Inequality - Science topic

Background Ensuring a healthy and diverse diet for young children is crucial for their proper growth and development. This study examined the trends and inequalities in minimum dietary diversity in Sierra Leone between 2013 and 2019, focusing on children aged 6–23 months. Methods The study employed a time-trend ecological study design utilising th...

This study discusses the phenomenon of vigilantism or vigilante action that occurred in the case of mass judgment against motorcycle theft perpetrators in Perum Kota Batara, Tangerang. This study uses a qualitative approach with a literature study method to analyze the relationship between inequality in law enforcement, public distrust of legal ins...

Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) ranks lowest on the UNDP’s Gender Inequality Index (GII), with a score of 0.56 out of 1 (1 being the worst), while Uganda scores 0.53, reflecting high gender inequality between males and females. These gender disparities are deeply rooted in longstanding inequitable gender norms and worsened by poverty. This study assessed...

This project explores the topic of inequality, and the economics behind it. Inequality is more than what seems to the eye. Researching on the topic provided me with greater understanding of what inequality is, its perception and understand the structure, which is carefully formed. This project consists of exploring the definition, Types of inequali...

The physical appearance, particularly beauty standards influenced by social constructs, significantly impacts a woman's self-esteem and employment opportunities. Regrettably, black women, particularly African-American women, often experience marginalization due to societal beauty standards, racial biases, and gender discrimination within patriarcha...

This study examines gender disparities in Cambodian higher education from 2015 to 2020, focusing on both enrollment patterns and academic performance across degree levels. The research aims to assess the effectiveness of national policies in promoting gender equity and to identify structural barriers limiting female participation, especially at gra...

The measurement of various economic phenomena, including income inequality, poverty, richness, inequality-of-opportunity, horizontal equity, mobility, wage discrimination and goodness of fit, are examples of the measurement of the divergence between distributions. In all these examples there is a reference distribution and the aim is to examine to...

Prior research on digital inequality has highlighted the role of sociocultural resources in shaping Internet beneficial use patterns by positively impacting on online literacy. Research on privacy protection online has—at the same time—shown the emergence of a “privacy cynicism,” where concerns about privacy fail to translate into protective action...

Aims: To comprehensively assess the global, regional, and national burden of infective endocarditis (IE) from 1990 to 2021, explore socioeconomic inequalities, identify performance gaps across countries, and project future trends through 2036. Methods: We extracted IE-related data from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021, including incidence, p...

This paper addresses the factors driving economic stagnation and inequality in the US over recent decades. We study a demand‐driven model with joint adjustment of the functional distribution and capacity utilization in the short run, and explore the dynamics of wealth accumulation and labor productivity growth in the long run. Our analysis formally...

Exposure to air pollution and excessive heat during hot‐and‐polluted episodes (HPEs) may synergistically cause higher health risks globally. Nevertheless, long‐term global spatiotemporal characteristics of HPEs and their health impacts remain unclear. Herein, we conducted statistical analyses using reanalysis data of fine particulate matter (PM2.5)...

This paper studies the effects of aggregate shocks on income inequality in Colombia using structural vector autoregressions (SVARs), identified with sign restrictions. We employ household survey data to construct a set of monthly income inequality measures and we find that inequality varies substantially and ambiguously over the business cycle. Con...

Background Gallbladder and biliary tract cancer (GBTC) presents a worldwide health challenge with a poor prognosis. Previous studies indicated an escalating burden and potential health inequalities, necessitating an updated investigation. Methods This study utilized data from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study, covering 204 countries from 19...

The significance of the Jensen inequality stems from its impactful and compelling outcomes. As a generalization of classical convexity, it plays a key role in deriving other well‐known inequalities such as Hermite–Hadamard, Hölder, Minkowski, arithmetic‐geometric, and Young's inequalities. So, this inequality has become an influential concept in a...

The current research explores the moderating role of professional participation in relation to the effect of transformational leadership on employee satisfaction within private Jordanian universities. With the complexity of challenges arising in educational institutions to retain a motivated and satisfied workforce, theorists have turned to the sty...

This article discusses the potential power inequalities caused by algorithmic bias in the age of artificial intelligence, aiming to guide technology companies in identifying biases throughout the AI lifecycle and taking effective measures to reduce discrimination arising from technology and algorithms. It emphasizes the importance of algorithmic pr...

