Science topic

Irrigation Engineering - Science topic

Explore the latest questions and answers in Irrigation Engineering, and find Irrigation Engineering experts.
Questions related to Irrigation Engineering
  • asked a question related to Irrigation Engineering
Question
1 answer
I have a question from the literature: How does an irrigation rate of (96 mL/hr.) equal (8.5 L/m2.h) if I have a column of 125 mm in diameter and 2m long?
Relevant answer
Answer
To convert the irrigation rate from milliliters per hour (mL/hr) to liters per square meter per hour (L/m².h), we need to consider the area of the column.
First, let's calculate the cross-sectional area of the column. The diameter of 125 mm gives a radius of 62.5 mm (or 0.0625 m). Using the formula for the area of a circle (A = πr²), we find:
A = π(0.0625)^2 = 0.01227 m²
Next, we can convert the irrigation rate from mL/hr to L/m².h. Since 1 liter is equal to 1000 milliliters, the conversion factor is:
1 L = 1000 mL
Therefore, to convert 96 mL/hr to L/m².h, we can use the following calculation:
(96 mL/hr) x (1 L/1000 mL) x (1/0.01227 m²) = 7.82 L/m².h
So, the irrigation rate of 96 mL/hr is approximately equal to 7.82 L/m².h for a column with a diameter of 125 mm and a length of 2 m.
  • asked a question related to Irrigation Engineering
Question
4 answers
Proper guidance for starting a research career in the field of agricultural engineering.
Relevant answer
Answer
Understand or define the topic (with bounds on it)
Develop a list of key words and search criteria
Determine the journals that you will search (sometimes a simple Google search is not effective in locating the correct papers)
Determine the time line (last 10 years, last 50 years, etc.)
Take the time to look at the titles of papers in the journals selected
Compile the papers
Read the papers
Write a review of the papers
  • asked a question related to Irrigation Engineering
Question
11 answers
In order to investigate the level of humidity of a soil for irrigation purposes, I'd like to learn more on different types of technology that could define soil's level of humidity as a criteria to determine whether or not a land needs to be watered.
Relevant answer
Answer
I should also have given you the attached..
  • asked a question related to Irrigation Engineering
Question
5 answers
For example: Iran falls within the Middle East arid zone, with some 13% of the country receiving less than 100 mm mean annual rainfall, an additional 61% receiving less than 250 mm and only 9% receiving more than 500 mm.
  • asked a question related to Irrigation Engineering
Question
34 answers
Our need to create alternative water sources is increasing day by day. However, while providing alternative water resources, can we adequately predict long-term effects on the natural balance? Although the dams built on rivers and streams are useful as an irrigation and energy source, serious damage occurs to the habitat on the natural passage areas of the streams. Similarly, can rainwater harvesting in urban or rural areas (especially covering large areas) cause adverse effects both in terms of feeding aquifers and soil-water balance? I don't have a clear opinion on this subject, but I think that we should question how we affect nature in the long run and that we should take our steps carefully.
Relevant answer
Answer
Also check please the following very good link: https://www.ircwash.org/sites/default/files/213.1-01RA-17421.pdf
  • asked a question related to Irrigation Engineering
Question
7 answers
I mean, is it possible to deliver water as water vapor to the plant root zone? No matter which irrigation method is used, plants cannot benefit from a significant portion of irrigation water. Because we actually give water to the soil, not to the plant. The plant is able to use the water left over from evaporation and deep percolation. Even if we assume that there is no deep percolation, a significant part of the water evaporates from the gaps in the soil. As a suggestion, I think that water can be applied in the form of water vapor to save water in agriculture. Similar to the subsurface drip irrigation system, when the water vapor reaches the root zone of the plant, it can feed the plant roots. There are several methods for evaporating water, but it is necessary to determine an economical and viable method under field conditions.
Relevant answer
Answer
interested idea
  • asked a question related to Irrigation Engineering
Question
4 answers
I'm trying to design an irrigation system in which I'm able to get slow liquid flow (dripping) out of multiple holes (exit points) that is uniform across all of the holes. The issue I keep running into is that any discrepancies in the holes - be it slight differences in size, orientation, etc.- results in a preferential path for the liquid and the flow becomes nonuniform; it flows fast out of some holes and slow (or not at all ) out of others.
Any thoughts on an approach would be greatly appreciated.
Relevant answer
Answer
  • asked a question related to Irrigation Engineering
Question
4 answers
I am working on a drip irrigation system build and need new papers on the topic so I can work on new areas, I am currently focusing on energy efficiency and failure detection.
Any recommendation is appreciated
Relevant answer
Answer
You can also find Application of Aquacrop in irrigated cabbages in Keiyo Highlands Kenya.
  • asked a question related to Irrigation Engineering
Question
9 answers
Here is the FAO Dependable Rain Method to computes MONTHLY effective rainfall
Pe = 0.8 P - 25 if P > 75 mm/month
Pe = 0.6 P - 10 if P < 75 mm/month
Where Pe is the monthly effective rainfall and P is the monthly rainfall
If I want to use the same formula to compute DAILY rather than Monthly Rainfall, can I do that?
DailyPe = 0.8 DailyP - 25 if daily P >2.5mm/day (or 75 mm/30 days)
DailyPe = 0.6 DailyP - 10 if daily P < 2.5mm/day (or 75mm/30 days)
Where DailyPe is the daily effective rainfall and DailyP is the daily rainfall.
Relevant answer
Answer
This data has been of interest to me as well.
  • asked a question related to Irrigation Engineering
Question
2 answers
Im doing a thesis on 'flow study of alappuzha canal network'.
Relevant answer
Answer
La pregunta complementaria sería: la bomba la va a instalar en una fuente de agua y desde allí va a bombear al canal?.
