Science topic

# Knot Theory - Science topic

In topology, knot theory is the study of mathematical knots. While inspired by knots which appear in daily life in shoelaces and rope, a mathematician's knot differs in that the ends are joined together so that it cannot be undone. In precise mathematical language, a knot is an embedding of a circle in 3-dimensional Euclidean space, R3.
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Does anyone know of applications of multiple sums of a sequence?
I know of the Multiple Zeta values (which is a multiple sum of 1/N^s). This has multiple applications in quantum physics, QED, QCD, connection between knot theory and quantum physics, ...
Does anyone know of potential applications for this more general form which is a general multiple sums? I have written an article about it and about its applications including partition identities, polynomial identities. I wanted to know if anyone know of applications outside mathematics or additional applications in math.
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A generalized pretzel knot (or link) is an unoriented link that, up to isotopy, bounds an unoriented, possibly non-orientable surface P(t_1,...,t_k) formed by joining two parallel 2-disks in horizontal planes in R^3 with k bands that have vertical line segments as their core arcs, where the ith band has t_i half-twists. (A classical pretzel has k = 3; if k = 2 you get a torus knot or link of type (2,t_1+t_2); if k = 1 you get an unknot.) I would like an algorithm (if possible) to pass from (t_1,...,t_k) to a closed braid representation of any one of (or all of?) the oriented links that can be obtained by variously orienting the components of the generalized pretzel P(t_1,...,t_k).
An interesting, possibly suggestive, example is P(-3,3,-2). It is a non-orientable surface. Its boundary is the knot 8_20, a ribbon knot. The ribbon disk it bounds corresponds to the "band representation" (my language) (b(1),b(2)) in the 3-string braid group B_3, where b(1)=\sigma_1 and b(2)=(\sigma_2)^3\sigma_1(\sigma_2)^{-3}; in particular, the closure of the braid
\sigma_1(\sigma_2)^3\sigma_1(\sigma_2)^{-3} is 8_20. Furthermore, if you draw the standard closed-braid diagram of that length 8 3-string braid, its non-orientable checkerboard surface is isotopic (in the plane, or on S^2, depending on how you close your braids) to P(-3,3,-2). So in this one case (and of course a passel of very similar ones) there's an algorithm, sort of. But I don't see any way to make it much more general.
Google found me an article by a Polish physicist called, hopefully, "Braids for Pretzel Knots", but it doesn't seem helpful to me (and the most promising among his references don't actually appear to have the content that say what he says they say, although since I don't speak Physics the problem may be mine, not his). Other than that, Google found nothing. So here I am.
Perhaps Grigory Perelman's Poincaré conjecture solution provides the general algorithm.
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Which results of group theory are most important in knot theory?
A knot K is the embedding of the circle in the space R^3 or the 4 - dimensional sphere S^3. See, for example, the trefoil.
The fundamental group of K is the Poincare' group of
(R^3 \ K) or (S^3 \ K)
It is an interesting topic in Algebraic topology.
The attached article includes new and exciting results about the knots.
Best regards
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I found local move
identities of polynomial invariants for high dimensional knots.
I found
Alexsander(K_+)-Alexsander(K_-)=(t-1)Alexsander(K_0)
for a local move and high dimmensional knots K_+, K_-,K_0,
which is indicated in my paper below.
Local move identities for the Alexander polynomials of high dimensional knots and inertia groups
Journal of knot theory and its ramificatioms vol18, no.4 (2009) 531-545, math.GT/0512168, UTMS 97-63
In this paper I also found
Arf(K_+)-Arf(K_-)=(|bP_{4k+2} ∩ I(K_0)| + 1) mod 2,
for a local move and high dimmensional knots K_+, K_-,K_0,
where bP is the bP-subgroup of homotopy sphere groups and
I is the innertia group.
Furthermore we have
Alexsander(K_+)-Alexsander(K_-)=(t+1)Alexsander(K_0)
for a local move, which is indicated below.
Note the right hand side. It is (t+1) not (t-1). It is a new type.
Local moves on knots and products of knots (with Louis H. Kauffman)
Knots in Poland III-Part III Banach Center Publications Volume103 (2014), 159-209 Institute of Mathematics Warszawa 2014 　arXiv:1210.4667[math.GT]
Can String theory and QFT make an interpretation of the above local move
identities of polynomial invariants for high dimensional knots as in the 1-link case?
A great idea will be very interesting discussion .. Greetings
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I would like to know if there are any examples where the HOMFLY polynomial fails. Like two knots having the same polynomial when they shouldn't, or having different ones when they should be the same (this one is not possible I think, since then HOMFLY shouldn't be called invariant any more), or maybe chirality issues. Both Alexander and Jones have their breakpoints, so I assume HOMFLY does too.
What I've found until now is that we can not prove that HOMFLY polynomial is not perfect, but it is not likely to be perfect. I just wonder if anyone found a point where it fails, that I couldn't, an example that proves it wrong.
$5_1$ and $10_{132}$ are different knots with same Homfly polynomial. You can look at [Yılmaz Altun, "On the Homfly Polynomial", International Mathematical Forum, 2, 2007, no. 56, 2753 - 2757] and references therein.
