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For my Master's thesis work, I am trying to create research focused on FDI, FDI Policies and Middle-Income Trap in Turkey.
Main goal is to research how FDI patterns and sectoral distribution (will be classified as "high quality FDI" [have positive effects on the GNI per capita through productivity, innovation gains etc.] and "low quality FDI" [have negative or no effects on GNI per capita and might even result in dependency]) as a result of government FDI policies may impact Turkey's position in the middle-income trap.
At the end it is like a chicken and egg problem. Does middle-income trap status of the country results in "low quality FDI" inflow, or "low quality FDI" forces the country in the middle-income trap status. Also, there will be the governments FDI policy in the equation here.
I am not sure if I should be going with a deductive research or inductive research. Also having problem on how to plan my research and create the framework after collecting the necessary data (fdi related data, economic indicators, policies, documents).
I would appreciate any kind of feedback on the topic, approach, method, possible research framework for my work.
The goal of my question is to have more ideas and have a brainstorm, while learning which way I should be taking in this very first research of mine.
Dear colleagues,
MGIMO University is conducting the International Hierarchy Expert Survey-2022 (IHES-2022). The survey is aimed at tracking how the status and roles of states have changed since last year. We invite International Relations scholars, as well as practitioners and experts in IR and related fields to join.
To complete the questionnaire, please access the following link:
It will take an estimated 20-25 minutes to fill out the form.
This the second expert survey on international hierarchy conducted by our research team. Results of IHES-2021 have been published in an open access research paper and are attached to this discussion. However, to avoid the anchoring effect, we kindly ask participants to complete this year's survey before reading the previous results.
We guarantee confidentiality of all participants, only aggregated results will be published.
We gratefully thank you,
Research Team on International Hierarchy
Institute for International Studies,
MGIMO University
The History of Reserve Currencies
Lets begin with understanding money as liquid, which is how CHINESE describes MONEY as WATER.
MONEY as WATER & LIQUIDITY
The expression "money is like water" is often attributed to Chinese culture, and it reflects a particular mindset about wealth and its fluid nature. While not everyone in China may use this expression, it does capture a common attitude towards money. Here are some reasons why money is sometimes metaphorically equated with water in Chinese culture:
- Fluidity and Circulation: Water is fluid and can flow easily. Similarly, the idea is that money should not be stagnant but should circulate and flow smoothly through various channels of the economy. This concept emphasizes the importance of keeping money in motion to generate economic activity.
- Adaptability: Water can take the shape of its container and adapt to different forms. Money, too, is seen as something that should be adaptable and flexible. The ability to adapt to different financial situations is valued, and the metaphor highlights the importance of being nimble in financial matters.
- Renewal and Growth: Water is essential for the growth of plants and sustaining life. Money, in a similar sense, is considered crucial for economic growth and development. The metaphor emphasizes the idea that money, like water, is essential for sustaining and fostering prosperity.
- Symbol of Abundance: In Chinese culture, water is often associated with abundance and prosperity. The metaphor of money being like water might convey the idea that there is an abundance of financial opportunities and resources available, and one should tap into them wisely.
- Flowing Fortunes: The phrase could also imply that fortunes, like water, are ever-changing. What may be plentiful today might be scarce tomorrow, emphasizing the importance of being mindful of financial fluctuations and making sound financial decisions.
CO2 as LIQUIDITY
If we conceptualize CO2 as liquidity rather than a gas or vapor, we are essentially considering carbon dioxide as a form of tradable liquid asset that represents environmental impact. This approach adds an additional layer to the integration of CO2 into a financial system. Here's how this could be incorporated into the concept:
- CO2 Liquidity Units: Instead of carbon credits, introduce the concept of CO2 liquidity units. These units would represent a standardized measure of carbon emissions that can be bought, sold, or traded in the market.
- Liquid Carbon Market: Establish a liquid carbon market where entities, including businesses, governments, and individuals, can buy and sell CO2 liquidity units. This market would function similarly to financial markets where liquidity is traded.