Si este es el escenario, Usted debe saber que las bombas eléctricas operan como máximo de 20 a 22 horas por día. Si el canal necesita operar las 24 horas del día, entonces Usted tendría que planificar dos estaciones de bombeo, para que cada una opere durante 12 horas. Este caso sería para cuando existan usuarios en el canal. Es necesario mantener un régimen uniforme en el canal para no afectar a la distribución del agua a los usuarios.
Ahora, si Usted quiere transportar el agua desde un río a un reservorio y no hay usuarios distribuidos a lo largo del canal, entonces, Usted puede planificar la operación de la bomba máximo 22 horas por día y en función de eso dimensionar el canal. Mientras reduzca el número de horas de operación de la bomba, más caro será el sistema.
Las bombas con motor diésel pueden operar las 24 horas del día sin problema…Pero siempre debe considerar un tiempo para operación y mantenimiento.
  • asked a question related to Irrigation Engineering
Question
10 answers
Hi !
Do you know a source that provides the average monthly reference evapotranspiration in your location ? Where is it available ? Do you have any table that shows average evapotranspiration in any given month in your area (state or region...)?
Thanks a lot,
Best regards
Daniel
Relevant answer
Answer
Hello sir
Simply take meteorological data ( i.e. Tmax, T min, RH, wind speed, and solar radiation) of your region . and use CROPWAT (developed by FAO ) to estimate ET0, CROPWAT has in-built options to select the ET0 calculation equations based on the availability of meteorological data.
  • asked a question related to Irrigation Engineering
Question
12 answers
Irrigated (e.g: 20-25% of the available water holding capacity is supplied)
Relevant answer
Answer
Crop water stress index- What you are mentioning is based on canopy temperature or deficit irrigation by stopping irrigation
There are several approaches, by which you do. It may be based on soil moisture based ( Up to Wilting point), 2) deficit irrigation based on actual ETc ( 50 %, 60 % etc) . Kindly clarify on this. One of the paper on CWSI I am enclosing for reference.
  • asked a question related to Irrigation Engineering
Question
9 answers
How to measure discharge of a canal by surface float method?
If we know flow depth, top and bottom width of canal. And canal is lined with cement concrete. What should be size, weight and material of float? What is relation (Multiplying coefficient)between surface velocity and mean velocity?
Relevant answer
Answer
Greetings!
While not as precise as using a current meter, you can still get decent results using the float method. I offer a few suggestions below:
Float Choice. I agree with previous comments: Oranges are an excellent float because you want a float that is just below the water surface. If you use a stick or an empty plastic bottle, for example, any wind you have will likely influence your results. Oranges are relatively cheap (at least in the US) and they are biodegradable if you lose one in the stream. No matter what you use, it needs to be just dense enough that it sits just below the water surface, but doesn't sink or hit the bottom. Oranges fit this requirement. A half-filled plastic bottle might work, too, in an emergency.
Measurement Reach. This is not going to be an issue in a concrete trapezoid, but find a straight reach with minimum turbulence. There shouldn't be any constrictions, bends, or other other obstructions within about 5 channel widths up or downstream of your selected measurement reach. The more uniform the flow, the better the results. If present, you can remove wood, rocks, debris, etc... before you start the measurement. Just make sure you wait a period of time to allow the flow to become uniform again--15 minutes is a good rule of thumb, but it depends upon the size of the obstruction versus the size of the channel. You'll need to read the reach to decide when it's appropriate.
The section should be long enough such that you get at least 20 seconds of travel time for the floats. If you are doing storm event measurements, at the start of the measurement, you need to note the location of the water surface elevation as you'll likely have to come back later and measure the cross sectional area when it's safe to do so. In baseflow conditions, you should be able to measure the cross sectional area at the time you do the work.
If your intention is to go to the same site or sites in fair weather and foul for multiple measurements, I suggest that you monument or mark the measurement section. That way, you don't need to string a tape every time you go to a site. It's a time saver when you're working in the wet, in particular.
Finally, realize this--it is typically very difficult to find the perfect measurement location for a discharge measurement, no matter how you do it. Find the best site you can and do the best you can! Take lots of pictures of your site, take good notes during your work, and caveat your results as necessary in your write up.
Taking the Measurement. You need to sample the entire section, slow parts and fast. Don't just throw five floats in the middle, for example. In your mind or your field book, break the reach into two or three sections (example: Right Side third, Middle, Left Side Third). How many sections you need is best professional judgement.
In each section, I would recommend at least five measurements (so you'd have 15 data points in the example above). Also, make sure you introduce the float upstream far enough so that it has time to accelerate to the stream velocity before it crosses into the measurement reach. Use a stopwatch to measure the time needed for the float to travel to the downstream point of the measurement reach. I'm sure you realize this, but this type of flow measurement is usually a two person job.
Data Processing. Nothing to add here, really. You simply divide your measurement reach distance by the individual float travel times to get the individual surface velocities for each measurement. Then, I typically average all the measurements to compute an average velocity for the entire section. Once you have your average velocity, one important thing that was touched on before is you need to correct surface velocity measurements to average velocity measurements as surface values are always faster. The standard formula is:
Vavg = kVsur
where k is a correction coefficient that ranges from 0.80 in natural streams to 0.90 in artificial channels. Commonly, 0.85 is used--I might go to 0.90 in your case, based on your site description.
Final Thoughts. I don't know what your reason is for measuring discharge here, but if you are working long-term and you want to understand water flow at this location, you might want to install a staff plate and develop a rating curve for this site. Eventually, that would allow you to go to the site, take a reading off the staff plate, and get an instantaneous discharge value without having to measure it every time. That process, however, is too involved to describe here. But there are all kinds of references on-line for developing rating curves.
Good luck!
