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Integral Equations - Science topic

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Advanced Applications of Differential and Integral Equations and Related Theorems in Engineering Sciences
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Nobel Prize-winning equation
parabolic partial differential equation
the solution of which gives the Black-Scholes formula for calculating the price of European put and call options.
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A question that has been puzzling me for some time,
There are physics questions that have not been solved yet and some institutions have set prizes for those who want to put their name in the column of the stars of physics history with a group of scientists, some of these equations have not been solved for nearly four continuous centuries
Do you think that artificial intelligence is capable of solving these equations such as the Hodge conjecture or the Yang-Mills theory and the Navier-Stokes equations and others
Can artificial intelligence reach a solution to those equations that have puzzled stars of scientists such as Isaac Newton or Einstein and Riemann ....
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No!
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Differentiating and integrating
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Just integrate f(x) up to an X.
Then take a d/dX
You should get f(X)
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I'm trying to solve the integral shown in the picture.
I'm using python libraries to plot the integrand (numpy and matplotlib.pyplot), as well as scipy.integrate library to solve the integral.
However, I'd like to see other suggestions or tips to solve this problem.
Any comment will be well appreciated.
Thanks, Pablo
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The numerical solution of the singular integral equations has been developed by Erdogan and many other researchers (e.g., Erdogan, F., Gupta, G.D., 1972. On the numerical solution of singular integral equations. Q. Appl. Math. 29, 525–534. DOI: ), where the Gauss-Chebyshev quadrature method was proposed. However, if the kernel function of the integral is already regular, then may I ask what is the proper numerical method to deal with this issue?
A necessary condition to utilize Erdogan's method is that the coefficients a_ij (please refer to the picture in the file) of the singular term are non-singular, which is not the case I would want to deal with, since those coefficients are already zero in the regular integral equations.
I would be very grateful if you can give me some guidence! Thank you very much!
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Not specific but very similar work done by Prof. Abdon Atangana
e.g. you can consider following book
Numerical Methods for Fractional Differentiation
Book by Abdon Atangana and Kolade M. Owolabi
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The following formula for calculating the average reflectance within a wavelength range appears in many literatures.
But R(n) and E(λ) are curves obtained through testing, and there is no clear equation (if there is one, please tell me and explain the source, thank you very much).
I want to know how to calculate the integral equation in the numerator. The separate integral results of E and R can be easily obtained using origin.
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Ewnetu Abebe Kassie You are right, thanks for the addition. I included references to these libraries in the uploaded code, but I copied it directly from pycharm and the formatting looked messy.
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How can we numerically calculate integration like this in the picture, in which the denominator of the function becomes zero? any help will be appreciated.
This kind of integral usually appears in graphene and semi-metals. The denominator becomes zero at several points in the range of calculation, where Ω=2*ε.
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One way is to use Gauss quadrature, as it doesn't include the end points with the singularity. A high order should do it. I have the coefficients up to order 4096 free on my website. Another way is to transform the coordinates so that the singularity occurs at infinity. Then you can integrate out until the terms become insignificant.
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Under dominant mode I loading, planar cracks have been observed to move from zero velocity v= 0; for a certain value v= v1, these turn into non-planar crack configurations. An explanation is offered below.
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We refer to the work “NON-PLANAR CRACKS IN UNIFORM MOTION UNDER GENERAL LOADING” by ANONGBA (2020):
When the velocity v of planar cracks increases toward the terminal velocity ve = 0.52 ct (ct, the velocity of transverse sound wave), moving non-planar crack configurations have been found (0.33 ct < v < 0.55 ct, approximately) with average crack extension force < G > much larger than those of planar cracks. This indicates that non-planar cracks may be associated with larger decrease of the energy of the system on change of crack configuration. Hence, the starter planar crack transforms itself into a non-planar configuration to maintain higher speed motion during its evolution in steady motion.
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This subject is important because evidence of conoidal rough cracks is observed experimentally on various macrographs of broken specimens, under fatigue for instance. Our recent works (see below in answers) provides associated physical quantities.
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Again with this work at hand, it becomes possible to follow the evolution (propagation) of highest complexity cracks that nucleate from defects (such as heterogeneities, inclusions ...) located inside materials. The provided G (the crack extension force per unit length of the crack front) is function of highest number of variables and parameters.
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in integration
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A fuzzy integral equation is a mathematical equation which is used to generalize conventional integrals by incorporating uncertainty or vagueness. Fuzzy integrals allow you to handle situations where the boundaries of integration or the values being integrated are not precise or uncertain due to fuzziness via fuzzy sets or fuzzy numbers. These equations are commonly used in decision-making, optimization, and other fields where uncertainty plays a significant role.
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Hello everybody!
I need some computational solutions of Integral Equations for my studies can you recommend to me ?
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It depends on which kind of integral equation you have. If it is a Fredholm second kind linear equation you can consult the monograph of K.E. Atkinson
"The numerical solution of integral equations of the second kind". For other type of integral equation you can consult the book of Kress. For singular integral equations there is the Prossdorf-Silbermann book and so on.