This study examines the role of information and communication technologies (ICT) in the urban adaptation and socio-academic integration processes of immigrant students studying in Istanbul. Based on a literature-driven analysis, the research identifies the opportunities digital tools offer in areas such as language learning, social connection, and...

Bell's inequality is derived from the assumption of hidden variable. The theory of hidden variable was not consistent with the standard experiments known at the time of Bell's formulation. This is why Bell's inequality is not consistent with later experiments. Mathematical or theoretical formulations in Bell's theory are often inconsistent with phy...

Inequality of healthcare provision between metropolitan and rural communities is an enduring international concern. Geographical narcissism (GN) in medicine is a belief that the best healthcare provision only occurs in the big cities. In healthcare education and workforce development, there is a growing sentiment that GN exists, and is likely contr...

My book is under copyright but has not been published. Part I of the book criticizes the dominant ontological interpretation of quantum mechanics and offers a realistic interpretation. Part II offers realistic ontological approaches to the natures of space, time, intelligence, and qualia.

This study aims to analyze the expression of language sexism contained in the novel Perempuan di Titik Nol by Nawal El-Saadawi using a gender perspective. The research method used in this study is descriptive qualitative, with library techniques and reading techniques used in analyzing and classifying data in the form of words, phrases, expressions...

We study income inequality in the European Union (EU) following its 2004 enlargement. Using data from the World Inequality Database, we find convergence not only in cross-country GDP per capita but also across the entire income distribution. Despite rising inequality within some countries, strong income growth also for the poor in Eastern Europe ha...

Individual-based relative deprivation—feeling unfairly economically disadvantaged compared to others—fosters psychological ill-being and poorer physical health. However, research has overlooked the possibility that relative deprivation also undermines emotional well-being , which is distinct from ill-being and uniquely contributes to physical healt...

Inequality of opportunity (IOp) in stunting arises when disparities are linked to observable circumstances beyond a child/adolescent’s control, such as socioeconomic background or environmental characteristics. We use data from the 1991–2015 China Nutrition and Health Survey (CNHS) to investigate the overall level and temporal changes in inequality...

Took Law and Inequality as a class toward my masters degree and we wrote 2-3 page papers on the books we were reading for class. This is just an academic paper and nothing more.

Background The death of a child before their first birthday remains a significant global challenge, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa. This study examined the socio-economic and geographical inequalities in infant mortality in Sierra Leone between 2008 and 2019, utilising data from the Sierra Leone demographic and health surveys. Methods Three Si...

The phrase “educate a girl, you educate a nation” highlights the powerful impact of girls’ education on society. This review explores the ongoing barriers that prevent girls in sub-Saharan Africa from getting an equal education. It draws on peer-reviewed studies and international reports to identify key obstacles, including gender roles, harmful cu...

Despite trends of improvement in girls’ educational achievement over the last decades, gender gaps in mathematics to the detriment of girls persist in most European countries, while boys continue to perform worse in reading. The aim of this paper is to understand how different social contexts moderate gender gaps in mathematics and reading in prim...

Despite trends of improvement in girls’ educational achievement over the last decades, gender gaps in mathematics to the detriment of girls persist in most European countries, while boys continue to perform worse in reading. The aim of this paper is to understand how different social contexts moderate gender gaps in mathematics and reading in prima...

While “karma” is used so often in the West today that it has become almost a household word, surprisingly little attention has been paid to the socio-political role played by karma in Asian societies, past or present. In fact, it is no exaggeration to say that the very idea of karma having a socio-political role will come as a surprise to many. Tha...

[Stephen Roach, chief economist of Morgan Stanley, has written extensively on the “global labor arbitrage” and its increasing impact on politics and economics across the developed and developing worlds. The arbitrage is the result of two increasingly salient facts. First, a rapidly growing supply of skilled service-sector and technological workers...

Background In recent years, medical interventional treatment for children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) has been gradually introduced in medical institutions in the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region in southern China. However, the allocation of these medical resources has been uneven. This study describes the spatial allocation of medical reso...

