Intermetallics - Science topic

I think the important distinction here is between "thematic analysis" and "qualitative content analysis." As David C. Coker points out, Braun and Clarke do not recommend inter-rater reliability calculations on the grounds that the kind of coding you do for thematic analysis is inherently subjective. For qualitative content analysis, however, it is quite common to do inter-rater reliability reliability checks to ensure that coding system is being consistently applied to the data.

When the concentration of rare earth ions increases in a lattice (in your case a glass material), the ions are forced closer together. Since the ionic radii are smaller due to the lanthanide contraction, the ions can pack more closely, reducing the overall interionic distance.

Prince Selvaraj

In a bus, the distance between people will decrease if they do not prevent them from getting closer. Covalent bonds prevent atoms from getting closer. Ionic bonds do not prevent until the process of nuclear charge repulsion begins.

Well, the different lattice structures of the transition metals canbe explained from the DOS moments theorem (see Pettifor 1987 or the 1993 book by Sutton). That, however, does not explain intermetallics.

I downloaded three CIFs from ICDS, I hope it works.

Wang Jinkai Thank you for your response. Your insights were extremely helpful and greatly appreciated

aqui estan mis 4 videos

Hi

You need to calculate standard deviation and coeffficient of variation.

Thank you Dr. Andreas Leineweber for clarifying it...

Sincere regards

Subha Sanket

The presence of square wave-like features in the magnetization curves of rare earth intermetallic compounds can be attributed to their complex magnetic behavior, particularly the presence of multiple magnetic sublattices and competing magnetic interactions.

Rare earth intermetallic compounds often contain rare earth elements (such as gadolinium, dysprosium, and neodymium) that possess strong magnetic moments due to their partially filled 4f or 5f electron shells. These compounds can exhibit intricate magnetic structures, such as antiferromagnetic or ferromagnetic ordering, depending on temperature and other factors.

The square wave-like features in the magnetization curves may arise due to:

1. Magnetic Ordering Transitions: These compounds can undergo phase transitions at certain temperatures where the magnetic ordering changes. These transitions can result in abrupt changes in magnetization, leading to square wave-like features.

2. Magnetic Frustration: In some cases, the magnetic interactions within the compound can be frustrated, meaning that the magnetic moments cannot simultaneously align in a way that minimizes energy. This frustration can lead to complex magnetic structures and non-trivial magnetization curves.

3. Magnetic Anisotropy: Rare earth intermetallic compounds often exhibit strong magnetic anisotropy, meaning that their magnetic properties depend on the crystallographic direction. This anisotropy can lead to different behaviors along different axes, contributing to the square wave-like patterns.

4. Competition between Interactions: These compounds can have competing interactions, such as exchange interactions between rare earth moments, crystal field effects, and RKKY (Ruderman-Kittel-Kasuya-Yosida) interactions. The interplay between these interactions can result in complex magnetic behavior.

It's important to note that the exact origin of square wave-like features can vary from one rare earth intermetallic compound to another and may require detailed theoretical modeling and experimental investigation to fully understand. These materials are of interest in both fundamental research and potential applications in areas like magnetocaloric materials and magnetic refrigeration due to their unique magnetic properties.

It can be assumed that nonstoichiometric zones of different nature can serve as sources of oscillations that transform the main stoichiometric mass of the crystalline material into a time crystal and thereby induce the generation of coherent radiation in accordance with the mechanisms described in the following articles:

1. Lyubarov M. et al. Amplified emission and lasing in photonic time crystals //Science377,425–428(2022) https://www.science.org/doi/epdf/10.1126/science.abo3324

This, in particular, may be the real physical mechanism of lithotherapy.