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To the best of my knowledge, the first rigorous approach was presented here
and all studies followed that approach.
But I wonder what about the approach to follow in case of an integral equation that is discretized?
Have you ever seen some study wherein the modified integral equation is illustrated?
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Paolo I know that paper and the answer is yes and not... The local truncation error is expressed in terms of pointwise derivatives but I mean an expression of the LTE wherein the integrals appear explicitly, congruently to the initial integral equation.
Ok, let me say that we could think to start from any MDE derived in a classic way for a PDE and integrate its LHS and RHS to generate the integral modified equation.
But if we start from the original idea that the weak equation does not require the differentiability, we should not introduce any Taylor expansion in space. Otherwise we should regularize the variable and define the Taylor expansion for the smooth averaged function.
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Higher-order basis function (HOBF) settings are ignored when are used in conjunction with planar multilayer substrates in FEKO. Does anyone know how can i activate a similar setting?
Thanks in advance
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Thank you so much Dr. Smrity Dwivedi for the PDFs.
I have solved the problem without using higher-order basis functions!
Regards
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Hello
I would be appreciated if you could guide me on how to integrate the product of an arbitrary function and Dirac delta function as attached?
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Work the integral with a representation of the delta function, and then take the limit of the delta function with no width. For example a Lorenzian function.
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The original differential Equation associated with BVP or IVPs is transformed into an equivalent integral equation to solve.
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At least two (related) reasons come to mind:
Integral equations involve bounded linear integral operators (or nonlinear integral operators that are at least continuous), whereas differential equations involve unbounded (discontinuous) differential operators. As a consequence, integral operators have better analytical behavior, making them more suitable for theoretical (e.g. fixed-point theorems) and for numerical (e.g. discretization) treatment.
Typically, solutions of the differential problem are also solutions of the integral problem, but the converse is not necessarily true. This is already the case for ODE initial value problems $\dot{x}(t) = f(t, x(t))$ where we allow discontinuities of $f$ in the first variable, and it becomes even more important in the context of PDEs. So, if the modeling context suggests that solutions with non-differentiable time dependence are relevant, then the integral formulation is the relevant formulation.
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Hello, i am working on a project with LS PLCs that using IEC language. i need to calculate integral for any curves. like SIN,COS, X2 or ...
do you have an idea what should i do?
thanks
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Mehdi Mohammadi In the following video tutorial, I have discussed how to calculate area under the curve using Origin. Area under the curve signifies many physical and geometrical interpretations in Science. It’s a product of the quantities (functions) on the x and y axes. The video explains all the steps to be performed to calculate area under a specific curve. In the case you want to further ask about it, please do comment on the specific video, I'll respond to it shortly. I have provided the practice file here. Thanks
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For a function, usually sign of second derivative (and if it is zero, even/odd index of higher order derivative whose numerical value is zero) is enough to detect whether the extreme point is maximum/minimum/saddle point, if first derivative is zero. For a functional (NOT A FUNCTION), Euler-Lagrange equation plays the role of first "derivative" of Functional. However, it the RHS of Euler-Lagrange equation is set to zero and the resultant differential equation is solved, then how to find whether this function (as solution to differential equation) corresponds to minimum, maximum or saddle "point" of functional?
Unfortunately, the nature of extremum of a functional is usually declared to be "beyond the scope" of most preliminary/introductory functional analysis resources (I have not checked all). How difficult is that mathematics and what are the prerequisites to understand the mathematics involved in finding the nature of functional extremum?
Please note my knowledge on variational calculus, integral equations and transformations as well as group theory and advanced differential geometry is rudimentary.
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Actually, the idea in the case of a functional is the same as in the ordinary calculus: you have to resort to the second variation of the functional, and then to study several conditions depending on the weak or strong character of the critical point (Jacobi condition for weak extrema, Weierstrass condition for strong ones). You can find a readable treatment in the classic book "Calculus of Variations", by Gelfand and Fomin (Dover's edition is very affordable), chapters 5 and 6.
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I realized that students do not understand integral conceptually.
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Before formalizing the concept of definite integral, from the graph of the speed of a mobile, I build rectangles whose area is the space traveled (remember that s = v.t), that allows me to properly introduce this concept. This class is in one of the presentations that I have uploaded, you can consult it.
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solved
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The fastest way is by fast cosine (or sine) transforms (depending on the boundary conditions). It's just a matter of arranging the iterations.
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All codes of above-mentioned programs for
1) Differential Equation DE
2) Fractional Differential Equation FDE
3) Integral Equation IE
4) Fractional Integral Equation FIE
5) Integro-Differential Equation IDE
6) Fractional Integro-Differential Equation FIDE
Please, if any one can help me to reach
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Hello Sir.
I will send you two files to give you an idea about solving differential equations with Matlab. You can find more information on this topic in Mathworks.
All the best.
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I want to extremize a functional by using standard Euler-Lagrange method, but the constraint contains unknown function inside the integral that is to be equated with a constant. I have no experience on solving integral equations.
