Science topics: GeoscienceAfricaKenya
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Kenya - Science topic

A republic in eastern Africa, south of ETHIOPIA, west of SOMALIA with TANZANIA to its south, and coastline on the Indian Ocean. Its capital is Nairobi.
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What are the primary challenges in implementing standardized pediatric care norms in resource-limited settings,
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In Iran, the most important challenges include: Economic Sanctions, Uneven Distribution of healthcare infrastructure between urban and rural areas, and Workforce Shortage Poverty.
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A critical analysis of sports law in Kenya focusing on the Sports Act and consequently highlighting the emerging jurisprudence.
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Good Afternoon Cyprian Nyamori
firstly you, highlights the current legal and regulatory framework governing sports activities, the challenges faced in implementation, and areas for improvement in Kenya. basically, Sports law is a nascent field that intersects with various legal domains such as Athlete harassment law, contract law, labour law, intellectual property Rights(IPR) law, and criminal law.
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Hello all, I am looking for five collaborators to work on a manuscript titled "Heterogeneous Catalysts in Biodiesel Synthesis: A Comprehensive Review" for publication in Scientific Research Publishing. If interested, please share your email for further communication. Thank you.
Dr. Masime,
Nairobi, Kenya.
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a) Why do you advertise for coauthors like this? Upon your literature search you should find people who would have the proficiency, better contact them directly. Also, why exactly five? There is no need to inflate author numbers, just do it with as many people as you require to be substantiate.
b) Are you aware that SCIRP has been labelled "predatory" by most reputable rating institutions and that a publication with them is basically wasted work at this point?
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  1. Kenya is renowned for its national parks and the abundance and diversity of wildlife; however, Kenya’s protected areas are too small, fragmented and not viable to maintain the current wildlife populations which rely on larger ecosystems than protected within the national parks.
  2. The threats against wildlife in Kenya continue to escalate due to an increase in habitat fragmentation, change in land use and human population pressure in areas outside parks. To secure Kenya’s ecological integrity and maintain viable populations of wildlife, land outside protected areas must be preserved
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Ms. Kei, I don't know what you mean by private landowners, if they are not from the local communities. You are right about the involvement of the local communities in the whole process. Without them, we can't conserve/preserve anything. However, they should be part & parcel fo every decision making and they should be doing any eco-tourism if happening there. I would also encourage the education of the locals for being wildlife/conservation scientists which will add their extra emotional attachment with the process.
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Based on the article by Kavulavu et al. (2022) about the challenges facing blood transfusion services being faced by Kenya during blood transfusion states, one of the problems faced is that the blood being donated is contaminated by viruses or diseases, such as blood containing tropical diseases or other serious viruses such as HIV, hepatitis, etc.
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This is an interesting question, However Age alone may not affect the integrity of the blood or increase the the risky of transmitting a disease unless coupled with Social factors. Social factors such as sexual activity of the individual( may increase chances of acquiring and transmitting sexually acquired infections that can be transmitted through transfusion such as hepatitis, HIV, Syphylis etc.), travelling to disease endemic areas, drug use and many other factors that may increase risk of acquiring blood transmissible infections. it would be nice to conduct a case control study to look at the donated blood screening outcomes vs age as one model and a model comprising Screening outcomes vs age, and adding components of social behavior, then compare to see which model gives significant correlation.
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In a journal article written by Kavulavu et al. (2022), entitled “Challenges facing Blood Transfusion Services at a Regional Blood Transfusion Center in Western Kenya”, one of the key challenges faced at the Eldoret Regional Blood Transfusion Center (ERBTC) is unsuitable blood wastages and discards. While majority of these blood discards were due to transfusion transmissible infections, statistics have shown that about 33.3% of the discards were due to insufficient volumes. Aligned with this, this question is raised in hopes to know what strategies can be implemented to reduce the incidence of unsuitable blood discards. Moreover, this will also look into the potential of using technology and automated machines in addressing these problems.
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According to the study entitled "Blood Donation Prediction Using Artificial Neural Network" by Barhoom et al., the research focuses on utilizing an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) model to predict blood donation patterns. By employing this advanced technology, the aim of the study is to enhance the accuracy of forecasting blood donation needs. The ANN model developed using the JustNN tool achieved an impressive test set performance accuracy of 99.31%, surpassing the results of other similar studies. This high level of accuracy is crucial in ensuring a sufficient and timely blood supply, especially in critical medical situations where blood donation plays a life-saving role. By leveraging AI tools like artificial neural network and AI-driven predictive models, transfusion centers can optimize their blood collection strategies, improve inventory management, and ultimately reduce the rate of unsuitable blood discards, ensuring a more efficient and sustainable blood supply chain.
Barhoom, Alaa, et al. “(PDF) Blood Donation Prediction Using Artificial Neural Network.” ResearchGate, 10 Oct. 2019, www.researchgate.net/publication/336990435_Blood_Donation_Prediction_using_Artificial_Neural_Network
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This question is based on the study conducted by Kavulavu et. al. in 2022 entitled "Challenges facing blood transfusion services at a regional blood transfusion center in Western Kenya". In this study, it was mentioned that one of the increasing trends for the demand of blood in Kenya is due to infectious diseases.
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Ensuring the safety and availability of blood during developing infectious illnesses and pandemics has been a significant worry for blood banks and transfusion services since it is anticipated to have a negative impact on the operations of the blood system. (Riyami, 2021).
The extent of alterations in blood circulation is contingent upon the organizational structure of the blood supply system and the sources of blood, which differ among the countries in the region. Several factors can have an adverse effect on the number of blood donors during a viral pandemic. The shutdown of traditional sources of voluntary blood donors, such as universities, have had an impact. External factors such as social isolation and lockdown measures can impede the availability of blood services, and potential blood donors may be reluctant to attend blood banks due to concerns about getting the virus. Organizations may also be reluctant to hold donation drives in order to mitigate the transmission of the virus within the community. Donors may get unwell or prioritize their caregiving duties, which might lead to their removal from the pool of potential donors. Blood service providers should reevaluate their approaches to preparing and managing the blood supply in anticipation of future crises, taking into account the insights gained from this epidemic. Developing solutions to effectively manage blood supply shortfalls while prioritizing the safety of recipients, donors, and personnel is of utmost importance. Furthermore, it is imperative to provide education to the general people regarding the scientific precautions associated with attending blood donation sessions. It is crucial to collaborate with other blood services and institutions. The government must recognize the fundamental need to preserve this vital healthcare service and establish a strong emergency and disaster strategy to tackle issues related to blood supply. Countries with lower and moderate incomes, as well as those experiencing humanitarian situations and conflicts, are likely to face more challenges due to their limited resources.
References:
Riyami, A. (February 2021). The impact of COVID-19 pandemic on blood supplies and transfusion services in Eastern Mediterranean Region. Transfusion Clinique et Biologique. 28(1), 16-24.
