Judgment - Science topic

With AI now capable of drafting, analyzing, and even hypothesizing, do we still define researchers by what they write—or by what they contribute uniquely through judgment, ethics, and critical insight?

Is the academic role evolving from content creator to knowledge curator, system designer, or mentor of machine-human collaboration?

I welcome your perspectives—especially across disciplines and regions—on how we should redefine academic identity in light of these shifts.

Research has found that misperceptions of the seriousness of risks frequently occur at all organizational levels.

Individuals at all organizational levels need to have the same perceptions and judgments of the seriousness of risks, as these perceptions affect risk behaviours and appropriate decisions about safety issues.

The perception of risk or people's assessments of riskiness is influenced by various characteristics of hazards, such as those of controllable or uncontrollable.

Therefore, if the Risk Perception as a Sub-Culture is not appropriately managed through a Learning Culture, errors in risk assessment can result in risky behaviours, inappropriate safety-related decisions, and common workplace catastrophic accidents.

# 146

Dear Zohair Qadem , Yasir Abduljaleel , Mustapha Amiri , Abdelghani Qadem , Mohamed Lasri , Oussama Obda , Henrique Pizzo , Ali Salem

I read your paper:

Identification of Optimal Groundwater Storage Sites in a Semi-Arid Region: A GIS-Based Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) Approach

My comments:

1- Very interesting project and clearly described.

As in all my comments I do not enter into the project itself, as in this highly technical undertaking, simply because it is not my field. What I do, as in all other articles, is to address the MCDM applied, whatever it might be.

2- In page 3 you say “The methodology used for evaluation integrates sophisticated methods such as the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP)”

If there is something that AHP does not posses is sophistication. It is a very simple method, easy to understand and that does not require research or/and rationality, because its descriptive nature is related to human perception, which is a typical descriptive feature and irrational.

The latter is not a derogatory expression, but as Google describes it “An irrational decision is a decision that goes against or counter to logic. Summing-up: Rational decisions are carefully considered and negative outcomes are weighed. Nonrational decisions are based on intuitive judgment”

In my opinion we are constantly applying it in our daily life, but it does not mean that it can be used to evaluate alternatives in most projects.

The other process is called ‘normative’, that uses norms and established conditions.

“The normative approach sets out the ideal standards for rationaldecision-making, while the descriptive approach delves into the nuances of how people make decisions based on their cognitive processes and psychological biases”. This is not my definition

3- page 3 “This study provides valuable insights for strategic planning of groundwater management”

I do not agree with the underlined sentence, because strategic planning is far for being intuitive. I believe that drilling a well is based in many rational studies not on what the experts say

4- In page 5 you should explain what ‘delineation’ means; same for remote sensing and GIS

5- In page 8. It is a pleasure to read so detailed and documented observations about the three different areas. Well done.

6- Page 14 “Assessing consistency and comparisons for bias”

This is for me one important point, but why there should be consistency?

If we consider Rainfall (a), Lithography (b), Slope (d), and we determine for instance that a> b, and b>d, then, a >d? Mathematically, yes, it is correct, but is it in the field? Maybe it is, or maybe it is not; that is for the experts to decide, but is it a must? This is my point. What if it is not? I find here something very usual, especially inAHP, that assumes that theoretical conclusions apply to real life

At the end of the 19th Century, scientistssaid that theoretically, nothing heavier than air could fly. Applying aerodynamics theory, unknown then, it was demonstrated that it was not true. The problem in your example is that AHP is not mathematically prepared to address this type of problems. Its elemental theory cannot be applied to complex scenarios. There is no axiom or theorem that supports the AHP need for consistency or transitivity.

7- In Page 16 Table 4, where the weights values come from? Weights are normally between 0 and 1

Where is the interaction? For that, you would need a network not a lineal hierarchy as in AHP

8- In page 17 “These values reflect the estimated impact of one factor compared to another within a specific context”

I am afraid that you are mistaken, since impact means that you modify something, not the case here.

9- In page 18 “Sensitivity analysis is the study that measures the contribution or impact of variables in the unperturbed output result from models applied and permits recognition of layers, which are more critical for the analysis”

Sorry, this is not the definition of SA, or as I presume you made an involuntary error. SA measures the strength of solution or potential impact, due to variations in the importance of diverse criteria, and you are right in your lest sentence.

10- On page 22 “Interaction of diverse geographical, geological, and climatic factors”

Very true, but AHP does not do it. Interaction means that you have to analyze all criteria simultaneously not single pairs. As a trivial example, suppose that three barmen compete to prepare three different drinks using oranges, lemonS, cherries and pears, but in different quantities. In this case what AHP does is to compare juices of orange with lemons, orange with cherries, and orange with pears.

Each barman must use only these four fruits, but mixing all together and this giving a final taste of the mix, whatever it might be,not a couple of them separately.

The same in your example, you must to blend the different special layers, not determining pairs and then adding them up. Remember that the result not always is equal to the sum of the parts.

Curiously you agree with this in the underline paragraph when speaking about interaction.