  • How can I solve the problem? (please include reference link)
  • Where can I obtain proof for generalized Euler-Lagrange equation dealing with functional containing 2nd or higher order differentials of unknown function under the integral sign
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Also, see
On the Euler–Lagrange equation for a variational problem: the general case II
Stefano Bianchini, Matteo Gloyer
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The definite integral of the first derivative of a function is trivial. What if the argument is a non integer power of the first derivative of a function? any reduction formula? Thanks
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You can apply the CESTAC method to evaluate your integral. I have some papers based on this method. See my profile.
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Please find attached a problem taken from book "Linear and Non linear Integral Equations" by Wazwaz. The given system of Volterra integral equations can be easily solved using Adomian Decomposition method, Variational Iteration method etc. I also tried solving problem using Laplace transform and i am unable to get the results. I even tried to represent transformed form as a series and then tried taking Inverse Laplace transform to get the solution but it was not fruitful. The given system is linear and Laplace transform is linear operator but i don't understand why result is not achievable. If someone can provide solution using Laplace transform then i shall be grateful.
Exact solution is u(x)=1+x2
and v(x)=1+x-x3
Regards
Saad Sharjeel
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Please study "Linear and Non-linear Integral Equations, Wazwaz". You can find many examples and useful information about your question.
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we need to solve this integral as a analytical result, is this possible ?
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Using Mathematica will be better.
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Please I want to work on this research topic. Any ideal on how to use any of the methods in integral equations to develop a numerical scheme for the above topic. Thanks
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It all depends on what you want to do. There are so many ways in deriving numerical schemes for solving ODEs. First learn about Linear Multistep Methods (LMM), different types of basis you could use and their respective characteristics (like power series, legendre polynomial, chebychev polynomial etc). Then try to play around some mathematical software like Matlab, Maple, Fortran because you cant escape using one of those in generating your block discrete schemes.
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Hi all,
I am working on the EFIE and MFIE formulations recently. However, I was confused about the integral below. It seems to be zero if there is no overlap between the basis function and the weight function.
$$
\int_{T_m^ \pm } {{{\bf{f}}_m}({\bf{r}}){{\bf{f}}_n}({\bf{r}}')dS} \\
= \int_{T_m^ \pm } {\frac{{{l_m}}}{{2A_m^ \pm }}\rho _m^ \pm ({\bf{r}})\frac{{{l_n}}}{{2A_n^ \pm }}\rho _n^ \pm ({\bf{r}}')} dS
$$
If anyone know this integral please kindly help me. It would be very great to talk about the possible ways or just give me some hints to the results.
I appreciate all your words or comments on this question.
Thank you in advance!
Best,
Bin
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Yeap. @Bin: Guess there is a dot product between RWGs in your expression... It is easy to evaluate that integral and notice that if evaluated for all RWGs it yields a matrix inducing quadratic form for ohmic losses.
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Dear colleagues,
I am very pleased to announce the launch of the new issue of the Communications in Advanced Mathematical Sciences-CAMS.
The CAMS will continue to be an international journal mainly devoted to the publication of original studies and research papers in all areas of mathematical analysis and its numerous applications.
All Papers in Volume II, Issue I of CAMS:
1) A Unified Family of Generalized q-Hermite Apostol Type Polynomials and its Applications
Authors: Subuhi Khan , Tabinda Nahid
2) Analytical and Solutions of Fourth Order Difference Equations
Authors: Marwa M. Alzubaidi, Elsayed M. Elsayed
3) A New Theorem on The Existence of Positive Solutions of Singular Initial-Value Problem for Second Order Differential Equations
Authors: Afgan Aslanov
4) Analysis of the Dynamical System in a Special Time-Dependent Norm
Authors: Ludwig Kohaupt
5) An Agile Optimal Orthogonal Additive Randomized Response Model
Authors: Tanveer A. Tarray , Housial P. Singh
6) On Signomial Constrained Optimal Control Problems
Authors: Savin Treanta
7) Two Positive Solutions for a Fourth-Order Three-Point BVP with Sign-Changing Green's Function
Authors: Habib Djourdem, Slimane Benaicha, Noureddine Bouteraa
8) Solution of Singular Integral Equations of the First Kind with Cauchy Kernel
Authors: Subhabrata Mondal, B.N. Mandal
For more details about this issue please visit: http://dergipark.gov.tr/cams/issue/44087
I hope you will enjoy this new issue of CAMS and consider submitting your future work to this promising academic venue.
With my best regards,
Emrah Evren Kara
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is the journal support the bifurcation theory papers
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Dear All,
I am hoping that someone of you have the First Edition of this book (pdf)
Introduction to Real Analysis by Bartle and Sherbert
The other editions are already available online. I need the First Edition only.
It would be a great help to me!
Thank you so much in advance.
Sarah
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Search by the elements of real analysis by Bartle and Sherbert.