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In the research article "Challenges facing blood transfusion services at a regional blood transfusion center in Western Kenya" by Kavulavu et al. (2022), the demand and need for blood in Kenya were caused by tropical infectious diseases such as malaria, as well as trauma-related incidents in recent years. From a Philippine standpoint, what could contribute to a spike in the need for blood?
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With the Philippines' several environmental risk factors and inconsistent preventive practices, in addition to urbanization, increasing population, inadequate public health infrastructure, poor solid waste management, and lack of an effective mosquito surveillance system, dengue fever has become a continuous health problem in the country (Edillo et al., 2015). It is prevalent among children considering that their immune systems are weaker than those of adults. Potentially, severe dengue cases may lead to severe bleeding and a huge drop in platelets, necessitating blood transfusions to replenish depleted blood volume and restore clotting capabilities.
More notably, this outbreak escalates during and following the rainy season. The Philippines, due to its geographic location and proximity to the Western Pacific and the Pacific Ring of Fire, is prone to calamities such as earthquakes and typhoons (PAGASA, n.d.). Hence, aside from the dengue outbreak, these disasters can also result in traumatic injuries requiring the need for blood. When it happens that these two—dengue outbreaks and injuries/accidents escalate, the number of hospitalized individuals will rise, causing an increased demand for blood transfusions to aid these patients, especially those requiring intensive care or surgical interventions.
References:
Edillo, F., Halasa, Y., Largo, F., Erasmo, J., Amoin, N., Alera, M., Yoon, I., Alcantara, A., & Shepard, D. (2015). Economic cost and burden of dengue in the Philippines. Am J Trop Med Hyg, 92(2), 360–366. https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.14-0139
Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration. (n.d.). About Tropical Cyclones. https://www.pagasa.dost.gov.ph/information/about-tropical-cyclone
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Blood transfusion is a critical medical procedure that can save lives in various situations. However, according to Chevalier et al. (2016), as stated in the article of Kavulavu et al. (2022) entitled "Challenges facing blood transfusion services at a regional blood transfusion center in Western Kenya," blood transfusion services face many difficulties. One of which is the overall community reluctance to donate blood.
Thus, this question focuses on the difficulties of engaging the community to recruit voluntary blood donors and ensuring a consistent and varied blood supply at blood transfusion centers.
This question also seeks to explore strategies like outreach campaigns, educational initiatives, and donor retention programs to effectively address these challenges and encourage regular blood donation.
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Blood banks are essential to our healthcare system as it functions to provide the patients in need with a consistent supply of blood and blood products. According to Lee (2016), the foundation of today's blood service is voluntary, non‐remunerated blood donation, which is heavily dependent on community involvement and support. Some challenges encountered in recruiting blood donors include having fear of needles, misconceptions or false beliefs, donor ineligibility due to their lifestyle, lack of education and awareness, and time constraints because of conflicting schedule and distant blood donation site ("10 reasons for not donating," 2024). In order to address these concerns, strategies such as utilizing a range of media platforms, including radio, television, social media, and billboards, to disseminate awareness about the value of blood donation, to educate, and to debunk myths and misconceptions can help recruit voluntary blood donors. Apart from friends and family, who are by far the primary motivators for first-time-donors, social media has emerged as the second most significant factor in attracting new donors (Sümnig et al., 2018). In addition, hosting blood drives in places of community centers, heavy traffic areas, and educational institutions can make blood donation more accessible to potential donors. Lastly, establishing initiatives that show gratitude and recognition for donors via pins, certificates, or mentions on social media is also a great strategy in order to appreciate blood donors. Through focused strategies and coordinated efforts, blood banks can improve their ability to attract and retain voluntary blood donors, ultimately ensuring an adequate supply of blood for patients in need.
References:
10 reasons for not donating. (2024, March 1). Miller-Keystone Blood Center. https://www.giveapint.org/10-reasons-for-not-donating/
Lee, C. (2016, June 1). Update on donor recruitment and management in blood service. Semantic Scholar. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Update-on-donor-recruitment-and-management-in-blood-Lee/2aa2f86a69a4d7e0062d8181e1cb11073dd0a1a7
Sümnig, A., Greinacher, A., Thiele, T., & Feig, M. (2018, September 10). The role of social media for blood donor motivation and recruitment. ResearchGate. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/327602905
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The study by Kavulavu et. al. (2022) examined the challenges faced by a regional blood transfusion center in Western Kenya. One of the key challenges identified was the limited equipment available at the facility. This lack of adequate equipment was found to hinder the overall effectiveness and productivity of the blood transfusion services provided by the center. The study revealed that the regional blood transfusion center was constrained by a shortage of necessary equipment, which in turn impacted the efficiency and output of the services it was able to deliver to the local community.
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Insufficient and secure blood reserves pose a significant challenge to healthcare delivery in developing regions. Terri Konstenius McCullough and Jeffrey McCullough (2013) emphasize the critical role of various factors in enhancing blood bank operations, including governmental backing, the formulation of national blood policies, the efficacy and leadership within blood organizations, expertise in transfusion medicine, and fostering relationships with hospitals. Additionally, they highlight the value of technical support from experts in developed nations, which can greatly enhance blood availability, safety, and the overall quality of blood services in developing countries.
References: McCullough, T. K., & McCullough, J. (2013). Strengthening blood programs in developing countries. Transfusion and Apheresis Science, 49(3), 408–415. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.transci.2013.07.006
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Based on the journal of Kavulavu et al. (2022) entitled “Challenges facing blood transfusion services at a regional blood transfusion center in Western Kenya”, the supply of blood components in Western Kenya is facing several challenges. These challenges include scarcity, incompatible transfusions, and transfusion-transmissible infections. Other developing countries also suffer from the same problems, including the Philippines. How can these life-threatening challenges be prevented?
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Donor recruitment is a vital step in blood transfusion and it must be executed efficiently to prevent scarcity in blood components. De Los Santos & Firmo (2019) states that despite including the discussion of blood donation in the curriculum in schools of developing countries, there is no significant increase in the amount of students donating blood. The involvement in practicing blood donation is quite low despite it being studied among students, even in the Philippines. If educating through school is not the most efficient way to encourage blood donors, then using social media is another stepping stool. Almost everyone is on social media these days including those from developing countries. Advertising through social media can help reach a larger audience as well as present the possible incentives as well (Inova, n.d.). Moreover, raffles and giveaways are also an effective way to catch the attention of the public. For example, in the USA, the American Red Cross provided a raffle on super bowl tickets (American Red Cross, 2024) and conducted a giveaway for Snoopy t-shirts for every person who donated blood (Asmelash, 2023). Given the situation of the citizens of the country, conducting a raffle on practical needs and providing useful giveaways are one of the best methods for blood donor recruitment in developing countries.
