Ionic Liquids - Science topic

Your best chance is water evaporation. The material is extremely hygroscopic, so even if small amounts of water are present it will not crystalise

Designing new ionic liquids is not an easy task, you have to consider if what comes out will be liquid, if it will be stable enough, and so on. If you want to dissolve cellulose, you need an ionic liquid, that has good hydrogen acceptor properties ( i.e. the so called β Kamlet-Taft parameter), so that it can disrupt the hydrogen bonds in cellulose and thus dissolve it. The higher this parameter is, the better the solubility. Usually some phosphoric acids and esters or carboxylic acids have such.

Hello !

You have two main ways to do it depending on the level of complexity of the system you want to obtain:

1) From previously optimized cations and anions. You put together the cation and the anion in the Molecular builder in turbomole, in such a way that the element having the positive charge is close to the other one having the negative charge. You must take into account the steric effects of the molecules to which they are attached when placing the cation and anion. Then you optimize the IL (with the .cosmo option enabled), do a frequency analysis to find out the energy state and check for negative frequencies.

1.2) If you really want to know if the IL you optimized is the most energetically optimal, you should make another cation-anion structure and repeat step 1). Then, with a solvation model, e.g. COSMO-RS, you can see which IL is the most stable in the solvent medium (including solutes).

2) With the molecule you obtained in 1), you enter it in a program to make different conformers (there are free and paid versions). Then you optimize again with the options you want and check again what was indicated in 1) and 1.2).

I recommend you start only with 1) for the different ion pairs and see if you need to go deeper into conformers, which require much more computation time.

Best regards

I also think that peak is water.

Thank you for your advice.

Ashish Kumar Singha Deb

Ionic liquids are salts with a low melting point, usually below room temperature. If another salt is obtained as a result of ion exchange, it may solidify, since its melting point is above room temperature.

Dear Frederik Philippi

I carefully read your valuable response, and I followed the advice to conduct the experiment again, but it was unsuccessful. Therefore, I’ve written a more detailed question based on my experience. I would be truly grateful if you could review it and provide further guidance.

Best regards,

Minseok Oh

Designing an ionic liquid (IL) or deep eutectic solvent (DES) for lignocellulosic biomass hydrolysis involves several critical steps. Here’s a structured approach to guide you through the design process:

### 1. Understanding Lignocellulosic Biomass

- **Composition**: Familiarize yourself with the components of lignocellulosic biomass, primarily cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. Each component has different solubility and reactivity characteristics.

- **Decomposition Requirements**: Understand the conditions required to break down these components into fermentable sugars. This includes knowledge of optimal temperatures, pressures, and reaction times.

### 2. Identifying Functional Groups

- **Target Functional Groups**: Determine which functional groups in the biomass are key to hydrolysis. For instance, cellulose contains hydroxyl groups that can participate in hydrogen bonding with solvents.

- **Reaction Pathways**: Identify how the IL or DES can facilitate hydrolysis, such as through protonation, coordination, or disruption of hydrogen bonds.

### 3. Selection of Components

- **Ionic Liquids**: Choose cations (e.g., imidazolium, pyridinium) and anions (e.g., acetate, chloride) that can solvate cellulose and hemicellulose effectively.

- **Deep Eutectic Solvents**: Identify hydrogen bond donors (e.g., urea, choline chloride) and acceptors that can form a eutectic mixture with a lower melting point. DESs are often easier to design and synthesize than ILs.

### 4. Property Evaluation

- **Solubility Testing**: Evaluate the solubility of lignocellulosic biomass in the chosen IL or DES to ensure effective biomass dissolution.

- **Viscosity and Density**: Consider the physical properties of the solvent, as lower viscosity can enhance mass transfer during hydrolysis.

- **Thermal Stability**: Assess the thermal stability of the IL or DES under hydrolysis conditions.

### 5. Experimental Design

- **Reaction Conditions**: Design experiments to optimize conditions such as temperature, time, and concentration of the solvent.