(For its first edition )
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Hi,
I need your opinion for finite integration method, I was reading the original paper:
Finite integration method for partial differential equations by
P.H. Wen, Y.C. Hon , M. Li , T. Korakianitis
I started to solve simple ode: y'(x)-y(x)=0;y(0)=1, what they did integrate both side we get---> y(x)=1+int(0-->x) y(t)dt...right? This is a Volterra integral equation, then they used numerical integration say Trap or Simp. what is new? what is different with numerical solution for VIE? one can even use ADM, PIM...etc to solve the obtain integral equation? what is the novelty?
May be I am wrong, I just want to know exactly what is new in the finite integration method
Best regards,
Majeed
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This seems to be a simple calculation of basic integration.
Q) y'(x)-y(x)=0, y(0)=1
Sol) Let us put x=t. Then the above equation changes to y'(t)-y(t)=0, y(0)=1.
Integrating this equality with respect to t, \int_0^x y'(t) dt - \int_0^x y(x)dt =0. It gives y(x)-y(0)- \int_0^x y(x)dt =0.
Enjoy your today. Thanks.
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Good evening, i am studing a crack under a mode I (opening) loading located in a structure with non-homogeneous bondes, this problem can be reduced to a singular integral equation with a simple Cauchy type singular part and another complex-valued part, the obtained form is shown in the fingure below, i need to now what is the normaly used numerical procedure to solve this kind of SIEs that involve a complex Kernel part. thanks
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You can use Legendre multiwavelets for the solution of singular integral equation with a simple Cauchy type singular part and another complex-valued part for the evaluation of the stress intensity factor at the tip of the crack with the aid of the approximate solution. You can see the article
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Up to my knowledge, I find that the simulation with regard to the simulate of two-dimensional mixed Volterra-Fredholm equatio is confined to be in a closed subset of R^n and there are several wonderful methods. However, I happen to get a integral equation in the following form (please see the attached picture). The only difference with the existing ones is that the integration with respect to x is from 0 to infinity and the boundary condition available is f(x,T)=h(x), with h() given, which is also quite weird. I desire to do a rough simulation in the last part to make a brief illustration but I get no idea and have no inspirations from the literature. Also, since I get little knowledge and experience in simulation of solutions to equations like that, I find it's hard for me to think out a practical method to do the simulation. I'm asking if I can get some useful inspirations from you, who may be experienced in numerical simulation of integral equations. Thanks a lot for your generouse help, your attention and your precious time.
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Of course you can compactify: just change variables in x! And if you know h(x), you know how it behaves at infinity, in particular, so you know how f(x,T) behaves.
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It seems I am not so familiar with definite integral being changed to differentials.Can anyone justify me how the T1,P1 values and the limits are being changed to simply T and P as given in the attachment.
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Maybe the attachement helps.
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I am working on the numerical solutions of the integral equations with noisy data. To get a suitable feedback in this area I need some papers about its theory and existing numerical methods in the literature. 
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Have you thought of doing some form of regulariaation like Tikhonov regularisation for example. That should allow you to obtain some meaningful results for your integral equation.
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Proving existence results for some initial and boundary value problem, we usually find a corresponding integral equation first and then use some fixed point theorem to prove the existence of solution of differential equation. Why finding corresponding integral equation is not enough and it is important to use fixed point theorems to prove existence of solutions? some counter example will be helpful.
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Issam> Example: Consider the initial value problem:
dy/dt = 2√t, y(0) = 0.
Direct integration shows that y=(4/3)t√t.
Is it a unique solution? The answer is no.
Consider the family of solutions [of the equation y'(t) = 2 \sqrt{t}:
ys = (t-s)², for t>s>0. ys (0)=0 for t<s.
I think, that the solution is unique! Additionally, the following objections appear:
1o the examples ys ( s>0) are not defined for 0< t \le s, unless there should be: ys (t)=0 for 0\le t \le s, instead of ys (0)=0 for t<s.
2o Even after the correction of 1o , ys is not a solutions: the RHS is ys'(t) = 0 for t\le s, whereas, the RHS equals 2 \sqrt{t} \ne 0, unless t=0.
3o Probably, the ODE was dy/dt = 2√y, y(0) = 0. But then the "direct integration" gives \sqrt{y(t)} = t + C, which together with the initial condition implies y(t) = t2. And indeed, Issam is right that this is not the unique solution of the improved ODE. And then also the additional functions satisfy the initial condition proving nonuniqueness of the new problem.
4o There is a suggestion, that if the uniqueness theorem's conditiona are not satisfied, then the solution s not unique. Probably this is only an error of formulation. Lack of satisfying assumptions can only serve as an explanation of presence of nonuniqueness, BUT it does not imply nonuniqueness (or there is a theorem which says, that the differential equation possesses exacly one solution satisfying the given initial condition if and only if . . . .. Frankly, without additional introductory assumptions such a theorem is not known to me.
Best wishes to all followers in studying this interesting question,
Joachim
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Dear friends, 
                    Many mathematicians in this forum have studied different aspects of Differential equations (including fractional order)  under integral type of boundary conditions. I search google with  words "integral type boundary conditions."  I see many papers and blogs in most of which the following topics are discussed , solution approximation, existence and uniqueness,  positive solutions, etc.