When it comes to screening the blood components to prevent infections and complications, the hospital must come up with a standard routine or procedure when it comes to screening in which a designated person, preferably the medical technology chief, is diligent in verifying the test results. Other than requiring the financial assistance of the government to provide for more reliable test kits, interprofessional communication within the hospital setting should also be considered. Gleeson et.al. (2020) states avoidable patient harm and mortality can be caused by miscommunication in healthcare. Without proper communication between the medical technologist and doctors making use of the blood components for their patients, the risk of blood incompatibility issues are increased.
References:
Asmelash, L. (2023, April 12). A Red Cross Snoopy T-shirt is going viral. It’s prompting more young people to donate blood. CNN. https://edition.cnn.com/2023/04/12/us/snoopy-red-cross-shirt-blood-donors-wellness-cec/index.html
De Los Santos, J. A. A., & Firmo, C. N. (2019). KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDE AND PRACTICE ON BLOOD DONATION AMONG UNIVERSITY STUDENTS: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF LITERATURE. Malaysian Journal of Medical Research. https://doi.org/10.31674/mjmr.2019.v03i01.004L
Gleeson, L., O’Brien, G. L., O’Mahony, D., & Byrne, S. (2022). Interprofessional communication in the hospital setting : a systematic review of the qualitative literature. Journal of Interprofessional Care https://doi.org/10.1080/13561820.2022.2028746
Recruitment Strategies. (n.d.). Inova Blood Donor Services. https://www.inovablood.org/get-involved/host-a-blood-drive/recruitment-strategies/
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This question relates to the article published titled “Challenges facing blood transfusion services at a regional blood transfusion center in Western Kenya
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The lack of clarity in Western Kenya's legal framework for blood donation could significantly impact the blood supply in the area. Ambiguity in legal matters may confuse potential donors, healthcare providers, and blood collection agencies, thereby reducing voluntary donations. A clear legal framework is essential for establishing guidelines on who can donate, how donations are managed, and the enactment of safety protocols.
The Kenya National Standards for Blood Transfusion Services, 2nd Edition, prepared by the KNBTS Standards Committee with support from the World Bank through the COVID-19 Health Emergency Response Project (C-HERP), were reviewed by the Ministry of Health to contextualize desired standards. The book outlines requirements for patient consent, blood component inspection, and expiry date verification, covering guidelines for resources, records, suppliers, inventory, equipment, safety protocols, and risk management.
Emphasis is placed on establishing policies and procedures to meet standards, including a donor suitability questionnaire and consent. This guide can serve as a vital legal framework ensuring quality and safety in Kenya's blood transfusion services.
Reference:
Kenya National Standards for Blood Transfusion Services 2nd Edition (2nd ed.). (2022). Ministry of Health Kenya. http://guidelines.health.go.ke:8000/media/Kenya-National-Standards-for-Blood-Transfusion-Services-_-F.pdf
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Parts of East and Southern Africa, in particular, have experienced severe droughts, leading to water shortages, crop failures, and food insecurity. On the other hand, intense rainfall events have led to flooding in various regions, especially in low-lying areas and regions with poor drainage systems. What are the other threats and how those threats are related to nutrition security?
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Other adverse effects include an increase in the frequency and intensity of tropical cyclones, for instance, Cyclone Idai and Kenneth which devastated Mozambique, Malawi, Zambia and Madagascar. Duration and intensity of heat waves are also on the increase all over Africa, especially in the Sahel region.
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kindly help me identify variables and constructs in my topic of research. My topic is ; EXPLORING THE EXTENT INTO WHICH HUMAN-WILDLIFE CONFLICT AFFECT FORMAL EDUCATION IN KENYA
Your assistance shall be greatly appreciated. Thank you.
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Thank you so much
How can we now structure the literature review using thematic and funnel way?
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Dear gents,
Please kindly assist on the following questions.
Currently, I am conducting my Ph.D. thesis and am looking for data to support my research on the following questions.
1. How to identify Chinese companies that are currently operating in the below mentioned countries? OR where can I find a list of Chinese companies that are currently operating in the below-mentioned countries?
2. Where /How can I find their CSR report from the last five years?
Countries:
1. 🇪🇹 (Ethiopia)
2. Congo DRC)
3. 🇩🇿(Algeria)
4. 🇰🇪(Kenya)
5.🇪🇬(Egypt)
6. 🇦🇴(Angola)
7. 🇿🇦(South Africa)
8. 🇧🇼(Botswana)
9. 🇳🇦(Namibia)
10. 🇲🇦(Morocco)
11.🇹🇳 (Tunisia)
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Thank you for your attention Zainal Arifin
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"Prior to the incursion of Western imperialism, a sizeable proportion of the governance models of Africa’s peoples placed a high premium on consensus-building rather than majoritarianism. In this, they were inspired by kinship-based communalism. This is true of the Luo of Kenya, the Acholi and Baganda of Uganda, the Igbo of Nigeria, and the Ashanti of Ghana, among others."
These are Reginald Oduour's words from his essay here: https://theloop.ecpr.eu/how-elections-stifle-democracy-in-kenya/
Can you name the merits of consensus-building over majoritarianism?
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Consensus-building is a process of reaching agreement among all members of a group, while majoritarianism refers to a system where the majority rules. In terms of governance models, consensus-building can have several advantages over majoritarianism:
  1. Inclusiveness: Consensus-building ensures that all members of a group have a voice and that their opinions and perspectives are taken into consideration when making decisions. This can result in a more inclusive and representative decision-making process.
  2. Better quality decisions: When everyone has a say in the decision-making process, it can lead to a better understanding of the different perspectives and a more thorough analysis of the issue at hand. This can result in better quality decisions.
  3. Increased stability and buy-in: When decisions are reached through consensus-building, it is more likely that everyone will feel that their views have been taken into account. This can lead to greater buy-in and support for the decision, increasing the stability and sustainability of the outcome.
  4. Reduced conflict: Consensus-building can reduce conflict and tension by ensuring that all parties have had a say in the decision-making process and that their views have been taken into account.
It's important to note that consensus-building can be a slow and time-consuming process, and it may not always be feasible or practical. However, it can have important benefits in terms of inclusiveness, better decision quality, increased stability, and reduced conflict.
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I'm doing a research on establishment of potential fishing zones in Lake Victoria Kenya using sentinel 3 data by determining chlorophyll concentration, sea surface temperature and altimetry (currents, eddies and upwelling, wind speed)
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There are several models that can be used to combine Sentinel-3 OLCI (Ocean and Land Colour Instrument), SST (sea surface temperature), and altimetry data to identify potential fishing zones. Some options include:
  1. Neural network models: Neural network models, such as artificial neural networks (ANNs) or convolutional neural networks (CNNs), can be used to analyze and combine multiple datasets, including Sentinel-3 OLCI, SST, and altimetry data, to identify patterns and correlations that may indicate potential fishing zones.
  2. Classification models: Classification models, such as decision trees or random forests, can be used to classify different areas based on the combination of Sentinel-3 OLCI, SST, and altimetry data, and identify those that are likely to be potential fishing zones.
