Integrated Circuits - Science topic

In a reciprocal system, all the wave travels in the same way backward as forward. When the exchange between the source and detectors result in different transmittance, non-Hermiticity is granted but the nonreciprocity needs to be carefully evaluated. Although most of the integrated circuits are reciprocal, unexpected nonreciprocal response may emer...

The generation of pure spin current is a highly sought-after objective in spintronics as it holds significant promise for enabling high-performance spintronic devices with low power consumption and high circuit integration density. However, achieving pure spin current at the single-molecule level remains a formidable challenge. In this study, we de...

In the modern global Integrated Circuit (IC) supply chain, protecting intellectual property (IP) is a complex challenge, and balancing IP loss risk and added cost for theft countermeasures is hard to achieve. Using embedded configurable logic allows designers to completely hide the functionality of selected design portions from parties that do not...

Addressing the thermal degradation caused by the heat flow density of 3D integrated circuits exceeding 1000 W/cm, this paper proposes a synergistic design method combining heat source distribution optimization and dynamic weight adjustment. A 3D transient heat transfer-multiple physical field coupling model is established, and an innovative heat so...

The convergence of DNA sequencing and digital hardware technologies represents a transformative frontier in genomics research, accelerating capabilities while reducing costs and increasing accessibility. Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS) technologies have dramatically increased genetic data volume, creating computational challenges that traditional...

Photonic Integrated Circuits (PICs) offer transformative potential for computing systems, enabling high-bandwidth neuromorphic processors and facilitating low decoherence quantum computing on a chip scale platform. However, the development of robust and scalable optical packaging solutions remains a major challenge. Efficient fiber-to-chip coupling...

This Special Issue presents research focused on the development of Ultra-Low-Power (ULP) Integrated Circuits (ICs) designed to operate within stringent power budgets, aiming to reduce reliance on batteries. These advancements are critical to enabling the Internet of Things (IoT), where interconnected devices exchange data to improve quality of life...

Integrated circuits have become more sensitive to radiation effects with the continuous downscaling of CMOS technologies. As a consequence, device reliability has become a major bottleneck, as transistors are increasingly susceptible to various sources of noise, even slight fluctuations in charge or external environmental factors can considerably i...

The rapid advancements in design and technology have significantly improved the development and manufacturing of Integrated Circuits (ICs). However, these advancements also bring security challenges, particularly the risk of malicious modifications in the ICs internal hardware known as Hardware Trojans (HTs). Ensuring the security and confidentiali...

Background Severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection can lead to severe acute respiratory syndrome for which extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) could be used in selected cases. Most Jehovah’s witnesses (JWs) do not accept transfusion of blood and/or blood products. The use of ECMO for the management of JWs during the pandemic was...

This work investigates the application of artificial neural network (ANN)-based regression models to predict the static and dynamic characteristics of GaN impact avalanche transit time (IMPATT) sources in the terahertz (THz) frequency regime. A comprehensive dataset, derived from self-consistent quantum drift-diffusion (SCQDD) simulations of GaN IM...

This paper considers an islanded system consisting of a photovoltaic source connected to a battery storage through power converters, subject to a time varying load. An innovative charging architecture composed of two DC-DC converters and a super-capacitor is considered, and a novel modeling and optimal control framework is proposed with the aim of...

We propose an electronic-photonic (EP) co-designed scheme to enhance the modulation speed of thermo-optic (TO) phase shifters. We establish a small signal analysis model to optimize the TO phase shifter by compensating its thermal-response-limited low-pass behavior with an electric high-pass equalization circuit, thus expanding the modulation bandw...

As Cu interconnects near their physical limits with continued technology scaling, carbon nanotube (CNT) interconnects have emerged as a promising alternative due to their excellent conductivity. However, fabrication immaturity introduces significant process variations, causing discrepancies between ideal and actual performance. This article present...

Background Social behaviour encompasses the wide range of interactions that occur between members of the same species. In humans, disruptions in social behaviour are characteristic of many neuropsychiatric disorders, where both genetic risk factors and synaptic dysfunctions can contribute to the phenotype. Among the genes implicated in synaptic reg...

The relentless down-scaling of electronics grands the modern integrated circuits (ICs) with the high speed, low power dissipation and low cost, fulfilling diverse demands of modern life. Whereas, with the semiconductor industry entering into sub-10 nm technology nodes, degrading device performance and increasing power consumption give rise to insur...

This manuscript provides insight into optimally noise-matched three-stage Low-Noise Amplifiers (LNAs) by proposing a novel chart that illustrates the relationship between the gain of a three-stage LNA and inter-stage mismatch levels. Under certain conditions, the chart also indicates the required feedback inductor values for all transistors. It is...

