International Affairs - Science topic

To my knowledge, Foreign Affairs is an academic-style magazine rather than a peer-reviewed academic journal. It publishes high-quality articles on international relations, foreign policy, and global affairs, but its articles are typically written by policy experts, diplomats, scholars, and journalists rather than being peer-reviewed research papers. While Foreign Affairs is respected in academic and policy-making circles and is often cited in academic work, its articles do not undergo the rigorous peer-review process standard in scholarly journals.

The attached lecture contains reference to sui generis in the context of human rights law.

International Hierarchy Expert Survey Wave II Results:

Wave II underway: https://www.researchgate.net/post/International_Hierarchy_Expert_Survey-request_to_participate2

TIRANDO MAYANA ZATZ, BRASILEIRA MAIS CITADA NO MUNDO, POR CAUSA DE SUAS PESQUISAS COM CÉLULAS TRONCO (TEMA HOJE SEM MUITA EVIDÊNCIA), TIRANDO AS ESTÓRIAS CATÓLICAS DE PAULO COELHO, PUBLIVADAS EM VÁRIAS LÍNGUAS, TEMOS COMO O EDUCADOR BRASILEIRO MAIS CONHECIDO E ESTUDADO NO MUNDO, O PROFESSOR PERNAMBUCANO PAULO FREIRE, NA DÉCADA DE 1960, ENSINOU QUE PARA PESCADORES QUE NÃO PODIAM IR PARA A ESCOLA, PODERIA SE DAR AULAS EM PALHOÇAS FEITAS NA BEIRA DA PRAIA. HÁ FOTOS SOBRE ESTA REVOLUÇÃO EDUCACIONAL E JAMAIS ESQUECEREI DISSO: DA IMPORTÂNCIA DA EDUCAÇÃO PARA O BRAZIL, ATÉ HOJE ABAFADA, E QUE ENSINAR A ADULTOS INICIANTES NÃO É UMA COISA DIFÍCIL DEMAIS.

Oleksandra Butko, The EU citizenship experiment is a valuable model for global citizenship, but the main challenge is global legal unification.

As international higher education, research and innovation faces a more competitive, nationalistic, turbulent world, we should embrace the potential of using knowledge diplomacy – based on reciprocity and mutual benefits – to help resolve national, regional and global challenges and strengthen relations between and among countries...

Of course, the race cultures are bring practiced in some countries. This could be chronic problems among the people and how the Government treat them through those policies which are favourable to the low race people.

I think that the anti-racist policies in some countries but some countries have caste system policies to save weaker section of the citizens.

There must be reservation for the racist people for higher education quota to enter it.

The main impact of the the implementation of those policies due to the discrimination against the race background people have been neglected off for higher education.

May please see the following link, if possible. Perhaps it may render some relevant material.

Realism or political realism has been the dominant theory of international relations since the conception of the discipline. The theory claims to rely upon an ancient tradition of thought which includes writers such as Thucydides, Machiavelli, and Hobbes. Although they have come under great challenge from other theories, they remain central to the discipline. At its height, liberalism in IR was referred to as a 'utopian' theory and is still recognised as such to some degree today. However, there is a need to identify and measure the change in international relations and institutions. There are numerous examples of recent institutional change, transformation, and obsolescence.

The concept, object, index and measurement method of international competition should be clearly defined. Secondly, the variable factors of international competition can play a role in diplomacy, and in what changes.

Former USSR traditional lecturers with great academicians, undoubtedly those times won't be repeated anywhere, Prof. Henrik G.S. Arvidsson

The pandemic has definitely changed the way in which countries operate from the health sector to technological advances to the education and economic well being. However, Kiprotich Kiptum has a valid point.

Dear Nancy Ann Watanabe

Evidently, the Sussexes have laid out explanations of the source of their current income, which primarily consists of the Sovereign Grant & provisions from the Duchy of Cornwall. The Sovereign Grant is derived from revenue of the Crown Estate; a portion of these public funds are issued as a grant to cover the royal family’s work in support of the Queen, helping pay for things like maintenance of official residences and offices.

I fully agree and to rephrase the question to encompass Russia is perfectly fine. So you think the issue of which structure we are born into matters more than the individual him or her self? Do you believe our reality is socially constructed? Interesting. You touched on the issue of strata and stratification, Perhaps being born into the right family can compensate for the lack of cognitive ability and conscientiousness .

The virus already buried neoclassics and globalization together in a family tomb.

International business will continue, but not under ideological umbrella of ' the new economy illusion'. Chinese state capitalism will teach a decisive lecture of 'financial markets as statecraft' or war by other means to the 'free Western world'.

"To win one hundred victories in one hundred battles is not the height of excellence. To subdue the enemy without fighting is the height of excellence."

- Sun Tzu, The Art of War

After American economic sanctioned on Iran, there is huge opportunity for china to sympathize Iran. No doubt, Iran- China relation will be more strengthen after American action. Israel, Saudi Arab and America have thrown Iran into China's court and China will never miss this golden chance to cash.

Dear @Henrik G.S. Arvidsson, I agree with @Dag Bennett.

I also would like to say... irrespective of size, the willingness to take risk differs. Therefore, though important, size is not the only decision-making variable.

Same as fighting the COVID pandemic, we have the technology and know-how ... but not the wisdom to work collaboratively. #Greed #Ego #Individualism

Dear Carsten Weerth ,

Thank you.

Do you think that the present international low is enough to handle these types of issues?

My nation wasn't ready and yet to be ready till date.

