levels.

The second problem is related to potential regional or global instability due to the interdependence of national economies at the global level. Local economic fluctuations or crises in one country may have regional or even global implications.

The third set of problems posed by globalization is caused by the fear that control over the economies of individual countries may shift from sovereign governments to other hands, including the most powerful states, multinational or global corporations and international organizations.

Because of this, some see globalization as an attempt to undermine national sovereignty. For this reason, globalization can make national leaders feel helpless before its forces, and the electorate - antipathy towards her. Such sentiments can easily turn into extreme nationalism and xenophobia with calls for protectionism, lead to the growth of extremist political movements, which is potentially fraught with serious conflicts.

The problem generated by globalization - the infringement of national sovereignty and the independence of political leaders - can also be largely resolved on the basis of international cooperation, for example, by a clear delineation of the powers of the parties, i.e. national governments and their leaders, on the one hand, and international organizations and multinational or global corporations, on the other. The very involvement of political leaders in building the necessary institutions to deal with these and other globalization-related issues will help them regain the sense that they are in control of their future and in control of their positions in the world.

Globalized world. In the meantime, unfortunately, the world is moving in the opposite direction, along the path of political and military dictate of a strong

weak, that in the context of globalization of all aspects of the life of the world community, it is fraught with a global confrontation.

The current crisis of the Western economy is not a recession because it is not cyclical and is not limited to 12-16 months. What is happening in the US and Europe today is a structural crisis, a process that began in the fourth quarter of 2021 and will continue for at least five years without interruption. However, the West does not understand the causes and essence of the crisis, because they do not have theories describing it. That is why, according to the economist, the American and European authorities are doing stupid things instead of effective measures to resolve problems.

It was impossible to avoid this crisis, because they went too far. They have expanded private consumption so much that they can no longer keep it. You need to name the main number. There is an indicator in the United States that they do not disclose in public discussion: this is the level of price growth for all industrial goods, not only for final goods entering the wholesale trade, but in general for everything, from raw materials to the final product. For the first time, the rise in prices for manufactured goods exceeded the level of the late 1970s. The previous peak was at the end of 1947. There are 23 with something percent.

The entire system of socio-political management in the West, both in the USA and in Europe, is built through representatives of the middle class, qualified consumers. Today this instrument is being destroyed. Instead of the middle class, new poor people appear, who have a middle-class attitude, but they have no money.

The sanctions pressure on Russia has exacerbated the economic problems of the West. European financiers note that EU politicians are afraid to take responsibility for decisions taken under the slogans of transatlantic solidarity and assistance to Ukraine.

In fact, this whole situation with global confrontation and the breakdown of the dollar system is disastrous for the United States not by economic factors, but by intellectual ones. Roughly speaking, Washington will undoubtedly lose to Moscow only because the US does not even have a concept of a plan to solve the colossal economic problems and save the dollar system.

Intellectual life in the US and Russia goes in opposite directions. The US has nothing left for a long time. There, no one can imagine even a weak positive scenario. The complete absence of any thought, not to mention the concept.

There are two articles that show this gap from different perspectives and that can be complemented. One takes it from education in general and the other from education for health practice. I hope they serve you, best regards.

In recent years, technological innovations, including, for example, innovations in the field of new information technologies, ICT and Industry 4.0, increase the possibilities of international operation of enterprises and corporations. These processes take place in many economic entities operating internationally and thus accelerate the processes of informational, technological and economic globalization.

Regards,

Dariusz Prokopowicz

Very interesting topic.

Dear,Nida ji

Knowledge management and entrepreneurship

David B. Audretsch, Maksim Belitski, […]Erik E. Lehmann

International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal volume 16, pages373–385(2020)Cite this article

To remove the possibility of validating indigenous knowledge, regimented pee_(re)viewed mass production of present-day academic science is taking every conceivable measure to raise obstacles to non-intersubjectivistic knowledge.

Hi Magnus,

I have attached for you one chapter from my book:

Handzic M. and Zhou A.Z. (2005), Knowledge Management: An Integrative Approach, Chandos Publishing, Oxford, UK.

It reviews different perspectives on KM and introduces my own model.

Hopefully, it will be useful in answering your question.