The implementation of load frequency control (LFC) in multi-microgrid (MMG) systems becomes challenging with the high penetration of renewable energy sources (RESs) due to their intermittent power generation, reduced system inertia and dynamic power demand patterns. This work presents an adaptive LFC mechanism utilizing an artificial neural network...

As the demand for smaller and more multifunctional integrated circuit (IC) products increases, system-in-package (SiP) has emerged as a key trend in IC encapsulation. However, the use of polymer-based materials such as epoxy molding compounds (EMCs) introduces complex flow behaviors during the encapsulation process, often leading to void formation,...

This work presents two variants of an odd–even sort algorithm that are implemented in a dataflow-based polymorphic computing architecture. The two odd–even sort algorithms are the “fully unrolled” variant and the “compact” variant. They are used as test kernels to evaluate the polymorphic computing architecture. Incidentally, these two odd–even sor...

This article explores the transformative shift from FinFET to RibbonFET (Gate-All-Around) transistor architecture in semiconductor technology, with a specific focus on analog integrated circuit design implications. The article analyzes the fundamental structural advantages of RibbonFET technology, highlighting its enhanced electrostatic control, pe...

In this letter, we propose memory in pixel (MIP) circuit that achieves 6-bit depth per sub-pixel, resulting in an 18-bit color depth for RGB displays. The circuit integrates two memory cells, each storing 3-bit gray level data, allowing the pixel to self-refresh without requiring continuous input from the graphics processor. This is achieved with a...

Computing-in-memory (CIM) offers a promising solution to the memory wall issue. Magnetoresistive random-access memory (MRAM) is a favored medium for CIM due to its non-volatility, high speed, low power, and technology maturity. However, MRAM has continuously encountered the challenge of an insufficient high-resistance state (HRS) to low-resistance...

Nonlinear optics in photonic integrated circuits is usually limited to utilizing the nonlinearity of a single material. In this work, we demonstrate the use of hybrid optical nonlinearities that occur in two different materials. This approach allows us to observe combined Raman scattering and Kerr frequency comb generation using silicon nitride (Si...

As silicon-based complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) technology approaches its physical and scaling limits at sub-3-nanometer nodes, critical challenges including the short-channel effect (SCE), surging power consumption, and aggravated parasitic effects have severely constrained further improvements in device performance, integration de...

In the original publication [...]

The increasing density of transistors in Integrated Circuits (ICs) has enabled the development of highly integrated Systems-on-Chip (SoCs) and, more recently, Multiprocessor Systems-on-Chip (MPSoCs). To address scalability challenges in communication and memory performance, three-dimensional (3D) Network-on-Chip (NoC) architectures have emerged, of...

Approximate computing (AC) is commonly employed in image processing tasks where some degree of fault tolerance is satisfactory, ordering faster circuit performance over complete accuracy. Efforts are often directed towards enhancing the efficiency of the binary multiplier, an critical but power-hungry operation, to reduce complexity. Inexact recurs...

To address performance degradation and demagnetization risks in hybrid electric vehicle oil pump motors under high-temperature conditions, this article proposes a novel rare-earth-free interior tangential brushless DC motor. Leveraging the negative temperature coefficient characteristics of ferrite materials, the design enhances the motor’s high-te...

An Erratum to this paper has been published: https://doi.org/10.1134/S1062873825020017

A device model of silicon carbide (SiC) p- and n-channel junction field-effect transistors (JFETs) applicable in a high-temperature range was constructed, and the validity of the model was evaluated in Simulation Program with Integrated Circuit Emphasis (SPICE) simulations. The constructed device model well reproduced the electrical characteristics...

The article explores the application of a reverse memristor emulator utilizing easily accessible components. This emulator comprises two Operational Amplifiers (Op-amps), one Operational Transconductance Amplifier (OTA), and two passive elements. The utilization of Op-Amps and OTA renders the circuit effortlessly implementable with commercially acc...

Air-bridges play a crucial role in the performance of microwave circuits integrated with superconducting quantum bits, and their mechanical stability is important for reliable operation. This study is devoted to the technological issues that lead to air-bridge instability. We propose an optimized bridge geometry designed to improve the mechanical p...

Substrate Integrated Circuits (SICs) represent a significant advancement in microwave communication systems due to their high efficiency, performance, and integration capabilities. Empty Substrate-Integrated Waveguides (ESIWs) are a type of SIC that offers benefits such as cost-effectiveness while maintaining high performance. This paper presents t...

