Infectious Disease Control and Prevention - Science topic

Take a look at the following links.

well, the risk of conducting covid19 by using gloves or not the same but the gloves remember us not to touch our eyes,mouth and nose so don't get infection

properly if you contact with infected patient, at that time wearing gloves become a must

thank you

"In some circumstances the side effects of the vaccination are more likely than the effects of catching the disease, as was the case just before smallpox was eliminated."

I dont understand this sentance. Is something worse than permanent disfigurement and 30% mortality rates cause by smallpox?

"I think the benefits to society outweigh any individual harm, but ethical committees will disagree."

What ethical committees?

"If most of the population is vaccinated against measles, say, persons can rely on herd immunity and not bother to go to the trouble, discomfort and possible side effects of being vaccinated themselves."

Herd immunity only works if about 90% are vaccinated and this should only apply for people who can't get vaccinated due to medical reasons. Refusing vaccination based on some bogus internet claptrap is not a medical reason.

Try some of these links - I'm sure there is something here that you will find useful and assist you in your quest..

To avoid repetition, all comments made by colleagues are right. However, malaria control depends mostly on Government policies. We know the ways the disease and vector can be controlled. If the Government will respond to malaria the way they responded to Ebola,  I believe malaria will be eradicated in one year at most.

hi colleague. GeneXpert is a pertinent tool especially after three consecutive smears collected atleast 8 hours apart is proven negative on microscopy. However,it is recommended for specificity and sensitivity to conjugate smear microscopy and NAA detection to give a proper AII.  

 may the efficacy of the vaccines not enough or may presence of a new serotypes not included in the available vaccines 

Responsible dog ownership, stringent rules and regulation, ABC programme, scheduled Anti rabies vaccination campaign (year round), Proper waste disposal, public awareness and education, stringent rules, control in wild population through oral vaccines, prompt treatment and proper post exposure immunization in humans, more of a One Health approach involving various Human and animal health departments, wild life, environmentalists, Local government organisations, related NGO's, is the key for controlling rabies, rather than departments acting independently and reaching no where.

I think you can take the age of kindergarten and primary school kids,continuous itching, the use of cellophane tape

Food Standards Agency very important, for example see this survey from earlier in 2015 about chickens in supermarkets 

https://www.food.gov.uk/news-updates/news/2015/14003/campylobacter-survey-results-12months 

Obviously the farming industry, and food retail industry too. 

Dear Thomas, Many thanks for the reply. Probably a little more complex as there seem to be interactions with influenza, however, seemingly a new type of outbreak. See attached. Cheers Rod

Barnini, S., Ghelardi, E., Brucculeri, V., Morici, P., and Lupetti, A. (2015). Rapid and reliable identification of Gram-negative bacteria and Gram-positive cocci by deposition of bacteria harvested from blood cultures onto the MALDI-TOF plate. BMC microbiology 15, 124.

Carbonnelle, E., Mesquita, C., Bille, E., Day, N., Dauphin, B., Beretti, J.-L., Ferroni, A., Gutmann, L., and Nassif, X. (2011). MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry tools for bacterial identification in clinical microbiology laboratory. Clin Biochem 44, 104-109.

Deak, E., Charlton, C.L., Bobenchik, A.M., Miller, S.A., Pollett, S., McHardy, I.H., Wu, M.T., and Garner, O.B. (2015). Comparison of the Vitek MS and Bruker Microflex LT MALDI-TOF MS platforms for routine identification of commonly isolated bacteria and yeast in the clinical microbiology laboratory. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 81, 27-33.

Kohlmann, R., Hoffmann, A., Geis, G., and Gatermann, S. (2015). MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry following short incubation on a solid medium is a valuable tool for rapid pathogen identification from positive blood cultures. Int J Med Microbiol 305, 469-479.

Schneiderhan, W., Grundt, A., Wörner, S., Findeisen, P., and Neumaier, M. (2013). Work flow analysis of around-the-clock processing of blood culture samples and integrated MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry analysis for the diagnosis of bloodstream infections. Clin Chem 59, 1649-1656.

Singhal, N., Kumar, M., Kanaujia, P.K., and Virdi, J.S. (2015). MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry: an emerging technology for microbial identification and diagnosis. Front Microbiol 6, 791.

Hi Terri, I think this is possibly the first example of a new generation of more subtle diseases. The kinetics of spread are relatively slow and highly granular and this explains why these outbreaks have gone hidden for so long. Also this is not a 'silo' disease with a simple diagnosis, the effects are complex and can probably be best described as exacerbation of existing conditions. Hence it hides behind other recognisable diseases. Have just submitted a big review attempting to show that something like cytomegalovirus could cause such disease types. Still many questions to be answered which was why I asked for help. Cheers

Rod

Researchers from Gondar University ,Faculty of Veterinary Medicine ,Ethiopia,have published the following article. You may like to collaborate with them.

Time has changed and so are the need & demand. I personally feel one need BSL- 3. This will safeguard all.