These are my comments

I hope they can help you

Nolberto Munier

I am conducting research on enhancing evaluation techniques in Situational Judgment Tests (SJTs) through various scoring methods. One approach I am exploring is the inclusion of open-ended questions.

I would appreciate your insights on the following:

"By Falindra Prasad Chaulagain."

Alcohol has been a key part of human culture for centuries, often associated with social gatherings, celebrations, and relaxation. However, the detrimental effects of alcohol use, particularly its link to various criminal activities, are significant and should be taken seriously. This leads us to consider: if alcohol consumption were to decline, would crime rates also fall?

The relationship between alcohol and crime is complex, influenced by a multitude of factors. Still, evidence suggests that reducing alcohol consumption may lead to lower occurrences of certain types of crime. This discussion seeks to explore this relationship, share my viewpoint, and suggest possible solutions to the issues related to alcohol use and crime.

Understanding the Connection

Research points to a clear correlation between alcohol consumption and crime, particularly violent crimes. Drinking can impair judgment, reduce self-control, and increase aggression, potentially leading to criminal behavior. Studies indicate that a considerable number of violent offenses, such as assaults and domestic violence, take place while individuals are intoxicated. Additionally, driving under the influence (DUI) remains a significant cause of traffic fatalities and injuries, underscoring the dangers of heavy drinking.

Nonetheless, it's important to recognize that not every person who drinks alcohol engages in illegal activities. Many people consume alcohol responsibly, and several variables contribute to crime, including socioeconomic status, mental health issues, and environmental conditions. Therefore, while higher levels of alcohol consumption may be linked to increased crime, this does not imply a straightforward cause-and-effect relationship. This complexity suggests that reducing alcohol use could be an element of a broader strategy to address crime rather than a standalone solution.

My Viewpoint

I contend that decreasing alcohol consumption could help lower certain crimes, especially those related to violence and public disturbances. A reduction in alcohol-fueled incidents could lead to safer communities, lower healthcare expenses associated with alcohol misuse, and a decreased strain on law enforcement and the judicial system. However, it's essential to approach this issue with a comprehensive understanding of the root causes that contribute to both drinking and criminal behavior.

While encouraging reduced alcohol consumption, it's crucial to acknowledge the social and cultural contexts in which drinking occurs. Alcohol often serves as a centerpiece in social rituals and traditions, making its complete elimination impractical. Therefore, the goal should not be to eradicate alcohol but to promote responsible drinking habits and create a social atmosphere where individuals can connect without the adverse effects of excessive drinking.

Strategies to Address Alcohol Consumption and Crime

To effectively reduce both alcohol use and its associated criminal activities, a multi-faceted approach is necessary. Here are some possible strategies:

1. Public Awareness Initiatives:

Launching educational campaigns to raise awareness about the risks of excessive alcohol consumption can foster responsible drinking behavior. These efforts can inform people about the effects of alcohol on behavior and the potential dangers of engaging in criminal activity, thus promoting more conscious drinking choices.

2. Stricter Alcohol Sale Regulations:

Implementing more stringent regulations on alcohol sales can help reduce consumption. This might involve increasing the legal drinking age, limiting alcohol advertising, and designating specific hours for alcohol sales. Such measures can encourage moderation and discourage binge drinking.

3. Support for Treatment Programs:

Access to treatment for those dealing with alcohol dependency is crucial. By providing rehabilitation, counseling, and support groups, communities can help individuals overcome addiction, decreasing the likelihood of engaging in criminal activities, and benefiting both the individual and the broader community.

4. Community Initiatives:

Creating community programs that promote healthy lifestyles and alternative recreational activities can offer individuals options beyond alcohol consumption. Sports leagues, arts initiatives, and community service opportunities can enhance social engagement and offer positive outlets that reduce the temptation to drink excessively.

5. Enhanced Law Enforcement Training:

Law enforcement agencies play a vital role in addressing alcohol-related incidents. Providing officers with training on handling alcohol-related offenses can help maintain public order and decrease crime rates. This includes teaching techniques for de-escalation, identifying signs of intoxication, and responding appropriately to alcohol-related situations.

6. Addressing socioeconomic issues:

Many individuals turn to alcohol as a coping mechanism for stress, poverty, or mental health challenges. Tackling these underlying socioeconomic factors through education, job training, and mental health support can lead to reduced alcohol dependence and associated criminal behaviors. By improving overall living conditions, communities can lessen the reliance on alcohol.

7. Collaboration among stakeholders:

A coordinated effort involving various stakeholders—healthcare providers, community organizations, law enforcement, and policymakers—can enhance the effectiveness of strategies aimed at reducing alcohol consumption and related crime. Collaborative initiatives can lead to comprehensive solutions that address the issue from multiple perspectives.