- **Hydrolysis Yield Measurement**: Develop methods to measure the conversion rates of lignocellulosic biomass to sugars (e.g., HPLC analysis).

### 6. Characterization

- **Chemical Characterization**: Use NMR, FTIR, or MS to characterize the resulting products and confirm the success of hydrolysis.

- **Physical Characterization**: Analyze the physicochemical properties of the IL or DES, including pH, conductivity, and thermal behavior.

### 7. Environmental and Economic Considerations

- **Green Chemistry Principles**: Ensure that the chosen solvents are biodegradable, non-toxic, and safe for the environment.

- **Cost Analysis**: Assess the economic feasibility of using the designed IL or DES on an industrial scale.

### 8. Literature Review

- **Research Existing Work**: Consult existing literature for examples of successful IL and DES formulations used for biomass hydrolysis. This can provide insights into functional groups, synthesis methods, and performance metrics.

### References and Resources

- **Research Papers**: Look for articles focused on ILs and DESs in biomass processing.

- **Patents**: Review patents for innovative formulations and applications.

- **Collaborations**: Engage with researchers and institutions specializing in biomass conversion and solvent design for practical insights.

By following these steps, you can systematically design and evaluate ionic liquids or deep eutectic solvents tailored for lignocellulosic biomass hydrolysis.

Yes, organic electrolytes and ionic liquids can also be utilized Kittiwat Kamlungsua

Aqueous-based solutions are prevalent in the current use of asymmetric supercapacitors due to their advantages in safety,cost,high ionic conductivity, stability, consistency in electrode potential and environmentally friendly.

Perks of using organic electrolytes and ionic liquids:

1. They have wider electrochemical stability window (up to 4 V or more) compared to aqueous solutions (typically less than 1.5-2.0 V). This allows for higher energy density in supercapacitor designs

2. The overall energy density of the supercapacitor can be improved compared to conventional aqueous systems

3. They offer better performance across a broader temperature range, making them suitable for applications in more extreme conditions

4. Some carbon-based electrodes and conducting polymers have better compatibility with organic electrolytes, which leads enhanced performance

Cons of using organic electrolytes and ionic liquids:

1. Expensive

2. Ionic liquids can have high viscosity, which may hinder ionic mobility and reduce conductivity

3. Some ionic liquids may pose environmental or health risks

The liquid phase is the most difficult one for quantum chemistry to handle, but it is possible to do so.

You need to work with periodic boundary conditions, otherwise you introduce a surface with its own surface energy contributions.

Since liquids never occur at 0 K and stationary single-point-DFT is essentially 0 K physics, you will probably require molecular dynamics which even for low-level DFT ist quite expensive, so additional approximations like DFTB or embedding procedures will be required.

With respect to concentration-dependency: the lower the concentration gets, the larger your cells for the periodicity will have to get.

Here is a DFTB-MD example:

Sulfuric acid in water is of course less expensive than your combination, so in your case the answer would be "it's possible, but very expensive".

The answer is not straightforward: although there are parameters for D3 compatible with MN06-L, the literature does not suggest that the introduction of dispersives will necessarily lead to an improvement in the description of the system. This is because Minnesota functionals are parametrized on a database that already contains non-covalent interactions ( ). Probably the best procedure could be to search the literature for benchmarks on systems similar to those targeted.

Many thanks Jd Tamucci for your response, very helpful indeed.

Dear Hemamalini Rawindran,

Polymer membranes and porous materials absorb ionic liquids, causing changes in ionic conductivity and mobility. Polymer inclusion membranes (PIMs) with ionic liquids facilitate ion movement by acting as proton exchange membranes, improving efficiency in processes like microbial fuel cells and electrodialysis, and by enhancing ion conductivity and selectivity for ion transport based on the interaction between the ionic liquid and the polymer matrix.