  3. Regression models: Regression models, such as linear or nonlinear regression, can be used to predict the likelihood of a particular area being a potential fishing zone based on the combination of Sentinel-3 OLCI, SST, and altimetry data.
  4. Cluster analysis: Cluster analysis, such as k-means clustering or hierarchical clustering, can be used to group areas based on the combination of Sentinel-3 OLCI, SST, and altimetry data, and identify clusters that may represent potential fishing zones.
It is worth noting that the optimal model will depend on the specific characteristics and objectives of your analysis, and it may be helpful to test and compare different models to determine the best fit for your needs.
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Different researchers have been trying to estimate the percentage of persons with disabilities in Kenya since 2007. Between 2007 and 2019, five independent studies have been conducted, each reporting significantly different results eg 4.6%, 3.5%, 13.5%, 11.4% and 2.2%. Utilizing all this published information, what Statistical treatment can be used to get the true estimate of disability prevalence.
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Hi,
This warrants going through all the studies quoted and looking for all methodological details, sampling frame, type of sampling, ascertainment of a case, stat. methods, socioeconomic and cultural factors, etc. This itself could be a study.
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We are trying to calibrate/validate our predictive productivity/erosion model (APEX) against multi-year productivity data for Kenya and Namibia. Erosion measurements also needed. FAO datasets do not provide raw values, so are not good for us. We are looking for ground measurements in any location throughout either Kenya or Namibia. Can anyone help? Thanks.
We are trying to calibrate/validate our predictive productivity/erosion model (APEX) against multi-year productivity data for Kenya and Namibia. Erosion measurements also needed. FAO datasets do not provide raw values, therefore they are not good for us. We are looking for ground measurements in any location throughout either Kenya or Namibia. Can anyone help? Thanks.
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This is a good question.
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I Intend to take this assignment through Fairclough's Critical Discourse Analysis framework
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The research sample is selected from three print media, with the following classification:
1. Right-wing party newspaper
2 . Left-leaning newspaper
3 . A private, non-partisan newspaper.
Or the sample is selected as follows:
1. partisan newspaper.
a. A party newspaper hostile to it.
p. Government newspaper.
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My post today is directed to registered nurses from Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya, and South Africa.
I am interested in collecting research data from the African countries listed above. Thus, I would like to collaborate with one nurse from each of these countries. The nurse will be responsible for coordinating the data collection in the country and all the logistics related to that country. In return, the nurse will get more research experience and payment or research experience and co-authorship in the resulting publications.
The population will be women who have undergone mastectomy and those who are scheduled to undergo mastectomy. This means that you must be working in a healthcare facility that offers such surgical services.
Please send a direct message to my inbox if you are interested. We will discuss the details of the study if you are ready, willing, and eligible.
Please share with your contacts.
Thank you!
#ethiopia #kenya #Ghana #SouthAfrica #nursingresearch #collaboration #datacollection #nursing
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Please have look on our(Eminent Biosciences (EMBS)) collaborations.. and let me know if interested to associate with us
Our recent publications In collaborations with industries and academia in India and world wide.
EMBS publication In association with Universidad Tecnológica Metropolitana, Santiago, Chile. Publication Link: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33397265/
EMBS publication In association with Moscow State University , Russia. Publication Link: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32967475/
EMBS publication In association with Icahn Institute of Genomics and Multiscale Biology,, Mount Sinai Health System, Manhattan, NY, USA. Publication Link: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29199918
EMBS publication In association with University of Missouri, St. Louis, MO, USA. Publication Link: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30457050
EMBS publication In association with Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA. Publication Link: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27852211
EMBS publication In association with ICMR- NIN(National Institute of Nutrition), Hyderabad Publication Link: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23030611
EMBS publication In association with University of Minnesota Duluth, Duluth MN 55811 USA. Publication Link: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27852211
EMBS publication In association with University of Yaounde I, PO Box 812, Yaoundé, Cameroon. Publication Link: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30950335
EMBS publication In association with Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, PB, Brazil. Publication Link: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30693065
Eminent Biosciences(EMBS) and University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon. Publication Link: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31210847/
Eminent Biosciences(EMBS) and University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 48080, Leioa, Spain. Publication Link: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27852204
Eminent Biosciences(EMBS) and King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Publication Link: http://www.eurekaselect.com/135585
Eminent Biosciences(EMBS) and NIPER , Hyderabad, India. Publication Link: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29053759
Eminent Biosciences(EMBS) and Alagappa University, Tamil Nadu, India. Publication Link: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30950335
Eminent Biosciences(EMBS) and Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Hyderabad , India. Publication Link: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28472910
Eminent Biosciences(EMBS) and C.S.I.R – CRISAT, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu, India. Publication Link: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30237676
Eminent Biosciences(EMBS) and Karpagam academy of higher education, Eachinary, Coimbatore , Tamil Nadu, India. Publication Link: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30237672
Eminent Biosciences(EMBS) and Ballets Olaeta Kalea, 4, 48014 Bilbao, Bizkaia, Spain. Publication Link: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29199918
Eminent Biosciences(EMBS) and Hospital for Genetic Diseases, Osmania University, Hyderabad - 500 016, Telangana, India. Publication Link: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28472910
Eminent Biosciences(EMBS) and School of Ocean Science and Technology, Kerala University of Fisheries and Ocean Studies, Panangad-682 506, Cochin, India. Publication Link: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27964704
Eminent Biosciences(EMBS) and CODEWEL Nireekshana-ACET, Hyderabad, Publication Link: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26770024
Eminent Biosciences(EMBS) and Bharathiyar University, Coimbatore-641046, Tamilnadu, India. Publication Link: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27919211
Eminent Biosciences(EMBS) and LPU University, Phagwara, Punjab, India. Publication Link: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31030499
Eminent Biosciences(EMBS) and Department of Bioinformatics, Kerala University, Kerala. Publication Link: http://www.eurekaselect.com/135585
Eminent Biosciences(EMBS) and Gandhi Medical College and Osmania Medical College, Hyderabad 500 038, India. Publication Link: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27450915
Eminent Biosciences(EMBS) and National College (Affiliated to Bharathidasan University), Tiruchirapalli, 620 001 Tamil Nadu, India. Publication Link: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27266485
Eminent Biosciences(EMBS) and University of Calicut - 673635, Kerala, India. Publication Link: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23030611
Eminent Biosciences(EMBS) and NIPER, Hyderabad, India. ) Publication Link: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29053759
Eminent Biosciences(EMBS) and King George's Medical University, (Erstwhile C.S.M. Medical University), Lucknow-226 003, India. Publication Link: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25579575
Eminent Biosciences(EMBS) and School of Chemical & Biotechnology, SASTRA University, Thanjavur, India Publication Link: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25579569
Eminent Biosciences(EMBS) and Safi center for scientific research, Malappuram, Kerala, India. Publication Link: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30237672
Eminent Biosciences(EMBS) and Dept of Genetics, Osmania University, Hyderabad Publication Link: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25248957
EMBS publication In association with Institute of Genetics and Hospital for Genetic Diseases, Osmania University, Hyderabad Publication Link: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26229292
Sincerely,
Dr. Anuraj Nayarisseri
Principal Scientist & Director,
Eminent Biosciences.