Conclusion

In conclusion, while the relationship between alcohol use and crime is intricate, there is evidence to support the idea that lowering alcohol consumption may lead to a decrease in certain types of crime, particularly those involving violence and public disorder. A comprehensive approach that includes public awareness campaigns, stricter regulations, treatment support, community initiatives, law enforcement training, addressing socioeconomic challenges, and collaboration among stakeholders can contribute to the creation of a safer society. By advocating for responsible drinking and addressing the root causes of both alcohol misuse and crime, we can strive for healthier communities where individuals can thrive without the harmful effects of excessive alcohol consumption.

in other words, can we resort to previous studies after going to the field to compare and discuss the research results with the previous study?

Na przykład - za pomocą tego tłumacza internetowego ( https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yandex.Translate ), czy jesteśmy już w stanie unicestwić tamten Boski wyrok ( https://www.biblijni.pl/Rdz,11,1-9 ) i możliwym uczynić w ResearchGate choćby to, czego nie udało mi się uczynić tam ( https://www.academia.edu/s/e84c42f143 )?

For example - using this online translator ( https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yandex.Translate ) are we now able to nullify that divine judgment ( https://www.biblijni.pl/Rdz 11:1-9) and it is possible to do at ResearchGate what I could not do there ( https://www.academia.edu/s/e84c42f143 )?

Despite the huge world ,many obstacles are facing human ,how can we assure safety and human right with double face judgments in Ukranion war and Gaza ?

Contractual solidarity is a familiar title and traditionally seems to be a stable and stable system. Still, the meditator finds that it raises critical legal problems, whether it is the harmonization between it and the general rules of the contract or the obligation to cooperate information and security, as a point of balance between the conflicting interests of contractors. It leads to the emergence of personal rights that guarantee the legal protection of the contract, which allows the legislator and the judge to intervene to ensure the effectiveness of its judgments? How can each party to the contractual relationship satisfy the legitimate expectations of the other party without harming the other party? Which means that everyone owes the other and owes society under the idea of solidarity? The analytical study of this subject in this research is a serious attempt to answer these questions. The parties' selfish interests before the contract's conclusion cease and disappear upon the execution of the agreement, through the dependence of the parties on each other for their common interests, the so-called contractual solidarity. The idea of solidarity is not the result of the moment. Still, its emergence has extended to varying periods, and on this basis, this research will be divided into two topics that address the concept of contractual solidarity. In the second, we will explain how solidarity and contract are compatible.

The hardest questions for AI are usually the ones that involve complex human emotions, cultural understanding, and subjective judgments. Questions that require intuition, context, or interpretation of ambiguous situations are difficult for AI to answer accurately. What limitations lie within the AI algorithms that prevents the AI's ability to understand and probe into emotionally and culturally based questions.

In the context of sustainable tourism practices, several sampling techniques are used to gather data and information. These techniques help researchers and practitioners understand the impacts and effectiveness of sustainable tourism practices. Some commonly used sampling techniques in the context of sustainable tourism include:

These sampling techniques, when used appropriately, help researchers and practitioners in sustainable tourism practices gather data and information that can inform and guide their decision-making. Each technique has its advantages and limitations, and the choice of technique depends on the research objectives, available resources, and characteristics of the population being studied.

James Allen (and others) just assert this, but Brandon in the 1950's was not sure, and it does not seem so clear to me either. The Instruction of Merykare seems rather clear that there is a judgment, but by whom? The Pyramid texts seem to suggest that the king can say "I will not sit at the court" and this suffices to exempt him. Besides a late Nubian image, I can find no images or direct references to any king (but a number of famous ones of commoners) going through any trial, e.g., that of the weighing of the heart. Budge reproduces the late Nubian one presumably because he could not find an early Egyptian one. Any help would be most appreciated. The basic question is what a KING had to fear in connection with death.

By using argumentum ad rem, it is easy to arrive at the conclusive conclusion that THE USE OF THE TERM “AGNOSTICISM” WITH REGARD TO THE EXISTENCE OF GOD IS NOT ONLY WRONG BUT SENSELESS, inter alia, because:

> There are no real and true attributes of god. The word "god" is devoid of meaningful (physical) attributes, which makes it impossible to define this imaginary being otherwise than based on theology which, as known, is devoid of reality. In consequence, the definition of god can only be classified into the category of pseudo-definitions found in myths and fairy stories. It is therefore senseless to raise the question of the physical existence of god which, as all know, had been created by ignorant ancestors centuries ago, whose knowledge was based on beliefs and sorcery.

> Being confident that we know who is the god we are asking about, we are assuming a false, premise, thus committing a material fallacy, because we should first have to define the concept of god on the basis of the real, true attributes and then to ask the question about the god’s existence and then try to prove that the god physically exists, which, as knows, is as possible as proving the existence of gnomes.