- Carbon Liquidity Exchanges: Create specialized carbon liquidity exchanges where participants can engage in the buying and selling of CO2 liquidity units. These exchanges would operate alongside traditional financial exchanges.
- Liquidity Providers: Designate entities, such as environmental organizations or sustainable initiatives, as liquidity providers. These entities would contribute to the market by removing excess CO2 liquidity units from circulation through activities like carbon sequestration or environmental projects.
- Centralized Liquidity Authority: Establish a centralized authority responsible for regulating and overseeing the CO2 liquidity market. This authority would manage the overall liquidity supply, adjusting it based on environmental goals and targets.
- Carbon-backed Liquidity Reserves: Implement carbon-backed liquidity reserves to stabilize the value of CO2 liquidity units. These reserves would function similarly to central bank reserves in traditional financial systems.
- Carbon Liquidity-backed Financial Instruments: Develop financial instruments, such as bonds or loans, that are backed by CO2 liquidity units. This would provide a way for financial markets to support sustainable projects, similar to green bonds.
- Liquidity-based Incentives: Introduce incentives for entities to maintain or increase their liquidity levels. Those who reduce their carbon emissions and maintain a surplus of CO2 liquidity units could benefit financially, while those with deficits would face higher costs.
- Real-time Liquidity Monitoring: Implement advanced monitoring systems for real-time tracking of carbon liquidity levels. This transparency would enable better decision-making and responsiveness to changes in environmental conditions.
- Education and Adoption: Promote education and awareness about the CO2 liquidity system to ensure widespread understanding and adoption. Stakeholders, including businesses and individuals, need to grasp the concept of CO2 as a form of liquid asset.
This conceptualization aims to integrate the idea of liquidity into the carbon economy, treating CO2 as a tradable liquid asset with a value that can be influenced by market forces. It introduces the dynamics of supply, demand, and liquidity management into the broader context of environmental sustainability. As with any innovative financial system, careful planning, regulation, and adaptation are crucial for its successful implementation. Additionally, it's essential to consider potential unintended consequences and continually assess the system's effectiveness in achieving environmental goals.
MONEY & CURRENCIES PEGGED to CO2 as LIQUID SUPPLY & DEMAND
Here's a conceptual approach to a real-world system where money is pegged to CO2 supply and demand:
- Carbon Credits as Tradable Assets: Implement a system where carbon credits become tradable assets, similar to stocks or bonds in financial markets. These carbon credits would represent the right to emit a certain amount of CO2.
- Carbon Pricing Mechanism: Introduce a carbon pricing mechanism, such as a carbon tax or cap-and-trade system. This places a cost on carbon emissions, creating a direct economic incentive for businesses and individuals to reduce their carbon footprint.
- Centralized Carbon Authority: Establish a centralized carbon authority responsible for issuing and regulating carbon credits. This authority would control the overall supply of carbon credits in circulation, adjusting it based on environmental goals and targets.
- Currency Pegged to Carbon Credits: Create a new form of currency that is directly pegged to the supply of carbon credits. The value of this currency would be tied to the overall carbon emissions allowed within a specified period.
- Carbon Reserve System: Implement a carbon reserve system, similar to a central bank's reserve system, to manage fluctuations in carbon credit supply and demand. The reserve would be used to stabilize the value of the carbon-backed currency.
- Incentives for Carbon Reduction: Offer financial incentives for businesses and individuals to reduce their carbon emissions. Those who emit less than their allocated carbon credits could sell their excess credits, while those exceeding their limit would need to buy additional credits.
- International Carbon Exchange: Facilitate an international carbon exchange where countries can trade carbon credits, fostering global cooperation in addressing climate change. This exchange would allow nations to balance their emissions by buying and selling credits on the international market.
- Carbon-backed Financial Instruments: Develop financial instruments such as bonds or loans that are backed by carbon credits. This could encourage investments in sustainable projects and provide a way for financial markets to support environmentally friendly initiatives.