This is a little bit late answer perhaps, however the Major contributors of intra-seasonal variability of the Indian summer monsoon are

1. MJO

2. monsoon depression

3. MISO (northward marching)mid-tropospheric

are the major contributors of intra-seasonal oscillations

even though some of the rain bearing systems such as

4. offshore troughs

5. midtropospheric cyclonic circulations

contribute to the intra-seasonal oscillations of monsoon over India.

i do thank you

The intercensal dwelling growth data for India can be obtained from the official website of the Census of India, which is conducted by the Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India. The Census of India is conducted every 10 years, and the most recent census was conducted in 2011.

The Census of India website provides access to a wide range of data related to population, housing, and other demographic characteristics. To obtain intercensal dwelling growth data, you can visit the "Housing" section of the website and look for the relevant tables or reports.

In addition to the Census of India website, intercensal dwelling growth data may also be available from other sources, such as government agencies, academic institutions, or research organizations. You can search for these sources online or consult with a data specialist or librarian for assistance in locating the data.

Kushal Preeti

The mechanical properties of an alloy can indeed be affected by the characteristics of its phases, such as their size, distribution, and structure. As you noted, the AlCr20% alloy has a coarser Al4Cr phase, while the AlCr6% alloy has a finer Al7Cr phase.

Generally, a finer phase distribution can help improve an alloy's mechanical properties. Finer phases can act as barriers to dislocation motion, enhancing the alloy's strength. The smaller phase particles also distribute the applied load more evenly across the material, which can enhance the material's overall mechanical performance.

The coarser Al4Cr phase in the AlCr20% alloy could potentially offer less resistance to dislocation motion compared to the finer Al7Cr phase in the AlCr6% alloy. This could make the AlCr20% alloy less strong and more ductile than the AlCr6% alloy.

However, it's important to note that other factors, such as the overall composition of the alloys, the cooling rate during solidification, and the subsequent heat treatment, can also significantly affect the alloys' mechanical properties. Therefore, a comprehensive understanding of these factors is necessary when selecting an alloy for a specific application.

For a more precise understanding of how these alloys would perform in a specific application, you may need to conduct or refer to experimental studies that directly compare their mechanical properties under the conditions relevant to your application.

I think that this is possible through the usage of qualitative methodologies like the Loop analysis. In fact, by considering the effects of climate change on both the social and ecological spheres, it can be understood the influence of this negative phenomenon with respect to cultural heritage.

Possibly, proxies may be used, such as the native population or the number of people visiting museums and enrolling in humanities studies. However, it would be important to take into account also government incentives and plans, to avoid errors and bias.

Although I have worked quite much with crystal structures of intermetallic phases, I feel unable to tell something reasonable without context (or without "to google" for these terms myself). Many questions cannot be answered if they are formulated in a telegram/text message style....

Thank you Dr. Dzevad Hadzihafizovic for your answers.

Regards

Interpreting hydrogen bond (H-bond) analysis from molecular dynamics (MD) simulations can provide insights into the stability and dynamics of protein structures and their interactions with other molecules. The analysis can be performed for both intermolecular and intramolecular H-bonds.

In both cases, the results of the H-bond analysis can be visualized using graphs and plots to understand the distribution of H-bond strengths, lifetimes, and frequencies. The results can be compared between different simulations or between different conditions (e.g., different temperatures, different ligand binding conditions, etc.) to gain insights into the effects of different factors on the stability and dynamics of the protein structures and their interactions.

In conclusion, H-bond analysis in MD simulations can provide valuable insights into the stability and dynamics of protein structures and their interactions with other molecules. The analysis can be performed for both intermolecular and intramolecular H-bonds and the results can be visualized and compared to gain a better understanding of the protein structures and their behavior.

If you computational analysis for a similar system then here's a code that can do computational XPCS: https://gitlab.com/micronano_public/c-xpcs

Looks like embedded in a resin specimen. Cracks filled with a resin.