All this does not prevent any god from existing in myths and not existing in reality at the same time, because the word existence is not a real predicate thus it cannot be an essential uniquely determined property of anything. This is consistent with the Kant's Maxim, according to which the term "existence” does not clearly define where god might exist. As a creation of the human minds, a god can only exist in the minds of believers and myths, but not in the real world, which is in line with the CANI's PRINCIPLE OF COEXISTENCE OF INDEPENDENT BEINGS (CANI's Imperative of Independent Beings), according to which:

It is generally known that none of us has the knowledge to fully understand reality which certainly is not the delusion! Cognizing reality differs from cognizing the imaginary events and beings, just as facts and science differ from miracles and religious myths, which results from the CANI’s LAW OF VALUE OF INDEPENDENT BEINGS (Imperative of the Law of Beings known also as the CANI's Law or the CANI's Law of Logic), based on the Laws of Nature. Huxley simply confused the concepts of the real and religious beings that require diametrically opposed methods of cognition because of the nature of the things they refer to.

We all know that the reality is cognized by experience and reason, whereas the religious “reality” is cognized by the faith based more on non-rational than irrational perception of the world and therefore has no cognitive value.

Agnosticism based on such non-rational grounds is senseless and proves intellectual inertia and a lack of willingness to understand things. Above all, agnosticism robs people of the courage to adopt the clear-cut position to the root of the matter with regard to the existence or non-existence of god.

By the way, is it possible that Th. H. Huxley and academics like e.g. R. Dawkins, St. J. Gould, or B. Russell, who share his agnostic view concerning religion, intentionally ignore the scientific knowledge, declaring themselves religious agnostics only because to preserve the status quo with regard to the neutral view on the existence of god? After all, how can we accuse academics that their scientific knowledge, which, as we know, discredits the substantive value of religious agnosticism, would not allow them to draw the conclusive conclusions from their considerations?

Detecting plagiarism done through ChatGPT or any other AI language model can be challenging, but there are some approaches you can take to identify potential instances of plagiarism. Here are a few methods you can consider:

It's important to note that no detection method is foolproof, and false positives or negatives can occur. Plagiarism detection is a complex task, and it often requires a combination of different approaches and human judgment to reach accurate conclusions.

Donald Davidson began his famous article, Truth Rehabilitated, by lowering the expectations of those who regard the concept of truth as a too venerable concept:

"Before it could come to seem worthwhile to debunk truth, it was necessary to represent truth as something greater than it is, or to endow it with powers it does not have" (2005, p. 4).

Something similar happened in Kant's answer to the skeptic about pure reason. The author coordinated his defense to a lowering of the dogmatist's expectations. For him, part of the problem would be to expect acrobatic - or dialectical - metaphysical performances from reason.

In this little discussion that I would like to start, I would like to put the question inside out. The question today is whether too much was lost, if the loss is not too great, when we accept to level pure reason down, so that it doesn't feel too much pressure.

Even among the heirs of transcendental philosophy there is a feeling that certain canonizations of the conceptual apparatus used for knowing and judging are unnecessary mystifications of something far less venerable. This less venerable something has been named in several descriptions of cultural and anthropological formation, but we can summarize it for economic purposes as the presence of man as a problem unto himself.

The inevitable conclusion-which we see confirmed by the essay-is that this skepticism about rational practice is indeed compatible with transcendental philosophy. Kant could not avoid it. The question can be divided into a set of sub-problems: How much can you give the skeptic without taking it all?

... this demystification of immutable rationality, and its exchange for one linked to the historical and human problem, is an obstacle to a vision of strong rationality, which is above mere habit and bias?

The German and French traditions that emerged from the offshoot of Hegelianism led to the dismantling of the instruments of rationality typically associated with the stability of our political regimes. A post-Hegelian tradition that developed through Marx, the Frankfurt School, and later Foucault set out to change our sociological understanding to look less reverently at legal institutions and other great works of "logos" and to observe the microdramaturgies of power that underlie dominant narratives.This all led to frustration for a group of more traditional philosophers, both epistemologists and semanticists, who still saw logic as an independent and unconstructed (a-historical) form of expression of rationality. Even in American or Anglophone traditions this thought found support, as in Richard Rorty. Great thinkers like D.C. Stove attacked Hume, seeing him as perhaps the most dangerous among the founders of this reasoning. As you have noticed, this has led many, at the limit, to question the role of philosophical questions in general, and to raise the suspicion that what appears as "philosophy" at one time is just the superstructural surface of "Reason" legitimazing self-image, hiding a dramaturgy of more “humane”problems. Debate:

I have separated these brief sections from an article I am trying to write to assess the extent to which our plea for a strong conception of rationality is still possible in a perspective necessarily conditioned by the Kantian (postmetaphysical) conception of pure reason. I would be grateful if interested parties could set forth their own interpretation of this state of affairs and how they believe it is possible for reason to defend itself against skeptical attacks, either within a well-defined, unchanging conceptual zone of categories or outside of it, from a historical and changing perspective of rational parameters. I would also be grateful if you would point out to me the limits of the framework I am using for the discussion.

In the legal field of custody pending deportation (Abschiebungshaft) in the Federal Republic of Germany, errors happen more frequently in the lower instance, the district court. Above all, it is procedural errors that lead to decisions later being found to be unlawful, for example, a lawyer who can be seen from the files is not contacted or there is insufficient language mediation. In terms of reasons for this, the lack of time and the density of court proceedings are often put forward first, leading to a lower qualitative examination. In the same way, legal ignorance can sometimes be observed in the legal field of custody pending deportation.