The Heisenberg uncertainty inequality is used to derive a rigorous lower bound to the amount of isospin impurities, caused by the violation of isospin symmetry in $N=Z$ atomic nuclei, in terms of the difference between the neutron and proton radii and the sum of the charge exchange monopole strengths. We show that the inequality reduces to an ident...

In his Sociology of Religion, Max Weber suggested that one of the significant social impacts of religious ideas was to be found in what he called “the problem of theodicy,” the effort to reconcile a vision of cosmic order with the suffering, injustice and waste that marks so much of human experience. Among these religious responses to the problem o...

In December 2004, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) announced preliminary results of the second Program for International Student Assessment (PISA) survey that had been conducted in 2003 on 15 year olds from the 30 OECD members and eleven “partner countries” in mathematics, science, reading, and problem solving. This...

Since the early 1980s, China has been hailed as the poster child of post-socialist transition, shifting its revolutionary course via a reform that has generated the world's most dynamic growth in GNP and trade over a quarter of a century and elevated it to the forefront of nations attracting foreign investment. Often eclipsed in this glowing pictur...

This study investigates the intricate relationships among CO2 emissions, income inequality, the Economic Complexity Index (ECI), foreign direct investment (FDI), the Human Development Index (HDI), and the economic growth across countries. Three distinct models are developed: the first examines their effects on economic growth, the second analyzes t...

This essay explores the cost of higher education and the inequality of educational resources distribution in China and America. As both nations grapple with the challenges posed by rising tuition fees and the uneven distribution of educational resources, understanding these dynamics becomes crucial for policymakers, educators, and students alike. I...

This study explores the cognitive and motivational factors influencing the innovative behaviors of Malaysian FinTech entrepreneurs and their contributions to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), particularly in financial inclusion and economic growth. Using Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA), it examines the lived experiences of fi...

In this article, we establish two theorems that generalize the fractional Hardy integral inequality by incorporating several intermediate functions and parameters. The assumptions made are tractable. Some of them can be related to the notions of sub-additivity and sub-multiplicativity. The proofs are self-contained, without intermediate results, an...

Token-based digital economies operating without a central bank present both an opportunity and a challenge in the post-fiat era. In the absence of monetary authorities, decentralized economies must rely on endogenous mechanisms to control inflation, encourage circulation, and mitigate inequality. This paper presents a multidisciplinary investigatio...

This article examines the reproduction of fat-bias and stigma in the Ontario education system. In an effort to understand fatness as a ground of discrimination, we will thoughtfully explore the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms and precedent case law to understand how discrimination against fat bodies is an issue of disability discourse and s...

This paper deals with the radius of robust feasibility for an adjustable robust linear inequality system with affine decision rules under general convex compact uncertain sets. The radius of robust feasibility is one notion of “size” that determines the largest size of the uncertain set such that the non-emptiness of the robust feasible set of this...

This policy paper presents the case for expanding access to high-quality preschool as a strategic approach to reducing educational inequality and improving long-term economic outcomes in the United States. The argument is grounded in human capital theory and the concept of market failure, which together justify public investment in early childhood...

We examine the relationship between food insecurity and urban social disorder, featuring the degree of inequality and levels of governmental repression. We develop a formal theoretical model, and our empirical results suggest that food price volatility contributes significantly to conflict events as measured by the PRIO Urban Social Disorder data....

I study the impact of population diversity, determined predominantly over the prehistorical out‐of‐Africa migration process of anatomically modern humans, on present‐day gender inequality. Leveraging variations across countries and individuals residing in the same country but descending from different prehistorically indigenous ethnic groups, I fin...

Artificial light pollution at night (ALAN) poses significant environmental and social challenges, impacting biodiversity, human health, and energy efficiency. This study examines the spatial distribution of ALAN across England and its relationship with population density, income, and Index of Multiple Deprivation (IMD). Using 2022 VIIRS data, Moran...

There are two set of theories which talks about Inequality in international trade. First theory which was put forward by Gregory Mankiw, the notion that ‘trade can make everyone better off’. Second set theory which was put forward by economists like Krugman and Gunnar Myrdal which states that trade leads to divergence in regional incomes and thus l...

In the present paper Shannon's Inequality and its two generalizations are defined. Two new generalized mean code word lengths are introduced and their bounds in terms of the generalized measures of entropies are studied by applying the new two generalizations of Shannon's inequality thus obtained. Particular cases are also discussed with a list of...