  • asked a question related to Irrigation Engineering
Question
5 answers
i hold BSC degree in Agricultural Engineering and Msc in water resource engineering.My research intrest is in irrigation efficiency and performance indicators
Relevant answer
Answer
Dear Fareed,
It is always recommended to discuss with potential advisor to select a title. However, first, I would suggest to do some literature review to list the critical research questions on irrigation engineering. I can list a couple of potential research titles on Irrigation Engineering, but it will not help you much. Since you have decided to pursue PhD degree, please start from literature review and generate your unique ideas on select area. Hope it helps.
  • asked a question related to Irrigation Engineering
Question
5 answers
I want to do the atmospheric correction taking this data. Actually at the time of selection of sensor type there is no option for LISS 4 and AWIFS sensor's name..even I have tried by taking unknown MSI but then also it is not done, then how will I do ?
Relevant answer
Answer
Though I'm very late in answering but this was the same problem that I faced. You must have sorted out or worked your way around. but still I would like to share a publication helping with the answer:
  • asked a question related to Irrigation Engineering
Question
8 answers
we know that for CO2 concentration, AquaCrop model uses SRES scenarios but how we can use RCPs in AquaCrop? Can we assume A2 as same as RCP8.5 for this purpose?
Relevant answer
Thank you all...At that time AquaCrop was not updated for RCPs but now new scenarios (RCPs) are considered in the software. Anyway Thank you all for your kindness and respond.
  • asked a question related to Irrigation Engineering
Question
13 answers
Main advantage of sub surface drip system over surface drip in field condition like adoption, operation, efficiency etc.,
Relevant answer
Answer
less evapotranspiration & less weed
  • asked a question related to Irrigation Engineering
Question
2 answers
After runing MT3DMS, the results of salinity reach 200 g/l in two meshs located in the extremity of the layer. However, all inputs are about 1 to 5 g/l! I tried also with MT3D but I found the same results! Can anyone help me to solve this problem?? 
Relevant answer
Answer
Try to adjust the default values parameters of the model used as input data
  • asked a question related to Irrigation Engineering
Question
4 answers
Creation of recharge surface through rainfall data ....
Relevant answer
Answer
Pl. go through this link:
You may found there a key formula to compute GW net rechage component for Indian scenario, although Paper from Dr. C P Kumar (first comment in trailing text) would be really helpful and well explained.
  • asked a question related to Irrigation Engineering
Question
3 answers
As irrigation water quality effects the water potential in the soil profile, so it is effect on irrigation interval and scheduling.
Best Regards
Relevant answer
Answer
Dear Zafar Hashmi
You may can read the question  again and the answer above. Surly the Idea very clear.
Regards.
  • asked a question related to Irrigation Engineering
Question
2 answers
-
Relevant answer
Answer
Jalal
Were you able to find any data?
I have observed flows for furrow irrigation ranging from 0.3L/s to above 10 L/s per furrow for broadacre crops. The ideal flowrate is influenced by many factors including the field length.    For example in Australia for cotton grown on heavy clay soil with a 1000m field length we commonly recommend a flowrate of 5 to 6 L/s per furrow (furrows on 2m spacing)
Malcolm
  • asked a question related to Irrigation Engineering
Question
5 answers
Dear All
Can we use the lateral movement irrigation system supplied with LESA technology to irrigate wheat crop? If yes what are the most appropriate type of nozzles or sprinkler heads that must used? and what are the wetting pattern that work with the wheat crop? any information about this issues will be appreciated.
Regards.
  • asked a question related to Irrigation Engineering
Question
21 answers
What is the calculation? Is it calculated in volume/time?
Relevant answer
Answer
Dear Mohammad Helmi
The exactly irrigation water volume = gross depth of irrigation * the irrigated area 
if the gross irrigation depth = 70 mm and the irrigated area = 1 hectare
the volume = ( 70 mm/ 100 )  * 1 hc * 10,000 = 7000  cubic meter 
the irrigation rate unit is  unit depth* (unit area) / time
so if the irrigation rate = 7mm per hour 
and the gross irrigation depth = 70 mm
the time of irrigation = 70 mm / 7 mm/hr  = 10 hours
This the time of  supplying irrigation water to the field if the surface irrigation system was suitable to the soil properties.
For high frequency irrigation systems ( as trickle or sprinkler ) , the specific hydraulics  of the system was affected the design assumptions.
Best Regards  
  • asked a question related to Irrigation Engineering
Question
9 answers
By adopting good water management practices (by reducing the duty of water for cultivation) definitely you can achieve this. But the question is how to convince the agriculture users.
Relevant answer
  • asked a question related to Irrigation Engineering
Question
5 answers
Major challenge in subsurface drip for vegetable cultivation is emitter clogging by soil or roots. Any effective solution to this issue?? I am operating the system in sandy loam soil with one day irrigation interval. Emitters are placed 15 cm below soil surface.
Relevant answer
Answer
The clogging of subsurface emitters can be avoided by keeping the system pressure correctly and regular flushing of the end caps. The acid treatment is also advised before and after rainy season. Maintenance of the drip system physically, chemically and biologically is essential to avoid clogging.
  • asked a question related to Irrigation Engineering
Question
6 answers
Many studies related to ecology conservation and water footprint require precise assessment of environmental flows. Is there any method that can assess the environmental flow requirements based on the historic flow records or any other such inputs.
Relevant answer
Answer
There are numerous methods some of which are detailed in Chapter 3 ofthis Handbook see: http://www.samsamwater.com/library/handbook_catchment_water.pdf
  • asked a question related to Irrigation Engineering
Question
15 answers
What is the best way to :
1. Model subsurface drainage (and irrigation) using perforated pipe.
2. Model water table under
3. Model soil moisture distribution
simultaneously. Is there any model that can accommodate the development of 1+2+3 model to evaluate effectiveness of farmland sub-drain system
.