I am interested in whether there are other areas of law in which similar errors can be identified at the lowest level? In other words, procedural errors that happen again and again.

I am designing a study that has 2 independent variables (cultural intelligence, social judgment) and a dependent variable (hiring decision). The 2 independent variables are continuous, rated on a scale, and the dependent variable is categorical(yes/no).

I plan on using logistic regression to analyze the data, but how do I determine what sample size to use?

I am looking for a dataset which contains the judgments of the decision-makers for the decision problem, as in the AHP method. The problem can be in any area.

Most datasets are related with classification, regression, and time series problems, such as energy, diseases etc.

Let me know. Thanks in advance.

the survey sample size for an expert sample that is accepted by a Q2 journal

Someone told me that it is recommended to validate the qualitative questions to make it more reliable prior to the interview session with key informants.

A paramedic is an emergency medical technician(EMT) with additional advanced training to perform more difficult pre-hospital medical procedures. A paramedic functions as the most extensively trained primary care provider in the pre-hospital setting. The paramedic is responsible for all aspects of care provided to the sick and injured. They provide both basic and advanced life support, including comprehensive patient assessment, invasive airway management, cardiac monitoring and administration of medications.

Skills required to be EMTs and Paramedics

• Confidence

• Excellent Judgment

• Independent Functioning

• Physical Strength

• Problem-Solving Skills

• Speaking Skills

Does a Fund (e.g., a social security Fund, Petroleum Fund etcetera.) include its investments; e.g., property or securities if money from such Fund was used to make such investments? In other words, can such property be attached/subject to execution or is it considered as part of the Fund?

Lessons from all jurisdictions are welcome.

I wonder if there are any jurisdictions in the world that do not provide an appellate body for civil disputes (in the sense of a legal and, albeit limited, factual review of the first instance judgment)?

I would greatly appreciate your answers! Thank you so much in advance!

How to judge the correctness of the obtained information related to COVID-19 and how reliable are the various online sources of this information?!

What should/not we trust?! where to get information!?

Dear all

I am recently planning to use Thurstone (1927)'s Law of Comparative Judgment approach to quantify the psychological distance for further usage in the formal experiment.

If I wish to compare 30 items of my stimuli, I will need at least 435 trials for each pair of comparison ONCE (combination 30 of 2). I wonder how many times of the same pair should be answered that will be decent for using Thurstone's approach to quantify the psychological distance across these 30 stimuli.

The problem is, I don't want to make this phase too long, since it is merely a calibration phase. If participants are going to compare the same pair twice, the trial number here will be 870, and the number will be even bigger if stimuli being measured more times.

Thank you very much!

Describe the skills and attributes that are necessary to communicate with someone who is experiencing mental health problems.

The first point that the architectural reading raises is the origins in architecture, through common elements in the process of devising a judgment in architecture, and the judgment is what is based on the principles of architecture to organize the architectural products as an agreed-upon initiation line, and in which an integrated vision is achieved to the cognitive levels in which the reading of the subject is fully integrated Face.

I have a collection of documents with a gold standard for text classification task, so each document is annotated with a number of categories. I want to use the same collection to evaluation a text retrieval system, but the collection does not have any relevance judgments for retrieval.

Can I use the classification golden standard for that purpose? I mean by using categories as queries, and creating relevance judgments file so that for each query (category) we consider the related documents to be those annotated with that category

Is that acceptable?

My research involves player performance in soccer using Fuzzy Analytic Hierarhy Process. I have Tackles, passing, interceptions, shots, etc as my criteria. I have to ask 6 different people and if the variance is really high..... then FAHP can't be used. With high Variance, let's say one person thinks this is important and another think it's not too important. Two criterias have something like an outlier. Out of the 6 i asked........Two have very different judgments. Three criteria have a like an outlier. The two people who judged the three crtieria have judgments WAY DIFFERENT From the other 4. I dont know what to do next. Consistency Ratio is good. It's jsut the subjective part that's off.

After months of confinement and interruption of student-teacher contact, in your opinion, how should the resumption of face-to-face lessons take place? Do the exam subjects have to take this judgment into account?

does cultural background affect our view of things and our judgments including research?

How would you describe the role of socio-cultural factors in economic development? What do you think, how important is it in shaping the economic development processes? How do you see the channel through which socio-cultural factors affect economic development?

I would appreciate it if you provide your opinion/view regarding the topic (including both common and unusual/distinct ideas).

I am running a task in monolingual and bilingual speakers, aiming to see if one group would be better than the other in spotting 'language-incompliant' words. Participants provide their judgments about the words on a 3 point scale (Correct, wrong, neither correct nor wrong). I also measure reaction times. I have relatively large group of participants (130 in each group). What statistical test should I use for the task responses and what for reaction times?