Meliha

Philosophy teaches us how to think. It is not a "science", a set of "sciences", and has not any compromises with ideas of "innovation", "creativity", even less with "technology", "design" and all the other words that are nowadays used and abused around knowledge. However, philosophy is indispensable for sciences, scientific research, and knowledge innovation precisely because it illuminates how to ask, how to inquiry, and how to search for knowledgeable answers. Most of the main subjects of philosophy still are long-term inquiries on the meaning of life, moral conduct, the value of knowledge, human virtues, love, or justice that have been discussed for thousands of years, finding new answers and paths towards a meaningful humanistic life. Philosophy doesn't need to be innovative but only to be serious and profound, keeping epistemic requirements, logic processes, and ontological exactions. It is enough to maintain philosophy with its original wonderful meaning: philein and sophia or the love of wisdom.

Hello. In my modest opinion, they are related. Greater KCP are achieved thanks to the learning. Additionally, I would say that is also related to absorptive capacity of organization too.

Hi.,

The SECI model comes out of research in knowledge management, which is related to organizational learning, business administration, and information systems. SECI stands for socialization, externalization, combination, internalization—a model of knowledge creation proposed by Ikujiro Nonaka..

Knowledge creation refers to the continuous combination, transfer, and conversion of different kinds of knowledge. ... Knowledge creation is the formation of new notions and concepts. This occurs through interactions between explicit and tacit knowledge in people's minds.

I personally do believe that learning has effects on our behaviour. Perhaps I am influenced by Plato.

knowledge is the basis of everything! therefore, the study of knowledge management, from whatever point of view you will face, is an issue that will always have an application.

, design thinking mostly originated in project management and business operations in general. It's an iterative process that promotes creativity and out of the box thinking. Part of the process involves coming up with potential solutions to a problem, no matter how absurd, and then another part involves culling those potential solutions by reasonableness. It is also very user focused (in this case, pretty much everyone is a user of science, either directly or indirectly).

These two articles explain how to identify/create knowledge, keep it in a reusable and easy format for further use:

Dear Muhammad Shujahat, Tom Broekel and Jay Klagge,

Thank you for for your answers to my question. I formulate this question since there is a huge inertia in accepting new ideas in understanding the concepts of knowledge, knowledge dynamics, knowledge management and intellectual capital. For details, I attached two papers to explain some aspects of this new framework. Thanks again for your contribution!

I found the best definitions of 3 concepts in InfoSense, a book by noted mathematician Keith Devlin. In short: data=code, information=message and knowledge=action. He provides an example to demonstrate this: grey clouds=code, message=it will rain, action=bring an umbrella

Dear all

Thank you so much for your inputs

Thanks to Ette Etuk

Thanks toDebopam Ghosh

Thanks toSafa Aouinti

Have a wonderful day.

Best Regards

Nishad.

Following up on John's answers, you need to specify a little bit more what you mean by outsourcing.

Simply outsourcing manufacturing to an external supplier might indeed lead to a loss of knowledge and capability on the buyer side. That is why many companies--starting with Japanese automotive companies---increasingly use supplier engineers in their development projects. So what you see is that companies first outsource, and then develop a deliberate knowledge-sharing routine for integrating supplier knowledge and capabilities into their innovation efforts. This is called Supplier Involvement/Integration in NPD.

People also sometimes refer to 'design of buy design' as another level of decision making regarding outsourcing.

See

Iansiti & Clark https://academic.oup.com/icc/article-abstract/3/3/557/696611

Le Dain et al

Chen & Chen (2006) reviewed more than 100 papers and classified methods that have been used to measure and evaluation KM performance. I believe that this is still the most comprehensive report on the topic.

I think the social component is important in the relationship between employers and employees / when employees who have tacit knowledge, they get paid, compensation, health care and everything is available / employers will be able to transfer this implicit knowledge into explicit knowledge. can you read :

God may inspire you with an idea, through which you get a patent, It may seem impossible at first

Hi Suthartan

Value recognition of weak signal and its use in entreperneurship has not been so much explored.

The best,

Pierre

Knowledge creation is a  difficult process and measuring that will itself be a difficult process.