Relevant answer
Answer
Dear Satyanto,
DRAINMOD is a computer simulation model developed by Dr.Wayne Skaggs at the Department of Biological & Agricultural Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC in 1980. The model simulates the hydrology of poorly drained, high water table soils on an hour-by-hour, day-by-day basis for long periods of climatological record (e.g. 50 years). The model predicts the effects of drainage and associated water management practices on water table depths, the soil water regime and crop yields.  It has been used to analyze the hydrology of certain types of wetlands and to determine whether the wetland hydrologic criterion is satisfied for drained or partially drained sites. The model is also used to determine the hydraulic capacity of systems for land treatment of wastewater. The model has been successfully tested and applied in wide variety of geographical and soils conditions. In the last 20 years, the model's capability has been extended to predict the effects of drainage and water management practices on the hydrology and water quality of agricultural and forested lands both on field and watershed scale.
The latest version, DRAINMOD 6.0 , combines the original DRAINMOD hydrology model with DRAINMOD-N (nitrogen sub-model) and DRAINMOD-S (salinity sub-model) into a Windows based program. The new version includes a graphical user interface that allows easy preparation of input data sets, running simulations as well as displaying model outputs. In addition to organizing the hydrology, nitrogen, and salinity components of DRAINMOD, the interface facilitates analyses of the effect of drainage system design on subsurface drainage, surface runoff, SEW30, crop yield, and nitrogen loss in surface and subsurface drainage by automatically editing drainage design parameters (e.g. drain spacing & drain depth) over a specified range, simulating the different designs and graphically displaying the results. The interface also calculates the runoff volume from surrounding areas that drain to a site and adds that runoff volume to a DRAINMOD water balance of the site. Version 6.0 also includes routines for soil temperature modeling and considers freezing and thawing effects on drainage processes.
For modelling soil moisture, SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool) is highly recommended
With my best regards
Prof Bachir ACHOUR
  • asked a question related to Irrigation Engineering
Question
11 answers
what is the advantages of center pivot irrigation system ?
and how many center pivot equipment required for area of one million and a half acres ?? how can i calculate it ?
Relevant answer
Answer
Dear Salwa,
Just to add some information above. Advantages of center pivot are:
1. You can irrigate automatically by using some available apps of manufacturers, using smartphones in most of the cases. Also, instrumentation as tensiometers, rain gauges, anemometers are including in a package that calculate the amount of water that you can apply in irrigation. Owners, farmers and irrigation districts can use this to manage water scarcity by this time affected by climate change.
2. Not only center pivots area available in this type of technology. Also, laterals, hippodrome, corners adjustments, multicentre pivots. It depends of the configuration of the area that you are planning to irrigate.
3. Year by year technology are improving in these machines. Mainly focused on use less energy to operate. Each tower uses motor drives from 0,75 to 1.5 hp. So with these needs, photo voltaic panels can by adapt to the structure or in the middle of the center pivot to provide energy for the full movement, also integrated a wind mill at the center is going to be one of the recent developments in sustainable irrigation pivots. I forgot to mention that there are also hydraulic movement systems, but most commonly used is the electrical one.
4. Nozzles technology and electrovalve systems are improving the performance by sensoring water content of soil and water plant needs. So as Prof. Bachir mentioned, each nozzle has to be modeled in function of the location because water rate application depends of the velocity of movement of the pivot. For this case irrigation designers uses software as SENNPAQ for example.
5. About size of pivots. I know that the biggest center pivot installed is in Brazil that covers 530 ha (26 towers 1300m long) it comes by a partnership between Bunge and Lindsay. But most common profitable pivots covers between 80 and 100 ha. This reference is commonly used by years of experience.
6. Slope under 30% between towers is possible to mange, pivots allows this type of topographic variations. At the beginning pivots were developed just for flat areas because of water pressure regulation, but now the irrigation chart of sprinklers allow managing this issues by adding pressure regulators.
7. For these systems you can avoid wind effect by introducing weight in each sprinkler and improvements on low pressure sprinkles as LEPA development. Also, weights on sprinkler are added to avoid losses by LAI interception.
8. Usually center pivots are implemented with the source of water at the center, normally from a well in the center but pipe lines network is possible but more expensive that a well from the center.
To calculate area it depends of the equipment:
Circular pivot : Area of a circle ( Pi()*r^2 ). r = radius + overhang of end-gun or sprayer
Lateral: length * width
Hippodrome: It depends, it is complete is 1 circle + the straight part is the same calculus than lateral.
Ass Mark Mentioned above, you have to take into account the infiltration rate of your soil in the edge of the center pivot. Your application rate it has to be lower or equal to infiltration rate at determined water content to avoid runoff or flooding patches.
Regards.
David Rivas
Agricultural Engineer & MSc Water Resources Management
  • asked a question related to Irrigation Engineering
Question
1 answer
i am working on dssat  model v 4.6 for climate change studies for rice wheat crop but i am using the automatic irrigation option for irrigation which after simulation gives output effective irrigation less than the recommended for both the crops so i want to know how to increase it to the recommended. what is the reason that it is happining so i am also attaching the file. please have it in attachments
Relevant answer
Answer
Increasing The output or discharge of any irrigation system can be achieved either by increasing the pressure, change orifices, emitters  or operating times. Thanks 
  • asked a question related to Irrigation Engineering
Question
4 answers
I'm wondering which is the most appropriate position for a flow meter in a solar water pumping system (borehole equipped with submersible pump), in particular referring to any problems that could come from interference with the check valve, in order to obtain the highest accuracy.
Relevant answer
Answer
It would depend on the type of measuring device you have. Some devices may return negative values for backward flow and some others may simply not record it. The last option, that you get unidentifiable bad values, should be a rare issue since manufacturers are aware of this and should have a built in technik to deal with it. In brief check the specifications from the manufacturer.