Recently many audit firms and auditors (including the big-4) have accused and fined thousand of dollars and pounds for basing the opinion on insufficient audit evidence and poor judgment.

Please, can one assess the influence of competence and judgment on auditor performance?

What sub-variables will be appropriate for judgment and auditor performance?

Are there key academic research issues that can be considered regarding these variables?

What are some appropriate theories that can be used?

Considering the research variables, which method of data collection (experimental survey and questionnaire) will you recommend?

Thank you very much for willing to help.

Dear all,

does anybody know how many similarity judgments I need for each pair of stimuli in multidimensional scaling. For clarification: I am not talking about the number of comparisons. I know that there is the option for reduced designs, but this is not what I mean. I mean how many subjects have to indicate their perceived similarity among two stimuli. Does anybody know a source that provides an answer to this question?

Best,

Max

A ten-plague tradition is mentioned in the Exodus narrative but seven-plague traditions are mentioned in the Psalms (78/105). Why? Another seven-plague schema is found in Amos 4:6-11 though not explicitly related to Exodus plagues. In the later literature, ten-plague schemas are mentioned in the Apocalypse of Abraham, the Book of Jubilees, and Philo's retelling of the Egyptian plagues where as seven-plague schemas are mentioned in Artapanus, Wisdom of Solomon, Testament of Benjamin, and Greek Apocalypse of Baruch. And the New Testament Apocalypse applies the 'seven' schemas over against the established 'ten' framework as well regarding the Exodus-like judgments. Why? Which preceded what in time? Which was original? Ten or seven? Were there exodus traditions older than the Pentateuchal 'ten' tradition? Is 'ten' developed from the fusion of the older sevens? How can we argue for it?

I am trying to sketch a new project aiming to question the problematic relationship between justice and law in philosophical/political terms. Many political theorists since the time of Plato have wrestled with the problem of whether justice is part of law or is simply a moral judgment about law. Many scholars on the subject has either concluded that justice is only a judgment about law or has offered no reason to support a conclusion that justice is somehow part of law. In my point of view, justice shouldn’t be conceived as an inherent component of the law, I am rather interested in the disconnection of law and justice to the extent that this disconnection bears the concept of politics itself both in positive and negative terms.

I believe that your intriguing answers and guidance will breed a very fruitful discussion.

Question is not available.

I ask because it appears to me like people, especially leaders are aware of moral judgment and, can differentiate between good and bad. But with so many ethical scandals out there, is it that leaders just intentionally wish to create a chaotic workplace to confuse people so that they can execute some dirty deals for self-profiting? I cannot understand the continuum of ethical scandals out there, if ethics is all about moral judgment of what is good or bad. Don't leaders want to be good?

Science: Science is the pursuit and application of knowledge and understanding of the natural and social world following a systematic methodology based on evidence.

E=MC^2 is ‘Science’

Scientific Consensus: Scientific consensus is the collective judgment, position, and opinion of the community of scientists in a particular field of study.

97% of experts have made an agreement that ‘the cup is hot’ is ‘Consensus’

What is your opinion?

What do you think about the application of artificial intelligence in the courts to make rational judgments?

No scientific research is devoid of values and values play a definite role in scientific inquiry. As humans, our research is guided by values from beginning to end .i. e., from identification of problem to conclusions and prediction level.

Value judgments cannot be completely withdrawn from scientific discourse. Values have a certain place and 'an attitude of moral indifference has no connection with scientific inquiry'.

Though critical self-reflection is very important while carrying out the research, an 'over-fixation' with it can be counter productive. The basic assumption is that at what level values can be productive in scientific inquiry.

Greetings,

I would like to know what is the relevant aggregation method regarding conducting Focus Group to select an alternative in Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP). The Focus Group includes Domain Experts and Academic Experts to address the problem of selecting the best alternative of available techniques. Normally, there are two fundamentally accepted aggregation methods within AHP, the Aggregation of Individual Judgments (AIJ) and the Aggregation of Individual Priorities (AIP). So, I would appreciate sharing knowledge about the relevant aggregation method and the justification for using this method. Additionally, is there any online software that could perform this aggregation automatically? Thank you.

Without wishing death or misadventure upon any sitting U.S. Supreme Court judge, suppose that President Trump at 11 a.m. tomorrow were to have occasion to make another appointment to the U.S. Supreme Court. Could the President - "by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate", to be sure - appoint an artificial intelligence system to that office? The "Appointments Clause" in the Constitution (Article II, Section 2, clause 2) states that the President "shall nominate, and by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate, shall appoint ... Judges of the supreme Court". There does not appear to be any requirement that the appointee be a human being.

Without wishing death or misadventure upon any sitting U.S. Supreme Court judge, suppose that President Trump at 11 a.m. tomorrow were to have occasion to make another appointment to the U.S. Supreme Court. Could the President - "by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate", to be sure - appoint an artificial intelligence system to that office?

The "Appointments Clause" in the Constitution (Article II, Section 2, clause 2) states that the President "shall nominate, and by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate, shall appoint ... Judges of the supreme Court". There does not appear to be any requirement that the appointee be a human being.