Best Regards

Thankyou for the detailed response. I have tried reacting amino acid with pyrazole based cation and i am not sure about the proton transfer has taken place or not given the fact that amino acids exists in zwitter ionic form

How do we calculate the structure factor using Travis? Is there any specific way or command to calculate it@Mirella-Simoes-Santos

Thanks in advance.

Thank you for sharing@Abdelhak Maghchiche

thank you, It was helpful!!

Spotted the ChatGPT user (apart from the nonexistent CHARMM-GUI workflow, googling "Improved Lennard-Jones plus Coulombic Potential" yields only 1 match: this thread).

You probably have to force the initial occupation numbers for your orbitals in the initial guess, but I don't know how to do that for Gaussian.

Dear Sadah. I am not familiar with RDKIT, but recently I've solved questions related with Python by using ChatGPT. You may give it a chance.

Best, Pablo

The Nyquist plot consisting of semicircle is basically consisting of bulk resistance and bulk capacitance. The disappearance of semicircle basically indicates the reduction in bulk resistance to flow of ions in the electrolyte. The disappearance of semicircle and appearance of spike is also an indication of the smaller value of Rb. To find out the Rb when Nyquist plot has the spike, take intersection of the spike at x axis, keeping both x and y axis equal or proportional.

Depending upon the vapor pressure of the ionic liquid, it may be possible to carry out this analysis as a small droplet in a vacuum instrument. I suggest a droplet assuming that you are looking to collect spectra of the liquid alone. A small spot dabbed onto a surface should be sufficient for testing.

Determining the Hydrophilic Lipophilic Balance (HLB) value for morpholinium-based cationic surface active ionic liquids (SAILs) can be challenging as the traditional HLB system is primarily designed for non-ionic surfactants. However, there are experimental and theoretical methods you can consider for estimation.

Experimental Method:

Theoretical Method: Theoretical methods for determining HLB values are less common, particularly for cationic SAILs. However, you can consider the following approaches:

Regarding the use of Griffin's calculation parameters for non-ionic surfactants, it is important to note that these parameters are specifically designed for non-ionic surfactants and may not be directly applicable to ionic surfactants such as cationic SAILs. Ionic surfactants have different molecular structures and interactions, requiring specific calculation parameters tailored to their characteristics.

Yes, there are several purine-based ionic liquids that have been described in the scientific literature.

Examples of purine-based ionic liquids include 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium adenosine monophosphate ([BMIM][AMP]), which was first synthesized and characterized in 2011 (reference: "Synthesis and characterization of a new purine-based ionic liquid: 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium adenosine monophosphate" by L. Zhao et al., in Tetrahedron Letters, vol. 52, p. 1130-1133, 2011).

Other examples of purine-based ionic liquids include 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium guanosine ([BMIM][GMP]) (reference: "Synthesis and characterization of a novel purine-based ionic liquid: 1-butyl-3 -methylimidazolium guanosine" by L. Zhao et al., in Journal of Molecular Liquids, vol. 170, p. 63-66, 2012) and 1-allyl-3-methylimidazolium hypoxanthine ([AMIM][Hpx]) (reference : "Synthesis and Characterization of a New Purine-Based Ionic Liquid: 1-Allyl-3-methylimidazolium Hypoxanthine" by L. Zhao et al., in Chemical Research in Chinese Universities, vol. 32, p. 157-161, 2016) .

In principle, we should distinguish between (i) the geometry optimization and (ii) the final single-point calculation at the optimized geometry which produces the screening charges etc. needed for the sigma-profile. While in (ii) you should use the QM method consistent with your specific COSMO-RS implementation (e.g., COSMO solvation model + DFT/BP86/PVTZ for AMS COSMO-RS), you are not limited at all with respect to (i). You can optimize the geometry in the vacuum or solvent environment, you can employ cheaper molecular mechanics tools, or even take the geometry directly from e.g. a crystal structure.