  • asked a question related to Irrigation Engineering
Question
10 answers
What would be the impact of drip (small holder) irrigation on water resources at Basin scale?
Relevant answer
Answer
This is an interesting question. Assuming that the irrigated area will not increase as a result of the shift to drip irrigation, the basin-wide irrigation water use will decrease. However, often time, the irrigated area increases. Also, very often the cropping pattern will change as a result of adopting drip irrigation. This also might have an impact on water resources basin-wide. 
  • asked a question related to Irrigation Engineering
Question
10 answers
  1. Citrus water requirements may vary as it is grown in tropics as well as on sub tropics. What should be the criteria to estimate the water need of the citrus cultivars like mandarin sweet orange and lime groups ?
  2. Kindly give the precise methods of estimation in climate change situations. 
Relevant answer
Answer
Nice question Dr Shirgure . What are the basic principles of computing water requirement . What kind of paradigm shifts while computing the water requirement , have taken place , I am more willing to see.  The methods which look into the intrinsic soil properties to dictate the water requirement of crop like citrus, probably hold more promise in years to come.    
  • asked a question related to Irrigation Engineering
Question
2 answers
more in service delivery especially in the developing countries context where land holding sizes are small 
Relevant answer
Answer
ICT, Definitely has application in this regards, Please find bellow paper about it.
ICT helps to save time and money and increase delivery water efficiency in regarding of irrigation and drainage channels. But I think, application of ICT in Iran needs more studies. 
  • asked a question related to Irrigation Engineering
Question
3 answers
the water is being used for golf course irrigation purpose and not for potable water. 
Relevant answer
 I absolutely agreed with Mr Abdul Ghafoor. No any possible method in your case.
  • asked a question related to Irrigation Engineering
Question
18 answers
What is the preferable method of irrigation system for smallholder irrigation farming, short furrow irrigation system or pressurized (drip, sprinkler, etc.) system?
Relevant answer
Answer
For a small holder farmer furrow irrigation is economic if he has own source of irrgation as drip and sprinklers need higher fixed costs and maintenance charges
  • asked a question related to Irrigation Engineering
Question
13 answers
I need papers or your answers about the comparison between these methods of irrigation particularly about soil moisture and nutrient movement, as I need that at my Ph.D. studies 
Relevant answer
Answer
Dear Noha , you have a genuine issue to investigate . I am enclosing some our PDFs fro further reference of yours. Hope , they will be of some use for your work.
  • asked a question related to Irrigation Engineering
Question
3 answers
Can someone please recommend a software analysis tool that use water quality parameters (EC, SAR, pH, salt concentrations, etc) to evaluate quality of irrigation water and potential effect on soil health?
Relevant answer
Answer
Dear Gerhard,
Several models exist for water and solute transport in the soil, such as SWAP, DRAINMOD-S, UnSatChem, and Hydrus. They are based on Richard differential equation in combination with the differential equation of convection-diffusion Fick for advection and dispersion of the salts. There are also simple models as SALTMOD. It is useful for the long-term salinity forecasts relative to irrigation and drainage practices. 
With my best regards
Prof. Bachir ACHOUR
  • asked a question related to Irrigation Engineering
Question
4 answers
It is for a student of mine which is trying to get her master degree. She is just starting the studies of this subject in our University. Any information (applied to household facilities: single houses or apartment houses) concerning rainwatew harvesting in your region for urban residences - such as techniques, methods, equipment, practical results, anything you can tell me about - will be enthusiastically welcomed! Thank you.
Relevant answer
Answer
Thank you very much. I will inform her your e-mail right away!
Marcos
  • asked a question related to Irrigation Engineering
Question
7 answers
I want to design small irigation system about 1mx1.5mx1.5m , the example design as shown in attachment. which sprinkler head is suitable so that it can water my plantation, soaker hoses head, dipper system?, rotor sytem or spray system? 
Relevant answer
Answer
To choose an irrigation system for your plantation, you need to consider some main principles like crop type, soil type and the area of plantation. 
for the volume you reported above, drip emitter or micro bubbler can supply enough water to your crop. Micro sprinkler also can deliver water to your crop. 
  • asked a question related to Irrigation Engineering
Question
4 answers
Is there any research/studies on economic valuation of ecosystem services of human made wetlands (e.g. for a reservoir) which is also a Ramsar site? Site may be Ramsar designate and the reservoir purposely built for irrigation.
Relevant answer
Answer
I am not sure if they chose Ramsar sites but may be you can find some info in this paper if you don't already have it: Values of natural and human-made wetlands: A meta-analysis. Andrea Ghermandi, Jeroen C. J. M. van den Bergh, Luke M. Brander,
Henri L. F. de Groot, Paulo A. L. D. Nunes
4 December 2010, Water Resource Research
DOI: 10.1029/2010WR009071
  • asked a question related to Irrigation Engineering
Question
1 answer
Is there any type of a soiler available in the market which replaces the subsurface drain system by using a salt affected soil?
Relevant answer
Answer
Arjun, You are Mechanical Engineer and how you had choosen this field for work?
I am asking just as a curiosity. plz dont take otherwise
  • asked a question related to Irrigation Engineering
Question
8 answers
I am requested by University to do term paper on drip irrigation effort, a sustainable solution for scarcity water resource management in desert and semi-arid regions. But I have no materials that I should refer this work to.