I do not think that a questionnaire will  be adequate. Just consider this: do you know what you know? I do not  myself know what I know...  what I know is hidden in the innermost recesses of my mind. When I face a problem, somehow or other, various things I learnt, I experienced, and succeeded or failed spectacularly come together and I might, if I am lucky have a solution. Sometimes, I have to go back to the grinding wheel and start anew and again fail. In that process I have created new knowledge for myself... but how will I measure that? I really do not know. Perhaps others do.

 So the question worth throwing up is this: is it really possible to measure knowledge creation. What would be the measurement units or  variables? That said, various people have used inventions or patents granted as a proxy measure of knowledge, of innovation and such like. But, please do not be put off by my view. Perhaps, you might come up with something and  original way of "measuring knowledge" and I shall be happy for you and applaud your work.

Good luck.

Hello Ms Kuhne,

I chanced to come by, or on to your questions and they  intrigued me. At the outset I must admit that I am not a food scientist;   I am an innovator.  I also happen to be an academic who  has been involved in teaching  innovation and technology, innovation and entrepreneurship, or  courses that were variations on those themes. Thus,  your questions were  a source of puzzlement to me. And my response may well be unusual. Your questions which I quote were:

“a) How should a network be structured in order to facilitate innovation and knowledge exchange of (food) SMEs?

b) Which methods could be applied to enrich our understanding of SMEs' needs for innovation and knowledge exchange? “

The first one seem to implicitly suggest that innovation  ( and perhaps knowledge exchange amongst food SMEs) is not occurring to the extent that you would like. If this is indeed the case, there is a tacit acceptance on your part that networks may well  or could help

The second question seems to suggest that we need methods “to enrich our understanding of SMEs’ needs for innovation and knowledge exchange”. Is that correct? Is that what you  are seeking to achieve?

If innovation is not occurring, this is what I would suggest by way of innovation, again  not through the lens of a food scientist but as an innovator of sorts with a general interest in all things innovative. We know for a  fact that  with the long period of drought in  some parts of Africa, there is food shortage. 1) Why not work on developing crops that  do not need much water?  2) Why not develop crops that can grow quickly when the rains come, albeit over just a few days? 3)  Why not develop methods to conserve water that comes  incessantly and unexpectedly? 4) Why not develop crops that can cope with long periods of drought and still produce a healthy yield?   Those obviously apply to Africa. 

But here are a few more: Why not develop crops that  are pest resistant? Why not develop crops that are not affected by the use of pesticide, and  if  used, do not affect those who consume such food? – I assume that food treated with pesticides may have undesirable effects on humans. Please correct me if I am wrong.

Moving away from Africa to  the rich West, I notice that many food items  being sold in our supermarkets  contain all kinds of preservatives such as, for instance, nitrites and other chemicals , including phosphoric acid, alcohol  supposedly used to preserve them, to enhance taste like MSG,  to raise sweetness levels like additive sugar, aspartame, stevia, and  all those additive substances that run the gamut from A-numbers to Z-numbers  including E-numbers. They may extend shelf-life and endow the food with  all sorts of desirable characteristics. Personally speaking, aspartame and stevia cause a bad taste in my mouth and  even nausea.  Is it not possible to  come up with some innovative processes that do not require the use of such  factory-produced chemicals, or synthetic chemicals to act as shelf-life extenders or as taste enhancers or as appearance modifiers ( colouring agents)  so that  they look fresh, appetizing, etc? 

Again, putting on my technology hat, why not develop some form of technology that shows how much longer the food can be consumed, once the sell-by, eat-by dates have actually been reached.  In that suggestion, I can see that food  suppliers, the last in the supply chain,  may not be happy as it might be inimical to their financial interests. Nonetheless, in that  way, we will be able to reduce food wastage. There are a whole range of social actions, often innovative,  that can reduce food waste, I am certain of that. That said, would supermarkets and their suppliers or all parties in the food supply chain be happy to  help?

Coming to your question b) which I take at face value, I am wondering if SME’s still do not understand the need for innovation.  As for knowledge exchange, a Master’s degree student of mine studied  the effects on innovation of  SME’s participating in EU-funded consortia, and the results were not always beneficial to the SMEs when consortia members also included larger parties. Coming to methods, I am at loss to understand what you are driving at. Perhaps you meant something else but articulated in a  manner that resulted in a misinterpretation, particularly by this present writer.  Do feel free to contact me here  or preferably by email to discuss any statements I have made that do not resonate with you. I am of course willing to help you from a  technologist’s viewpoint, should you so desire. I do know something about networks.