But I do not find a single page which demonstrate the application of differential equations with integral type boundary condition is used to model any useful physical phenomena. It does not means that such problems are useless. 
If some one in this forum knows about a solid application of such problems. Please share it with us.
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One can find one example at the end of the following paper:
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Hi,
How I want to find a numerical solution for integral equation between number to teta?
example:
int[f(x),4,x]
f(x)= (rho*g*(H/2)*cosh(k*h+r*sin(x))/cosh((k*h)*cos(k*r*cos(x)-sigmma*tt/T))
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Assuming that all your variable defined (as scalars) before, you can create the following function:
f = @(x) rho*g*(H/2)*cosh(k*h+r*sin(x))/cosh((k*h)*cos(k*r*cos(x)-sigmma*tt/T)
and then integrate it between any two values (they can also be arrays of the same size, but then you have to make sure the f(x) is defined properly, with element-wise operations where needed):
result = integral(f,xmin,xmax)
Note that this is not using a symbolic math, as you asked for the numeric solution.
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Hello, Every researcher, I have one question to you. I solve one dynamical integral equation but I see different behavior between to exact solution and approximation solution. Is it true? I don't know this results is true or not. Many thanks in advance Elham
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Yes, this recommend is true and I found convergence area and results are very good in this area.
Many thanks in advance
Elham
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I solved the following equation and got the amount of q":
q"=inv(M)*(F+G-C)
How do I get the integral equation and get the amount of q' and q???(In MATLAB)
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Hello Soheil, are your variables scalar or matrices? you can change your second order differential equation to two first-order differential equations, one variable will be q and the other q'.
I hope this will help you.
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By adding to the title and its anisotropy of this project the non-local or (singular) integral operators = my response to an ask of feedback to this paper, see below (paper put in reference to my own project)= (+ -via google translation, French text below) it is quite interesting = the anisotropy is here xi-cartesian constant (and the study comes out of the 1d to speak of the true multidimensional) and one can imagine more without difficulties The localized varying declinations of this anisotropy with Cartesian bases and ellipsoids/paraboloids and weights and functions, and your localized exponents ai, varying in x all of them in their own way, in centers, angles and Rotations, values etc, for your operators and various weights and functions on which your operators apply, variabilities more or less slow, fast, (ir /) regular, adapted, local, nice or not etc. It is quite speaking when the function is the derivative or the gradient of another or with studies in spaces of besov, sobolev or all functional spaces Es,p,q, with s not zero, s being the index (Integral) of derivation (instead of the spaces with s = 0, Lp, Lq etc) with s, p and p variables in x = we approach geometric anisotropy, foliations and associated irregularities which can eg to account for very natural situations in mathematical physics such as vortex patches and many others. (+-via google traduction, texte francais plus bas) c'est tout a fait interessant = l'anisotropie est ici xi-cartesienne constante (et l'etude sort du 1d pour parler du vrai multidimensionnel) et on peut imaginer de plus sans trop de difficultés, les declinaisons variables localisées de cette anisotropie avec des bases cartesiennes et des ellipsoïdes/paraboloides et des poids et fonctions et vos exposents 'ai', tous localisés, variant en x tous chacun d'eux a sa facon, en centres, angles et en rotations, valeurs etc, pour vos operateurs et poids et fonctions diverses sur lesquels s'appliquent vos operateurs, variabilités plus ou moins lentes, rapides, (ir/)regulieres, adaptées, locales, gentilles ou pas etc. c'est assez parlant quand la fonction est la derivée ou le gradient d'une autre ou avec des etudes dans des espaces de besov, de sobolev ou tous espaces fonctionnels Es,p,q, avec s pas nul, s etant l'indice (integral) de derivation (au lieu des espaces a s=0, Lp, Lq etc) avec donc s, p et p variables en x = on s'approche de l'anisotropie geometrique, les feuilletages et foliations et des irregularités associées qui peuvent eg bien rendre compte de situations tres naturelles en physique mathematique comme les vortex patches et beaucoup d'autres.
(paper and project "Weighted Anisotropic Morrey Spaces Estimates for Anisotropic Maximal Operators" and "weighted anisotropic Morrey spaces...." by Ferit Gürbüz= I pronounce my self on its/their subject and not on the novelty that its author brings to it). the rg-profile of the author has 2 (slightly different) papers with same title, but one of them has a "full text" with the title ending with: "...AND 0 -ORDER ANISOTROPIC PSEUDO-DIFFERENTIAL OPERATORS WITH SMOOTH SYMBOLS" with an additional math paragraph.