Mob :+91 97522 95342
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A case to consider is the Somalia versus Kenya tiff at Ras Kamboni that is currently at the ICJ. Kenya is claiming determination by latitude whereas Somalia is claiming determination by extrapolating of the borderline.
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The maritime limits of of an nation are usually governed by one of the only truly international legislations, known as UNCLOS (United Nations Convention of the Law of the Sea). It defines 3 different limits, namely:
Territorial Waters: Up to 12 nautical miles from a country's agreed coastal "baseline" extending seawards. Most countries can exercise their outright (national) jurisdiction in all matters only until this limit. Anything outside this limit falls actually within International Waters.
Contiguous Zone: extending 12 nautical miles seawards from the Territorial Waters, i.e. 24 nautical miles from the baseline, within which a country can exert "limited" jurisdiction with respect to its customs, immigration or pollution laws.
Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ): extends upto 200 nautical miles from the baseline. Mainly concerned with the exploratory limits for living and non-living natural resources (oil/gas/fishing) to which a country has sovereign rights.
The definition of "Baseline" can differ depending on the area in question, but in most cases it is quite close to the actual coastline (referenced to the visible coast at low tide).
However, like any other legislation of international significance, UNCLOS is fraught with certain inconsistencies and disagreements, in certain areas.
You may refer to below link to give you an idea of what the situation is:
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I would want to carry out an ethnographic study on the prevalent 'cultural' issue of cattle rustling among some ethnic communities in Kenya and parts of East Africa. I would like suggestions of journals I can pitch for publication. Thank you
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Try environmental economics and policy studies by springer.
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I'm interested in studies/literature on average crop distribution/cover over Kenya. Thank you.
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You should say which part of Kenya. We have different types of crops. In western we have sugar. rift maize and wheat, central we have tea and coffee. Cost we have cocunut and sisal.
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water hyacinth has for a long time been a menace in Lake Victoria, Kenya, despite both social and economic efforts being put in place to curb its impact on the region's economy. Should more research and focus therefore be directed to its eradication or rather to maximizing the benefits that may be derived from the hyacinth?
Reference
Guerena, D., Neufeldt, H., Berazneva, J., Duby, S., (2015) Water hyacinth control in Lake Victoria: Transforming an ecological catastrophe into economic, social, and environmental benefits. Sustainable Production and Consumption. VL - 42
DO - 10.1016/j.spc.2015.06.003
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Harvesting using machines and incorporating in for building sector. Read this paper attached.
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I'm working on sand dams monitoring in Kitui region in Kenya and I was able to find rainfall data for Kenya but not the area I need although there is a station (KITUI AGRIC STATION) that was mentioned on other papers but I couldn't reach the website of it online, , any one can help and give me a link or someone I can contact for these info please?
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Use data from Meteorological department. Also considering FAO New Clim.
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I already have one called: Refugees, Migration and National Security: States, Intelligence Agencies and the Perpetual Global Crisis - Case Study, Kenya. But I find a lot of papers online on this topic.
Therefore am requesting you my learned colleagues to help me identify a suitable RESEARCH PROPOSAL. I would prefer proposals that focus on Africa.
Mwenda
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The list of possible subjects is nearly endless. It really depends on what you are interested in. We could benefit from more comparative (e.g. country-comparative or thematically comparative) work in African security studies. Too much work seems to focus on a single country or else assumes the continent as a whole.
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Currently Kenya has been invaded by large swam of desert locusts that are destroying both food and cash crops and pasture for livestock. Please may you explain strategies that can be under taken to manage this insect?
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In areas where humans are absent, they may spray higher dose of insecticide with drones or aeroplane powered sprayer.
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What is the significance of Pradhan et al from New Delhi’s work?
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The preprint of Pradhan et al. manuscript was withdrawn before publication. Why? No point discussing a non-issue.
bioRxiv shows that this preprint has been withdrawn, it may be due to methodological flaws.
Is this the manuscript you are referring to?
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state the effects
empirical framework
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Corruption affects us all. It threatens sustainable economic development, ethical values and justice; it destabilises our society and endangers the rule of law. ... Delays in infrastructure development, poor building quality and layers of additional costs are all consequences of corruption.
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i would like to use cluster sampling in my study on the effects of fiscal decentralization on household income inequalities in Kenya
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Munyua -
It seems to me that it depends upon what your sample units of interest are.  You want your primary units (clusters) to be made up of secondary units (the level at which the data are collected) such that those secondary units provide the information needed, individually.  I don't know your survey.  If you need different information from each household member, then it seems to me that the secondary unit is not individual household members.  If you need a whole household to provide information in each case, then that is your secondary unit, and the primary unit level is some "cluster" of households, such as those living in a city block, or an apartment building, or say 10 square kilometers in a rural area.  The secondary units are those households which live there.  The only way that a household would be a primary unit is if the level of the data to be collected is the same for each household member, and they are not being compared. That is, you are not looking for discrepancies between them; they all are identical in the sense of being members of the same pool of possible respondents.  But, not knowing your subject matter, I can only say that I get the impression that you are in need of information from each member of a household, at the lowest, i.e., secondary unit, level.  If that is the case, then your household is your secondary unit, and your primary units are apartment buildings, or city blocks, or some other geographic or other clusterings of these households.  You could pick a randomized sample of primary units, say a simple random sample or an unequal probability sample, or even stratified random sample of primary units (though that could get complicated), and then select a randomized sample of secondary units (households), or even a census, within each primary unit selected. 
You might randomly select households from your population, but if you need data from each member of the household selected, that is just randomly selecting households.  I would not call that cluster sampling. 
But if I am wrong, and each member of a household is an independent unit such that you do not have to obtain data from each member if you chose not to do so, then maybe a household could be a cluster (primary unit). 
 
I am thinking it might be best for you to use simple random sampling of primary units, and then within those primary units either take a simple random sample or a census of secondary units, and I suggest you get a textbook such as Cochran(1977), 3rd ed, Sampling Techniques, Wiley, or Lohr(2010), 2nd ed, Sampling: Design and Analysis, Brooks/Cole, or Thompson(2012), 3rd ed, Sampling, Wiley, to help you. 
I am not certain if you mean inequality between different households, or between members of the same household, or both, and what data/questions you are collecting/asking, but whatever you are doing, you need to decide the lowest level at which you are collecting individual data, the secondary unit level, and how you are going to cluster them into primary units.