Increasing thermal discomfort and thermal exposure threaten the health and well-being of urban residents. Existing research is usually limited to a single scale such as city-level and regional level. In addition, little has been reported on the differences in the inequality of population thermal exposure. In this paper, the Modified Temperature and...

As Under-5 mortality rate (U5MR) in India is still high; this study examined temporal progress and regional inequality over three decades to measure progress and persisting gap between and within the region of country. The study used ‘health equity framework’ and ‘social construct’ to examine progress and regional inequality at sub-national level....

With an emphasis on financial limitations, a lack of family support, and a lack of knowledge about financial assistance sources, this study examined the socioeconomic hurdles that prevented Pakistanis from pursuing higher education. In order to investigate these impediments, the study used a mixed-methods approach, combining quantitative data from...

This study aims to analyze in regard of women's social conditions in the film Holy Spiderdirected by Ali Abbasi. Using a descriptive qualitative approach based on Simone de Beauvoir's theory of women's position, Erving Goffman's theory of stigma, Michel Foucault's theory of power, and the sociology of literature approach, this research reveals how...

• Research suggests that declining poverty in Bangladesh has generally been accompanied by rising inequality, based on historical data from 1983 to 2016. • The evidence leans toward a moderate negative correlation between poverty rates and Gini indices, indicating that as poverty decreased, inequality often increased. • It seems likely that there a...

Context: Gender inequality is a widely discussed issue across various sectors, including Information Technology and Communication (ICT). In Brazil, women represent less than 18% of ICT students in higher education. Prior studies highlight gender-related barriers that discourage women from staying in ICT. However, they provide limited insights into...

This study extends the depth of academic literature by evaluating the imperatives of remittances, national income, and technology on the globalization-inequality nexus in the top 3 remittance-receiving countries. Furthermore, a novel multivariate quantile-on-quantile regression model and the causality-in-quantile procedure were relied upon for the...

Consumption inequality can reflect the real welfare differences among residents, and alleviating consumption inequality plays an important role in improving residents’ welfare level. Based on the 2017 and 2019 panel data from the China Household Finance Survey (CHFS), this study measures consumption inequality at the household level and examines th...

Background Acute mental health service use (AMHSU), that is, hospitalisations and emergency department (ED) visits for mental health, have been rising in the Canadian province of Ontario and globally; however, national-level estimates are not available. We examine trends and socioeconomic inequalities in AMHSU in the Canadian adult population betwe...

Poverty remains a pervasive global challenge, disproportionately affecting women, with profound implications for their well-being and that of their families. The aim of the study was critically examining the underlying factors contributing to the high incidence of poverty among women in Limpopo Province, South Africa. The primary concern of this st...

Context: Gender inequality is a widely discussed issue across various sectors, including Information Technology and Communication (ICT). In Brazil, women represent less than 18% of ICT students in higher education. Prior studies highlight gender-related barriers that discourage women from staying in ICT. However, they provide limited insights into...

Starting with the debate on the “resource curse”, the main aim of this paper is to evaluate the impact of natural resource rents on income/wealth inequality in the European Union (EU) during the period from 1990 to 2023. Excepting the Gini index, natural resources rents reduced other measures of income and wealth inequality, and the results indicat...

Using China as an example, we study artificial subnational boundaries-a phenomenon common across nations. We develop a parsimonious theoretical framework integrating historical, political, and economic geography to analyze these boundaries from their historical formation to their present-day implications. The historical component of our theory form...

This paper explores the concept, measurement, principal stylized facts, and theoretical aspects of compositional inequality. Compositional inequality refers to how the shares of capital and labor income vary along the income distribution. This analysis is valuable for several reasons. From a macroeconomic perspective, it elucidates the link between...

The power of adaptivity in algorithms has been intensively studied in diverse areas of theoretical computer science. In this paper, we obtain a number of sharp lower bound results which show that adaptivity provides a significant extra power in cryptanalytic time-space tradeoffs with (possibly unlimited) preprocessing time. Most notably, we conside...

Introduction Gout is increasingly recognized as a major chronic condition among older adults, contributing significantly to global disease burden, healthcare costs, and disability. Methods This study utilized data from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) database, covering 204 countries and regions from 1990 to 2021. We evaluated age-standardized i...