I am therefore requesting the support of those who are expert and knowledgeable in research areas to provide with free access references that I can use for development of this term paper.  Your support will mean a lot to me. Thanks
Peter
Relevant answer
Answer
Dear Dr. Bel
Thank you for your Interesting question. Drip irrigation issue is a good solution. But, with respect to all the experts, arid areas associated with groundwater discharge. Unfortunately, over millions of years to balance these resources have been, But it takes a little while to be evacuated. Underground water level goes down quickly And from the plants that have been in long-term compatibility exits.And the beginning of another environmental disaster. and ........So to say that drip irrigation (under pressure) Using rainwater catchment systems. If this is done using rain catchment system levels, it is Very helpful.Otherwise, not recommended. with respect to You and all the experts.
good luck
  • asked a question related to Irrigation Engineering
Question
1 answer
Looking for appropriate technology suppliers who can guide marginal farmers to decide upon bore well or other irrigation technologies based on water pockets and availability.
Relevant answer
Answer
With the help of Satellite imagery of  3-4-5 band you can easily find out  the water pockets mainly underground.With 234 band one can find out the surface water pocket.
  • asked a question related to Irrigation Engineering
Question
11 answers
For upcoming years water scarcity will be in peak, in order to reduce the water consumption for irrigation and urban landscapes we have to take some serious step to protect the water scarcity. My research was based on the sprinkler irrigation to reduce the water consumption on landscape.
Relevant answer
Answer
Dear KS, your question is very pertinent but I doubt , sprinkler irrigation will be handy under such circumstances where water scarcity is a pivotal issue, since sprinkler  irrigation is  a type of rainfall -like pressurised irrigation  . In-line drip irrigation probably holds far  more promise than sprinkler irrigation . Sprinkler irrigation consumes  more water than drip irrigation . however , with some of the developments in sprinkler irrigation like whirligig sprinkler , gun sprinkler, perforated pipes etc., it has shown some good promise . Provision of real time  pulsing as per diurnal variation in  temperature, VRT , sprinkler irrigation has attained some real utility in field. Despite all these developments , issues relating  droplet ballistics  are still un-resolved. Find below some PDFs , hope , they will be of some further use .
  • asked a question related to Irrigation Engineering
Question
4 answers
Reverse osmosis is very costly and therefore it is not economically to reduce the salinity of the irrigation water. Are biological or non-biological methods has been developed to reduce salinity of irrigation water? and have found wide (large-scale) application.
Relevant answer
Answer
Multi-stage flash distillation and Electrodialysis reversal are two other main methods.
  • asked a question related to Irrigation Engineering
Question
5 answers
I mean what is the timeline for crops like rice, wheat, potatoes or other crops in Asian countries? And also how many months they take to grow? And what is the amount of water crops need for irrigation?
I know these are easy and simple questions but after searching google I didn't get proper and sufficient information. Hope you would please help me directing some info or book or paper.
Thanks in advance.
Relevant answer
Answer
FAO Irrigation and Drainage Paper No. 56
Crop Evapotranspiration
(guidelines for computing crop water requirements)
Maybe can help you ... 
  • asked a question related to Irrigation Engineering
Question
24 answers
Canal(river) and ground(well) waters contain variable amounts of plant nutrients . and the number  of irrigations  given depend on availability of irrigation  water, soil ,crop and local weather conditions .The nutrients supplied by these sources  depend on nutrient content and number of irrigations given to a crop.      Irrigation  water has the potential to reduce the fertilizer requirement and also improve the nutrient balance in soil.It is of interest to know which crops are benefited more , which nutrients and  also the source of water.
Relevant answer
Answer
We calculate contribution of essential macro nutrients supplied by irrigation water, according to water concentration and irrigation volume.
Kg N / ha= NO3- x Vr x 22.6 x F / 105
where NO3-= water nitrate concentration (mg/L)
Vr= irrigation volume
22.6 % N in nitrate molecule
F: efficiency factor between 0.6 - 0.9
Kg MgO / ha = xMg2+ x Vr x 1.66  x F1 x F2 /105
where MgO-= water magnessium concentration (mg/L)
Vr= irrigation volume
1.66 % Mg in MgO
F1: irrigation efficiency factor between 0.6 - 0.9
F2: Mg insolubilization factor, values between 0.4 and 0.6
  • asked a question related to Irrigation Engineering
Question
6 answers
I want to find Irrigation potential developed in Maharashtra for every district specially after 1950's till date along with area under various crops varieties?
Where can I find such data?
Relevant answer
Answer
Contact irrigation department they will guide you. If you become member of Hydrological Data User Group, Nashik it will more better
  • asked a question related to Irrigation Engineering
Question
8 answers
Can we reduce the leaching water, and is there any idea to reduce the evapo-transpiration, if yes will it will harm the growth of the plant? 
Relevant answer
Answer
The key to reducing evaporation is to reduce exposure of wet soil to the atmosphere.  The two factors to consider are the amount of wet soil surface which is exposed, and the duration of exposure.
The amount of wet soil surface exposed can be manipulated by mulching and shading, or by reducing the amount of the soil surface which is wet during irrigation. So for example drip irrigation wets only a small portion of the soil surface, but sprinklers wet the whole surface. Subsurface drip can result in little or no wet surface soil.
Duration of exposure of wet soil to the atmosphere is tied in with the frequency of irrigation.  Frequent small irrigation events result in a higher exposure of wet surface soil than fewer deep irrigation events applying the same amount of water in total.  Thus fewer, larger irrigation events are preferable to reduce evaporative losses
There is a trade-off, however, with drip irrigation, which wets less of the soil surface, therefore reducing exposure, but stores less water in the soil and therefore requires more frequent irrigation, increasing the duration of exposure.
This also brings us to the second part of your question, minimizing drainage. The rootzone of a crop can only hold a certain amount of water before drainage occurs, and applying significantly more than this "water holding capacity" will result in unnecessary loss of water.
Matching the depth of irrigation events to the water holding capacity of the rootzone, plus a small amount for leaching salt (often around 10% of the applied volume) is the key to efficient irrigation.  In shallow soils or drip irrigated situations, this may mean that more frequent irrigation events are required, which then increases exposure to evaporation, taking us back to the previous discussion.