Best wishes - Jim
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We have two ongoing studies in Kenya that are addressing questions about the frequency of detection of >20 enteric viruses, bacteria, and parasites in 736 infant food samples in Kenya and in 397 matched sources of vended milk used to prepare some of these infant food samples. We are combining this foodborne exposure data with information on self-reported diarrhea and enteric infection of infants to calculate dose-response probabilities, among other research questions. This seems to be useful information for many of the pathogens identified in your project. We'd love for our emergent findings to have rapid impact on other projects. Thanks.
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Hello Kelly K Baker, and thanks for your interest in this group! The group is primarily intended to compile the outputs of the WHO Foodborne Disease Burden Epidemiology Reference Group (FERG) -- also see https://www.who.int/foodsafety/areas_work/foodborne-diseases/ferg/en/. This group was responsible for estimating the global burden of foodborne disease, under the aegis of the World Health Organization. The main FERG results have been published in 2015, with some additional estimates published in 2016-19.
Even though the ResearchGate group here is not intended to become a broader compilation of foodborne disease burden work, you are of course free to contact any of the FERG collaborators. Also have a look at http://livestocklab.ifas.ufl.edu/ for possible opportunities.
Best wishes
Brecht
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Is health in Kenya adequately financed? Relatedly, is there a need for additional sources of revenue to fund health? The limited resources that are available to the Kenyan government are prioritised in the budget that earmarks how much is to be allocated to each public sector. Regrettably, health financing has been on a reducing scale and the government is considering ways to broaden its revenue base for financing health. I want to pick up on the argument of limited resources and posit Islamic taxation as an alternative source of revenue potentially available to the Kenyan government for financing health. Scholars have considered the argument of limited resources from the lens of prioritisation – that is the need to make the best possible use of these limited resources to continually improve the well-being of society and increase the revenue in the long term. Other scholars have posited that the argument on limited resources is to be examined by inquiring into different ways by which the resource base can be increased. Among the latter scholars, many suggest an examination of the tax policy of a state to increase taxation. Tax increments place a higher burden on the poor and middle-income earners, and is therefore not a persuasive approach to broadening the tax base. If the discourse on limited resources is to be analysed further from the scholarship on broadening the tax base then isnt it important to also address it from a different discipline, Islamic taxation?
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I am glad you agree Adheem Naeem tax is indeed a valuable government source of revenue. Zakat would greatly contribute to its increase provided its linked directly towards development.
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Hi,
I would like to ask, if we have foreground data of certain process but could not get the background data because there is few study/commercial database does not cover it, can we just use any background data for other similar process in other region?(e.g. I do WtE study in Kenya).
Also, many impact method are developed somewhere, should it be adopted in the region of my study or i would not be much problem to use available impact method?
Thanks.
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Thanks for posting the new question.
I agree with A-B Lauren on both points. I also recommend you include any data you suspect might not be respresentative in a sensitivity analysis to let the reader understand your results better.
It is always up to you (the LCA practitioner) to use your expert judgment on what data can be used and to what extent it is representative. Processes modeled on data from other locations are however often better than no processes at all.
To have recommendations on how to deal with impact methods you would have to give more background info, both on the system, aim and scope, as well as the impacts you want to asses.
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In Uganda and Kenya, there are services termed as mobile money. Where by business transactions are done by phone by telecommunication companies. They also lend money to public like banks. Is it good for economy?
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Lending by bank. Medium of lending provided by telecommunication company. I think that's fine
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I would be very thankful if you could support me in getting the map and the data with area of land. This is purely for academic purpose only.
Thank you.
------
Bijay
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Thank you both for your help.
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The country’s irrigation-based farming is still limited. Of the total land area under agriculture, 2.9 million ha, irrigation accounts for only 4% but contributes to 3% of the GDP and provides 18% of the value of all agricultural produce, demonstrating it’s potential in increasing agricultural production and productivity. Irrigated agriculture is carried out mainly in irrigation schemes and in large scale irrigation of crops such as rice and coffee. Individual farmers have developed their own systems of irrigation especially for export crops such as coffee and horticulture.
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definitely dripping irrigation is the most suitable option.
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Could anyone share some work on post abortion care work in Kenya?
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Project proposal purrpose
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El Nino and La Nina: Why is it restricted to Pacific Ocean and WHY NOT in Indian Ocean?
Similar to El Nino and La Nina – describing the largest fluctuation in the Earth’s climate system – and subsequently, influencing the conventional weathering pattern on a larger continental-scale - resulting from the elevated/mitigated sea surface temperatures of the tropical Pacific Ocean;
Is there a possibility that the variation in sea surface temperatures - either in Bay of Bengal or Arabian Sea - would significantly influence - the normal weathering pattern - in the Indian subcontinent?
Is there a feasibility for (Bay of Bengal / Arabian Sea) ocean water – that gets significantly heated up – despite the fact that peninsular India is located significantly away from the equator; and probably, the probability of ocean water getting warmer by Sun is theoretically remote or insignificant?
If at all, if the ocean gets marginally warmer by Sun, do we really have winds that are strong enough to push the warm water – say in between East Coast of India and west coast of Thailand?
The analysis need not to be necessarily between east coast of India and Thailand (Bay of Bengal) OR in between West Coast of India and Yeman/Oman (Arabian Sea / Gulf of Aden).
The analysis could be in between East Coast Africa (Kenya/Somalia) and Singapore/Malaysia.
Any info in this regard is highly appreciated.
Thanks.
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Most theories of ENSO require large scale eastward (Kelvin) then reflected westward (Rossby) waves to propagate across the basin during a cycle the oscillation. This takes months for the Pacific due to its large size and this is thought to provide the long timescale of ENSO via the 'delayed oscillator' mechanism. The equatorial Pacific is bounded on the eastern side by a solid boundary (S America) which allows reflection of the initial Kelvin wave, although opinions differ on how important this part is. The lack of obstacles such as large equatorial islands or nearby coastlines in the central tropical Pacific compared to the Indian Ocean also help to allow the waves to propagate freely, supporting the El Nino - La Nina oscillation. These are a few reasons the Indian Ocean does not have an ENSO in it but note that the Indian Ocean dipole has some similarities to ENSO, but occurs on a shorter timescale.
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key informant interviews
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The question is somewhat vague and ambiguous, so I'm not sure what you know and what you are seeking. I would go speak to those who teach in the African Studies Centre at the University of Nairobi, someone like Prof Onyango. What you do also depends on which languages you will be using, since you will want to interview in peoples' first language.
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This Project should be extended to the rest of Africa
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Hi Emeka,
Of course, you are right. The initial focus was on Zimbabwe because that's where my primary data come from. In order of quality & quantity of data, Nigeria comes first, Kenya second and RSA third. The best data currently is coming from work in Ethiopia and Malawi.
Regards, Bill
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My questionnaire has 35 questions and the first one is the Country (Uganda, Kenya or Tanzania).
A number of respondents prefered the web-enabled version using SurveyMonkey to the hard copy. However, a number of respondents simply selected the Country, saved the template but did not proceed any further, despite a few reminders.