Nagy et al. [1] proposed an extended Pareto distribution called a survival-weighted Pareto distribution (SWPD). The proposed model proves to be the best fit for several extensions of the Pareto distribution. The current study provides quantitative features of SWPD through order statistics. The SWPD is characterized through the hazard rate function...

Background Satisfaction with healthcare security is a critical indicator of the effectiveness of health systems. Social equity and trust and the financial burden of healthcare are key socioeconomic factors that can significantly influence residents’ perceptions of healthcare security. This study aims to investigate the impact of social equity and t...

Introduction We aimed to describe global sex-specific proportions and case fatality ratios of bacterial meningitis and to explore their associations with the Human Development Index (HDI) and Gender Inequality Index (GII). Methods Google Scholar and MEDLINE (via PubMed.gov) were searched in January 2022 using the terms “bacterial meningitis” and “...

The issue of gender inequality has long been associated with Eastern societies, where it is seen as a result of cultural factors and prevailing traditions. However, this phenomenon is not exclusive to the East; rather, it is a global problem that manifests in different forms in Western countries as well. Despite the legal and institutional progress...

While the classical Faber-Krahn inequality shows that the ball uniquely minimizes the first Dirichlet eigenvalue of the Laplacian in the continuum, this rigidity may fail in the discrete setting. We establish quantitative fluctuation estimates for the first Dirichlet eigenvalue of the combinatorial Laplacian on subsets of $\mathbb{Z}^{d}$ when thei...

This paper aims to analyze finite-time stability (FTS) for a class of nonstationary nonlinear two-term fractional-order time-delay systems with α,β∈0,2. Using a new type of generalized Gronwall–Bellman inequality, we derive new FTS stability criteria for these systems in terms of the Mittag–Leffler function. We demonstrate that our theoretical resu...

Background The Scottish Government introduced the first phase of a new General Practice (GP) contract in 2018, aiming to transform primary care and address health inequalities. However, the impact of these changes on patient satisfaction is unclear. Aim To assess temporal changes in overall patient satisfaction, and satisfaction with access and co...

This publication, Access Denied: Corruption and Inequality In Zimbabwe's Service Delivery, presents findings from case studies which expose how systemic abuse, petty corruption, and discrimination undermine the delivery of essential services in education and health. The publication starts with the conceptual background of the topic, followed by two...

The 21st century has witnessed a dramatic shift in global power dynamics, with China emerging as a formidable economic and geopolitical rival to the United States. At the core of this transformation lies a growing ideological debate: Is the American commitment to free-market capitalism still effective in an era of strategic competition with state-d...

We study the convergence properties of the 'greedy' Frank-Wolfe algorithm with a unit step size, for a convex maximization problem over a compact set. We assume the function satisfies smoothness and strong convexity. These assumptions together with the Kurdyka-{\L}ojasiewicz (KL) property, allow us to derive global asymptotic convergence for the se...

Objectives To evaluate the global burden of blindness and vision loss (BVL) from 1990 to 2021 using a retrospective analysis of epidemiological data from Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study 2021 and to project trends over the next 15 years. Methods This retrospective study analyzed data on years lived with disability (YLDs) and prevalence across...

Social and environmental agendas are intricately connected and shape the international policy discourse. To support these discussions, we present a framework for interpreting global scenario outcomes on energy demand and supply-side transitions through the lens of societal well-being and minimum resource requirements. We develop and apply a new mod...

Background: Although children can contract COVID-19, their typically lower immune reactivity appears to shield them from the intense hyperinflammatory response observed in other age groups, leading to milder disease symptoms. Nonetheless, children’s infection raises the possibility of unwanted transmission of the coronavirus to others, especially b...

It has been proposed that slave societies were the most unequal societies in recorded human history. What little previous evidence there is shows an ambiguous picture, with levels of wealth inequality not necessarily higher than in non-slave societies. Our study contributes to the literature by studying wealth distribution and by estimating the fir...

Lymphatic filariasis (LF) is a neglected tropical disease predominantly affecting marginalized populations in resource-limited settings. It can lead to long-term deformities, disabilities, and reduced economic productivity. This study examines differences in Disability-Adjusted Life Year (DALY) and prevalence of LF across countries and regions and...