Can value judgments in normative economics generate abuses of unreliable use of economic knowledge for the purposes of designing socio-economic policies?

In my opinion, economics is a neutral science in terms of valuation. In my opinion, it is not only neutral in terms of valuing the processes of host reality described by economic concepts, but should be neutral. One of the areas of economics in which value judgments are allowed is normative economics referring to the assessment of economic processes that will occur in the future or which are planned for implementation in the future. In this respect, economics is a tool for debates, discussions, brainstorming at the academic level but also in the pre-election debates in the world of politics. However, often the economics used for the needs of politicians, in the field of electoral programs, social and economic policy projects are created abuses. Often in such political applications of economic knowledge selectively selectively some theories, concepts from the history of economic thought, selected economic laws, specific dependencies, etc. which perfectly serve to explain the legitimacy of the application of a specific socio-economic policy, but usually do not include the holistically described economic reality, they do not represent all economic knowledge comprehensively.

Please reply

Best wishes

Hi everyone! I'm designing an acceptability judgment task (AJT) - Likert Scale - and I'd like to keep the number of filler items as low as possible, as the number of experimental sentences is already high (3 x 2 design, 8 sentences per condition). Therefore, I wanted to ask what if there was any consensus about the minimum acceptable number of fillers in an AJT paradigm (and could you provide a reference?).

In addition, I've read that a minimum of 3 sentences per experimental condition is reccomended in AJT, while 8-12 sentences per condition is required for self-paced reading. In your opinion, what would be the ideal number of items in an AJT task (and also, could you provide a reference, if possible?).

Thank you so much for your kind attention.

New trend for Human resource management employees when get Practice to have a great experience for take a good perspective to judgment of people

Sometimes, reviewers judge papers as unacceptable based on the perception that some necessary contents are missing. Meanwhile the contents were already included in the papers and their wrong judgment is clearly due to uncoordinated, lazy and incomplete review. Are Authors supposed to complain to the Editors when this type mishandling leads to rejection of their papers?

The Delphy study or technique is a survey method designed to structure group opinion and discussion, generate group consensus, and quantify the judgments of experts, asses priorities, or make long-range forecasts (Waltz, Strickland, & Lenz, 2005). If we use this technique to quantify the judgments of experts, how many minimum sample size for this study?

Strategic physiognomy encompasses an act of observing personality traits of the individual(s) from facial appearances or features, dating back from Ancient Greece and continues to be popular in making decisions and judgments

Is aesthetic perception bound with normative judgments from the first moment of the encounter with an artistic creation, or maybe this rather depends on the cultural layers surrounding the work of art?

The purpose of this publication is to make the future of individuals and institutions right. And, also, to make people think, even for a brief period.

It is a mixture of prediction and provocation that tends to stimulate debate, but be aware that other elements should be considered when assessing the potential impact. Further

important, the technologies presented in this table were inserted without any discussion of ethical and moral factors. No technology should be used unless it helps human conditions

and with potentially disruptive technologies always remember that "with great powers comes great responsibilities." (There are several credits for this phrase since Spider-Man, Dr. Spock, Yoda, Churchill,

Roosevelt and possibly the French Revolution). Examples are purely illustrative and do not constitute any form of recommendation, validation or investment suggestion. Note also that

small companies and start-ups are constantly changing, so treat the examples carefully. There will be errors and errors of judgment, please use a little common sense. If you want to

contact us to congratulate us, criticize us or pay us a lunch, our address is techforensight@imperial.ac.uk. You can also find Richard by richar@nowandnext.com.

hello all,

i would like to know the judgment behind decision of tapping a material or using inserts to fasten.

how to decide whether a material can be tapped(threaded) to fasten it or should we make use of Inserts to assemble.

Ex: Aluminum has both tapped feature and inserts in different usages .

So what is the factor that decides the tapping or usage of inserts?

Dear

I have an outcome (dependent) variable (scores received from a multiple-choice test/computerized reading comprehension test), and two predictors (independent variables) (the data received from two Likert-Scale questionnaires/Computer Familiarity Scale and Attitudes towards Computer Scale were transformed to continuous scales). I'm trying to probe the directionality of the effects i.e the effect of two independent variables on the dependent one. Moreover, the correlation among the variables should be assessed based on the results of coefficients determination (R2). I came to the solid conclusion that the Multiple Linear Regression may be the best statistical test to examine my research hypotheses. What’s your idea? is it the most appropriate test to run based on the aforementioned data? If yes, which assumptions should be met for running Multiple Linear Regression statistical test? Somebody says that the results of just two Normality and Durbin-Watson (absen of autocorrelation) are to be reported, and this is the accepted procedure for statisticians. But it seems that those two are not enough, and totally, 8 main assumptions should be met in this case, and the most important ones are .........

1. Linear relationship 2. Multivariate normality 3. No or little multicollinearity 4. No auto-correlation 5. Homoscedasticity.