Jamming devices pose a significant threat as they disrupt signals from the global navigation satellite system (GNSS) and thus compromise the accuracy and robustness of positioning systems. The detection of anomalies in frequency snapshots is essential to effectively counteract these interferences. Furthermore, the ability to adapt to diverse and pr...

Magnon interference is a hallmark of coherent magnon interactions. In this work, we demonstrate single-shot magnon interference using up to four magnon pulses in two remotely coupled yttrium iron garnet spheres mediated by a coplanar superconducting resonator. By exciting one YIG sphere with injected microwave pulses, we achieve coherent energy exc...

As quantum computing continues to mature, hybrid quantum-classical neural networks (HQCNNs) have emerged as a promising approach to harness quantum advantages while leveraging the strengths of classical machine learning. This paper presents a comparative analysis of HQCNNs against their purely classical counterparts across various benchmarks, inclu...

Recent advancements in hybrid photonic integrated circuits (PICs) for wireless communications are reviewed, with a focus on innovations developed at Fraunhofer HHI. This work leverages hybrid integration technology, which combines indium phosphide (InP) active elements, silicon nitride (Si3N4) low-loss waveguides, and high-efficient thermal-optical...

Vertical meta-grating couplers (VMGCs), while essential for flexible spatial beam coupling in meta-photonic integrated circuits (MPICs), suffer from inherently low coupling efficiency that hinders broader applications. In this study, we introduce an improved adjoint optimization method with high computational efficiency and excellent optimization e...

The biological clock synchronizes with the environmental light-dark cycle through circadian photoentrainment. While intracellular pathways regulating clock gene expression after light exposure in the suprachiasmatic nucleus are well studied in mammals, the neuronal circuits driving phase shifts remain unclear. Here, using a mouse model, we show tha...

As Moores Law approaches its physical limits, three-dimensional integrated circuits (3D ICs) utilizing Through- Silicon Vias (TSVs) are gradually replacing traditional two-dimensional integrated circuits (2D ICs). However, the highly integrated circuits also introduce more significant thermal issues. In this paper, an optimization method for the po...

The relentless demand for higher performance, energy efficiency, and scalability in integrated circuits (ICs) has driven the transition from planar to three-dimensional (3D) integration, particularly for artificial intelligence (AI) and quantum computing applications. This review explores recent advancements in advanced materials and innovative man...

Detecting brain tumors with Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is vital for early diagnosis, giving patients a better chance for effective treatment by helping doctors pinpoint and understand the tumor. MRI technology is crucial for identifying tumor growth, enabling patients to receive timely treatment whether the growth is malignant or not. This wo...

Photonic Integrated Circuits (PICs) are essential for high-speed and compact optoelectronic applications, yet efficient optical coupling to PIC remains a critical challenge, where minimizing insertion losses is crucial for high-performance applications. Fiber arrays are commonly used as edge couplers for PICs. In this work, we demonstrate the fabri...

Advances in chip technology have made modern life possible, and without semiconductor chips, devices such as smartphones, TVs, and computers would not work. The design and manufacture of the chip determine the function and application range of the device. Through continuous innovation and improvement of chip design and manufacturing technology, mor...

The consistently growing demand for robust automated Photonic Integrated Circuits assembly, testing and packaging, is increasingly oriented towards high volume and continuously sets newer challenges to overcome concerning throughput and cost effectiveness. Production processes’ intrinsic complexity, combined with short product life cycle and the ne...

Recently, multiple new technologies have emerged for automating the development of neural network (NN) accelerators for both field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) and application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs). This paper explores methodologies for translating NN algorithms into chip layouts, with a focus on end-to-end automation, cost-effec...

Spasticity is a common motor symptom that disrupt muscle contraction and hence movements. Proper management of spasticity requires identification of its origins and reasoning of the therapeutic plans. Challenges arise because spasticity might originate from elevated activity in both the cortical and sub-cortical pathways. No existing models (animal...

CMOS scaling faces challenges due to lithography and device physics issues, leading to increased costs and difficulties in expanding chip footprint. 3D integration technology offers increased integration density without increasing footprint, but elevated power density makes heat dissipation a significant challenge. Microchannel cooling effectively...

Transportasi menjadi kebutuhan terpenting dalam mobilitas pemenuhan kebutuhan masyarakat. Jumlah transportasi yang terus meningkat berdampak pada degradasi lingkungan khususnya pencemaran udara. Berdasarkan Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan (KLHK)bahwa transportasi menyumbang lebih dari 20% dari total emisi Karbon Dioksida (CO2) di Indones...