Background Health inequalities remain a global issue, deeply rooted in social, economic, and environmental determinants that shape health outcomes. This editorial examines these disparities and critiques the World Health Organization's (WHO) health definition to address the historical and systemic injustices that perpetuate health inequities. Meth...

Despite extensive scholarship on the impact of inequality on political trust, empirical evidence on the role of social mobility in shaping confidence in institutions remains scarce. This article contributes to the literature on political trust by analyzing how perceived social mobility influences trust in institutions across 18 Latin American count...

This study examines gender-specific patterns in household financial behavior based on a survey of 123 respondents. The analysis focuses on four dimensions: responsibility for managing the household budget, frequency of financial audits, investment orientation, and self-assessed financial literacy. Chi-square tests revealed a statistically significa...

This study examines the moderating role of gender equality in empowerment on the relationship between financial development and poverty reduction across 36 sub-Saharan African countries from 2000 to 2023. It employed the Method of Moments Quantile Regression with fixed effects to address endogeneity and outliers based on secondary data from the Wor...

In this study, the finite time quasi-synchronization (FTQS) of delayed drive response BAM neural networks (DRBAMNNS) was discussed. Without applying previous study methods of FTQS such as finite-time stability theorems, by using the Laplace transform approach (LTA) and inequality techniques (ITS), two criteria are derived to assure the FTQS for the...

Gender inequality is widely understood to be crucial to explaining the prevalence of intimate partner violence against women (IPVAW). Yet the “civilization thesis” links a decline in violence in general in the Western world to modernization processes/socioeconomic development that began during the Enlightenment. The research presented here asks whe...

Background Colorectal cancer is a high-burden disease that requires comprehensive multidisciplinary management. In Colombia, despite a healthcare system covering 97% of the population, socioeconomic disparities persist. Lower income levels are associated with decreased survival, potentially due to delays in diagnosis or treatment and a higher proba...

For every given $$\beta <0$$ β < 0 , we study the problem of maximizing the first Robin eigenvalue of the Laplacian $$\lambda _\beta (\Omega )$$ λ β ( Ω ) among convex (not necessarily smooth) sets $$\Omega \subset {\mathbb {S}}^{n}$$ Ω ⊂ S n with fixed perimeter. In particular, denoting by $$\sigma _n$$ σ n the perimeter of the n -dimensional hemi...

Este número especial aborda diferentes aspetos dos direitos e a saúde sexual e reprodutiva (DSSR) na África Ocidental. A investigação aqui apresentada foi, em parte, realizada no quadro de um projeto homónimo financiado pela Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (Sexual and reproductive rights and cultural resistances based on gender in Western Afri...

This study examines the entrenched patriarchal system in Shinyanga District, Tanzania, and its profound effects on women's lives. The research was conducted within a qualitative approach based on an interpretive paradigm. The data collected during 18 focus group discussions with 180 women, carefully selected from 18 different administrative divisio...

This research examines governance strategies to address gender inequality in the mining industry and enhance women’s empowerment. It identifies barriers preventing women from accessing opportunities and leadership roles through a systematic review of 37 articles published between 2014 and 2024. Data analysis using NVivo 12 Plus focused on themes su...

In 2017, the 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China introduced the concept of “high-quality development” to shift China’s focus from high-speed growth to a more inclusive concept. In August 2021, the Chinese leadership emphasized “common prosperity” as an essential goal for modernization. However, measuring “common prosperity” in th...

In the quest to reduce inequality in its various forms, researchers, policymakers, and industry players have embarked on efforts to uncover empirical evidence that could inform policy-driven recommendations. However, few studies have analysed how financial exclusion may influence consumption inequality. This study employed the Ordinary Least Square...

The Privileged Poor by Anthony Abraham Jack offers a compelling ethnographic account of how elite U.S. colleges stratify low-income students, privileging those who have been socialized into elite norms while marginalizing others who lack cultural capital. This review contends that Jack's work, while institutionally focused, is best understood as a...

Education plays a crucial role in shaping societal values and challenging structural inequalities. This paper explores how literature, particularly Shirley Jackson’s “The Lottery,” can be used as a tool to critically examine oppressive social norms within educational contexts. By applying Marxist and hyperrealist theories, the study analyzes how ri...