Should such responses be included as "Missing Data" and proceed to carry out Multiple Imputation?
Other respondents answered at least 7 questions.
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In some cases, the missingness was caused by respondent exiting online questionnaire prematurely while additional questions were loading. I will indicate the statistics in the final paper.
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I would like to know sources of funding.
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I am indeed grateful for your answers.
Remmy
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Three researchers from Ethiopia, Uganda and Kenya are planing to write a proposal that will be submitted for potential donors and to this effect we are looking for a northern partner with a background/ expertise of labor or migration. Hence we appreciate if any one can positively respond to our call.
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I am a Master of Biotechnology student at Kenyatta University, working on a project on determination of Fumonisin FB1, FB1, FB3 and FB4 on maize samples. I would like to use HPLC technique of determination of Fumonisin in maize. I am not able to proceed due to unavailable standards for Fumonisins in Kenyatta University, Kenya. Can I be adviced.
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As rightly said by Fabian Schumacher, there are fumonisins in Sigma Aldrich. But, the cost is very high that around INR 10, 40 and 65 thousands for 1, 5 and 10 mg, respectively.
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I want to write on the impact of public health financing on the poor in society
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You can use the DHS data sets. It is very useful. The website includes reports, data files, some methodological papers, and the questionnaires.
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Kenya, and i believe some of her neighbors, is experiencing infestation by the army worm. The spread of this pest is so sporadic and widespread in the Country that it may soon add to the current food shortage in the country.
What are the indicators for the army worm infestation for the purpose of prediction and control
The common species of moths/butterflies that are army-worms?
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Right now, we are talking about either the African armyworm (Spodoptera exempta) or the fall armyworm (S. frugiperda), the former indigenous, the latter newly invasive in Africa including Kenya.  It is too soon to know what the population dynamics of fall armyworm will be in East Africa, but in general populations can be expected to increase during the growing seasons and decrease during the dry seasons.  There are prediction and early warning tools for the migratory African Armyworm, see e.g. latest forecast (June) which predicts outbreaks in northern Kenya: http://www.lancaster.ac.uk/armyworm/forecasts/?article_id=002968
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Polythene tubes are extensively used in Kenya, and other countries in the tropics, as potting materials for raising tree seedlings. There is a ban, currently, on the use of polythene bags in the country.
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There are biodegradable materials, but they might break down before your seedlings are  ready for transfer. Pots are available made out of peat or you can make origami ones out of cardboard lol :)
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For fieldwork this year. Brand with a UK supplier would be useful but not essential.
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The importance of the River Nile cannot be underscored enough. The Nile, which is 6,853 km (4,258 miles) long, is an “international” river as its drainage basin covers eleven countries, namely, Tanzania, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, Congo-Kinshasa, Kenya, Ethiopia, Eritrea, South Sudan, Sudan and Egypt. In particular, the Nile is the primary water source of Egypt and Sudan. It flows from Lake Victoria to the Mediterranean, and covers an area of at least 3,349,000 square Kilometers.
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It is possible to start by helping to spread awareness concerning the importance of the preservation of the quality of this river's environment for the benefits of the region in Africa and also the world. Scientests can use the popular information platforms and media to help enhancing the general awareness of the public and decision makers.
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I need to now how I will measure the length of grown ZnO nanowires here in Kenya, which institution has a SEM and how can I access.
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@ Mohamed Hassaan    السلام عليكم
My reply to Waseem was simply a statement of fact followed by praise.
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We are a group of researchers in Kenya. We are responding to the LEAP-Agri call. We are working on the promotion of nutritious crops in Africa. We are looking for collaborators in the eligible countries in Africa and Europe. Kindly if interested, contact me for discussions. This is the link to the call: http://www.leap-agri.com/
Regards
John
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Looking for any recent research or innovations on the water treatment. Work with poor communities in rural Africa and most current treatment systems are very expensive for the community. Would there be any appropriate technology solutions? Recently drilled two boreholes near Lake Turkana with good yield but water is too salty for drinking and farming as well. Also ideas of how to use this water would be welcomed.
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Consider cost effectiveness of the approach and applicability in rural Kenya
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Thank Dung Pham
The paper is helpful however, I have to work from a Kenyan cultural perspective. But all is quite helpful
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.
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Check these articles
1. IMPACT OF CAPITAL FLIGHT ON ECONOMIC GROWTH at http://www.kse.org.ua/uploads/file/Thesis_Gusarova.pdf
2. Capital Flight and Tax Havens: Impact on Investment and Growth in Africa at http://www.afd.fr/webdav/shared/PRESSE/Evenements/eudn/EUDN2013_Session%204_Ndikumana%20(speaker).pdf
4. The political economy of capital flight: Governance quality and capital flight in East Africa Community. American Journal of Social Sciences
2014; 2(5): 95-106
5. Capital flight and the financial system by Isabella Massa at http://www.odi.org/sites/odi.org.uk/files/odi-assets/publications-opinion-files/9392.pdf
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I am doing a study on monitoring and evaluation system and am trying how the system is designed using a a case study in Kenya. Are there any publications and journals in this area. Kindly share any useful information.
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The assessment tool will depend on your objective but the 12 components framework will good to use considering the system thinking approach principle associated with it.  In addition, the stakeholders engagement which usually lack in most situation is a plus regarding the buy-in of end users.
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We understand that M-PESA technology adopted by Kenya is a success story for the world in digital financing. I would appreciate it if researchers could shed light for its success and the basic infrastructure required for its successful operation. We are visiting Kenya to learn about this technology so that it could be introduced in Nepal as well.
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I completely agree Technology innovation has changed the ways of our life
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In line with achieving the MDG 5.
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For Kenya-specific Maternal Mortality Data, consider
1) Demographic Health Survey of Kenya in 2014:  http://dhsprogram.com/what-we-do/survey/survey-display-451.cfm
For a broader context on maternal mortality estimates by region, see table 2 in this 2012 Lancet Paper by Say et al:
1) Global causes of maternal death: a WHO systematic analysis
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In Kenya, as in many other countries, once tea is picked, it passes through a value chain before it is eventually exported (Farmer to transporter to tea processor then eventually transport to the port for export). In this process, value is created and costs also accumulate. In the end, farmers are uncertain about the value that reaches them in terms of price per kg of tea.
Is there a demotivating factor here that could make farmers be apathetic to risk management?
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Hi John,
The value chain approach, if correctly adopted, will reduce the Final Delivery Cost because it reduces "risk" and "uncertainty". As my friend Juehui Shi correctly points out, both of them affect "transaction costs".
The FDC is the summon of Production Costs and Transaction Costs. Transactions Costs in the case of Agrifood Value Chains are the Costs accrued to the Transaction Unit, or interface of two production units.