In summary, there is no magic bullet to saving water, the key is careful management based on knowledge of the system (soil type, rootzone depth, irrigation system characteristics) you are working with, to try to reach a middle ground where the various water losses are minimized as much as possible.
  • asked a question related to Irrigation Engineering
Question
4 answers
For the Darcy's law equation what is my actual input etc.
Relevant answer
Answer
Ashish Thanks for this question. But we would like to have an elaborative question before an answer, you can quote a reference if you feel so where such a procedure has been adopted. Perhaps you are intending to model wetting using some simulation model like HYDRUS or something.  For idealistic conditions we can assume free drainage in boundary condition [Khalil (20080] and no flow also [Subbaiah, 2011; Irrigation Science; DOI 10.1007/s00271-011-0309-x]. 
  • asked a question related to Irrigation Engineering
Question
3 answers
The putative relationship between the isolation of this bacterium from open irrigation systems and epidemiological event/s
Relevant answer
Answer
The genus Xanthomonas, which mostly comprises phytopathogenic bacteria, is a member of the family Pseudomonadaceae. Among xanthomonads, Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae causes bacterial blight (BB) of rice which is one of the most important diseases of rice in most of the rice growing countries.Restriction fragment length polymorphism and virulence analyses are  used to evaluate the population structure of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae, the rice bacterial blight pathogen, from several rice-growing countries in Asia. 308 strains of X. oryzae pv. oryzae are collected from China, India, Indonesia, Korea, Malaysia, Nepal, and the Philippines. On the basis of the consensus of three clustering statistics, the collection is categorized in  five clusters. Genetic distances within the five clusters ranged from 0.16 to 0.51, and distances between clusters ranged from 0.48 to 0.64. Three of the five clusters consisted of strains from a single country. . The pathotype of X. oryzae pv. oryzae was determined for 226 strains by inoculating five rice differential cultivars. More than one pathotype  associated with each cluster; however, some pathotypes were associated with only one cluster. Most strains from South Asia (Nepal and India) proved virulent to cultivars containing the bacterial blight resistance gene xa-5, while most strains from other countries were avirulent to xa-5. T
  • asked a question related to Irrigation Engineering
Question
9 answers
My experiments was mainly a split-plot design with water treatment as the main factor. Measurements were taken in 6 harvests from Dec 2012 to May 2013.  In Dec, all plots under irrigation; from Jan to March, half plots under irrigation and the other half withholding water; from Apr to May, all plots under irrigation. In each harvest, plants were defoliated  after other measurements were taken. I do not know whether I should do an ANCOVA with measurements in the first harvest as covariates, or do a repeated measures ANOVA?
Relevant answer
Answer
I would actually recommend a mixed linear regression for longitudinal data.  The trouble with AN(C)OVA is that the sequence (or time or repetition) is not explicit in the repeated measure.  The mixed longitudinal designs allow fitting repeated harvest as a linear effect rather than just another qualitative variable as it would be for RM ANOVA, not to mention random effects not just for the different plots but also for the linear changes for different plots over the different measurements.
  • asked a question related to Irrigation Engineering
Question
21 answers
The question to be answered is "How should we allocate financial resources while constructing irrigation (and drainage) networks?". We'd like to know about the factors affecting this decision. What countries finance main canals first and tertiary canals after them, and what countries do this process in a different way? What factors affect this decision? Is there any standard related to chronological order of the construction of different components of irrigation networks?
Relevant answer
Answer
All systems are planned starting from the investigation of area to be served (like topographical surveys), estimation of water demands and calculations of the physical capacities of the channels and structures. the capacities are determined from the downstream to upstream - considering efficiencies, safety margins, future options etc. All design drawings are prepared before starting construction. Practically work on various components starts simultaneously. While, to maintain the required velocity, slope and structure characteristics, construction is normally from the upstream to the downstream. 
  • asked a question related to Irrigation Engineering
Question
14 answers
Linking rivers and large scale irrigation projects in the erstwhile Soviet Union resulted in a reduced flow into the Caspian Sea. The resulting disaster included a retreating shoreline, so that ports were several kilometers from the water, increased salinity, etc. Are there any other cases of river linking and its results? India is probably going in for this and it might be useful to know a bit more about the ecological, economic and practical impacts of lavish engineering schemes.
Relevant answer
Answer
Dr. Albergel introduced the key point here. Flow diversions and augmentations of any type are a sensitive balance between environmental needs and increasing societal demand. Large changes in the natural flow regime (whether it be the magnitude, timing, frequency, duration, or rate of change of flow) in any river has potential to impact aquatic and riparian biota by interrupting their life history and environmental queues including water temperature. Organisms have evolve within a particular range of variability. This is a challenge here in Colorado, USA with trans-basin diversions that divert a portion of flow from the western side of the continental divide, such as the Grand Ditch, to the east to supply agriculture and municipalities. This greatly impacts stream ecosystems.
Similarly the sediment regime, channel form, and landscape features including deltas, shorelines, and estuaries have all formed under given conditions for a given river. Interrupting those conditions through channelization of rivers, dams, diversions, and flow augmentations disrupts not only the flow regime, but also the natural sediment regime. Channelization and other human impacts are greatly impacting the Mississippi River delta in the Gulf of Mexico, USA in this way, encouraging shoreline retreat in some areas, while promoting aggradation and shoreline advancement in others.
Such changes happen naturally and the environment adapts, sometimes at the expense of ecosystems. Your question appears to be concerned primarily with whether society can adapt to the changes we have induced. Another aspect of this, as Bhumika mentioned, is groundwater. Moving water from one basin to another may impact groundwater recharge, potentially raising groundwater levels in one basin and lowering them in another.