My own experience, finally,  is that knowledge-sharing is unlikely to occur between distant actors in the same company; perhaps in other industries -- I worked in the computer industry - it may happen. But, when I was able to bring them  together by inviting them  them  to come to the place I was located (in The Netherlands), with of course my manager's blessing and approval, there was a free flow of information, and yes, knowledge exchange of a a high quality. And this exchange continued when they went back to the UK, USA, Israel,  Italy, Germany, France, etc, or wherever they came from..

I could go on, but shall  go for that period or full stop right now.

Best wishes.

Lucio, thanks again for your detailed reply - apparently I have not been able to make my point clear enough. As I have no other idea how to rephrase my view, I also stop at this point.

Dekkiche, let's hope you have found something relevant for your work. As for your revised question, I can only repeat that I don't see any reason to add environment as a helice on its own right. I would not mix actors and incentives: these are two different "dimensions" in any analysis. Actors have various incentives.  

I would not say that it can solve all the issues but at least it can help. One could e.g. summarize texts and combine texts from different sources to get the distillate out of this text collection.

One key is also to somehow make use of existing world knowledge combined with inference systems, as done by IBM's Watson.

Assuming your information need can be somehow modelled, this would allow to give you the information you need.

I think, the problem definition as highlighting knowledge spirals as a means to develop motivation is uncertain, namely

- motivation to do what? (Steven Reiss)

- rational or emotional motivation?

          - maybe the creative space has to be used to develop emotional motivation because knowledge spirals do not include any constituent emotions (individual, team/group, department, and organization)

Wierzbicki, A. and Nakamori, Y. (2006) “Basic dimensions of creative space”, In Creative Space: Models of Creative Processes for Knowledge Civilization Age, Wierzbicki, A. and Nakamori Y. (Eds.), Springer, Heidelberg, pp 59-90.

          - maybe the Targeted Knowledge Creation theory (TKC-theory) has to be used to articulate rational motivation because knowledge spirals do not have any explicit goals (individual, team/group, department, and organization)

Zol, yes Google Scholar is very useful & I use it regularly. But what sometimes happens on Research Gate is contribution of perspectives & experiences which are sometimes more interesting & current than Google Scholar. I am always keen to learn about other perspectives on the topic ... moreover, I think there are significant  limitations in the "search paradigm" of inquiry. 

Hi Saba et al.,

I am very sure that you are aware of it, but hopefully I can point you in a few directions that you might not be familiar with (at the same time as promoting the technology to others who have not heard of it).

Certainly the largest following for knowledge representation "languages" is the Resource Description Framework (RDF), which is the model that powers both the Semantic Web and the Linked Data web. It's a W3C standard, which is a very well respected consortium. It has plenty of ontologies ready for use in different domains. It is also enriched by a large web of open data in the form of the linked open data (LOD) cloud. SPARQL is the most well used query language, that acts a little bit like SQL does to a relational database. The power of RDF really comes when you pair it with cross-domain hyperlinking, and that's where the Linked Open Data cloud comes in.

I'd very highly recommend everyone looking into it. Here are some links....

* Linked Open Data cloud: http://lod-cloud.net/

* The LOD2 project which promoted LOD to public and private organisations in Europe, and provided them with consultancy, tutorials and a bespoke stack of technologies: http://lod2.eu/

* SKOS (Simple Knowledge Organisation System), an RDF ontology for making frame-like data: http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/

* Rule Interchange Format (RIF): http://www.w3.org/2005/rules/wiki/Primer

* TRiG is very important for serialisation of Named Entities and RDF datasets: http://wifo5-03.informatik.uni-mannheim.de/bizer/trig/

* I've used TRiG quite a while ago with XLWrap which transforms Excel spreadsheets into RDF: http://xlwrap.sourceforge.net/

I hope that all helps, and is interesting!

Daniel

I wrote a chapter that may be relevant: Kaufmann, G., & Runco, M. A. (2009). Knowledge management and the management of creativity. In T. Rickard, M. A. Runco, & S. Moger (Eds.), Companion to creativity and innovation (pp. 149-159).  United Kingdom: Routledge. I think other chapters in the same volume may be relevant, too, and I know the citations in Kaufmann and Runco are relevant because we started off by describing knowledge creation and innovation.