Piezoelectrically actuated Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS) loudspeakers have experienced significant advancements in recent years, achieving acoustic performance for in-ear applications comparable to traditional electrodynamic micro-speakers. Despite their advantages in compactness, power efficiency, and ease of integration, these devices a...

Transmitters driven by piezoelectric resonators have been shown to radiate quasistatic electromagnetic waves in the low frequency and very low frequency (LF and VLF) bands. These devices make use of the inverse piezoelectric effect to convert continuous-wave excitation into mechanical stress and strain that is oscillatory in nature. This leads to t...

Real-time radiation monitoring at the single-particle level is an unmet need for electron radiotherapy, especially for dose deposition to targets in motion or critical OARs. We have developed a first-in-class CMOS-based 0.05 mm³ single electron sensitive detector. The chiplet integrates all the requisite electronics. The functionality of the system...

This article, based on the education and educational reform research project of Suzhou Industrial Vocational and Technical College, deeply analyzes the diffi-culties faced by the integrated circuit major of Suzhou Institute of Technology in the cultivation and implementation of high-quality and high skilled applied tal-ents from five dimensions: te...

As the cornerstone of the modern information industry, designing a high-performance circuit is crucial. Due to the influence of external environmental and asymmetric arrangements, non-ideal factors in analog integrated circuits (ICs) cannot be ignored, which makes the design process heavily reliant on human experience, and the design efficiency is...

This research presents the comprehensive development and analysis of a fully balanced active-RC low-pass filter, specifically designed to deliver high efficiency, tunability, and precision in signal processing applications. The filter architecture comprises four bipolar junction transistors (BJTs) as active elements, connected to two resistors (RL...

To address the increasing demands of artificial intelligence applications and the limitations of traditional computing, such as high power consumption, limited scalability, and inadequate parallelism, neuromorphic computing systems have been developed. This paper introduces a neuromorphic computing system designed for robust digit pattern recogniti...

Reliability has become an increasing concern in modern computing. Integrated circuits (ICs) are the backbone of today's computing devices across industries, including artificial intelligence (AI), consumer electronics, healthcare, automotive, industrial , and aerospace. Moore's Law has driven the semiconductor IC industry toward smaller dimensions,...

As semiconductor technology advances, high-speed circuits are becoming more common, which increases the chance of delay faults that can disrupt circuit timing. This paper explores the important issue of delay faults and reviews different testing methods, particularly focusing on path delay fault (PDF) testing and its role in hardware security. Vari...

With the rapid development of Internet technology, the application of electronic circuit simulation technology is more and more extensive, and now it has been applied to integrated circuit design. Because the electronic circuit simulation technology has high efficiency, flexible and simple application, as well as stable performance, it has shown mo...

Interconnecting DC microgrids (MGs) into a cluster enhances renewable energy utilization and improves power supply reliability by enabling power flow between them. Effective management of DC MG clusters requires a control system designed for rapid response to fluctuating renewable source behavior and load demands. Traditional control methods lack t...

As Moore's law approaches its physical limits, 3D integrated circuit (3D IC) technology has emerged as a crucial way to increase chip integration density. Due to their small size, high carrier mobility, and low power consumption, carbon nanotube field‐effect transistors (CNTFETs) offer a promising way to overcome the limitations imposed by Moore's...

Insomnia and depression, both significantly impacting public health, are common psychosomatic illnesses that frequently co-occur in the same individual. Not only do these two conditions commonly co-occur, but they also exhibit a bidirectional link, where the existence of one may heighten the risk for the other. Latest research offers compelling evi...

With advances in space, nuclear, and defense industries, the susceptibility of semiconductor integrated circuits (ICs) to radiation has increased. Radiation-induced degradation and malfunctioning of IC performance can lead to system failure, leading to significant damage. To address this limitation, this study employed mixed-stage modeling and simu...

Reliable acoustic coupling in a non-handheld mode and reducing the form factor of electronics are specific challenges in making ultrasound wearable. Applications relying on a large field of view (such as tracking of large muscles) induce a need for a large element count to achieve high image quality. In our work, we developed a 256-element linear a...

Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) is becoming increasingly important for companies world-wide since it allows integrating data from different areas and sectors, thus creating new opportunities to raise efficiency, flexibility, and productivity. However, IIoT also exposes companies to new risks and threats, which implies new challenges related to...

3D integration of GaSb‐based gain chips on a silicon photonics platform using micro‐transfer printing is demonstrated for the first time. The release process of GaSb coupons and their transfer for the demonstration of hybrid GaSb/Silicon‐photonics on‐chip external cavity lasers is reported. A methodology to evaluate the key features of the gain chi...