Again, there is no clear answer, but linking rivers certainly may have a significant impact on the natural water and sediment regime, particularly when you are dealing with large rivers.
  • asked a question related to Irrigation Engineering
Question
5 answers
Cd transport.
Relevant answer
Answer
Accumulation of any material in the dripper tube is a problem and will lead to clogging of the system.    
The important question to ask is if the heavy metals are disolved in the irrigation water or are they instead in the form of suspended solids that would be removed by appropriate filtering before entering the drip tube.
  • asked a question related to Irrigation Engineering
Question
3 answers
I need some furrow field data (advance and Recession time, inflow, outflow and etc.) to evaluate my idea on infiltration parameter prediction in volume-balance (so, all data in volume-balance such as Elliott & Walker method are needed).
I know there are some data sets such as NCEA collected data and etc. but I can't find any way to get them. Can someone provide me any data set or a way (link) to download it?
thanks
Relevant answer
Answer
Hello Meysam, I would be happy to provide you with samples. Can you send me a message and let me know exactly what you require
  • asked a question related to Irrigation Engineering
Question
11 answers
The wetted radius (the throw) of a sprinkler is function of many parameters:
1- the pressure head
2- the the nozzle diameter
3- the throw angle
4- the sprinkler height
5- the nozzle interior design factors.
6- the type of the sprinkler whether hanged or fixed.
For the fixed type, I found some formulas to estimate the wetted radius like this lecture note http://goo.gl/Yj3pa0 Pages 36 and 37, however, it is not so practical equation.
On the other hand, I found nothing for the hanged type!
Can any one help finding a formula to estimate the wetted radius of sprinklers in irrigation?
Thanks in advance...
Relevant answer
Answer
I work with mist heads and a bit more complicated atomizers and found that the same heads mounted on risers and 'hanged' from a ceiling generate different wetted radii. Hanging ones were giving a longer throw, but could not relate that to any function of a stem length (for water mist therr is also a problem of humidity and secondary breakup, you do not have). Another issue is that the avergage droplet size also influences the distance droplets travel, as it is related to the shape drag generated by every single travelling droplet moving in still air. In short, I believe there is no general or suitable formula, but you may have a chance in relating experimentally found wetted radii for sprinkler heads instaled on risers and for the 'hanging' ones.
  • asked a question related to Irrigation Engineering
Question
14 answers
I'm trying to develop a system that with the use of sensors is able to plan irrigation in vineyards calculating the optimal Eto and Kc throughout the campaign. I know that it's possible to model the Kc input through the percentage shaded area but that would be difficult to sense remotely.
Relevant answer
Answer
You can estimate fraction of cover and then Kc based on simple remote sensing data. Look at the following paper as an example:
There are a other types of sensors that can be used for irrigation scheduling of vineyards, such as infra-red thermometers (based on canopy temperature) and soil moisture sensors.
  • asked a question related to Irrigation Engineering
Question
49 answers
I want to simulate water flow at open canals and irrigation water networks in ArcGIS
Is there any tool help me?
Relevant answer
Answer
I can help you. I use HecRas and HecGeoras in ArcGis.
You can download my tutorial ... http://www.urbanismogranada.com/manuales.php
(in spanish)
  • asked a question related to Irrigation Engineering
Question
5 answers
Arduino will be used as the micro-controller whereas android will be used as the monitoring device online.
Relevant answer
Answer
- For the sunlight intensity I guess a simple solar cell could do, or a photoresistor
- For temperature, a simple temperature sensor could do.
- For wind speed, you could build or retrofit an anemometer
- For moisture, I don't really know...
- Soil conductivity : Two nails driven into the ground - the problem will be calibration
Actually if you retrofit a hobby-grade weather station that'd be a good start for seeing how things are done, and build up from there ?
  • asked a question related to Irrigation Engineering
Question
14 answers
Which tools can help me?
Relevant answer
Answer
Everything Najim says is true. The irrigation management for a given farm will be farm specific. The use of limited irrigation water also depends on the relative value of the crops and the phases when the crops are most damaged by water shortages.
  • asked a question related to Irrigation Engineering
Question
1 answer
I am looking for real uniformity of application, while minimizing weight and supplies needed to build the apparatus. I would like to be able to isolate 2x4 foot areas of the bench by either changing nozzles or turning valves. I have built a prototype using inverted micro-sprinklers and uniformity is lacking. I am thinking of using Tee-jet, spray rig downward pointing nozzles (more what I imagine is used on manufactured dynamic booms in greenhouses) but I'm unsure of the best spacing, droplet size, coverage, overlap, etc. Any suggestions are welcome.
Relevant answer
Answer
You can use dual impact microsprinklers air flow 41 l / h. You place the irrigation laterals parallel to the length of greenhouse spaced at 1.00 m, this means that you have to use three (3) irrigation laterals. The micro-sprinklers may be spaced 1.20 m between them. The higher the irrigation laterals put greater the uniformity of the spray, which ensures a very special microclimate for plants.
It would be interesting to know the purpose of the greenhouse, as if the purpose of producing food then you would need to use frezcos family microsprinklers Jet or similar, but would be located below the leaf area of plants to promote soil moisture and micro sprinklers emplearías air. If you just want to appreciate the mist formed with air micro sprinklers, then you must place a drip irrigation lateral in each row of plants to ensure optimal soil moisture and irrigation mantendrías air to maintain a special micorclima. If, however, you want the greenhouse to the development and cultivation of ornamental plants, irrigation entoces by micro air is perfect.
Forgive the extent of the message.
If you need more details about the models, makes and designs the microasperores I can provide you.
Thanks for your question and I hope you succeed. If you prefer, send greenhouse design, and details of crops or plants to develop and help you gladly.
Sincerely,
Pedro Ochoa M.