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Dear Prof. Serfatti,
                                 You have raised a very importanrt issue which affects our newly discovered Dbranes String FUNCTOR ALGEBRA CALCULUS using Mathematical Physics and Quantitative Finance experiments and is based on the Analysis provided in proving the P vs. NP problem of Millenium Maths problems (Mallick, Hamburger, Mallick (2016)).  However, so far we have been able to formulate only the Fundamental Theorem in plain language which is stated on our www.econometricsociety.org/Soumitra K. Mallick website. The point is that we have not studied convergence properties of the FAC Integrals so I cannot tell you FAC has particular group homology properties over FAC algebras. This is a long drawn process of development of the Mathematical Fields which if you are interested in developing some feel free to communicate. My son who is in this with me will be specialising in Pharmaceutical Engineering Science (now undergraduate) where he studies Analysis as part of his course. So he may take more part in expanding this Maths also. Thanks for your question.
Prof. Dr. S.K.Mallick ForMemEPS, ForMemReS, MES, MAICTE, QC
for S.K.Mallick, N. Hamburger, S.Mallick
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Hi Dears, I have a problem in solving system of linear equations involving singular matrix. How we can fix the singularity of the matrix?
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You don't just fix the singularity. If the matrix is singular, then you have to work with it by using basic linear algebra. Numerically, its simpler to use, e.g., a QR decomposition of the matrix (instead echelon form) to determine if there are many or no solutions.
One often used solution strategy is to solve it in the least square sense. This gives you a solution which leads to the smallest residual norm in the Euclidean norm which, however, will be nonzero in general.
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Dear All,
Can I transform a linear fractional Volterra integro-differential equation into a fractional differential equation? If yes, then how?
The equations are written in the attached file.
Thank you very much in advance for your help.
Sarah
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Dear Sarah,
I think that you have to impose some extra conditions on f, k and even to the notion of the fractional derivative to obtain the corresponding fractional differential equation (FDE). Even in the simplest cases it is not clear what is the corresponding FDE. Let us consider a couple of examples.
First, take k(x,t)=1 and f is differentiable. Then differentiating
(1) D^\alpha y(x)=f(x)+\int_0^x k(x,t)y(t)dt
yields
(2) DD^\alpha y(x)=f'(x)+y(x).
But since the fractional integration and differentiation does not commute in general, DD^\alpha is not necessarily a fractional derivative of order \alpha+1. If D^\alpha denotes the Riemann-Liouville fractional derivative, then (2) corresponds to FDE:
(3) D^(\alpha+1) y(x)-y(x)=f'(x).
However, if D^\alpha denotes e.g. the Caputo fractional derivative, then DD^\alpha is not necessarily D^(1+\alpha).
Second, take k(x,t)=c(x-t)^(\beta-1) for some constant c. If c=1/\Gamma(\beta), then the integral term in (1) corresponds to the Riemann-Liouville fractional integral of order \beta, which is denoted as I^\beta y. If the fractional derivative D^\beta f exists and D^\beta is the left inverse of I^\beta, then (1) converts into
(4) D^\beta D^\alpha y(x)=D^\beta f(x)+y(x).
But for the same reason as in the first case, D^\beta D^\alpha is not D^(\alpha+\beta) in general.
Hopefully you will find this useful in your further considerations.
Best regards, Jukka
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Dear All,
I have a question regarding the the existence and uniqueness of a system of linear Volterra integral equations.
Does the solution exist? Is it unique?
What are the conditions on the kernels for the existence and uniqueness of this system of equations?
The equation is written in the attached file.
I would appreciate your help greatly. Thank you.
Sarah
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From practical perspective I feel that the uniqueness of the solution would depend on how many parameters you have in the set of equations.  In one case, I had 5 parameters.  It is like trying to fit in a 5 dimensional space.  Such solutions cannot be unique.  However, they do shed light on various other aspects and that itself is valuable.
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Dear all,
I have developed a new technique which solves linear integro-differential equations of fractional type. This includes Fredholm and Volterra equations.
I am looking for an application which can be modeled into such equation so I can apply my method. It can be any kind of application.
I also solve mixed system of equations e.g.1. A system of multiple Fredholm equations of different order of fractional derivatives (0, 1/2, 1, 3/2, etc..) or e.g. 2. A system of same or different kinds of Volterra equations. So, if there is an application to this kind of equation, it would be great!
I would appreciate your help. Please refer me to an article.
P.S. Only linear equations please.
Thank you very much in advance.
Sarah
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Dear Sara,
First of all, let me congratulate you for your achievement.
Do not bother about applications. Go on your research,
But if you want to have an application, you can see
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Are there some researches about the next dynamical system: x'=Z(x) where Z is the classical Riemann zeta function?   The equation is deffined in R^2\{1} and    x'=||x-1||^2 Z(x)   is an equivalent formulation. Riemann zeta is pretty important and a system like this may be studied by someone, right?
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Not sure if it completely addresses your question, but I immediately thought of this paper: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022314X14002868
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What is the following integral in closed-form?
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Simply solve it like this... 2 $(from 0 to a) sum(n=1 to infinity) ((-1)^(n-1))*((x)^(2n-2))/n!
2 sum(n=1 to infinity) ((-1)^(n-1))*((a)^(2n-1))/(2n-1) = 2 Si(a) .
where Si(a) denotes the sine integral.
If a = 1 then answer will be 2 * (0.946083) = 1.892166 . 
I think now your doubts are cleared Xumin Pu .