You can find out more about Promed at: http://www.promedmail.org/

It is an email based service that people can email in reports of animal or human disease outbreaks. It is moderated by specialists in various disciplines such as virology etc. If accepted, then the emails reports are disseminated to all those on the network. Often, the specialists make comments to add to the report to fill in technical detail. Promed has been following the Ebola outbreak quite closely.

I fully agree that the measures of TB infection control should be in place at health care facilities. They usually are in place at TB departments. It is considered that health care providers working at triage are more exposed to TB. In 2013, a cross-sectional study from Japan involved HCWs from a hospital without TB-specific wards. The screening for latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) has been performed by interferon gamma release assay (Quantiferon TB Gold in tube). LTBI prevalence rate was 11% and questionnaire revealed previous close contact of the staff with TB patients. Please find attached the paper.

Probably the period of rubbing is less of a factor than frequency of hand washing; if the hands are frequently cleansed the level of contamination will remain minimal. Consider professionals like doctors and food handlers who wash their hands every time they touch a patient or handle food item; they hardly take a 30 s washing their hands because of the frequency. These individuals might be excellent study subjects for the topic on length of time for hand-washing.

Recent study (unpublished) of university students queuing for meals showed that heavily contaminated hands are not effectively decontaminated with ordinary soap and water when washing is briefly done. In this study (fearful of sounding biased) it was established that ladies' hands tended to carry more diverse variety of micro-organisms requiring extended washing period.

It might be, but that is very unlikely given that the reduction of P. falciparum is mostly related to the effect of the many interventions implemented in the region that are also efficient against P vivax. Epidemiologically, you will need to increase the population at risk (susceptible subjects ~ Duffy positives) as well as the population of mosquitoes that are efficient P. vivax vectors to close the malaria cycle. Both can be driven by migration, which occurs often and very intensively in some African regions. I do believe that this will offer you a partial answer to your question, although I'm afraid that the reality is far more complex than that. Africa offers a very favorable environment for vivax malaria transmission so once we have more subjects that are protected against it there is no reason to don't expect more P vivax malaria cases.

Hi Tim. The biosecurity advice which Joe Caffrey talked about at Neobiota practically mirrors ours at Cornwall College. The SINNG protocol has been rolled out at each of our campuses and our college minibuses carry a Biobucket which contains a brush and Virkon Aquatic spray. The website is in the process of being updated and the protocol will be available there soon if it isn't already. Happy to help further. 

Rodents indeed serve as reservoirs for many zoonotic diseases.  Many of these diseases are transmitted via parasitic arthropods, but others are transmitted simply by contamination of the environment by rodent feces or urine.  Also, many arthropod parasites of rodents do not survive long away from the host, and many do not prefer humans as hosts.  Thus, rodent-associated zoonotic diseases that involve synanthropic arthropod transmission actually circulate most effectively in the presence of healthy rodent populations close to human habitation or activity.  Thus, I would start with control of the rodents, then move to comprehensive sanitation of human activity areas that would eliminate both arthropods and other infectious contaminants.

Dear Enrique

There is no validated or approved technique for inactivation of viruses in whole blood, even for therapeutic use. While it is "relatively" easy to inactivate free enveloped and, to some extent as well, non-enveloped viruses in plasma, it is more complicated to inactivate cell asssociated (e.g. lymphocytes-associated) viruses without affecting the integrity of the cells. The only technique that could possibly do the job currently is photoinactivation combining a photosensitizer such as riboflavin and illumination. This technique is, however; yet not approved for clinical use and requires careful conditions for its application. Leucoreduction may remove some cell-associated viruses but would obviously affect the blood count. In conclusion, to the best of my knowledge there is no simple procedure that could ensure inactivation or removal of viruses in whole blood samples without affecting the integrity if the cells (RBC, platelets, WBC). Kind regards, Thierry

Please go this link: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/home

In the search box, type "ebola"

You can see the clinical trials of vaccines for ebola that have been completed and/or in progress since 2006.

Hi Ali,

the first paper actually has helped me to understand how ROS function and the response of the parasite to oxidative stress. However, I have already done my experiment with CellROX kit but had problems with the positive and negative control that the kit includes. Have you ever work with CellROX kit from Invitrogen? Do you know how to improve it performance?

Thanks so much for the answer and the papers,

Regards,

Anabel

Metaxantrone is good for treatment of multiple sclerosis but should be use by another corticoostroids.

The Aedes mosquito can be controlled through fishes (Poecilia), small crustaceans, in small artificial deposits like water tanks baby turtles has been used (Trachemys scripta) to predate on Aedes larvae https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Gerardo_Borjas/publications.

Some products with biological spores have been used in some countries: Bacillus sphericus and Bacillus turingiensis var israelensis (Bti) but there is controversy about if this a chemical or biological product.

About the vaccine, there is an expectation that in less than five years we'll have one, since several pharmaceutical companies are working in its development with a very strong support from Universities and International Organizations. The information has been summarized in previous entries

Thank Mr. Ghazal. Of course it is normal to have bacteria, for what I wanted to discuss was about rates up when you can say it is normal, taking into account the type of bacteria and the number of colonies.