Most of published recommendation I am reading are related to the ban of wild meat consumption. These proposals neglects the cultural aspects and the well-being outcomes associated to subsistence hunting, and do not take into account the importance of hunting on protein provision in disenfranchised communities for example. This could be understood as a colonialist recommendation with a high probability to be ineffective in tropical developing countries. We need to find some balance between wildlife consumption regulation and the rights of traditional people. We are in a tricky moment, where it is very easy to let the rope break on the weaker side. Conservation amd decision makers should include local leaders and indigenous people in this discussion to increase the legitimacy of any recommendation.

Thanks Saswatik Tripathy refusal of corporate donations is another good example. Here are a few that I know of:

Others you know of?

Perhaps you could read my paper entitled "The necessity to establish the Organisation for the Prohibition of Biological Weapons: A proposal for the future", published in 2012 in Public Organisation Review. You can find a copy in Google Academic.

Biological weapons are considered, by the international community, as a weapon of mass destruction. When the Biological Weapons Convention (BWC) was negotiated during the 1960s and early 1970s, the negotiators considered unnecessary the establishment of an international organisation to supervise the implementation of the Convention’s provisions by the State parties. It is important to highlight that since the entry into force of the BWC, the international situation has significantly changed. For this reason, perhaps the moment has arrived to consider again the proposal of settling down such an organisation in the framework of the strengthening the BWC.

Democracy itself would be better understood if it was referred to as

"Commercial democracy" as democracies only develop in response to widespread production and trade within a region.

Thus the origin of all long-lasting democracies come from port cities and trading areas. From ancient Athens to the Italian Maritime Republics and to England and her colonies democracies develop as an aspect of trade.

So to enhance democracy is to find ways to enhance production and trade.

Technology can do this.

The more COMMERCIAL Europe becomes, the more democratic it will be.

We confuse democracy as a merely a political arrangement. But it is but the political veneer of a producing and trading people.

As we are all more-or-less equal and tolerant in the marketplace, we become equal and tolerant in our government.

Historically, government jobs initiatives stifle production more than they foster it. Removing regulations and lowering taxation will undoubtedly help.

The Chinese lead in developing some technologies because their oversight and regulatory systems have not yet developed to control and stifle production. In some ways it is a capitalist free-for-all churning just beneath and out of sight of communist overlords.

But if things continue along the path they are traveling, China, like Russia, like India, and other areas will move toward democracy. It's production and trade guarantees it.

These ideas are further examined at www.ourhumanherds.com

Rej Kasi feel free to check my bachlor thesis on RG. I made a relatively comprehensive analysis of the economic conceptions rooted in the process of codifying European treaties. Even if the work is in French and applies mainly to Western and Southern Europe, the fundamentals are present. For information purposes, the work corresponds quite amply to the traditional requirements of a Bachelor thesis so it can serve as a structuring framework. To go even further in different forms of capitalism and work in European political economy, I recommend the work of Bruno Amable (2017) and Stafano Palombarini.

Thanks for the great job. Nigeria's oil wealth has generated misery, poverty, and affliction instead of pleasure, prosperity and affluence for her people. The recommendations are worthwhile.

Funding role is key concerning International Non Governmental Organization (INGOs) on Sustainable Development.

So a couple things to offer.

Demonstration effects (as you note) - work when a novel solution is shown to be workable and credible. The surge of power sharing and new peacekeeping in the 1990s may have been self perpetuating. There might be traces of this in peace agreement provisions. Ideally you could find some element that would be theoretically irrelevant but keeps coming up for a couple years and then fades. . . suggesting a demonstration effect.

Interlocking conflict - conflicts often warp incentives and ramp up intervention. The end of the cold war had cascading effects across the international system. On a smaller level, the peace agreement in 2006 in Sudan led to Sudan cutting off support for LRA which pushed LRA to the table. Similarly the abandonment of apartheid in South Africa had cascading effects across all of Southern Africa.

Dear Amman!

Your topic is very important in the context of the UN-SDGs no 5 (Gender equality). Recently I came across a very interesting idea of mapping factors of Socioeconomic status (SES) and gender. The important consideration that was under this study is the health aspect of the different genders in relation of structural discrimination. I hope you too will consider this aspect and probably create a framework to map these factors and a successful strategy to be implemented in international organisations.

International Law is far too reliant on sanctions and punitive coercion to be effective. That panders to nationalism and undermines the very reason for aspiring to an international order.

@jill Barrett.. From "providing Economic Justice and Political Justice" I referred to various decisions such as relating to Territorial disputes. Also on that matter if we talk about Environmental Disputes, where in the case of Gabcinocovo ICJ preferred Environmental Justice over Economic Justice.

Similarly, did ICJ has provided us any decisions where he uphold the social rights of an individual.

Libya has been undergoing contradictory trends and policies. I humbly offer you some of my article that tackle different dimensions of the ongoing conflict.

-Post-Qadhafi Libya: interactive dynamics and the political future,

-

- Public Administration in Libya: Continuity and Change,

Dear Colleague,

If you are interested, in my book on "China's Influence on Non-Trade Concerns in International Economic Law", there is one chapter which is dedicated to the Chinese Investments in Africa.

CHINA’S INFLUENCE ON NON-TRADE CONCERNS IN INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC LAW, gLAWcal Book Series, Routledge Publishing (New-York/London), ISBN 978-1-4094-4848-8, September 2016, pp. 1 – 584

Cover, Table of Contents, Forewords, Introduction and Acknowledgements can be downloaded at the following website:

Kind regards

Paolo Farah

Some pulications I came across when writing on migration, but not with emphasis on Mexican - US migration. Most of the papers I have in hardcopies and could scan them, but it should be possible to get them easily....