Risk arises from two sources in Agriculture: 1) Climate and 2) Market. You can buy insurance for them in some countries or you can adopt actions to mitigate them. Producing in different agro climatic regions is a manner to mitigate climatic risks for an individual firm. Using options and and future contracts, is a way to mitigate market risk.
Why the Agrifood Value Chain should reduce FDC? First, by engaging continuously in business transactions, people create trust and gather information about each other, avoiding opportunism. The more transactions you complete, the more trust you'll build and parties will be willing to cooperate, because "reciprocity" can be executed. When there's no commitment over time, people will tend to behave in an opportunistic manner.
Second, as you extend the period of doing business you avoid the hazard of breaching agreements and thus affecting "asset specificity". Quality and a trade mark are specific assets in a agrifood value chain. Asset specificity is a very important issue in agrifood chains, because food is a perishable good which has "negative externalities" as health and sanitary hazards. So, there is no way you could build an agrifood value chain base on quality and product differentiation if you don not take "safeguards" against hazards related to "asset specificity"
Third, by extending the period of doing business and doing more transactions, you "create social capital". Trust among members of the chain act like glue that keep agents together.
Fourth, as Williamson correctly points out, to reduce transaction costs you should explore "private ordering", instead of legal centralism. Private ordering includes "arbitration or mediation", instead of claiming before judicial state courts. Douglass North also historically refers that the first commercial judges were private judges that apply the "Ius Mercatorum", in private courts during the Middle Age.
Fifth, the agrifood value chain should be considered a "common property" good, and so be managed taking this into account. A fair and equitable distribution of income throughout the chain is recommended to achieve a sustainable chain. There are many mechanisms to achieve this. Contracts or agreements are some instruments you can use. There is a continuum of institutional instruments in between markets and vertical integration through individual property. Joint Ventures, cooperatives and strategic alliances are some examples.
Middle men in unstable economies are the agents that mitigate risk within some markets, because they have better information about buyers and sellers. But, Middle men increase transaction costs and don't create value for the consumer. So, if the agrifood value chain is successful in reducing risk, building trust, giving contract stability and working cooperatively, there will be no need of Middle Men, or their number within the chain will be reduced.
So, finally if the Agrifood Value Chain is correctly designed, risks will be reduced, and the scope of risk management reduced. I have no specific experience in the "tea value chain", but can mention the Beef Cattle Chain and dairy value chain, which are more complex and complicated because they involve more products, inputs and more agents.
I hope this helps.
Rgds,
PS: You can see a diagram of the Institutional Agrifod Value Chain in the presentation attached.
Richard, thanks for letting me know about this Question!
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I am currently working on a proposal on the application of lignocellulosic biomass for production of value-added chemicals in Kenya. I am looking forward to collaborate with a senior faculty member from UK. Kindly contact me for discussions
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Dear Sir.,
I Am working as a Research Scientist and Managing partner in Grey Matter Research Foundation, India, Peptide proteins, Nano products manufacturing and research company., We are very much interested for collaboration. We have producing much value-added peptides and nano particles.
Please Visit   www.gmrfoundation.com  for more details write me back.,
Regards R.Selva....
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See above
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I am not clear what you mean by "third world approaches".
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It was found at 1850 m at the base of the Ngong Hills, near the Karen area. Size is ca. 5 cm in length.
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I suggest to check the book "Treefrogs of Africa" by Arne Schiotz (1999). From my long-term experience on Lepidoptera and plants in central and coastal Kenya I doubt that this might be H. glandicolor since it occurs, based on the very good book mentioned above, only in the area of the Taita Hills. The latter form the northermost part of the Eastern Arc Mountains, resemble the Kenyan Highlands (including the Ngong Forest and Karen) in ecoclimatic parameters but were found to be distinct from either. Additionally, H. glandicolor of the viridiflavus subgroup (representing often small forms of less than 35mm) has a dark dorsum, almost black with white spots and streaks, but your picture shows a very different species that might also belong to another and larger genus e.g., Chiromantis.
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For example, the nomads in Northeastern Kenya?
I would like to know the Methodology I can use to evaluate the RED/REC immunization strategy among the hard to reach communities e.g the pastoralists and Nomads in Northeastern Kenya.
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hi Beatrice. Indeed interesting question, as REC is a challenge, and not only a  (and we all know that Reaching Every Goals is another one challenge :-) . Please have a look at this ppt in french, did by Dr Luce from WHO last year in Kinshasa. Rapid Conveniance Surveys are briefly presented as a way to assess and to correct the strategy
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I am looking to secure access for county level data on climate and soil indicators in Kenya. I thought there was an FAO AEZ project a while back which made this data available, but can't seem to locate this information. Any ideas?
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Depending on the area of Kenya, there are decent surveys on soil and climate available e.g. Geological Surveys of the 1950s published by the Colony and Protectorate of Kenya; R. Jätzold & H. Schmidt published detailed data in 1983 (Farm Management Handbook of Kenya, various volumes); the various Kenya Soils Surveys might be also of interest (D.O. Michieka et al. 1978). Hope this helps a bit.
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For some greenhouse experiments I would like to grow Avicennia marina imported from Kenya. However, I have no experience in growing this trees. I know this species tolerates considerable variations of water salinity, extreme conditions of temperature as well as long submergence of its pneumatophores during exceptional floods. But can anyone help me with a good stable starting environment to create for my experiments? Thank you in advance.
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For Avicennia marina, we found that planting them, "half-way" into the moist soil (see figure), gave the best results.
Make sure you identify the Avicennia species correctly? This is because the different Avicennia species have different soil preferences:
Sandy type: Avicennia marina
Sandy-loam type: Avicennia alba
Sandy-clayey type: Avicennia rumphiana and Avicennia officinalis
Good luck, Jeroen!
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I am looking for fieldwork conducted in northern Kenya, which describes typical patterns of herd management in concordance with seasonal variations in rainfall and the spatial distribution of relevant features such as wells, dry season grazing areas etc. Moreover I would like to know if there are significant differences between regions (for example between Turkana County and Marsabit County). Any suggestions?
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Regarding Turkana District you can ask me! I was Divisional Veterinary Officer from 81 to 89.
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I am doing a research on the subject “form of the city and local socio-cultural impact on the situation of Jame Mosque in historical cities of East Africa”. Accordingly, I try to find and study Swahili settlements in the region. Historically, the Shirazi people were founder the urban civilization in that region. In this regards I have found good information but there is lost data about one of their settlements.
Can anyone help me in finding the exact location of historical City of Shirazi settlement in south-east of Kenya? According to the documents it had changed the name to Funzi and in smaller area Kefunzi. Through Google Earth I found the Funzi peninsula, but the exact location of its historical city was not mentioned in the historical maps and Google map data.
Can anyone have any information about its data even the location of its ruins?
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If you are still in East Africa, you can visit Zanzibar National archive, you may be able to get some more information on Funzi. if you have a chance to visit Zanzibar please meet with professor Abdul -Sherif or google his name and then you could have contact- email address, he will be helpful