Would you please inform me if I am required to meet all the assumptions for running Multiple Linear Regression test? or Not?

It is worth mentioning that I'm supposed to report the most appropriate, accurate and subtle results of statistical procedure in order to get the positive judgment of austere reviewers!

Thanks in advance

Warm Regards

I would like to know what is the proper way to justify (if required) my judgments when I do pairwise comparisons in AHP and how should I properly document them. It is important to say that I am executing AHP alone so there is no need to reach consensus with anyone.

In Wikipedia we found a simple example where they include a little summary of the candidates expertise to justify the judgments. Is this enough? Moreover that approach makes sense for the comparison of alternatives, but not for comparison of criteria. 

How should I justify my judgments about the importance of one criteria over another?

I am interested in unconditional acceptance of others. Positive or negative global judgments of others may result in cognitive dissonance when the individual being judged acts against the judgment. Thus, I expect this judgmentalism, hate-the-sin-love-the-sinner mentality, or unconditional other acceptance to benefit an individual and promote acceptance of unflattering information about loved ones and flattering information about people one believes to be bad. 

Although many studies conducted in various fields and various cultural and national contexts indicate that spirituality is associated with a wide range of comparative judgment, recent theory suggests that under certain conditions there may be limits to the positive impact of spirituality on decision making in a competitive situation. I ask: Is there an upper limit to the benefits of positive affect in spirituality beyond which it could impair effective psychological and behavioral functions? What are the interactive factors upon which a positive or negative impact is expected?

I am conducting a research on impact of mothers' and teachers' false testimonies for scientific facts on kindergarteners' judgments. 

I will ask two question to children: 

1) Can human fly just like birds? 

2) Can birds stay a live without air? 

After children provided answers some will watch their mothers' videos which is providing information against scientific facts. "HUman can fly just like birds, I am sure of that" "Birds can live without air, I am sure of that" 

My question is that: Should ask both questions in one session or should I gather data in two sessions? If in two sessions how much time should be between two sessions? 

Hi everyone! I am conducting a small online study investigating the implicit and explicit measures of Anti-Fat Bias on subjective ratings of physical attractiveness. The main objective of the study is to compare the individual differences on implicit and explicit judgments of weight impacting subsequent ratings of physical attractiveness. The implicit measures will be collated by utilizing the "Harvard Take a Test" Implicit paradigm followed by explicit measures by use of The Crandall Anti-fat Questionnaire(Crandall, C.S. (1994). Prejudice against fat people: Ideology and Self-Interest, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology). 

If you wish to take part please click on the link below and once you have gained access press onto the "Weight IAT". Once you have completed the procedure there will be a questionnaire that you will be able to fill out and can resend back to me

Many thanks! I would really appreciate your participation.  

Hello, in the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) when dealing with judgments of a group, we usually generate a priority vector for each individual and then aggregate the results. Normally for any given priority vector, the sum of its values are 1.

However when using the geometric mean to aggregate the results of a group, the resulting priority vector might not have this property, i.e., the sum of its terms might be different from 1.

Is that ok? If not, is there a widely accepted method to make sure the sum of the aggregated priority vector is 1?

Thank you in advance,

Bruno.

I have developed a Piagetian based instrument that I am ready to do some large scale field testing with. Is anyone interested in using it?

First, I am looking for information about criminal and/or religious trials where Hudud or Hodood punishments could have been imposed, to be able to draw conclusions about the percentage of cases where such punishments are imposed versus the cases where the courts opt for other forms of punishment.

Second, I am looking for information about the actual application of the Hudud punishments, i.e. where and when was the judgment executed and a person's hand was cut off, or a person was flogged or stoned, versus cases where the judgment was pronounced but not executed.

Finally, for cases where Hudud punishments were imposed (and executed), I would like to find out whether the court followed Islamic law correctly, including the very strict requirements on evidence, or was motivated more by public opinion and external pressure, i.e. I am looking for the reasoning or motivation of such judgments to see whether the judges provide solid justification for their decisions.

Sources in Arabic are fine but for Urdu and other languages, I would need summaries in English, French, German, Spanish, or Italian.

I want to know the best available task or paradigm (e.g, selection/comparison task, classification task, naming task, parity judgment task, and ?) to examine these two research questions. Why? 

I'm working on a research project that examines different types of judgments from social conservatives and social liberals. In one study I show that priming liberals with purity concerns make their judgments look more like conservatives' judgments. In a follow up, I want to test if the converse is true: can tamping down purity concerns make conservatives' judgments look more like liberals' judgments? Thanks for the help!

How would I research pre-cognitive judgment when it comes to a product's design? Specifically, I'm looking to see if there's a way to measure an individual's intuition and judgment of condom packaging and design at a level where they cannot explicitly say why they like/don't like the product. I've been racking my brain about how to even start designing a research project around the topic. I think I'd need to start by examining structure and development of mneumonic networks in certain populations, and then compare them to actual findings, but I'm clueless as to how to measure how an individual interfaces with a product without asking them questions.