Katharine M. Donato

A dynamic view of Mexican migration to the United States

Springer-Verlag

Gender Issues

Year:1999

Month:12

Volume:17

Issue:1

First page:52

Last page:75

Ivan Light; Elsa Von Scheven

Mexican Migration Networks in the United States, 1980–2000

Wiley Blackwell (Blackwell Publishing)

International Migration Review

Year:2008

Month:

Day:

Volume:42

Issue:3

First page:704

Last page:728

Stephen T. Fairchild; Nicole B. Simpson

Mexican Migration to the United States Pacific Northwest

Springer (Kluwer Academic Publishers)

Population Research and Policy Review

Year:2004

Month:06

Day:

Volume:23

Issue:3

First page:219

Last page:234

Jorge Durand and Douglas S. Massey

Mexican Migration to the United States: A Critical Review

JSTOR

Latin American Research Review

Year:1992

Month:

Day:

Volume:27

Issue:2

First page:3

Last page:42

Jorge Durand and Douglas S. Massey

Mexican Migration to the United States: A Critical Review

JSTOR

Latin American Research Review

Year:1992

Month:

Day:

Volume:27

Issue:2

First page:3

Last page:42

Zenteno, R.; Giorguli, S. E.; Gutierrez, E.

Mexican Adolescent Migration to the United States and Transitions to Adulthood

Sage Publications

The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science

Year:2013

Month:07

Day:01

Volume:648

Issue:1

First page:18

Last page:37

Massey, Douglas S.; Gentsch, Kerstin

Undocumented Migration to the United States and the Wages of Mexican Immigrants

Wiley Blackwell (Blackwell Publishing)

International Migration Review

Year:2014

Month:06

Day:

Volume:48

Issue:2

First page:482

Last page:499

Hamilton, Erin R.; Savinar, Robin

Two Sources of Error in Data on Migration From Mexico to the United States in Mexican Household-Based Surveys

Springer-Verlag

Demography

Year:2015

Month:8

Day:

Volume:52

Issue:4

First page:1345

Last page:1355

Perhaps not as sufficiently in anglophone world. But, be assured, media might be covering it and relevant agencies might be analysing it.

This word, after cold world, became a unipolar, wherein America played important role. After Obama, now vacuum is being filled by China. China's geopolitics is important in research and down to textbooks. 

This is an excellent question, and one that has been discussed in the international business research community for several decades. Some reasons for why ownership restrictions may hurt transfers of technology (and other knowledge assets) have already been mentioned, and are backed up by many studies. From my own research, I remember a study some colleagues and I did back in the 1990s about Norwegian companies entering India. This was after the major liberalization in the early 1990s, but ownership restrictions still applied. The consequence was that companies chose to transfer technology they could afford to loose to their local partners; in other words, the latest, most advanced technology was kept at home. Hence, the technological upgrading in India took longer and was less effective than it could have been without such restrictions. However, from the viewpoint of a host country (the recipient country), several other considerations are important too (such as national control), so it is a question of getting the balance right. It seems particularly important to provide a dependable and trustworthy property rights regime, so foreign investors do not fear "double pressure" from local partners as well as local authorities. 

I don't know too much detaled info about your interesting but I found this short note from Jewish Telegraphic Agency (JTA), dated on December 9, 1943 and given in Cairo.

I hope it could be a little added value to your research.

Your question is extremely broad, challenging, important, and can be approached from many angles. Operationalization of the processes, including dynamics of peace processes, state-building and nation-building, involve e.g. economic and political processes, range from peace to war to terrorism to natural conditions, revolution, counter terrorism, involve political instability, economic instability, financial instability, stability of elections, corruption, the free rider dilemma, democracy vs autocracy vs…, the time dimension, etc. For your broad focus, all these phenomena are connected and may come into play. Scanning the 28 publications below may enable you to narrow your research question. Possibly you may identify some that match your focus. The references therein may aid you further and give ideas. With best wishes.

1.      Hausken, K. and Pluemper, T. (1996), “Hegemonic Decline and International Leadership,” Politics and Society 24, 3, 273-295.

2.      Hausken, K. and Pluemper, T. (1997), “Hegemons, Leaders and Followers: A Game-Theoretic Approach to the Postwar Dynamics of International Political Economy,” Journal of World-Systems Research 3, 1, 35-93, http://dx.doi.org/10.5195/jwsr.1997.118.

3.      Hausken, K. and Pluemper, T. (1999), “The Impact of Actor Heterogeneity on the Provision of International Public Goods,” International Interactions 25, 1, 1-34.

4.      Hausken, K. and Pluemper, T. (2002), “Containing Contagious Financial Crises: The Political Economy of Joint Intervention into the Asian Crisis,” Public Choice 111, 3-4, 209-236.

5.      Hausken, K., Martin, C.W., and Pluemper, T. (2004), “Government Spending and Taxation in Democracies and Autocracies,” Constitutional Political Economy 15, 239-259.

6.      Hausken, K. and Moxnes, J.F. (2005), “The Dynamics of Crime and Punishment,” International Journal of Modern Physics C, 16, 11, 1701-1732.

7.      Hausken, K. (2006), “The Stability of Anarchy and Breakdown of Production,” Defence and Peace Economics 17, 6, 589-603.

8.      Hausken, K. (2008), “Exchange, Raiding, and the Shadow of the Future,” Defence and Peace Economics 19, 2, 89-106.

9.      Hausken, K. (2008), “Whether to Attack a Terrorist’s Resource Stock Today or Tomorrow,” Games and Economic Behavior 64, 2, 548–564.