The answer whether to use the whole ionic liquid pair or the cation and anion separately in the optimization depends on which approach within COSMO-RS you prefer. It is possible to describe the cation-anion electroneutral pair as a whole or to model the counterions separetely ("ion-based approach"). Here is our benchmark for both of these approaches within ADF and also the method how we treated the geometry optimization:

Depending on the size of your cell, 5 days isn't actually that long.

However, it is always recommendable to preoptimize with a low-cost functional like BP86 and a small basis set before going to hybrid, then you can see whether what you are trying to do is in the sensemaking range.

It's also possible to dissolve natural rubber into switchable solvents, and then convert the rubber into a latex. See Green Chem (2017) 19, 1889. This is useful, for example, if the rubber has congealed and someone wants to convert it back into a usable latex.

Sumit Bhowmick

The viscosity of cleaning solutions with a low salt concentration is affected by the nuclear quantum effect. Proton tunneling along the chain of H-bonds is observed, which leads to an increase or decrease in the intermolecular interaction.

You can do either of two things:

1. First, convert a Dowex cation exchanging resin, H+ form, to the desired ionic form by washing with 0.5-1M solution of a salt containing the desired cation followed by the extensive washing of the resin with water. Next, pass, at a slow flow rate, an aqueous solution of your nucleotide through a column containing min. 10-fold excess of the resin prepared as above and wash the column with several volumes of water to complete the elution of the nucleotide. Freeze-drying will give you your nucleotide in the desired ionic form.

2. If your nucleotide is retained on a C18 reverse phase column, you can dissolve the nucleotide in a solution containing the desired cation and apply the solution to the column. Next, wash the column with 3 volumes 0.1 M aqueous solution of the salt containing the desired cation. Next, wash the column with water, min 1 column volume. Finally, elute the nucleotide with 10-15% aq acetonitrile and evaporate the eluate to dryness. It would be advantageous to monitor the UV absorbance of all eluates by an on-line detector and collect only the UV-absorbing fractions. Not all nucleotides are retained by C18 reverse phase, particularly in the step of washing with water. If you decide to use this method make sure to check all eluted fractions.

if you got the cas you can try http://www.chemexper.com/ they search over different chemical companies, but such kind of systems can get quite expensive.

You should try to bring the refractive index of the polymer and the liquid phase as closely to equal as possible. Since you have much more flexibility on the liquid side, that means measuring the refractive index of the polymer and then try to fine-tune the refractive index of the conductive liquid phase, e.g. by adding water, replacing lighter anions with heavier ones, etc. You may need an additional fine-tuning after you generate your composite, especially if components in the liquid phase have some solubility in the polymer phase or vice-versa.

Electrolytes in the process of dissolving dissociate in solution into ions thus increasing the conductivity. Ionic liquids are compounds composed from ions with a low melting points, commonly < 100 C.

Nur Quratul

Yes thiosalicylate anion is more hydrophobic than chloride anion for an ionic liquid.

OD sample /OD standard x Conc. of standard x Volume (total) / Volume (taken) x Volume (made up) / wt of the sample x 100

Yes almost certainly an experimental error. However, I would bet on the weighing procedure as the more likely problem. Specifically, since most ionic liquids are hygroscopic, I suspect some weight - in the form of condensed water - was added accidentally after the sample was weighed.

If you really have iodine in your final product, perhaps the best way is washing the ionic liquid with chloform or carbon tetrachloride, both can easily dissolve iodine and can be extracted

Good luck.

It is hard to find the tables ready to use as you wish. The attached articles may help you to define IFT values by yourself or rather be able to calculate differences when changing parameters (like pressure or temperature).

Pyrrolidinium-cation-based protic acid ionic liquids (PILs) can be prepared by simple neutralization reactions between pyrrolidine and Brønsted acids, HX, where X is NO3−, HSO4−, HCOO−, CH3COO− or CF3COO− and CH3(CH2)6COO− etc.