Dear Akbar,

In additional to the responses posted by Antonio (including his excellent paper on knowledge capability flows in buyer-supplier relationships), and Islam, it might also be worth looking at other studies that have provided some empirical evidence on the some of the attributes associated with knowledge management (KM) and their impact on supply chain management (SCM). For example, the study by Oloruniwo and Li (2010) looks at information technology (which can be considered as part of knowledge management) and reverse logistics (which is part of supply chain management) and how the collaborative nature might improve the company’s performance. The full reference to the above citation is as follows:

Olorunmiwo, F.O. and Li, X. (2010), “Information sharing and collaboration practices in reverse logistics”, Supply Chain Management: An International Journal, Vol. 15, No. 6, pp. 454-462.

In response to the ‘how’ aspect of the question (ii), this would obviously build on the response(s) to the first question once you have identified the specific areas of SCM and KM and Hazen et al. (2014) study comes to mind as it explores the connections between information systems and reverse logistics. Full reference below:

Hazen, B.T., Huscroft, J., Hall, D.J., Weigel, F.K. and Hanna, J.B. (2014), “Reverse logistics information system success and the effect of motivation”, International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management, Vol. 44, No. 3, pp. 201-220.

Other studies that you could look up include the following:

Daugherty, P.J., Myers, M.B. and Richey, R.G. (2002), “Information support for reverse logistics: the influence of relationship commitment”, Journal of Business Logistics, Vol. 23, No. 1, pp. 85-106.

Daugherty, P.J., Richey, R.G., Genchev, S.E. and Chen, H. (2005), “Reverse logistics: superior performance through focussed resource commitments to information technology”, Transportation Research: Part E, Vol. 41, No. 2, pp. 77-92.

All the best with your research,

Nicholas

Hi

Please accept my apologies for the delay in responding. I have actually now completed my PhD thesis but am now working on book and would be really interested in any opportunities to get audio recordings (anonymous of course) or organizational meetings to use as data for this, The book will be published next year.

What you are describing is to rely solely on codified knowledge, i.e. knowledge that has been coded into such things as papers and books. This is one form of knowledge transmission, however it has some definite drawbacks.

There are somethings that cannot be transferred via codified knowledge, e.g. "know how" how to do  certain things like ride a bike or make certain kinds of japanese pottery. Now you can write down certain steps but there are somethings that cannot be written down e.g. how a soup is supposed to taste or how to create a beautiful yet strong weld. Other kinds of knowledge that can't be transferred via this method are such forms of knowledge such as cultural knowledge or "know why" why do we do things this way? What does it really mean when your boss says, "I suggest you rethink that decision." This kind of knowledge is only transferred through lived experience. Now sometimes it is transferred via stories but the stories need to be told within the context of the culture so you understand the exact nature of the meaning of the stories. 

If interested, I can refer you further to the works of Polanyi, Spender and Nonaka to get a handle on these different kinds of knowledge.

There appears to be confusion between intellectual property and knowledge in this thread. Intellectual property is a legal term and is defined in the legal concepts of property/ownership. Knowledge is not a legal term and knowledge can be shared by all, discovered by many simultaneously and contains both proprietary and general knowledge.

While I can see the advantages of an ultra utopian world where IP is shared it is of course sheer fantasy. Research costs a great deal of money, a great deal of effort and even huge emotional cost. The data obtained has been 'earned' by the researcher and she deserves to get a benefit from it.

To those who do believe that IP should be shared I advise that they leave the keys in their cars that others may share the use of them. They should give any spare room in their houses to the homeless and share their food with all of their neighbours.

Intelectual property is as real as the physical property described above. It is earned and it is owned. I agree fully with Dirk and Eigentum verpflictet is an elegant way of describing the obligations of ownership. Selling rights to use intellectual property is perfectly ethical and should be seen as no different to requiring rent for a room or wages for work.

Henry Ford established mass production techniques based on methods of breaking the tasks into small repetitive steps that will be done by labor trained for that task. Highly repetitive and meant for large production volumes. The main change that has taken place is the increasing need for flexibility. This requires the labor to be multitasking and involved in the production process thereby giving them more satisfaction.