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Hi All,
To get EOM of a specific type of vibrating shell structure, I constructed the Hamilton equation of the system with messy and complex integrand (so many derivatives and variables are included). Now I have to calculate the variation of the Hamilton equation (del(int((T+U-V),t=t0..t1)=0) to get the EOMs and BCs of the system.
Is there anybody to know how to take a variation of such bulky integral in Maple?
Is there anyone to have experience in finding the EOM of shell structure using variational calculus in Maple?
Any comment will be useful.
Regards,
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Hi Zobair
I have posed my problem there, but have not received a good response yet. So do not refer elsewhere if you dont know how to solve the problem.
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If I have a general integral equation with a semi-bounded limits from zero to infinity and I want to apply this equation on some deterministic values. The integration in this case must be converted to a deterministic integral, but how?
for example, as shown in equation attached here, I want to find the integral for a specific range of frequencies.
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Your question is half-complete. This is one part of the Kramer's Kronig relationships.  See,
And as the link says,
Note that the singularity is stronger in this form making it less suitable for a numerical evaluation.
I suggest try to obtain an analytical expression for a given problem. Or, if you intend to do it numerically, then chose the right method depending on what you have in the numerator.
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Please help me to solve the integral:
$$\int_0^{-2w}\phi^{-k-\frac{1}{2}}\frac{{_2F_1(k-\frac{1}{2},k,k+\frac{1}{2};1-\frac{k-\frac{3}{2}}{\phi})}}{\sqrt{-\phi-2\omega}}$$ (see the attachment)
I have solved this in Mathematica.but I am not able to way a
general result even in the table of integrals. Please help me out. Thanks in advance
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Harikrishnan,
please write you message here rather than sending a private message. I am happy to get your reply that you could not solve it using Mathematica.
In reply to my question, you have sent a link of a pdf file about hypergeometric function. Thank you for it.  It is ok for them who are interested only in hypergeometric function.
Please note that here our interest is to perform the integration. So please take a handbook and find the series of 2F1. Please find the crietria of convergence of 2F1 function.
Next look at other terms in the integral and singularities.
I think it will help you.
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Dear All
Could you please help prove two integral inequalities in the picture uploaded to this message?
Best regards
Feng Qi (F. Qi)
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please see the attachment
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I have a question for how create the initial conditions for differential equation or integro- differential equation ?
Is there any specific conditions to be identified?
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I agree with George and Hasi that in most cases the i.c. come from the system you are trying to model.  However, there can be cases where one knows the state of the system at points in time other than the initial time -- either the final time, or at intermediate times between beginning and end, but you are still interested in estimates of the initial conditions.  These are 'boundary value problems', and some years back received a lot of attention as methods for numerical solution of multi-point boundary value problems became widespread.  My own experience was with using variants of the quasilinearization strategy to solve multi-point boundary value problems in ordinary differential equations.  Richard Bellman and Robert Kalaba, Rand Corp. were early pioneers in this area.  
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In the course of solving a problem, I am stuck with solving a problem which is a combination of hypergeometric function and two algebraic function. Here the integrals runs from 0 to a value 'u'. I have gone through almost all books available online and those in the library. Could you please help me out by suggest a book
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Thank you sir
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I have attached the file which contains the integral to be  solved. Please note that, in the expression B,phi are constants. Please help me out
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Are you sure that you attached the right file?
In the PDF I could not find any integal.
... the text about the fraction dy/dx is well written and very interesting, though. :-)
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Why series solution method is not applicable to Fredholm integral equation?
It is mainly used for solving Volterra integral equations.
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mathematics
optimization
least squares
numerical analysis
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It depends on the function; how it varies and your desired precision. Simpson's one-third is good to begin with and then you can go to gaussian 4-point, 8-point...  and so on higher quadrature methods. For most problems, Simpson 1/3rd or Gaussian 4 point is often sufficient.
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I want to draw upper and lower rectangular for sin(x)dx over [-π,π] dividing the partition into 6 equal intervals. 
I only want the drawing and I can solve it.
Best Regards,
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Dear Mahboobeh, since Graphmatica draws sometimes not correctly, I have made for you the upper/lower rectangles for sin(x) separately on [0,π] and [-π,0], with a partition in 6 intervals.
It is not perfect, however can satisfy your needs.
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I am working in theoretical plasma physics. In the derivation of nonlinear  dispersion relation for plasma the author integrated the equation along unperturbed orbits. The result was that he just multiplied with a factor of exp(ik.vt).I would like to know the concept behind this
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You should better have a look at Th. Stix, "The Theory of Plsasma Waves", where the topic of integration along unperturbed orbits is described in detail as the author invokes it when deriving the dielectric tensor in the linear theory. It is precisely this integration which leads to the Bessel functions in the formulas for the components of the tensor.