Dear all, yes there is an appreciable investgation devoted to this matter. You have a wide choice of possibilities between ioninc liquids, deep eutectic solvents, CO2, and other combinations. Please have a look at the following documents. My Regards

Dear Marwa Abd El Kader Zaater, in addition to the previous fruitfull contributions, I advise you to read about 'Deep Eutectic Solvants DES'. They are by far easy and cheap to prepare, and with competitive performance with ionic liquids. My Regards

It is nice that Stachowiak could throw some light on this topic. It appears from the literature he has cited that there can be only around 50 ionic liquids which have been commercialized. It is possible that many other companies did not disclose their usage to avoid any challenge from their competitors.

Hi Chandan,

You may make an inquiry at Alfa Chemistry, which offers kinds of good-quality ionic liquids.

Dear Sumit, thank you for posting this interesting technical question on RG. First of all, organic based ionic liquids and extremely low-melting inorganic salt mixtures are two completely different pairs of shoes. Ionic liquids are normally pure compounds which have low melting points. In contrast, as the name suggests, mixtures of inorganic salts are not pure compounds. Thus it is not really helpful to compare the two. For example, think about the well-known freezing mixture of ice and table salt which can have a melting point of below –20 °C. We would not call this an ionic liquid. Commonly, the boundary of temperature is arbitrarily set, e.g. to 100 °C.

Good luck with your work and best wishes, Frank Edelmann

From the sensitivity point of view, doing the measurement in a glove box is clearly very advantageous. You will not have any interference of moisture which you can have if you do it in air. If you want to measure water contents below 10 ppm, doing it in a glovebox will be helpful. For values above 100 ppm, it will probably not matter if you handle your sample fast enough.

However, what about the glovebox atmosphere and its effect on the copper which is used in the purifier to keep the atmosphere free from O₂ and H₂O: Is the alcohol, the base and the SO₂ of the Karl Fischer method a problem? Do they poison the copper? You can find "Glovebox Use Guidelines", written by Karolina Osowska for the Department of Chemistry at the University of Huston. She writes: "The glovebox catalyst can be irreversibly damaged by thiols, amines, phosphines, alkyl halides, SO₂, SO₃, Hg, etc. You should avoid these materials in the glovebox at all cost." D. A. Vicic and G. D. Jones write in their chapter "Experimental Methods and Techniques: Basic Techniques": "Typically for gloveboxes employing copper-based catalysts, the following volatiles should be avoided: amines, halogenated solvents, alcohols, phosphines, and thiols." You cannot avoid the SO₂ of the Karl Fischer method. Often, methanol is used as solvent, which is the most volatile alcohol. According to these sources, Karl Fischer inside a glovebox might be problematic for your box on the long rung. At least you should keep the titration vessel and the flasks with the reagents closed as good as possible. If possible, you might avoid the methanol and use alcohols with lower vapor pressure, e.g. ethanol, or even better: diethylene glycol monoethyl ether. If imidazole or pyridine is used as the base of the Karl Fischer solution, there is also a kind of amine which might be problematic. Clearly, imidazole has a higher boiling point (256 °C) than pyridine (115 °C), therefore, it is expected that it also has a lower vapour pressure. Therefore, avoid pyridine - I think imidazole is usual anyway, pyridine is hardly used any more in Karl Fischer' titration.

Although methanol, SO₂ and base might be problemeatic and risky for your purifier unit if they get into it, I do not know: Is their evaporation rate small enough to avoid the copper poisoning of your purifier? Does anyone else have some experience with Karl Fischer in the glovebox? Karthik Bappudi, did you do the measurements in the glovebox? Do you have to regenerate quite often or is your purifier as good as before? Bellsabel Gebear-Eigzabher, what about your system?

Hi Arman Arabloonare , any updates? Im working with DES too, and I was wondering how to estimate HSP with group contribution for choline chloride. Thanks!

Thank you very much.