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Is the projection of any spherical 2-knot that of a trivial 2-knot?
It is very well-known that the projection of any 1-knot is that of a trivial 1-knot.
I proved that for an integer n>2, there is a spherical n-knot whose projection is not the projection of any trivial knot. See the following paper.
Furthermore I proved that for an integer n>4, there is a spherical n-knot with the following properties: the projection is not the projection of any trivial knot. The singular point set consists of double points. The number of connected components of the singular point set is two. See the following paper.
Another question is: How about the n=3,4 case of this result?
The projections of n-knots which are not the projection of any unknotted knot Journal of knot theory and its ramificatioms 10 (2001) 121-132 , math.GT/0003088, UTMS 97-34.
Singularities of projections of n-dimensional knots Mathematical Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society, 126 (1999) 511-519, UTMS96-39, arXiv:1803.03221
This is a very interesting question.
A step towards an answer to this question can be found in 2-bridge knots (see, e.g., the attached image) in
E. KALFAGIANNI AND X.-S. LIN
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We produce pulp from cotton and now, there is a problem for separation remain cotton knots from obtained pulp. What are possible solutions to solve this problem, Deflaker,Centrifugal Cleaner, Turbo separator,..?
Dear Pejman,
How these knots are produced?  If they are produced from long fibers, I do not think we can open it as I visualize.  To have no knots we need to cut them first through refiners or any technology can cut the fibers.  Other wise we develop knots no matter what.
Good luck
Mousa
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How we can determine the control points and knot vectors required to represent the geometry of a structural member such as a square plate, a circular plate etc .
For simple geometries such as circles, squares etc., the control points and weights can be found in any CAD books such as:
L.A. Piegl, W. Tiller, The NURBS Book, Springer, 1996. Or you can find them in the paper on Isogeometric Analysis:
T.J.R. Hughes, J.A. Cottrell, Y. Bazilevs, Isogeometric analysis: CAD, nite elements, NURBS, exact geometry and mesh re nement, Comput. Methods Appl. Mech. Engrg. 194 (39–41) (2005) 4135–4195.
For other geometries, you can use a software such Rhino.
Best regards,
Phu
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I am trying to understand more about knots in higher dimensions. I understand that in general one wants co-dimension 2 so that, for example, S^2 can be knotted in S^4.
What I don't understand is to what extent the notions and theorems relating to knot complements and knot groups carry over to higher dimensions. Specifically I would like to know if the Gordon-Luecke theorem which states that "a knot is determined by its complement" is valid in general or only for S^1 knots in S^3.
I have also come across (twisted) spun knots and am wondering if there exists a one-to-one mapping between ordinary S^1 knots and spun knots. Presumably one could have higher dimensional knots that are not spun knots....?
Any insight would be greatly appreciated!
Dear James,
Thank you for the excellent response. I will take a look at the links you provided!
Best regards,
Niels
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See the enclosed paper by Jack Avrin, where he discusses his knot model of elementary particles. Since Knot theory corresponds to fluid dynamics, and fluid dynamics theory can be shown to correspond to electromagnetic theory, then his model seems plausible at least.
Is it possible to come up with a knot model of elementary particles? What do you think? Your comments are welcome.
I am very interested.  I have found that there appears to be a very close mix between knots, Trkalian vectors and particles  I'm working towards exploiting this, but there is a lot of rubbish between where I stand and the ability to link these concepts.
> Dark Matter needs to be eliminated. It has already been shown to be unnecessary by a few papers (by Feng,& Gallo and others), but the mainstream Physics supporters object, largely because, they have found lots of things that MIGHT be explained by DM and declared this. This now means the DM is seen as the source of many answers to unsolved problems.  Careful examination shows that it is not.
> Dark Energy, like DM is another magic potion, being applied every where. I have a good bit of 'Chaos' theory that shows that it is also unnecessary.
> I return to Newton, whose work in this area can easily be shown to be 100% correct and add Special Relativity.. This then leaves the possibility of ignoring the concept of  Mass, to end up with 'fluid equations' for the density and flow of energy. Add in Trkalian vectors and the results are essentially a selected set of knots from the knot theory.
Knot theory has an infinite number of possible knots (closed loops) and we don't have an infinite number of particles.  There are also several complications to be dealt with on the way. But the knots, up to well defined complexity, identify the likely candidates as particles.
I have scanned the Jehie papers, but have yet to really read them. They seem to be on a bit of a tangent to what I'm considering, but still look to be worth reading.
I'm currently printing all 55 pages of the Arvin paper/ I will come back when I have read that.
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Quandles and racks are algebraic structures referred to in knot theory. Are there links to thorough introductions for researchers in how they are used in physics research?
They are used in knot invariant generation.See the references below:
In statistical mecanics the Yang-Baxter Equation leads to a wealth of knot invariants and indeed they show up there: http://arxiv.org/pdf/math/0409202.pdf
If there is one candidate to what, I surmize, you are looking for it must be in that direction.
Hope this helps.
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Knot theory is an interesting area of mathematics studying the unique properties of topological morphs in knot attribute. It is an investigation into the way to extend the one dimensional string to the wider implications in the higher dimensional space. The attached book provides an excellent reference:
In polymer research knot theory is applied. For example: http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ma300942a
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