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i have 6 variables in my model and all variables are co integrated of order one I (1). but when i run Johansen co integration test i get Trace test indicating 2 cointegrating equation and Max eigen value test indicates no co integrating equation at level 0.05 so does it means there is no long term relation? Appreciate your help
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Am not sure whether Nguyen wants you to read all that many pages and derivations to answer your question. That's no help!! My suggestion is that you should focus on the trace-test results. Make sure your lag structure has no serial correlation. Look that the VECM of each model to see which vector has error correction term with a negatively significant coefficient that is less than one in absolute term. Then, ensure that you have used centered seasonal dummies and normalize on that vector. Please use fewer lags such as 1-4 since you have 6 variables but keep your eyes on white noise residuals. Johansen works better with more than 70 observations. 
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Hello all.
I am working on Deuteron Bound-State; Numerical Integral Equations and I need help finding a fortran code that calculates eigenvalues of Lippmann-Schwinger equation for deuteron bound states, prefarably one that follows Lanczos iterative scheme. Thank you
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Thank you Hasi Ray I have written the code
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Since this point is the intersection of the airfoil and the wake, it is difficult to deal with it in the Boundary Integral Equation?
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Dear Li
In the use of double node procedure on the corners, you can apply the boundary conditions as sharply traction. two Traction values must be considered in the before as well as after of that node which was assumed in the corner. Please see my works.
best regards
Panji
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Integration of tan(x) from 0 to pi/2, can the one use Jordan-contour to calculate it?
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In the case of (cot(x))^0.99, you are not avoiding anything as per the solution mentioned in the earlier link, since divergence comes into the picture only when |n| >= 1! The answer is true!
The integral with n = 0, 1, 2...  is essentially divergent in real plane and so there is none solution. You can find a convergent solution only in complex plane, but then how do you interpret imaginary part of the solution is more or less an open problem!
Alternatively if you are rigid for a real solution, then you have to escape the singularity through a branch-cut. See, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methods_of_contour_integration
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can help me
Numerical solution of the Volterra equations of the first kind that appear in an inverse boundary-value problem of heat conduction
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i want new efficient technique( from numerical method) to solve fuzzy volterra integral equation of the second kind and fuzzy initial value problem.
please , can you help me and suggest to me?
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I need researchers of Fredholm integro differential equation of first kind
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AIEM is used for soil moisture retrievals
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This is a commercial software product
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How do I calculate this integral in terms of Bessel functions? 
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 Hi, dear colleague!
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I am trying to solve the following integral equation:
P[b]=N\int_{-\infty}^{\infty} d \tilde{b} P[\tilde{b}] \exp(-(n\beta b^2)/2)\cosh^n(\beta(b+\tilde{b})),
where N is a normalisation constant and \beta, n are real positive numbers. For n=1  this equation has a solution  given by N\exp(-(\beta b^2)/2)\cosh(\beta b). Also when  n is a positive integer then it is easy to solve this equation numerically: in this case we can use Binomial theorem to write  cosh^n(x) as a sum and the problem becomes finite dimensional. I would like also to solve the above equation for non-integer n. I don't have much experience with integral equations and would appreciate any advise on how to solve this equation numerically or analytically.  
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This intergral equation can be reduced to the Fredholm integral equation with a separable (degenerate) kernel. 
First, you can use the identity $\cosh(\beta(b+\tilde{b})) = \cosh(\beta b)\cosh(\beta\tilde{b}) + \sinh(\beta b)\sinh(\beta\tilde{b})$ and then use the binomial theorem for $\cosh^n(x)$.
This allows you to represent the kernel $K(b, \tilde{b}) = N \exp(-(n\beta b^2)/2)\cosh^n(\beta(b+\tilde{b}))$ in the form $K(b, \tilde{b}) = \sum_{i} u_i(b) v_i(\tilde{b})$. See the next steps, for example, here (from p.6): http://www.maths.manchester.ac.uk/~wparnell/MT34032/34032_IntEquns.pdf
This is analytical approach. But if n grows, the size of the matrix A from the paper above grows too. Thus, this approach cannot be used for large n.
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The equation is of the type 
y''-a*integral(f(t-t1)*y'*dt1)-b*y=0?
where a, b are constants.
Any suggestions (books, articles, links, MatLab examples) are highly appreciated.
Thank you.
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Dear Ilya,
Please, have a look to the attached PDF file. I hope it helps.
Best,
Reinaldo.
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I have two systems of coupled integral equations to solve. I know how to solve a single integral equation by reducing it to an eigenvalue problem. How can two systems of coupled integral equations be reduced also to an eigenvalue problem. Can two systems of coupled integral equations be reduced to a single integral equation?
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It is hard to say yes or no, depends on the equations. Generally, linear and nonlinear integral eq.s will be helpful, it can give new solutions of the system based on a known solution. 
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It is necessary to solve integro-differential equations in attachement? Can you help with some references explaining the bicubic spline method applicable in praxis for solving the integral equation with variable upper integration limit?
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I hope so, if you have any detail problems, please contact me by email: zengshengda@163.com. Thanks
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I am working on charged colloidal one component system theoretically. Can anyone help me how can I maintain electroneutrality condition.
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Thank you Prof Vikhrenko and Prof Themis for your valuable suggestions..