Mahesh Chandra Dubey, thank you for your answer

Hi Gabriel,

Check out this paper on IL chromatography and then make sure you reference them when using their technique, it's a very useful methods paper:

Dear Andrei Polkovnichenko thank you for posting this interesting technical question. Although I'm not a proven specialist in this field, I just came across a few potentially useful literature references which might help you in your analysis. For example, please have a look at the following article:

This paper has been posted by the authors as public full text on RG so that you can freely download it as pdf file.

Also please see this relevant paper which is directly related to your question::

This paper was published Open Access in The Journal of Physical Chemistry B. It is freely accessilbe as public full text on the internet (please see attached pdf file).

I hope this helps. Good luck with your research and best wishes, Frank Edelmann

Hello Muthumari, The first step is to retrieve/generate the ionic liquid cosmo files. After this there are a couple of methods for screening them for CO2 absorption which can be found in the link of my most recent paper: .

I employed infinite dilution solubility, and maximum solubility capacity as a means of screening the solvents. If you figure out which method you want to use I can help you with the procedure. Most papers I came across used the infinite dilution solubility method of predicting Henry Constants. -Thomas

I think the ionic liquids that you want to coat is more important. As the chemical linker between ionic liquids and silica is sensitive in strong base or acid sometimes, the coating ILs often choose neutral.

The double circle represents the existence of two layers. I will suggest you recheck the electrode fabrication process, and if not required avoid much higher frequencies. Use 0.1 Hz to 10e5 Hz.

Dear Simone Marsani many thanks for asking this very interesting technical question. Unfortunately the original article which you provided does not specify the solvents used for the chromatographic purification of the ionic liquid. I'm not sure anyway if a chromatographic purification of this ionic liquid is really necessary or not. In my opinion treatment of the solution with activated charcoal and removal of all volatiles under vacuum should give you a product which is sufficiently pure for further applications.

For some general information about the purification of ionic liquids please have a look at the following useful review article:

Fortunately this paper is freely available as public full ext on RG.

Good luck with your research! 👍

Keep in mind that whatever way you concentrate diluted solution, the process is thermodynamically unfavorable and you need to consume energy.

Hi S Kalaiselvan ,

Thank you for the respond. I read this paper before. I am new to MD simulation. What I am trying to figure out s:

1. How should I apply temperature parameter to my system?

2. Where, on which file or files, I have to make changes to change the final temperature I want to find the structure?

3. Can I just change the temperature to 190 K, without change the force filed, or I have to also use a specific force field for low temperature?

thanks

Hello Mr. Ting:

These are good examples that I read before about this topic. Also, in one of them, Dr. Zhang changed the wall treatment to able to stimulate rapid temperature through a wall.

I had a paper about something like that before:

If you have a question, do not hesitate to contact me.

Best,

Also check https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/materials-science/thermal-degradation-of-polymer

Dear Bimal Chitrakar please see the following article entitled "Optimization of Ionic Liquid Based Simultaneous Ultrasonic- and Microwave-Assisted Extraction of Rutin and Quercetin from Leaves of Velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti) by Response Surface Methodology". The paper is available as public full text on RG:

On page 9 of this article it is stated that "it is worth noting that [C4mim]Br and methanol were almost the same as the extraction yields of two target compounds. However, methanol was volatile, flammable, and harmful to human and environment. Therefore, [C4mim]Br was chosen as extraction solvent in this study." Thus I would try re-extraction of your rutin with ethanol or perhaps use methanol right away instead of the ionic liquid.

Thanks Madhukar

Dear Chloe,

the method you should use depends how clean the cellulose is. If it contained also lignin then using FTIR would be good option as with FTIR cellulose and lignin content can be caluslated from the ratio of certain peaks. See e.g the following article for method: D. Koutsianitis et al. / Ultrasonics Sonochemistry 23 (2015) 148–155.

But if you are curious about the dissolved cellulose in the solution (as far as I understand your question) then using KMnO4 oxidation and titrating by conventional methods would be appropriate as used for pulping samples.