Can you share these with me please! I am looking for .cry for α-Al12(Fe,Mn)3Si and α-Al15(Fe,Mn)3Si2 as well as β-Al6(Fe,Mn)

I am sure that the decisive influence on the fact of the formation of sparks during grinding is not only the affinity of the metal for oxygen, but also how strongly the metal particles are heated during their separation from the body being ground. Bright sparks (strong exothermic reaction) are observed only if both requirements coincide: high affinity for oxygen plus high temperature. In turn, the temperature of the particles is determined by their size and the thermal conductivity of the material: the smaller the size and the lower the thermal conductivity, the higher the temperature. It can also be said that the size of particles separated during grinding depends on the hardness of the material: the softer the metal, the larger the particles. Thus, the formation of sparks is facilitated by the metal's combination of high affinity for oxygen, high hardness, and low thermal conductivity. If we compare, according to the above criteria, such metals with a high affinity for oxygen as aluminum, titanium, zirconium and chromium, we can easily explain why aluminum does not spark when grinding, while titanium, chromium and zirconium give very bright sparks: Aluminum combines low hardness with high thermal conductivity, which greatly reduces the temperature of the particles during grinding. Despite the fact that aluminum has a very high affinity for oxygen, the low temperature of the particles does not allow them to ignite. The affinity of chromium for oxygen is much lower than that of aluminum, but due to its high hardness, its particles are very small and have a high temperature sufficient to ignite. Titanium and zirconium combine three properties that are necessary for the formation of sparks at once: high affinity for oxygen + low thermal conductivity + relatively high hardness, which leads to an impressive result when grinding.

I love the idea of centering the variables Abdi-Basid Adan .

Hi

I am working on array antenna for a while but until now had not heard inter and intra coupling. After searching I could find just 3 documents that explain this subject. take a glance at these:

Futuristic Communication and Network Technologies(page 762)

Hi Snigdha Mishra

Small interatomic distances error is generally encountered when placing two atoms very close. I suggest you change the geometry (you can clean the geometry) and keep them at a reasonable distance and not too close. The geometry cleanup option can help you in it immensely.

Another thing you can try is using the keyword geom=nocrowd; if the small distance is necessary for your calculations.

Hope it helps.

The Built Environment sector consumes a substantial portion of non‐renewable energy and prompts the emission of a significant amount of CO2; contributing approximately 39% of the annual global CO2. A third of the usage of total energy and CO2 emissions is a result of the Construction Sector in the developed and developing nations.

The Smartcrusher is a classic example of Circular economy by Netherlands Circular, 2018. Concrete is strong enough to last for centuries. But every kilogram of cement produces one kilogram of CO2 emissions. This means that today’s concrete and cement industry emits about three times as much CO2 as all aircraft combined. Crushed pieces of concrete can now only be used as low-grade gravel replacements. SmartCrusher is a device that separates the unused cement stone from the concrete rubble. It also produces residual flows of good quality sand and gravel. The cement stone can be used directly in concrete production and thus saves cement and CO2 emissions. With SmartCrusher, 50% of the world’s largest concrete construction flow can be made circular. The revenue model shows that the investment can be recouped within 1.5 years and that the price of concrete is halved. And that without including CO2 pricing

<https://www.circulairondernemen.nl/uploads/e71c83f3da2eee7ad8689cc0c66d3ff3.pdf>

In the category of PROFIT, the price of concrete is halved, allowing more headroom for profit. There is ample savings from less waste and Carbon Tax.

In the category PLANET, the impact of CO2 emissions is the rise in global temperatures that result in shrinking changes of water supplies, changes in weather patterns and increase in sea levels; among others. By reducing emissions these consequences of global warming are curbed.

PEOPLE are better off with less CO2 emissions. Air pollution from construction has a direct effect on construction workers’ health, and the health of citizens near construction sites. As an example, the UK’s Health and Safety Executive has found that over 200 construction workers die yearly prematurely from diseases caused by exposure to diesel fumes (Bellona, 2019). There is no safe amount of air pollution, which means that the less air pollution we can have, the safer it will be for construction workers, and citizens exposed to construction sites.

*The triple bottom line is a business concept that posits firms should commit to measuring their social and environmental impact—in addition to their financial performance—rather than solely focusing on generating profit, or the standard “bottom line.” It can be broken down into “three Ps”: profit, people, and the planet

*A circular economy is "a model of production and consumption, which involves sharing, leasing, reusing, repairing, refurbishing and recycling existing materials and products as long as possible."

Dear Dr . Pavel Shurkin ,

I suggest you to have a look at the following, interesting paper:

-Evolution of Fe Bearing Intermetallics During DC Casting and Homogenization of an Al-Mg-Si Al Alloy

Kumar, S., Grant, P.S. & O’Reilly, K.A.Q.

Metall Mater Trans A 47, 3000–3014 (2016).

Available, as open access, at: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11661-016-3451-5

Good work and my best regards, Pierluigi Traverso.

Dear sir, have a look at

1436 O – H and C – H bending

If all of the data are assessed by a single investigator, then you are limited to intra-rater reliability. In general, this is not recommended because if that rater has some kind of systematic bias, then that will simply be repeated in an intra-rater scoring.

Dear Pengcheng Jing sorry to see that your interesting technical question has not yet received any expert answers. I think that chances for qualified answers would be higher if you were a bit more specific. For example, it is not really clear which elements X you have in mind. To the best of my knowledge, the most common compounds of the type Ca₂X are those with X = Si and Ge, i.e. calcium silicide and calcium germanide. For more detailed information about these materials you can easily search either the general internet or RG for relevant literature references. These compounds are sensitive to moisture, so that practical applications are limited. What immediately comes to my mind is that calcium silicide (Ca₂Si) serves as precursor for a very unusual material named "siloxene". Siloxene is obtained when calcium silicide is treated with concentrated hydrochloric acid. For more information about the synthesis and properties of this material please serach the "Publications" section of RG for the term "Siloxene". Even two-dimensional nanosheets have been manufactured from siloxene, so it is a really interesting and unsual material.

I hope this helps. Good luck with your work and best wishes, Frank Edelmann

Some literature

Regards,

Joachim

Thank you for your responses,

I found that in FSL we can change niftii header info by using of fsledithd command, and then change the dx, dy, and dz parameters (x10) as well as sto_xyz_matrix.

1- See, the particular intermetallic phases forms when it gets energy nearer to its formation enthalpy. Since the enthalpy id a function of temperature, therefore in the change of temperature during the sintering process may cause instability in the crystal structure of the particular intermetallic phase and as a result the particular phase will transform to another phase or it will not form.

2- The electric conductivity of a material depends on different factors such as number of free electrons, mobility of the electrons in the crystal system and its crystal structure. Since, the bonding between the atoms in intermetallic compound is generally ionic or combination of ionic and metallic bonding depending upon the electronegativity of the forming atoms. Therefore, due to presence of ionic bonding in the intermetallics, the number of free electrons in the system decreases which consequently decreases the electric conductivity in the intermetallics as compared to its parent material. However, some highly ordered super crystals can sometime also induce the super conductivity in the intermetallics. This may because of high mobility and availability of electrons in the crystal system at specific conditions.

For more details of the intermetallic compound and their crystal structures you can refer the article attached below.

Grzegorz Cios It is Anti Phase Boundary Energy

Thank you very much

Hello Haoyue,

this is a very interestig technical question. Transition metal silicides are normally high resistant toward a variety of chemicals. however, dilute HF can be used for etching the surface of such silicides. Attached plased find two typical articles dealing with the etching of cobalt and platinum silicide. In the first article it is outlined that metal hexafluorosilicates (in this case CoSiF₆) are the final products of these reactions.

P.S. When working with (even dilute) HF please always keep in mind the very high toxicity of this acid. Always wear protective gloves!

Good luck with your work and best wishes, Frank Edelmann

Dear Sumit Bhowmick

Higher alloying elements like, Cr, Ni, Mo and/ or Al can improve both corrosion, wear and heat resistance due to carbides, intermetallic compounds and austenite formation, Otherwise addition higher percentage of most pervious element decrease toughness of cast iron.

Thank you very much, Saurabh Singh. Your inputs are invaluable to me. I am trying to obtain elastic constants using DFT calculation. Yes, definitely ....I want to learn and implement those codes on my system. Can we calculate elastic constants of materials using those codes?

Regards

Subha Sanket Panda

calculate interacting energies in a particular basis set, it will provide quantitative value of pair-wise interaction energies in kJ/mole

best wishes.. :)

Resilience can be problematic:

(a) https://www.acme-journal.org/index.php/acme/article/view/866

(b) https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-016-2294-0

(c) https://doi.org/10.1007/s13753-015-0038-5

(d) https://doi.org/10.1177/0309132513518834

(e) https://doi.org/10.1111/area.12457

More comprehensive agendas for linking green and inclusive approaches for sustainability:

1. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-8959-2_2

2. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.imic.2015.04.001

Dear Muhammad, thank you for asking this interesting question. This is a rather common problem which has been frequently discussed on RG and other scientific platforms. Thus a look at the answers given to some closely related questions might be helpful in your analysis. For example, please see

(14 answers)

and

(12 answers)

Good luck with your work!

I agree with András Puszta, there is a high level of risk associated with the proposed study. Without knowing the research question, it is not possible to comment on the risk:benefit ratio. IF the benefits of answering the research question outweigh the risks, I still would not recommend electrical stimulation. A better approach would be to use ultrasound imagaing to guide the insertion of the electrode. Use of imaging can help you avoid damage during placement and confirm the correct loaction at the same time.

Hi Dave

Mike Bolland tried several methods of water harvesting at Salmon Gums RS about 40 years ago. There was several simple ways but maybe linked to older methods of sowing than today. Knowing Mike its probably published! Roger Feltcher was manager there in those days maybe he's not around these days. However Mike is still going and maybe able to be contacted.

All going well. cheers

Dear Dr. Azeez Aremu ,

I suggest you to have a look at the following, interesting database:

-Metallographic Etchants by PACE Technologies

Available at: https://www.metallographic.com/Metallographic-Etchants/Metallography-Etchants.htm

My best regards, Pierluigi Traverso.

Thanks for your reply. This problem is a very interesting phenomenon, because the divergent variable of judging N-S bifurcation is zero. As far as we know, there is no literature to analyze N - S bifurcation in the calculation of quintic term of normal form. This may be a new topic. Thank you again for your kind reply.

I can suggest reading this page: http://finzi.psych.upenn.edu/library/DescTools/html/ICC.html

Though, I will follow myself this question for a better answer. Good question! :)

Yes, in general FAM (shorter wave length in real time dyes) provides much better intensity than any other probes

There are so many reasons to get these kinds of amplification pattern in real time PCR. If this probe set is routinely used and if you get very good RFU, then only we can think about degradation of probes. Otherwise, we need to start from several basic points like PCR optimization, primer-probe concentration, annealing temperature, wavelength chosen for reading, height of the channel (if manual mode is applied instead of in-built dynamic modes) duration of data collection (in seconds) etc. I hope, you can start from the point whatever applicable to you.

I also got similar low RFU in a multiplex PCR in FAM/HEX/CY5 probe combination. After proper optimization, we never faced such scenario...

Dear Sumit Bhowmick ,

You asked a very broad question, but I hope my answer will undercover the understanding of some of the subquestions =)

Due to DFT is a tool, which operates with small atomic systems up to a couple of hundreds of atoms (you can consider and larger cell up to 400-500 atoms, but you lose in CPU time or accuracy of calculations), you can consider either single-phase atomic structures (solid solution or stoichiometric phase) or supercells with an interface between two different phases.

As for mechanical properties, you can estimate them using special equations, which have bulk moduli of considered phase as input parameters.

Bulk moduli can be easily calculated using DFT.

For example, you can read how I recently did that for Mo-Ni-B-C cermet.

From experimental data and mechanical properties measurements, we obtained that precipitation of κ-phase Mo10Ni3C3B decreases a hardness with increasing of stress intensity factor.

Then we calculated elastic constants of precipitated Mo10Ni3C3B and existed Mo2NiB2 and Mo2C phases and estimated bulk properties and hardness using special equations (See Supplementary https://lettersonmaterials.com/Upload/Journals/32862/boev_et_al_supplementary_material.pdf).

The bulk modulus, shear modulus, Young’s modulus, and Poisson’s ratio were estimated according to Hooke’s law and the Voigt-Reuss-Hill (VRH) model. For hexagonal polycrystalline crystal:

B=[2(C11+C12)+4C13+C33]/9,

G=(C11+C12+2C33−4C13+12C44+12C66)/30,

E=9BG/(3B+G),

ν=(3B−2G)/2(3B+G),

The Vickers hardness (HV) was calculated according to the empirical formula: HV= 2(K^2 G)0.585−3,

K=G/B

So, we obtained that the new Mo10Ni3C3B phase has a lower hardness and is able to decrease the hardness of the whole material.

Ratio B/G is an indicator for ductility properties.

Bond analysis using electron localization functions (provided in VASP) allowed us to define the nature of the bonding in considered phases.

Covalent bonding means stronger hardness and metallic bonding - more ductility/plasticity.

Also, it is important to analyze the anisotropy factors. That will be able to undercover different useful things.

If you have any questions, do not hesitate to ask me =)

There are so many questions that it is difficult to answer at once.

First of all, I'll give you some helpful keywords.

1. In the case of carbon steel other than stainless steel, it is difficult for the FCC phase to exist at room temperature without enough nickel or manganese.

2. Each phases stabilizing elements are studied well for FCC Austenite and BCC Ferrite. Please open the follow.

3. Nitro-carbide often coexists, but in general carbon steel, nitride and carbide exist separately. In this carbon steel, W is a strong carbide-forming element, so it is possible to first form tungsten carbide at high temperatures during solidification. And if Al is present, it is expected that AlN will form, then followed by the formation of chromium carbide. At a lower temperature, iron carbide Fe3C will form with remaining carbon after forming (W, Cr)23C6.

Sulfides may exist as WS2 or FeS, which are formed independently at lower temperatures than tungsten carbide and iron carbide.

4. In the Fe-C Diagram, the volume of the matrix phase and intermetallic compound can be approximately predicted by the lever rule. However, the actual ratio is depended on cooling rate. Because it is not an equilibrium solidification.

5. The cooling rate affects the segregation of elements and phase transformation. Therefore, depending on the cooling conditions after casting, and in severe cases, depending on the shape of the casting, different structures may be obtained. If the casting is high alloyed, has the higher differences.

6. I would like to recommend reviewing two papers. Lei Wang Et al., Prediction of mechanical behavior of ferrite-pearlite steel, J. Iron and Steel Research, 2017 and W.C. Leslie, The Physical Metallurgy of Steels, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1981. See the graph at p.217.

Not quite what I’m after. I’m looking for a dataset that I can use to train a neural network.

Dear Sumit Bhowmick thank you very much for your very interesting technical question. Although we are inorganic chemists, I'm far from being a proven expert in this field of research. Our area of expertise is organometallic chemistry. Thus all I can do for you right now is to suggest to you some potentially useful references on this topic. When you ask "Is the "so-called glaze "some sort of intermetallic?" I would say that protecting layers on metal surfaces are often not intermetallic phases but contain e.g. oxygen or fluorine. Oxygen can be present e.g. in the form of the corresponding metal oxides or carbonates. For example, during our work with elemental fluorine we used cylinders made of so-called Monel with is a nickel-copper-iron alloy. The inside surface of the cylinders was protected against the aggressive fluorine through a thin layer of nickel fluoride.

Getting back to your original question I suggest that you have a look at the following potentially useful article entitled

Lead Free Cu-Containing Frit for Modern Metallic Glaze

Fortunately this article is freely available as public full text on ResearchGate. In this case the formation of a metallic-looking glaze is due to the presence of CuO crystallites and Cu metallic particles.

Also please see the following relevant article entitled

In this article it is mentioned that nickel-containing protective glaze layers also comprise oxygen (nickel oxide).

I hope this helps in your analysis.

Dear Jonathan Anthony Holbrook thank you for your interesting technical question. Personally I'm far from being an expert in this area as we are inorganic chemists. However, I just cam across an interesting link which might help you in your decision process. The article is entitled

I don't think that the concept of hybridisation is of any value for an intermetallic phase. Hybridisation makes only sense for molecules with precisely localised 2-electron-2-centred (covalent) bonds.

For an intermetallic phase like Pd3V you fail already in saying what the oxidation state is, right? This means that there are no localised bonds but this is a solid structure.

For such intermetallic phases solely MO theory with a band structure provides a reasonable view on the bonding situation.

One last instructive comment (at least I hope it is instructive):

The chemical world is not divided into organic and inorganic chemistry.

But, it is divided in solid state structures and molecules!

Bonding concepts for the two parts of the chemical world are very different and should not be mixed.

sorry: Scales EVA

in you tube

Good work Krishna Ravi Srinivas

Spearman's Rank Order Correlation will be ideal

Hello Alex,

Since you don't as yet even have a handle on what the final measure(s) will be, perhaps you should wait until your experts attain consensus, then, as Natacha Heutte 's reply suggests, try a quick pilot study. That will give you valuable information on how much of the score variation is a function of respondent, item, and rater, respectively. The general principle is, the more variance a source adds to the mix, the more levels of that source you'll need in your study. This is what can help you to determine the best possible allocation of your valuable resources and time to gather information to best address your research questions.

I recognize that deferring the sample size declaration may be a bit frustrating, but otherwise you're forced to: (a) possibly mis-estimate the appropriate sampling plan, resulting in either less precision or needless data collection; or (b) try to persuade the IRB that your resources limit you to X observations total, and just go with that.

Good luck with your work.

First let's use the term multi-principle component alloys so we don't get mislead into believing that configurational entropy will determine the structure of an alloy at room temperature. Phase diagrams are a manifestation of the thermodynamics of an alloy system. In a binary system we may see intermetallic phases formed. This tells us that there is a negative deviation from ideality when we mix these two elements. If we see many intermetallics at different compositions that tells us that there is a very large negative deviation from ideality which means a large negative enthalpy of mixing. In plain terms, these two elements love each other and try to be nearest neighbours. Likewise if we see a miscibility gap we have a positive deviation from ideality and a positive enthalpy of mixing. When we add a third element ternary intermetallic phases may form. if we add a fourth element a quaternary phase may form. These are not predictable based on observation of the lower order phase diagrams (but can be predicted by first principles calculations). However in a multi-component alloy one may intuitively expect intermetallics to form if you have one or more elements that has a strong negative enthalpy of formation with any of the other components. If we add Al to 3 or 4 fcc transition metals I would expect that intermetalics, binary or higher order would form, because Al strongly bonds with many transition metals. For example the compound NiAl has an enthalpy of formation of -62kJ/mol of atoms. The configurational entropy term is of the order of 9-14 J/mol/K depending on the number of elements and composition. You need a high T to overcome any large enthalpy of formation of an intermetallic compound. Of course we see this is observed as a tendency towards ideality as the temperature is increased.

Bottom line is don't be surprised if you see intermetallic compounds in multi-component alloys, even ones that do not appear in lower order phase diagrams.

Joint research project, or answers to the questionnaires of the projects, for instance. Of course, publication of joint articles and books.

All antibody-antigen complex 3D structures in the public domain are collected in the pdb https://www.rcsb.org/pdb or https://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbe (as are all other macromolecular structures). You can search these in a variety of ways to extract and analyze the structures of interest.

You may want to consult the list of antibody resources published by the antibody society:

SAbDab is a subset of the PDB containing only antibody structures (http://opig.stats.ox.ac.uk/webapps/newsabdab/sabdab/)

abYbank / AbDb http://www.abybank.org/abdb/

Summary of Antibody Structures in the Protein Databank

For more, follow links or search the web.

Key phrase here is "agreement between". Cohen's Kappa method is a strong suggestion for comparing the categorical decision scoring of two comparable "judges". Available in the SPSS Analyze-Descriptive Statistics-Crosstabs-Statistics-Kappa menu.

Shown here: https://statistics.laerd.com/spss-tutorials/cohens-kappa-in-spss-statistics.php#procedure

Cohen's Kappa gives you the strength of proportion of agreement (outside of chance agreement) between two independent observers (judges) as well as the probability that this agreement is statistically significant compared to zero (0). This is "Inter-rater" reliability NOT "Intra-rater" reliability (oh what a difference one little letter makes!).

On the other hand for the key logic phrase "agreement among" (aka "Intra-rater" reliability). Use the old reliable Cronbach's Alpha test. SPSS Analyze-Scale-Reliability Analysis-Model Alpha.

Understand that all models have specific mathematical assumptions, and that the data being tested must meet or exceed those assumptions in order for the test results to be considered mathematically valid and publishable in peer reviewed scientific journals.

Jonathan,

I am not aware of what happened to Crystmet. I would suggest you to try Crystallography Open Database (http://www.crystallography.net/cod/search.html). Using this database you will have access to CIF files. Hope this works for you!

Have a look at these links:

https://www.pangaea.de/

https://cera-www.dkrz.de/WDCC/ui/cerasearch/q

http://www.earthchem.org/

https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data/datasets

Dear Dr Jamal,

Here is the link to "Response of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi diversity and community in maize and soybean rhizosphere soil and roots to intercropping systems with different nitrogen application rates": https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969720333301

Dear Gang Ji

YES, EBSD can be used to determine the orientation relationship between two phases. However, the resolution of the conventional EBSD is just 0.1 μm. Thus, T-EBSD technique is necessary to obtain a higher resolution about 10-30 nm. Also you may try TEM-CBED. The resolution of the technique used will determine the precision of OR obtained.

Please refer to the following links for more information.

With best regards,

GM

Dear Mohammadali,

the relation between the different surface energy terms 'sigma' is described by Youngs equation:

cos teta = (sigma _SG - sigma _LS)/sigma _LG

Here, teta is the so called contact angle which describes the angle of a liquid with a solid whereas wetting the surface. This value can be found or measured and depends on temperature and the surface quality. Only very pure surfaces give the value for the solid. Sigma _LG describes the surface tension of the pure liquid. ( example: surface tension or surface energy of water near room temperature: 73 mN/m or 73 mJ/m² - here purity and temperature have a high influence). The surface energy of the solid sigma_SG is difficult to measure but can be estimated theoretically. A table (from Wikipedia) I added. The value from which I assume you want to know, is sigma_LS.

So you see, to get that information, you want to know, is very complex.

With Regards

R. Mitdank

George S Spais I am currently using netnography as a research methodology for my dissertation. During the process, I realized several ethical issues that need to be addressed by the researcher:

1) Institutional Ethics Approval is a must

2) Informed consent (depends on the design of your study)

a) If you plan to collect data from all participants, then a public post indicating

you will do this should be disseminated giving them the option to not

participate

b) In my case, specific members of a group were selected so I approached and

requested their consent

3) Approval from the community administrator or manager (some studies did not seek approval but justified why, I asked the approval of one of the community manager)