- Carbon Auditing and Verification: Implement rigorous carbon auditing and verification processes to ensure the accuracy and legitimacy of carbon credit transactions. This would prevent fraud and maintain the integrity of the carbon-backed currency.
- Transition Period and Education: Recognize that transitioning to a carbon-backed currency would require careful planning and education. Governments, businesses, and the public would need to understand the new system and its implications.
It's important to note that while this concept provides a real-world approach, it is highly complex and would face numerous challenges, including international cooperation, regulatory frameworks, and the need for a robust infrastructure to manage the carbon credit system.
The CARBON COIN/ DOLLAR
Pegging an international currency to a conception of CO2 reduction involves linking the value of the currency to the success and progress of global efforts in reducing carbon emissions. Here's a conceptual framework for how this might be achieved:
- Creation of a Carbon-Backed International Currency: Develop a new international currency, let's call it "CarbonCoin" for illustration purposes, directly pegged to the global reduction of carbon emissions. The value of CarbonCoin would be tied to the success in achieving predetermined global CO2 reduction targets.
- Global Carbon Reduction Targets: Establish ambitious and scientifically informed global carbon reduction targets. These targets would serve as the benchmark against which the value of CarbonCoin is pegged. The more successful the world is in meeting these targets, the stronger the value of CarbonCoin.
- Carbon Reduction Verification Mechanism: Implement a robust and transparent global mechanism for verifying carbon reduction efforts. This could involve international organizations, technological solutions, and agreements that ensure accurate reporting and accountability for CO2 reductions.
- CarbonCoin Reserve System: Create a global CarbonCoin reserve system that stores CarbonCoins in proportion to the cumulative global CO2 reductions achieved. This reserve would act as a backing for the international currency, similar to gold backing traditional currencies in the past.
- International CarbonCoin Authority: Establish an international authority responsible for managing the CarbonCoin system. This authority would oversee the pegging process, verify carbon reductions, and adjust the supply of CarbonCoins in circulation based on global progress toward emission reduction goals.
- CarbonCoin Exchange Mechanism: Develop a global exchange mechanism for CarbonCoins, where countries and entities can buy, sell, and trade CarbonCoins based on their individual and collective contributions to CO2 reduction. This exchange would influence the value of CarbonCoin in the international market.
- CarbonCoin as a Reserve Currency: Promote the use of CarbonCoin as a reserve currency alongside traditional fiat currencies like the U.S. dollar or the euro. Countries could hold CarbonCoins in their reserves as a way to demonstrate and support their commitment to environmental sustainability.
- Incentives for Carbon Reduction: Offer financial incentives for countries and entities that contribute significantly to global CO2 reductions. This could involve rewarding nations with additional CarbonCoins based on their achievements in emission reduction.
- CarbonCoin-Backed Bonds and Financial Instruments: Introduce financial instruments, such as bonds, loans, or investment products, that are backed by CarbonCoins. This would create a market for sustainable investments and encourage the allocation of funds to projects contributing to CO2 reduction.
- International Cooperation and Agreements: Encourage international cooperation through agreements and treaties that support the CarbonCoin system. Cooperation would be vital to the success of this currency peg, requiring commitments from nations to pursue and maintain effective carbon reduction policies.
Implementing such a system would require significant coordination, cooperation, and commitment from the international community. It would also involve addressing challenges such as varying levels of economic development, differing national priorities, and potential resistance to adopting a new international currency system. Additionally, technological advancements in monitoring and verification of carbon reduction efforts would play a crucial role in the success of this conceptual framework.
How Pegging CO2 as LIQUIDITIES to CURRENCY EXCHANGES can OVERCOME EXISTING INERTIA to CO2 REDUCTION
Pegging CO2 as liquidities to currency exchanges could potentially introduce innovative financial mechanisms to overcome hurdles in CO2 reduction efforts. Here are ways in which this approach might help address challenges:
Market-Driven Incentives:
How it Helps: By pegging CO2 as liquidities to currency exchanges, you create a market for trading carbon assets. This introduces market-driven incentives for businesses and nations to reduce emissions, as they can profit from selling excess carbon liquidities or face costs for exceeding their allocated limits.
Flexibility and Adaptability:
How it Helps: Liquid markets are often more flexible. This flexibility can be harnessed to adapt to varying circumstances, allowing entities to buy or sell carbon liquidities based on changing economic conditions or technological advancements. It provides a dynamic system that can adjust to evolving emission reduction challenges.
Global Collaboration through Trading:
How it Helps: A liquid carbon market could facilitate global collaboration. Countries with a surplus of carbon liquidities can trade with those facing challenges, promoting a more efficient allocation of resources for emissions reduction. This approach encourages a collaborative, international effort to achieve overall reduction targets.
Liquidity-Backed Investments:
How it Helps: The concept of CO2 liquidities as a tradable asset could attract investments in sustainable and low-carbon projects. Financial instruments backed by carbon liquidities, such as bonds or green funds, may become attractive to investors, funneling capital into initiatives that contribute to emission reduction.
Transparent Market Mechanism:
How it Helps: Liquid markets often operate with a high degree of transparency. This transparency could help overcome challenges related to verification and trust. It ensures that the buying and selling of carbon liquidities are conducted with integrity, minimizing the risk of fraudulent activities.
Carbon Liquidity Reserves:
How it Helps: Establishing reserves of carbon liquidities can act as a stabilizing mechanism. During economic downturns or unexpected challenges, entities can tap into these reserves to meet emission reduction targets without facing excessive financial burdens, promoting long-term stability in carbon markets.
Economic Growth with Emission Reduction:How it Helps: Liquid carbon markets could provide a mechanism for balancing economic growth with emission reduction. As economies grow, they may need additional carbon liquidities, which can be acquired through the market. This allows for economic development while ensuring adherence to overall carbon reduction goals.
Private Sector Participation:
How it Helps: Liquid carbon markets could attract greater participation from the private sector. Businesses can actively engage in emissions reduction efforts by buying and selling carbon liquidities, aligning their financial interests with environmental goals and contributing to a more sustainable economy.
Carbon-Backed Financial Instruments:
How it Helps: The creation of financial instruments backed by carbon liquidities, such as carbon futures or options, could provide businesses and investors with tools to manage and mitigate risks associated with emissions. This can enhance financial planning and encourage long-term sustainability.
Public Awareness and Engagement:
How it Helps: A liquid carbon market could be designed to include public participation, allowing individuals to buy and sell carbon liquidities. This engagement can increase public awareness and encourage environmentally conscious behavior, as individuals see a direct link between their actions and the carbon market.
While pegging CO2 as liquidities to currency exchanges introduces potential benefits, it's crucial to recognize that implementing such a system would still require careful design, international cooperation, and ongoing monitoring to ensure its effectiveness in promoting meaningful CO2 reduction. Additionally, considerations for potential market manipulation, regulatory frameworks, and social equity issues should be addressed in the development and implementation of this approach.
The POLITICAL ECONOMY of CARBONCOIN
A political economist would likely analyze the concept of pegging CO2 to currency exchanges from a multidimensional perspective, considering the economic, political, and social implications of such an approach. Here are some aspects a political economist might consider:
Economic Efficiency:
Analysis: A political economist would assess whether pegging CO2 to currency exchanges promotes economic efficiency by creating market-driven incentives for emissions reduction. They might evaluate the efficiency of the proposed carbon market in allocating resources and encouraging innovation in low-carbon technologies.
Distributional Effects:
Analysis: Political economists would scrutinize the distributional effects of the proposed system. They might investigate how the costs and benefits are distributed among different socioeconomic groups, regions, and nations. Consideration would be given to whether the approach exacerbates or mitigates existing inequalities.
International Cooperation:
Analysis: Political economists would study the feasibility of achieving international cooperation through a liquid carbon market. They might analyze the political dynamics and power structures among nations, assessing whether the proposed system provides sufficient incentives for countries to collaborate on emission reduction efforts.
Policy Instruments and Instruments Choice:
Analysis: Political economists would examine the choice of policy instruments within the proposed framework. They might consider the use of market-based mechanisms, regulatory approaches, and the role of government intervention. The analysis would explore how different policy instruments align with political and economic ideologies.
Political Will and Implementation Challenges:
Analysis: Political economists would assess the political will required to implement and sustain such a system. They might analyze potential political resistance, lobbying efforts, and the ability of governments to commit to long-term emission reduction targets, considering the political economy of climate change policies.
Environmental Justice:
Analysis: Political economists would scrutinize the environmental justice implications of the proposed approach. They might assess whether the system disproportionately affects vulnerable communities or if it addresses historical disparities in environmental burdens.
Role of Private Sector and Corporate Influence:
Analysis: Political economists would consider the role of the private sector within the proposed framework. They might analyze how corporations influence policy decisions, whether the approach aligns with corporate interests, and how the involvement of the private sector may impact the effectiveness of emission reduction efforts.
Policy Stability and Long-Term Commitments:
Analysis: Political economists would evaluate the stability of the proposed system over the long term. They might consider the potential for policy reversals with changes in government or economic conditions, assessing the resilience of the system to political volatility.
Global Governance and Institutions:
Analysis: Political economists would examine the global governance structures and institutions needed to support the proposed system. They might explore the role of international organizations, the effectiveness of existing institutions, and the need for new forms of global governance in managing a liquid carbon market.
Public Perception and Democratic Legitimacy:
Analysis: Political economists would consider how the public perceives the proposed approach and whether it aligns with democratic principles. They might assess the level of public engagement, participation, and the legitimacy of decision-making processes in shaping climate policies.
In essence, a political economist would analyze the proposed approach within the broader context of political and economic systems, considering its implications for power dynamics, social equity, and the overall political economy of climate change mitigation. This multidimensional analysis would provide insights into the feasibility, effectiveness, and potential challenges associated with pegging CO2 to currency exchanges.
Image Source: https://www.investopedia.com/terms/c/currency-peg.asp
I want to focus upon the external dimension of European Green Deal. Since I am a student of International Economics, I would prefer working within the field of International Relations/ International Political Economy.
COVID-19 exposed many divisions among countries and prevented the formation of a united front to combat this pandemic. Even the very closely networked blocs such as ASEAN and EU failed to coordinate their efforts to combat COVID-19 because of national interest. Undermining the world organizations such as WHO, ICOJ, and the United nation various agencies are not painting a very good picture of what to come in the future. Can globalization survive?
This is a theoretical question that endeavors to address contemporary issues. My frame of reference is that world peace is the ideal. In conflict situations, what form of geopolitical combat might be the best or the most effective pathway to peace and national and international security?
How this coopration may change the regional balance of power and if the Persians deciding to such variant of cooperation will be able to protect themselves from the political protectorate?
Covid-19 provided the added fuel needed by the fire of nationalism/regionalism to gain further strength. Many countries believe that they have to protect the national interest by relying on local resources and expertise. This is leading to a race for the development of a vaccine by many countries. Is this helpful in the long run? Can we find the cure/vaccine faster or we are wasting time and resources.
Does terrorism in the world have any impact on International Oil Prices
Help needed.
I am currently looking to come up with a research questions for my bachelor thesis. I study International Relations but I wanted to narrow down my profile towards economic because of my plans for my postgraduate education.
We agreed with my supervisor in this topic : "Forms of Capitalism and EU governance"
I am reading an enormous amount of papers and academic works for days now but I cannot come up with a research questions that successfully creates a bridge between forms of capitalism and EU.
Any ideas on the questions would be welcome. Any suggestion of papers I can read would be welcome.
Thank you
When we talk about conflict contagion and diffusion mechanisms, what happens when in one country the fighting stops, would it also stop across the border? I am planning at looking at mechanisms of conflict diffusion and look at how the halt or possible reversal of said mechanism actually affects the conflict propensity in the other country. Basically a supply side argument.Would you suggest a different angle?
I wish to determine the main sub-events on a traces. However, They are usually overlapped and some simple method like finding local maximum is easily defaulted by a small noise added on a main pulse. I think maybe I should get the envelop first and then find the main sub-events orderly. Do you have better idea about how to do it automatically and efficiently?
Last general election result in Britain was not as expected by the PM May: How will it impact Brexit negotiations? Will Brexit be reversed or another election called???
Given the recent political developments in several European countries and the US, we could expect increasing policy efforts toward economic protectionism, barriers to immigration, and perhaps, in some cases, a growing emphasis on local, traditional values in contrast to cultural liberalization and diversity.
It has been argued for some time now that there is a backlash against globalization underway in many Western countries, even if international trade and finance, and to a lesser extent immigration, have come mostly to a halt since the crisis of 2008.
In your opinion, how far could this growing trend go? What effects could we expect on the economy, politics, and society?
How could it affect science?
This is the very important project worked by two scholars of great erudition. Many people may hesitate to add any comments on this well prepared research project. As the project workers are pointing that "[t]his project sits at the intersection of economics, politics, law, and history," let me add a comment from an economist who mainly work on international trade theory.
The project workers are more interested in the internal legal and political aspects, but the international relations in economic domains affect the domestic policy thinking tremendously and economic performance. Without a deep analysis on the economic conditions that the developing countries are confined and what kind of possibility they have, the project would not be a sufficient examination.
The trouble with economics is the dominance of neoclassical economics backed by neoliberal economic policy thought. This mode of thinking is enforced upon developing countries through IMF and World Bank and others. On the other hand, anti-mainstream economic theories in developing countries are/were deeply influenced by Marxian economics and it had/has a strong tendency to emphasize an exploitation of developing countries by developed countries. A typical argument is the unequal exchange theory of A. Emmanuel and of the dependency theory.
We need a plausible theory on the economic development of developing countries. Unfortunately, there was a strong schism between growth theory and development economics in the past. Now this schism seems to be bridged a bit but it is rather an appearance caused by the intellectual dominance of the growth theory. The latter has serious problems as a theory of economic growth and development. In this regard, let me cite three survey papers:
Shiozawa, Y. 2016 Growth Theory As It Ought to Be: Comments on Kurz and Salvadori's Two Survey Papers on Old and New Growth Theory
Kohn, M. 2009 Economic Development and Growth: A Survey
Vivarelli, M. 2015 The middle income trap: a way out based on technological and structural change. Economic Change and Restructuring.
Mine is a general criticism on the existing growth theories. Two others treat questions which were not treated in my and Kurz and Salvadori's survey papers.
In order to understand and estimate rightly the condition that the developing countries are confined, the theory of international trade is important. In this regard, please read my paper below. At the end of this paper, I mentioned on the relationships between this general theory and development economics and international political economy. The main lesson of this paper is this: Whatever happens in the institutions and political system, it is through the mediation of production techniques that the income per capita of a country is determined. Of course, institutions and legal and political systems give great influences on the development of production techniques.
The New Theory of International Values: An Overview
Let me also inform you that I have posed three questions below on the relations between international political economy and trade theory. I have also posted several answers to the Julio César Cepeda Ladino's question.
How do International Political Economy and International Trade Theory explain the strong opposition to free-trade agreement?
Trump and Sanders are opposed to the TPP. How the International Trade theory and International Political Economy explain this?
Is conflict in international trade an illusion?
Julio César Cepeda Ladino's question:
Can International Political Economy (IPE) be considered as a field of International Relations (IR) or an autonomous discipline of the social sciences?
Working Paper The New Theory of International Values: An Overview
I need to measure net product physical labour productivity within a world industry by using World Input Output Tables. Can I use PPP exchange rates for this purpose?
I am looking for recent articles (2015/2016) that contain a very good literature review of the subject.
TPP (Trans-Pacific Partnership) before effectuation is the latest multi-national trade agreement and its ratification is now a big political issue for almost all participating countries.
In the recent republican national convention, Trump declared its opposition to TPP. Senator Sanders, who was a closely competing candidate for democratic party nomination, has expressed his opposition to TPP as well.
How do International Political Economy and International Trade Theory explain the strong opposition among people to free-trade agreement in general and to TPP in particular?
Graham occupies a singular position in the history of the theory of international trade. He oppose to the neoclassical theory since John S. Mill, which is based on the reciprocal demand. He claimed that the neoclassical approach contains “the vital defects” (Graham 1932 The Theory of International Values, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 46(4): 581-316.) I wonder if there are recent studies on F. D. Fraham’s theory of international values.
A chapter of Paul Krugman's book Pop Internationalism (1997) is titled The Illusion of Conflict in International Trade. In this chapter, Krugman contends that trade problems between low and high waged nations are an illusion and there is nothing to worry from the globalization in trade. He even analyzes why many eminent writers (including Lester Thurow and Robert Reich) make such ridiculous arguments when they begin to discuss international trade. Krugman contends that they should learn the international trade theory that is taught in undergraduate economics class before they begin to argue on these questions, because it is the matter which requires special knowledge of a special field of economics.
Now, this is my question. Are the contents of the standard international trade theory sane in the sense that they reflect the reality of economies that are influenced by the rapid change of international trade? Is it true that the trouble attributed to trade is an illusion and the international trade theory is fundamentally right? Are the problems that international political economy argues under the subject of trade conflict all illusion? If yes, this must be a true charge against international political economy.
My opinion is that the standard international trade theory has some serious defects and Krugman is not aware of this grave fact.
is it true Oil's Fall Led to ISIS's Rise or vice versa.
One of the main debates that have existed around the International Political Economy (IPE) has been the definition of the object of research regarding International Economics (IE) and International Relations (IR). It would be very valuable to know in depth the positions that have developed about topic in regions such as Latin America, East Asia, North America, Western Europe, among others.
I am looking for books , articles , or any supporting materiel where we can know how translation be considered as a facilitator in the political and economic exchange.
Because Eurasia is rich in energy resources but there is absence of direct connection between India and the region.
I am writing a paper on Russia’s inclusion in financial internationalization. Which definition of financial internationalization can be regarded as commonly accepted within the IPE literature?
I need to critically discuss the basis on which Germany, Sweden and France are similar to each other and different from the US and Japan. Which theoretical framework shall I use? In fact, I need to understand the importance of using the framework too. Please guide. And suggest, any reading material too.
My case study is the U.S and I'll be assessing how conflict scenarios can have an impact on economic indicators and the extent to which economic performance is affected (whether adversely or positively). I was just wondering whether running a regression model using Military expenditure as the independent variable and GDP growth as the dependent variable would lead to viable results.
It's either that or I may opt for a panel data analysis. I just wanted some opinions on the methodology that I've opted to use here and it's viability.
Notes: I'm using the U.S as my primary source of investigation and I'd be looking mostly at the Iraq war as my primary source of conflict. If I were to opt for a panel data analysis, I'd look at the entire world and relate it back to varying conflicts in those geographical locations. Attached is a general consensus of my research work (which isn't necessary to read ).
Thanks in advance for all your opinions.
I have trouble finding data on bank bailout in the period 2007-2009 (could also be possibly be longer).
Preferably I would have a measure of tax money spend as a % of GDP on bank bailouts. Alternatively, I would just like to have dummies of countries that have had bank bailouts during this periods, and countries that have not.
Can anyone help with data regardin Russian hydrocarbon extraction/production industry for the last 10-20 years?
I can work with data in Russian language, should the links be provided in Russian.
Thank your
Why did Chavan Model declined In Maharashtra?
I'm looking for a Europe-wide surveys that are similar to what we see in the Latinobarometer, Afrobarometer. In other words, questions on economic perceptions, vote intention and partisan id. The Eurobarometer is largely a EU-wide survey that lacks any national component. The EES is largely a survey on second-order EP elections that dont measure voting in first order elections. The CSES lacks proper questions on economic perception. They include a retrospective sociotropic question and a "improvement of standard of living question." I'm look for a cross-national survey in Europe that asks such questions as
1. If Presidential elections or (parliamentary election) were held this sunday for whom would you vote for?
2. In the last election, did you vote for the opposition or the incumbent?
3. In the last 12 months, how has your household economic situation changed?
4. In the last 12 months, how has the country's economic situation changed?
5. In the next 12 month, do you expect your household's economic situation to get...? (better, worse, etc)
6. In the next 12 months, do you expect the country's economic situation to get?
I am trying to research the interaction between electoral systems and campaign finance rules, in search of fair and accountable political competition. But it is becoming clear that a "race to the bottom" competition among jurisdictions is globally driving countries toward lax financial regulations and deeper secrecy, adding a higher level of complexity to the problem.
Without forming a national central bank of its own, and thus reestablishing its own currency, how can Greece escape neo-liberal structural adjustment?
Or is a world-historical paradigmatic lens more appropriate?
How can we unpack the heterogeneity of interests and preferences
across and within various types of corporate structures?
What are the current debates within the heterodox economic literature?
What I am pondering with this question is whether nation-states enter into extraterritorial pacts (WTO, NAFTA, EU, MERCOSUR, etc.) solely on the basis of perhaps deriving economic benefit from these liaisons; i.e., without giving consideration to the social and political implications of becoming inter-connected with other sovereign states, all of whom relinquish some of their autonomy to a supranational body.
This would, for instance, explain why Norway refuses to join the European Union citing the possibility of (a) loss of national sovereignty and (b) a diminishment of the quality of citizenship secured by Norway's Constitution (which establishes a 'horizontal union of free and equal citizens'); and yet Norway had no qualms about signing onto the European Economic Area (EEA) which, according to Erik Erikson ("Norway's Rejection of EU Membership has given the country less self-determination, not more" - http://blogs.lse.ac.uk/europpblog/2014/04/22/) weds Norway to the EU economically by granting it access to Europe's internal market on an equal basis with EU member states. Seemingly, Norway is willing to accept an economic union, but stops short of a political and social union with the EU member states. In fact, the inability of EU members to agree on a European Constitution may be a reflection of other EU members having the same hesitance as Norway to become bound politically and socially to each other.
In fact, one might view the "Margin of Appreciation" rule applied by the European Court of Human Rights wherein the Court bows to local customs (no matter how discriminatory these local practices may be) as the Court's recognition that member states are only fully committed to the economic benefits that can be derived from a union creating a market of over 450 million people. Therefore, it is best for the Court to allow member states some wiggling room -- 'to cut them some slack'.
Gwen
I am trying to estimate the effect of economic sanctions on the target country's economy. For that I need the cost of sanctions on the target country.
I have been searching for a database that might contain this information, but no such thing exists. Most papers have estimated the cost of sanctions themselves, but it is not clear how.
If you have any information or suggestions regarding this matter, please let me know.
In 1873, Germany decided to switch from the universally accepted silver standard to gold standard, following Britain that had changed to gold standard in 1816. Scholarly works suggest that this was a decision that drained economies of colonies and made them perennially poor. Will a reversal (presuming that it ever took place) contribute to the developing of economies of the third world?
In developmental state theories (of post-war Japan, S. Korea, Taiwan and Singapore), industrial policies took an important role in generating rapid economic growth. Good industrial policies are, at most, guiding a national economy in a good direction for development. Yet, would they be really successful without the visible hand's steering of financial resources in the market towards them?
The Egyptian spring revolution (January 25, 2011) has not progressed well, and resulted in many problems, and did not resolve democratic or economic problems.