10.  Hausken, K. and Knutsen, J.F. (2010), “An Enabling Mechanism for the Creation, Adjustment, and Dissolution of States and Governmental Units,” Economics: The Open-Access, Open-Assessment E-Journal, Vol. 4, 2010-32. doi:10.5018/economics-ejournal.ja.2010-32, http://dx.doi.org/10.5018/economics-ejournal.ja.2010-32.

11.  Bier, V. and Hausken, K. (2011), “Endogenizing the Sticks and Carrots: Modeling Possible Perverse Effects of Counterterrorism Measures,” Annals of Operations Research 186, 1, 39-59.

12.  Hausken, K. and Zhuang, J. (2011), “Governments’ and Terrorists’ Defense and Attack in a T-period Game,” Decision Analysis 8, 1, 46-70.

13.  Hausken, K. and Ncube, M. (2014), “Determinants of Election Outcomes: New evidence from Africa,” African Development Review 26, 4, 610-630.

14.  Hausken, K. and Ncube, M. (2014), “Political Economy of Service Delivery: Monitoring versus Contestation,” The Developing Economies 52, 1, 68-84.

15.  Ncube, M., Anyanwu, J.C. and Hausken, K. (2014), "Inequality, Economic Growth and Poverty in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA)," African Development Review 26, 3, 435-453.

16.  Hausken, K., Banuri, S., Gupta, D., and Abbink, K. (2015), “Al Qaeda at the Bar: Coordinating Ideologues and Mercenaries in Terrorist Organizations,” Public Choice 164, 1, 57-73.

17.  Hausken, K. and Gupta, D. (2015), “Government Protection Against Terrorism and Crime,” Global Crime 16, 2, 59-80.

18.  Hausken, K. and Gupta, D. (2015), “Terrorism and Organized Crime: The Logic of an Unholy Alliance,” International Journal of Contemporary Sociology 52, 2, 141-166.

19.  Hausken, K. and Ncube, M. (2015), “Production, Economic Growth and Conflict in Risky Elections,” Journal of African Elections 14, 2, 34-49.

20.  Welburn, J.W. and Hausken, K. (2015), “A Game Theoretic Model of Economic Crises,” Applied Mathematics and Computation 266, 738-762.

21.  Hausken, K. (2016), “Cost-Benefit Analysis of War,” International Journal of Conflict Management 27, 4, 454-469.

22.  Hausken, K. and Gupta, D. (2016), “Determining the Ideological Orientation of Terrorist Organizations: The Effects of Government Repression and Organized Crime,” International Journal of Public Policy 12, 1/2, 71-97.

23.  Hausken, K. and Ncube, M. (2016), “How Elections are Impacted by Production, Economic Growth and Conflict,” International Game Theory Review 18, 1, 1550015, 29 pages, doi: 10.1142/S0219198915500152.

24.  Hausken, K. (2017), “A Cost-Benefit Analysis of Terrorist Attacks,” Defence and Peace Economics, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10242694.2016.1158440 Forthcoming.

25.  Hausken, K. (2017), “Government Protection against Terrorists Funded by Benefactors and Crime: An Economic Model,” International Journal of Conflict and Violence Forthcoming.

26.  Hausken, K. and Ncube, M. (2017), “Incumbent Policy, Benefits Provision, Triggering and Spread of Revolutionary Uprisings,” The Economics of Peace and Security Journal 12, 1, 54-63.

27.  Hausken, K. and Ncube, M. (2017), “Policy Makers, the International Community and the Population in the Prevention and Treatment of Diseases: Case Study on HIV/AIDS,” Health Economics Review 7:5, 1-12, http://rdcu.be/oMEY.

28.  Welburn, J.W. and Hausken, K. (2017), “Game Theoretic Modeling of Economic Systems and the European Debt Crisis,” Computational Economics 49, 2, 177-226.

For global governance, these, and the references therein, may be useful:

29.  Hausken, K. and Pluemper, T. (1996), “Hegemonic Decline and International Leadership,” Politics and Society 24, 3, 273-295.

30.  Hausken, K. and Pluemper, T. (1997), “Hegemons, Leaders and Followers: A Game-Theoretic Approach to the Postwar Dynamics of International Political Economy,” Journal of World-Systems Research 3, 1, 35-93, http://dx.doi.org/10.5195/jwsr.1997.118.

31.  Hausken, K. and Pluemper, T. (1999), “The Impact of Actor Heterogeneity on the Provision of International Public Goods,” International Interactions 25, 1, 1-34.

32.  Hausken, K., Martin, C.W., and Pluemper, T. (2004), “Government Spending and Taxation in Democracies and Autocracies,” Constitutional Political Economy 15, 239-259.

33.  Hausken, K. and Ncube, M. (2014), “Determinants of Election Outcomes: New evidence from Africa,” African Development Review 26, 4, 610-630.

34.  Hausken, K. and Ncube, M. (2014), “Political Economy of Service Delivery: Monitoring versus Contestation,” The Developing Economies 52, 1, 68-84.

35.  Ncube, M., Anyanwu, J.C. and Hausken, K. (2014), "Inequality, Economic Growth and Poverty in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA)," African Development Review 26, 3, 435-453.

36.  Hausken, K. and Ncube, M. (2015), “Production, Economic Growth and Conflict in Risky Elections,” Journal of African Elections 14, 2, 34-49.

37.  Hausken, K. and Ncube, M. (2016), “How Elections are Impacted by Production, Economic Growth and Conflict,” International Game Theory Review 18, 1, 1550015, 29 pages, doi: 10.1142/S0219198915500152.

38.  Hausken, K. and Ncube, M. (2017), “Incumbent Policy, Benefits Provision, Triggering and Spread of Revolutionary Uprisings,” The Economics of Peace and Security Journal 12, 1, 54-63.

39.  Hausken, K. and Ncube, M. (2017), “Policy Makers, the International Community and the Population in the Prevention and Treatment of Diseases: Case Study on HIV/AIDS,” Health Economics Review 7:5, 1-12, http://rdcu.be/oMEY.

For production and conflict, these may be useful:

40.  Hausken, K. (2005), “Production and Conflict Models Versus Rent Seeking Models,” Public Choice 123, 1, 59-93.

41.  Hausken, K. (2005), “The Battle of the Sexes when the Future is Important,” Economics Letters 87, 1, 89-93.

42.  Hausken, K. (2007), “Reputation, Incomplete Information, and Differences in Patience in Repeated Games with Multiple Equilibria,” Economics Letters 97, 2, 138-144.

43.  Hausken, K. (2007), “Stubbornness, Power, and Equilibrium Selection in Repeated Games with Multiple Equilibria,” Theory and Decision 62, 2, 135-160.

44.  Hausken, K. (2007), “The Impact of the Future in Games with Multiple Equilibria,” Economics Letters 96, 2, 183-188.

45.  Hausken, K. (2009), “Risk Limits, Conflict, and Equilibrium Selection in Games with Multiple Equilibria,” International Journal of Decision Sciences, Risk and Management 1, 1/2, 54-65.

46.  Hausken, K. (2010), “Risk, Price, and Reimbursement,” International Journal of Decision Sciences, Risk and Management 2, 1/2, 85 - 97.

47.  Hausken, K. (2010), “Risk, Production, and Conflict when Utilities are As if Certain,” International Journal of Decision Sciences, Risk and Management 2, 3/4, 228-251.

48.  Hausken, K. (2011), “An Equilibrium Model of Advertising, Production, and Exchange,” International Journal of Economics and Business Research 3, 4, 407-442.

49.  Hausken, K. (2011), “Production, Safety, Exchange, and Risk,” International Journal of Business Continuity and Risk Management 2, 4, 346-350.

50.  Hausken, K. (2011), “Production, Safety, Fighting, and Risk,” International Journal of Business Continuity and Risk Management 2, 4, 324-329.

51.  Hausken, K. (2012), “Production versus Safety in a Risky Competitive Industry,” International Journal of Decision Sciences, Risk and Management 4, 1/2, 92-107.

For negotiation, self-interest, altruism, principal-agent, etc., these may be useful:

52.  Hausken, K. (1997), “Game-theoretic and Behavioral Negotiation Theory,” Group Decision and Negotiation 6, 6, 509-527.

53.  Hausken, K. (1996), “Ethics and Efficiency in Organizations,” International Journal of Social Economics 23, 9, 15-40.

54.  Hausken, K. (1996), “Self-Interest and Sympathy in Economic Behavior,” International Journal of Social Economics 23, 7, 4-24.

55.  Bhimani, A., Hausken, K., and Ncube, M. (2010), “Agent Takeover Risk of Principal in Outsourcing Relationships,” Global Business and Economics Review 12, 4, 329-340.

56.  Bhimani, A., Hausken, K., and Ncube, M. (2012), “Acquisition and Collaboration as Determinants of Organizational Structure,” International Journal of Integrated Supply Management 7, 1/2/3, 3-37.

Incorporating crime, these may be useful:

57.  Hausken, K. and Moxnes, J.F. (2005), “The Dynamics of Crime and Punishment,” International Journal of Modern Physics C, 16, 11, 1701-1732.

58.  Hausken, K. and Gupta, D. (2015), “Government Protection against Terrorism and Crime,” Global Crime 16, 2, 59-80.

59.  Hausken, K. and Gupta, D. (2015), “Terrorism and Organized Crime: The Logic of an Unholy Alliance,” International Journal of Contemporary Sociology 52, 2, 141-166.

60.  Hausken, K. and Gupta, D. (2016), “Determining the Ideological Orientation of Terrorist Organizations: The Effects of Government Repression and Organized Crime,” International Journal of Public Policy 12, 1/2, 71-97.

61.  Hausken, K. (2017), “A Cost-Benefit Analysis of Terrorist Attacks,” Defence and Peace Economics, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10242694.2016.1158440, Forthcoming.

62.  Bier, V. and Hausken, K. (2011), “Endogenizing the Sticks and Carrots: Modeling Possible Perverse Effects of Counterterrorism Measures,” Annals of Operations Research 186, 1, 39-59.

63.  Hausken, K. (2012), “Terrorism Risks, Civil Liberties, and Privacy Concerns,” International Journal of Critical Infrastructures 8, 4, 293-305.

Incorporating terrorism, these may be useful:

64.  Bier, V. and Hausken, K. (2011), “Endogenizing the Sticks and Carrots: Modeling Possible Perverse Effects of Counterterrorism Measures,” Annals of Operations Research 186, 1, 39-59.

65.  Hausken, K. (2012), “Terrorism Risks, Civil Liberties, and Privacy Concerns,” International Journal of Critical Infrastructures 8, 4, 293-305.

66.  Hausken, K. and Gupta, D. (2015), “Government Protection against Terrorism and Crime,” Global Crime 16, 2, 59-80.

67.  Hausken, K. and Gupta, D. (2015), “Terrorism and Organized Crime: The Logic of an Unholy Alliance,” International Journal of Contemporary Sociology 52, 2, 141-166.

68.  Hausken, K. (2017), “A Cost-Benefit Analysis of Terrorist Attacks,” Defence and Peace Economics, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10242694.2016.1158440, Forthcoming.

69.  Hausken, K. and Gupta, D. (2016), “Determining the Ideological Orientation of Terrorist Organizations: The Effects of Government Repression and Organized Crime,” International Journal of Public Policy 12, 1/2, 71-97.

Incorporating war, these may be useful:

70.  The Lanchester war models have outcomes that depend on the initial conditions, and information is complete, see e.g.:

71.  Hausken, K. and Moxnes, J.F. (2000), “The Microfoundations of the Lanchester War Equations,” Military Operations Research 5, 3, 79-99.

72.  Hausken, K. and Moxnes, J.F. (2002), “Stochastic Conditional and Unconditional Warfare,” European Journal of Operational Research 140, 1, 61-87.

73.  Hausken, K. and Moxnes, J.F. (2005), “Approximations and Empirics for Stochastic War Equations,” Naval Research Logistics 52, 682-700.

74.  Hausken, K. (2016), “Cost-Benefit Analysis of War,” International Journal of Conflict Management 27, 4, 454-469.

The work is transferable - we currently have an Australian student using a version of the approach in one of the Australian states. 

Maybe this can help you

Thank you very much! My presentation went well. (2015)

For the moment the school project is limited to the countries where we have done the research, Colombia, Brazil and Bosnia. It would be great if the research could be expanded to the countries that you suggest, Thailand, Philippines and Indonesia. Would be glad to help.

Dear all

Alcohols can be made in home by very simple distillation equipment. So, if you stopped this trade by stopping its factory that's means you will encourage the home made alcohol. This conditions has a very bad consequences as some may make poisonous material and cell it in secret as an alcohol. Form my point view, hold on to this trade with strict limitations supported by better laws is better from leaving the industry for those sundry

Regards

Dear, thank you for sharing. I think a little retraction is something like a correction of course. There is no turning back, as markets have advanced to levels that do not allow returns, and technological tools allow for all kinds of deals in this "global village." Greetings!.

As others have noted, there is a gap between what realism can explain and how much it is on the minds of policy makers when they are responding to problems.  That having been said, US policy in South Asia has been pretty standard balance of power.  The grossly oversimplified version would be that the US backed Pakistan in the 1950s as part of anti-Soviet containment (which also applies to India, a quasi-soviet client in the US view).  This was re-energized in the 1980s in a shared proxy war against the USSR in Afghanistan.  Currently, the US shift toward India fits with a balancing strategy aimed at China.  For me the three main things that realism struggles to explain are 1) the relatively even handed approach of the US in the 1971 Pakistan civil war, 2) the semi-isolation of Pakistan after Zia took power, 3) the long delay in US Indian rapprochement after the fall of the USSR.  

Business

In this article I attempted to cover several aspects of the USA policy on Iranian nuclear issue. If someone is interested it is here

What a great but tough question. Three things in my view:

1. Give serious international effort to addressing long running global injustices (Israel/Palestine, Kashmir, etc) by being genuinely creative and accepting that compromises need to be made in favour of local communities not nation states, as has partly happened in Ireland's peace process;

2. Provide a more balanced and fully secular education to young people about history, politics, religion, geography in order to widen people's knowledge base and enable more tolerance;

3. Governments such as my own need to stop pandering to and indulging religious interests/interest groups (such as so called 'faith schools' in the UK) and help move religion into the private realm and out of the public sphere. The Ottoman empire tradition did multiculturalism so much better than anyone does today...

Simple!

The core issue between India and Pakistan is the conflict between their national identities. India, notwithstanding all its faults, continues to define itself and function as a secular polity that is home to myriad religious, linguistic and racial communities, including the second largest Muslim community in the world. Pakistan, on the other hand, was conceived of as a homeland for British Indian Muslims and, despite the Quaid-e-Azam's call for and vision of establishing a secular polity, the country has increasingly fallen prey to atavistic religio-political-military notions. Kashmir merely represents this far more fundamental conflict between these two ideas of nationhood -- India's one-nation theory of a democratic and secular and inclusive polity, on the one hand, and Pakistan's exclusivist two-nation theory, the chief characteristics of which have so far been fragmentation and exclusion, on the other.

Although I am a Pakistani and majority of us believe that Kashmir is occupied by India and is part of Pakistan. Leaving it aside, I believe the only possible solution, at the moment, is to give the right of plebiscite to the Kashmiris and let them decide by for their fate. They can choose what is better for them, to stay with India or join Pakistan or even have their autonomous state. 

Otherwise, it will continue like this, for a never ending time.

Yes

I would suggest looking at literature on implicit and social identity theories and Arab world worldview and attempt to make a connection to the specific context you are interested in.

Hi Simone, I'm attaching here an article I wrote for Financial Nigeria magazine (also available here on Researchgate) that may provide you with some insights into the issue. The contributions posted here before mine are very good as well. Cheers, MG

Dear Glenn,

when we consider IPE, the sciences on which it is based are political science and economics. However, economics is divided into many fields and economics or political economy within a country is not sufficient, because IPE is mainly concerned conflicts between countries and economic conflicts are among them. We should have at least minimum knowledge of international economics.

International economics is normally divided into tow: international trade theory and international finance. One people call the first "micro" and the latter "macro" but I do not think they are good terminology.  Now the trouble with the theory of international trade is there are at least two strands of theories and conclusions are  quite different. Economic conflicts that the mainstream theory (Heckscher-Ohlin, Krugman, etc.)  admits are change of relative prices of production factors. This means, in a simple case,  ratio between wage rate and profit rate of a country may change when trade is liberated (conflict type I). However, this mainstream  theory does not admit unemployment  by its starting hypothesis and theoretically there are no trade conflicts such as export flood or job loss because of  trade liberalization (conflict type II). In the past, it is rare to observe any type I conflicts. Almost all trade conflicts are type II.  

Then, in my opinion, IPE cannot rely on the mainstream trade theory, because it does not admit theoretical existence of major trade conflicts, i.e. conflicts type II. Fortunately, there are another strand of trade theory called theory of international values. This theory can treat the emergence of unemployment.

When you consider a combination of two disciplines: political science and economics, you should choose a good combination. If not, your theory will be confused, because you risk to argue trade conflicts of type II basing your argument on the mainstream trade theory.  In this argument, there is no metaphysics. 

Check Andrei Korobkov's work in both Russian and English, e.g. the Global Affairs article below.

The point is English School is ecletic and does not offer an alternative to this dilema. The consequence is that concepts which are incompatible with each other can not be operated in terms of strategies of empirical investigation. This is exactly what ecletism means: everything, even incompatible concepts, become part of the same problem or issue or theory.

Many researchers decided to examine the relationship between social media and jihadist movements such as Gilles Kepel, Olivier Roy

For me, the strategy of jihadist movements is divided into several parts.

The first trump used by jihadist propaganda is a critique of Western civilization. It is a civilization that denied religion, based on frivolous pleasures and widespread debauchery, where men and women interact without any decency. Secondly, I think you can use the concept of "bare life", developed by the Italian scientist Giorgio Agamben. In short, 2000 Palestinians were killed in silence in the Gaza Strip; the West does nothing to stop it. However, when four Westerners are murdered by jihadists, major Western countries send forces. This shows a double standard regarding human lives.

Third, the Syrian conflict plays a vital role. ISIS highlighted the inaction of Western governments in 2013, when Bashar Assad committed genuinely a massacre in his own country. This was an undeniable engine of jihadist propaganda on social networks saying, basically: "What do you expect from the West ? they are slaughtering our brothers, sisters and thousands of children. Bashar el-Assad is their puppet..How can you continue to live among these monsters? ".

By using literally unbearable videos and photos of the conflict, their expectation is to trigger a reaction from observers. The main message of such propaganda is in fact: "Only merciless traitors may continue to live among these monsters You must act, either by joining us, or punish them for what they did."

My last but not least: the conspiracy. The West is against ISIS because the Caliphate is the only pure and just entity. The Caliphate is the only country struggling against sin, through the teachings of Islam and the Holy Quran. The West, corrupt to the bone, can not accept such a holy resurrection that it destroyed 90 years ago i.e. in 1924. In other words, this will certainly significantly undermine its interests. The West wants to continue to plunder the Muslim countries, but the Caliphate is the only country that can thwart its plan. In addition, the caliphate has the strength to provide defense and dignity of Muslims worldwide. This is why all Muslims should swear allegiance to the caliph, the only real authority Sunni Muslims. The caliphate should also annihilate those "idolatrous Shia dogs " because they are worse than "the Crusaders". They claim to be Muslims while they are kufr -misbelievers. They delude the message of the Prophet and they only deserve death. If you are a true Muslim, you have to join us to do so.

Finally, the main strategy of the jihadist groups through the social networks is to create a genuine partition between US and THEM.

Dear Amanj Ali Qadir, 

Help is always valuable! Thank you!

Best Regards, Thomas

Have you seen this website? Maybe it helps?

Contact Dr. José Esquinas Alcazar (Universidad de Cordoba-Spain).

     

The western media have continued to relentlessly cover news and events in the Middle East including all the 22 Arab League member states. Some states and the concerned observers have accused the western press or media of bias coverage of news and events. They have carried lively round-the-clock news stories including Breaking News, running stories, follow ups, exclusives,  and special interviews.

      My own understanding of the media coverage of the western press is that they are guided by the principles of press freedom, good journalism, professional ethics and code of conduct, and social responsibility; which are also enshrined in the western values of democracy, constitutionalism, and human rights.

    In addition, the western media reporting of Middle East issues are also guided by their journalistic considerations of news values or news worthiness of events in the Middle East.

      Therefore the Western media such as BBC, CNN, VOA, and RFI among others operate 24-hour round the clock coverage of Middle East news. They have their ME offices or bureaus which are run by well trained editors, journalists (correspondents/reporters), and technical staff who sustain their daily operations there. Many of these media practitioners are specialists because news reporting involves many different aspects or disciplines.

      For example: social, economic, environmental, science and technology, political, and legal issues. The journalists who cover Middle East are drawn from western and non-western countries. Many Middle East offices or journalists are staffed with Middle East citizens who work for western media outlets like the CNN, BBC, VOA, and RFI as stated above. Cultural differences have been minimized.

      There have been contentions from the Middle East regarding their reporting (misreporting) of the Middle East affairs. These multiple allegations include: bias coverage, misreporting, falsification of news, ignoring Arab views, faking pictures or images, racialism, lack of verification, using wrong sources, lack of respect for Arab culture, and cultural illiteracy of the Arab culture. Others include: intrusions, misconceptions of ME history, or its disrespect.

     Part of the western arguments has been attributed to democratic deficiency in the ME states, where freedom of the press is not respected. Therefore, access to information becomes a big barrier to the western press. It also helps to enhance evidence or facts of news stories.

     Without freedom of access information, it is not possible to verify sources of information. Verification is very crucial in journalism and any obstacle to it does not help to advance the principle of objectivity, fairness, accuracy, and truth as required of a balanced news story.

      The western press have continued to present a deluge of lively and often dramatic news stories from the Middle East. The Middle East coverage has been dominated by wars or conflicts, politics, and economics. All other Middle East issues are covered by the western press. These include social issues such as: culture, family, literature, education, tourism, games and sports, food, water, transport and travels, information and communication.

      There are also legal and terminology issues which the western media and the ME have often locked horns over. For example, in Israeli-Palestinian conflict, the words occupied or freedom fighters (as used by Palestinians) and disputed or terrorists (as used by western media) territories. In the past (and even now), the western media were prevented from reporting from Arab states. This is still happening and some cases they have restricted access.

     On the other hand, Israel, which operates the western model of democracy have been quite accessible to western media. This would always be a natural advantage to Israel to put its case to the world. This situation has changed with more Arab states embracing the letter and spirit of democracy. Middle East has continued to be the hub of a variety of news stories.

     The western press have also been helped by the advent of the new media especially the social media in the Middle Eastern countries. The increasing accesses to the internet by the citizens of the Arab or Middle Eastern states have further boosted the region’s news coverage.

     In conclusion, the practice good journalism and unfettered press freedom which the western media promote, depends on the enabling political environment where media or pluralism thrive in a democratic system. The effect of globalization and more exposure to international education have worked in favour of better coverage of the Middle  East by the western media.

Dear Maria:

According to the Institute of Environmental Law, United Nations Environment Programme, McGill University, the construction of Environmental peace integrates the management of natural resources in conflict prevention, mitigation, resolution and recovery to build resilience in communities affected by conflict. This is because the majority of armed conflicts occur in developing countries, where people depend substantially on natural resources for subsistence agriculture and livelihoods.

Natural resources are often intertwined with the narrative of conflict, with complaints about natural resources and their revenues that contribute to the emergence of conflicts, revenues from natural resources to fund conflict and combatants targeting natural resources and the environment. And the peace after conflicts related to the resources is fragile: countries with conflicts over the last resources are more likely to relapse, and to do it twice as fast.

Natural resources are one of the most important resources of a country to peace building. Land, forests, minerals, oil, water and other resources are the basis for the reconstruction of livelihoods and national economies.

My reading suggestions are: Harari, Nicole and Roseman, Jesse, Environmental Peacebuilding Theory and Practice: a case study of the Good Water Neighbors project and in depth analysis of the Wadi Fukin / Tzur Hadassah communities. (Amman, Bethlehem and Tel Aviv, 2008  http://foeme.org/uploads/publications_publ93_1.pdf )

Hope this helps.

Andréa

Obs.: 

The diagram below shows a conceptual view of the elements of environmental peacebuilding.

There are so many shiite, sunnite and kurdish group in connection with Iran, some of them are:

Asaeb Al-Hagh(عصائب الحق)  kataeb Seyed Al-Shohada(کتائب سید الشهدا) and Badr organization. the most important leaders of this groups are some iraqi man that they were in exile before Iraq war 2003 like Hadi Ameri, gheys khazali and Abumohandes

Countries are converging and so, emerging as a global village.

So useful -- exchange of data.

This is natural and exchange will increase in future for mutual benefits.

Jorge Morales Pedraza. I think we are almost saying the same thing. I accept fact that Iran has breached some of the safeguard of NPT, but my point is as far as the report of IAEA is concern there is no substantial evidence that Iran possess the capacity or is willing to create a bomb. All the allegation so far is based on suspicion.

Dear Koen,

Your question signals an area where most of the trade union ignored.  Trade unions in developing countries are mainly focusing on findings solutions to problems related to improving working conditions and living conditions of their membership through the existing framework. 

Occasionally, some trade unions put forward proposals to improve small businesses but the underlying themes are related to their prime task mentioned above. However, most of the time those proposals are not scientific or systematic.

To make such contribution to development of the trade where these unions are formed needs a change in trade union culture. 

Upananda

Hundi sounds like a letter of credit.  Hawala like a parallel loan in international finance.  for example suppose Ford wants to transfer funds to its subsidiary in Argentina but is worried that capital controls will prevent them from ever getting that money back out in the form of dividends or royalties, They may have a subsidiary of another firm, say VW in Argentina loan the money to their Ford subsidiary in the form of local currency.  The parent back home will then transfer money to the VW subsid in the USA or from the German ford subsid to VW in Germany.  this allows VW to get their money out of Argentina and Ford to fund their operations with local currency, thereby also avoiding a currency mismatch.

I have just finished a research on how external interventions are not grounded on on-going social relations and structure and yet local culture (not limited to tribal cultures but also culture of national governments), norms, shared beliefs and conventions influence economic activities and transactions. IMF, WTO and WB tend to hand down policies which are thought to be applicable to anywhere and at the end there are applicable nowhere. Host governments cannot therefore, innovate to find other solutions.

I have worked for a local government in northern Uganda for over 13 years and was overseeing implementation of a world bank funded programme for social action fund. After two years those of us who interact directly with the poor communities realized the implementation framework was not feasible to generate the kind of expected outcomes. In a mid-term review we wanted the implementation model changed based on our observations and responses from the communities. We found stiff resistance from the programmers at the world bank who wrote the project. At the end of the project, little impact was found and the second phase had to be changed. A lot of what we suggested are now being implemented with making reference to our earlier criticism.

All I am emphasizing here is the role of local resources and knowledge in programming and implementation of interventions from outside is very vital in tailoring interventions to the real felt needs. But this requires trust from these organizations that there is local capacity to do so. The fact that people are surviving under those dire conditions means there are local resiliency and survival strategies on which external interventions can be grafted.