Monocular Depth Estimation (MDE) has emerged as a pivotal task in computer vision, supporting numerous real-world applications. However, deploying accurate depth estimation models on resource-limited edge devices, especially Application-Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs), is challenging due to the high computational and memory demands. Recent adv...

Robotic perception in unstructured environments presents significant challenges due to sensor limitations, environmental variability, and dynamic conditions. Recent breakthroughs in multimodal sensor fusion have demonstrated substantial improvements over traditional single-sensor approaches, enabling robust and reliable robotic perception across co...

Featured Application Contactless vibration or displacement sensing by millimeter-wave radar. Abstract Millimeter-wave radar is emerging as a key sensor technology not only for autonomous driving but also for various industrial applications, such as vital sign monitoring and structural displacement sensing using millimeter-wave FMCW radar, which mu...

In this paper, a novel approach to symbolic regression using Kolmogorov–Arnold Networks (KAN) for developing gray-box Simulation Program with Integrated Circuit Emphasis models of generic transistors is proposed. Unlike traditional black-box models, such as artificial neural networks, (ANN), the developed KAN-based model enhances interpretability b...

This paper presents the experimental evaluation of an integrated Capacitance-to-Digital Converter (CDC) paired with a custom capacitive sensor fabricated on a Flexible Printed Circuit Board (FPCB) for continuous on-body sweat-rate monitoring. The system utilizes a syringe-pump setup to simulate controlled sweat production, enabling precise calibrat...

The heterogeneous integration of ferroelectric thin films on silicon- or silicon nitride-based platforms for photonic integrated circuits plays a crucial role in the development of nanophotonic thin film modulators. For this purpose, an ultrathin seed film was recently introduced as an integration method for ferroelectric thin films such as BaTiO3...

With the rise of digital integrated circuit technology and the prevalence of mobile smart devices, chip power consumption and heat generation have become critical concerns. Accurate and swift power analysis is vital in integrated circuit design to prevent redesign setbacks. PrimeTime PX (PTPX), a robust circuit simulation tool from Synopsys, offers...

Wireless power transfer (WPT) with rectennas is important for IoT sensor applications. Miniature GHz voltage transformers are more attractive than a large-size charge pump to operate the rectifiers efficiently. In this study, GHz bulk acoustic wave (BAW) piezoelectric transformers based on c-axis zig-zag polarization-inverted ScAlN thin films are p...

The increasing need for reliable and efficient energy storage solutions has brought a strong focus on enhancing the performance of lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs), especially for high‐voltage applications like electric vehicles and renewable energy systems. Active cell balancing is essential for maintaining uniform charge distribution across cells, im...

Adolfo Catral Sanabria (0000-0002-6938-9638)-ORCID Resumen Este artículo presenta una revisión exhaustiva del campo de los circuitos electrónicos, examinando el estado actual del conocimiento, las innovaciones recientes y las direcciones futuras anticipadas. Se abordan los avances en materiales semiconductores, arquitecturas de circuitos integrados...

Intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) imaging has become an essential method for diagnosing coronary artery disease. However, traditional mechanically rotational IVUS catheters encounter issues such as mechanical wear and imaging distortions in curved vessels. The ring-annular IVUS array has gained attention because it offers superior imaging performance...

Integrated Circuits (ICs) are becoming increasingly vulnerable to radiation-induced risks such soft mistakes as a result of ongoing downscaling of CMOS technology. Therefore, the Soft Error Rate (SER) calculation is a crucial step in the design of radiation-hardened and dependable integrated circuits. Based on a TCAD characterization procedure and...

Fully Homomorphic Encryption (FHE) enables privacy-preserving computation and has many applications. However, its practical implementation faces massive computation and memory overheads. To address this bottleneck, several Application-Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC) FHE accelerators have been proposed. All these prior works put every component n...

This research focuses on the design and analysis of shape-based analog computing (S-AC) circuits utilizing the margin-propagation method. It examines the fundamental characteristics of S-AC circuits, particularly their scalability in terms of precision, speed, and power efficiency when compared to digital alternatives. The development of S-AC circu...

Accurate state of charge (SOC) estimation of Lithium-ion batteries is vital for reliable and safe operations. However, modeling uncertainty in the equivalent circuit model (ECM) and sensor noise can deteriorate the estimation accuracy. Conventional compensation schemes have declined performance under time-varying disturbances and when the initial S...

Electromagnetic interference (EMI) is unwanted noise or interference in an electrical path or circuit caused by the outside sources. It is also known as radio frequency interference. EMI can cause the electronics to operate poorly, malfunction or stop working completely. EMI can be caused by natural or human-made sources. Using high quality electro...