Hope this helps

Best regards,

Tamás

You may for for isolation of ionized molecules molecules by microcentrifugation and determination using HPLC

It's not possible to give an unambiguous answer. A neutral particle is made up of charged particles anyway. Water has an electrical dipole moment so it's the coupling between this dipole moment and the particle that matters. A neutral particle can only couple to the dipole moment of water through its dipole moment (if it doesn't vanish, as well-in which case it's the quadrupole moment that matters); an electrically charged particle can couple to the individual constituents of the dipole. So it can lose energy more easily and therefore one might say that it will be slower than a neutral particle that can't lose energy as easily, since it interacts less strongly with water molecules.

Let me first tell you that what is the intrinsic parameter due to which aqueous electrolyte have low potential window. When we talk about the electrolyte potential window, it is basically the solvent stability which determine the potential window. the water decomposition is the major cause of getting low potential window in aqueous electrolyte. The 1.2 V is the voltage stability of pure water with respect to platinum working electrode and SHE as the reference electrode, as on the platinum surface the kinetics of water decomposition is very fast, it get reduce to evolve hydrogen at very near to 0 V and oxidise at about 1.23 V so overall potential window is 1.23 V. However, the organic electrolytes have the solvents like acetonitrile, ethylene carbonate, which have relatively higher stability upto high potential that is why the organic electrolyte can work for high potential window. Ionic liquids donot contain any solvent they are the molten salts. that is why they can even be stable upto higher potential than organic electrolytes.

So the overall conclusion for your question is that the potential window stability is greatly depend on the solvent stability when we consider the electrolyte stability.

Frank T. Edelmann, sir it was very helpful to me..thank you

Thanks for your reply.

Yes, you are right these are the plots of the anions. The protein is insulin which has only 51 amino acids and I have calculated the RDF for a specific N-terminal residue (Phenylalanine). I have also calculated the RMSD, RMSF etc.

Would like to know the reason for the discrepancy with respect to RDF and concentration of the anions.

I tend to disagree, that ionic liquids are toxic as such. There are more possible ionic liquids than there are people on this planet. And just as people, they are different. There are toxic ones, there are also completely harmless ones, just as well there are some that are corrosive and others, which serve as corrosion inhibitors.

And that is the beauty of it, you can always find one, that can suit the properties profile that you are looking for.

I would say is too difficult to answer your question; but at present the most popular Quantum Chemistry Software is Gaussianas.

Dear Wang Chizhou, deep eutectic solvents (DES) are I think the best candidates. Please refer to the following document. My Regards

Yes we can apply ionic liquids to extract lipids. but we have to design the IL based on their polarity. as to me non polar ILs (less polar) mixed with organic solvetnts are better for lipid extraction than polar ILs. see this paper

Try to plot your data in the log-log scale. There could be a tiny semicircle at high frequencies. The incomplete semicircle could be a sign of ion diffusion (so-called Warburg diffusion element in equivalent circuits). Also plot log Z' and Log Z'' vs log f. Provides a different angle of view on your data.

Dear Hani Khalil Ismail, these are some interesting références. My Regards

this paper help you

EMIM TFSI is quite stable on air and does not undergo redox reactions under normal conditions. It will take up some water, but will soon equilibrate.

I am not sure hydroxyethylammonium butyrate to be the best absorbent for CO2. We have found quite a few other ILs which work much better, of course the main factor influencing the choice of IL is the flue gas composition and the scrubbing method (temperature/pressure driven).

If your ionic liquid is only cationic (or only anionic, as a matter of fact) I would be very much surprised, that would mean you have somehow evaded the laws of nature. In case the name of the ionic liquid is correct, this would be a protic IL and it would be slightly acidic. The easiest way to test that is to dissolve it in some water and measure the pH.

In case you are talking about the 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium methylsulfate, this is almost neutral, depending of course on the purity.

About Voronoi: