Indium - Science topic

Methane (CH4) formation from photocatalytic carbon dioxide (CO2) conversion in water is currently of interest because methane is a fuel, and it can also be transformed into other useful hydrocarbons. However, achieving high selectivity to produce methane remains a challenge because of the large number of contributing electrons (eight) in methanatio...

This work investigated the effect of partial replacement of sulphur atoms with selenium atoms (TlInSSe) and indium atoms with chromium atoms (TlIn 0.99 Cr 0.01 S 2) on the band gap and microhard-ness of TlInS 2 single crystals irradiated with electrons with energy of 2 MeV and a fluence of up to 1.5 × 10 17 el/cm 2. The band gap from the measured a...

This study presents a computational model for an advanced dopamine biosensing platform based on a halo-doped dual-gate tunnel field-effect transistor (DGTFET) incorporating high-k dielectrics and a silicon carbide (SiC) substrate. The proposed model utilizes a heterostructure composed of indium phosphide (InP) and gallium arsenide (GaAs), optimized...

Increasing power density and power consumption in electronic devices necessitate heat-dissipating components with high in-plane and cross-plane thermal conductivity to prevent overheating and enhance performance and reliability. Traditionally, polymer composites are made by incorporating rigid, high thermally conductive fillers within the polymer m...

Indium tin oxide (ITO) has been widely investigated for optoelectronic applications. However, the current study focuses on the thermoelectric aspects of ITO thin films. The thermoelectric transport properties of ITO have been further improved through a facile method of silver (Ag) incorporation into ITO thin films. The Ag incorporation introduces a...

Quantum dots are promising candidates for deterministic single-photon sources, yet achieving high photon indistinguishability at telecom wavelengths remains a critical challenge. Here, we report a quantum dot-based single-photon source operating in the telecommunications C-band that achieves a raw two-photon interference visibility of up to (91.7+-...

This study investigates the effect of Mn dopant on the performance of ZnO as an electron transport layer (ETL) in dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) applications. The Mn concentrations in the ZnO films were varied for 0 wt% (MZ1), 0.8 wt% (MZ2), and 1.3 wt% (MZ3) through the spray pyrolysis method. As a result, X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis reveal...

Colloidal nanocrystals (NCs) are a promising platform for infrared optoelectronics. Current efforts focus on designing NCs that absorb in the short‐ and mid‐wave infrared and integrating them into diode stacks. A major challenge is to coupling these sensors to read‐out integrated circuits (ROICs) for infrared imaging, which requires infrared‐transp...

Environmental needs and international regulations urgently ask for a robust practice for the recycling and reusing of critical components of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) to reduce the primary material demand and energy consumption. This work demonstrates a circular approach based on green solvents to refurbish critical materials of PSCs, i.e. SnO2...

This research proposes a selective polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) doping strategy to enhance the electrical stability of indium gallium zinc oxide (IGZO) thin-film transistors (TFTs). In contrast to conventional single-layer PTFE-doped IGZO TFTs, which increase electrical stability but face a trade-off with reduced mobility due to the uniform distr...

Indium phosphide (InP) quantum dots (QDs) have emerged as eco‐friendly substitutes for cadmium (Cd)‐based QDs. However, their electroluminescence (EL) performance, especially for blue ones, lags significantly behind that of the state‐of‐the‐art Cd‐based counterparts. This disparity can be attributed to the abundant defect states arising from their...

The effects of Indium (In) content on interfacial reaction and microstructure evolution of Cu/Sn-3.0Ag-0.5Cu-xIn/ENEPIG (SAC-xIn, x = 0, 1, 2, 5 wt.%) ball grid array (BGA) solder joints were investigated. The growth of intermetallic compounds (IMCs) were suppressed by the solid dissolution of In into (Cu,Ni)6(Sn,In)5, which further inhibited the g...

Colloidal semiconductor nanocrystals (NCs) of ternary I–III–VI compounds are promising luminescent materials for photonic and optoelectronic applications. However, defect‐induced broad trap emission dominates, and achieving band‐edge photoluminescence (PL) without appropriate shell coating remains challenging. This study introduces a synthesis rout...

Perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells have shown higher power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) than single‐junction cells. However, their record PCE still falls short of the theoretical maximum, and their stability is significantly lower than that of crystalline silicon solar cells. These challenges stem from the substantial losses in open‐circuit vo...

While HgCdTe remains the workhorse material for high-performance infrared (IR) detectors, there is still an ever-increasing demand for devices with lower costs and minimal defect densities. Epitaxial HgCdTe is typically grown on either low-cost Si substrates utilizing a CdTe virtual substrate with a large lattice mismatch or high-cost bulk CdZnTe s...

In this paper, six different types of solar PV technologies are compared in terms of their performances under tropical conditions, using three years of performance data from a 1.2 MW experimental solar farm. The technologies considered include single-crystalline silicon, polycrystalline silicon, microcrystalline silicon, amorphous silicon, copper i...

This study investigates the immobilization of dinuclear iridium‐imidazole complexes onto indium tin oxides for the electrochemical oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in acidic media. The immobilized iridium complexes show exceptional catalytic activity and stability, which are attributed to the facile cleavage of the elongated μO bonds between the two...

This paper conducted a single-factor experiments of micro-scale grinding of ITO conductive glass, changing the feed speed, grinding depth and spindle speed. The effects of temperature reduction on the micromorphology, surface roughness and transmittance of the machined surface were analyzed by comparing the experiments at normal temperature. The re...

We present a novel electrochemical platform for the sensitive and selective detection of yohimbine, an alkaloid commonly found in dietary supplements but linked to potential health risks. The sensor is developed by modifying a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) with graphene nanoplatelets (GN) and indium tin oxide (ITO), forming a GCE/GN@ITO electrode....

Self‐assembled monolayers (SAMs) serve as the hole‐transporting layer (HTL) in perovskite solar cells, yet their instability on indium tin oxide (ITO) substrates poses a challenge in practical. The typical SAMs are susceptible to solvents during the perovskite layer deposition process which can result in being washed or dislodged, thereby impeding...

Achieving brain‐level efficiency has long been the ultimate goal of computing. Considerable progress has been made in developing low‐power neuromorphic building blocks to enable efficient neural network training. However, ultra‐scalable nanodevices used for DropConnect regularization are demanded for full‐hardware implementation of deep neural netw...

Transparent and semi-transparent photovoltaics enable seamless integration of solar panels into building elements, thereby advancing the adoption of renewable energy utilization in the built environment without compromising design or functionality. Metamaterials can absorb a broad spectrum of light in the mid-infrared range while remaining transpar...

In this work, we reported the synthesis of a high-performance humidity sensor based on an indium oxide/zinc ferrite nanocomposite. The composite was prepared by hydrothermal technique, which resulted in a homogenous nanostructure. The structural and morphological characterizations were performed using XRD, FTIR, UV-Vis, SEM, EDX, TEM and BET techni...

Ga2O3 ultrawide bandgap semiconductors have garnered significant attention in recent years due to their ultra‐wide bandgap. In this study, the alternative III‐oxide material using indium and aluminum mixing to form (Al1‐xInx)2O3 alloy (AlInO) is systematically investigated using hybrid density functional theory calculations. The lattice constants,...

The article studies the optical properties of two-dimensional nanocrystals of semiconducting potassium selenium (GaSe) in the structure of the composite active layer of a device analogous to an organic-inorganic light-emitting diode under the influence of an external electric field. The prepared device is a thin dielectric composite with two-dimens...

In this paper, we propose a surface plasmon resonance (SPR)-based refractive index sensor for biosensing applications. The sensor has a Cu grating formed on an Al layer to excite the surface plasmons (SPs) on a metal dielectric interface. A graphene layer is considered on top of the Cu grating to prevent the corrosion and oxidation of the considere...

This study presents a detailed analysis of point defect migration in InxGa1−xN/GaN heterostructures, focusing on two indium compositions (x = 0.125, 0.25). Using density functional theory calculations, we identify the impact of indium content and temperature on the mobility of nitrogen, gallium, and indium atoms, revealing key differences in their...

In recent years, the electric vehicle (EV) market has expanded rapidly, and semiconductor materials play a vital role in improving the power conversion efficiency of EV chargers. The frequency of use of photonic chips is also gradually increasing. This study explores the advantages and challenges of using gallium nitride (GaN) and indium antimonide...

We report a monolithic GaN-based light-emitting diode (LED) platform capable of color-tunable white-light emission via LED size scaling. By varying the LED size from 800 µm to 50 µm, the injection current density was effectively controlled under constant driving current, enabling precise modulation of carrier distribution within a dual-composition...

In this article, we have taken the molecular graph of indium phosphide and line graph of subdivision graph of naphthalenic naphtalenicnano-sheet. Irregularity indices play an important role to describe the quantitative characterization of the non-regular graphs. In various problems and applications, particularly in the subject of chemistry and mate...

The integration of molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) and tungsten disulfide (WS2) as hole transport layers in polymer light-emitting diodes (PLEDs) is investigated using a wet-transfer method for deposition on indium tin oxide (ITO) substrates. Compared to conventional PEDOT:PSS/ITO anodes, WS2/ITO and MoS2/ITO devices exhibit enhanced performance, achie...

In this study, numerical models of surface plasmon polaritons at the indium antimonide (InSb)–black phosphorus (BP) planar interface are analyzed to explore the influence of carrier density, temperature, and the number of BP layers on the optical properties, specifically the effective mode index, phase velocity, and normalized propagation constant,...

Selective lateral heteroepitaxy provides a cost-effective and high-density option for monolithically integrating III–V lasers on Si-photonics. Compared with planar (001) quantum wells (QWs) using conventional vertical epitaxy, lateral epitaxy produces vertical (110)-oriented QWs with distinct structural, optical, and epitaxial characteristics. Unde...

The thermal stability of polymeric electrochromic devices (ECDs) on flexible substrates is crucial for most applications. In this study, the high‐temperature cycling stability of the side‐chain modified poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT‐EthC6) and Prussian blue (PB) ECDs on indium tin oxide coated polyethylene terephthalate (PET‐ITO) is inves...

Uniform alignment of liquid crystals (LCs) on indium oxide/silver (InO/Ag) composite films is introduced in this work. The films were prepared by a solution-processing method via brush coating, and the Ag concentrations were adjusted to 0, 10, and 20 wt%. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy was used to confirm the formation of the InO/Ag composite fil...

Photonic curing is a large‐area, high‐throughput thermal processing technique that uses high‐intensity pulsed light to selectively cure thin films on thermally sensitive substrates. This study employs 3‐dimensional (3D) simulation to show, for the first time, that gate geometry significantly impacts peak curing temperature during photonic curing. T...

Hybridfilms of poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT)/ indium-doped zinc oxide (IZO) and undoped ZnO were developed in this work for the detection of volatile organic compounds at room temperature. Indium-doped and undoped ZnOnanoparticlesweresynthesizedusingthesol−gelmethodand mixed with P3HT before deposition using the spin-coating techniqueoninterdigitat...

In this paper, we designed and demonstrated 2 × 2 and 3 × 3 optical switches using two-dimensional photonic crystals (2DPhCs). The proposed structure has photonic crystal (PhC) with indium phosphide rods arranged in an air background on a square lattice. The switch consists of input and output waveguides coupled through a ring resonant cavity to co...

Space missions critically rely on sensors that operate throughout the near‐ to longwave infrared (NIR – LWIR, λ = 0.9–14 µm) regions of the electromagnetic spectrum. These sensors capture data beyond the capabilities of traditional optical tools and sensors, critical for the detection of thermal emissions, conducting atmospheric studies, and survei...

Metal halide perovskites with their superior electronic properties, solution processibility, and scalability, are promising candidates for optoelectronic applications such as solar cells and LEDs. Although of importance for ubiquitous, intelligent electronics, reports on the application of thin film transistors (TFTs) fabricated from perovskites ar...

Indium, widely used as indium-tin oxide (ITO), has been recognized as a strategical metal for audiovisual, optoelectronic systems, semiconductors and photovoltaic fields. An increasing shortage and unflexible mineral supply have led indium to be recovered from secondary sources, such as waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE). The main ste...

This research investigates performance of homojunction p-i-n indium gallium nitride (InGaN) solar cells under concentrated sunlight (from 50 to 500 suns), utilizing SCAPS-1D simulation. The In0.4Ga0.6N solar cells demonstrate outstanding photovoltaic (PV) characteristics under high sunlight concentration. Under 50 suns, the solar cell exhibits shor...

In this study, we fabricated and analysed heterostructure thin films based on nickel oxide (NiO) films using the low-cost successive ionic layer adsorption and reaction (SILAR) method. NiO films were deposited on three substrates: indium tin oxide (ITO), fluorine tin oxide (FTO) and glass. The structural, optical, electrical and surface properties...

Hybrid-epsilon-near-zero (ENZ) metasurfaces, consisting of nanoantenna arrays on thin films of ENZ materials, feature a coupled resonance spectrum and have gathered significant interest for their nonlinear optical properties and their use in electro-optically tunable metasurfaces. While typically assumed to have a uniform permittivity, the ENZ film...

Oxidative addition most commonly involves the addition of a substrate to a metal centre. This reaction is fundamental across synthetic chemistry and underpins numerous catalytic methods. In the textbook description of oxidative addition reactions, a net increase in the formal oxidation state of the metal occurs with simultaneous bond breaking at th...

Coherent perfect absorption (CPA) dependent on orbital angular momentum (OAM) has been proposed theoretically but so far has lacked experimental validation. Here, we design an OAM-selective coherent perfect absorber and experimentally validate this intriguing phenomenon. By combining a spiral phase plate, a polarization-conversion metasurface, and...

Despite the occurrence of the β‐hydroxy‐α,α‐dimethyl carboxylic ester motif in many natural products, no attempt is made to synthesize this core structure via a racemic and enantioselective Barbier reaction. In this study, the optimized reaction conditions for the achiral Barbier reaction between allyl bromide and a 2,2‐dimethyl‐3‐oxopropanoate are...

This publication reports a novel hexagonal-structured localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) based photonic crystal fiber (PCF) sensor integrating gold, indium tin oxide (ITO), and silver as plasmonic materials. Utilizing COMSOL Multiphysics 6.1, the sensor’s structure was designed and a comprehensive performance analysis was conducted to optim...

The intersection of superconductivity and ferroelectricity hosts a wide range of exotic quantum phenomena. Here, we report on the observation of superconductivity in high-quality tin telluride films grown by molecular beam epitaxy. Unintentionally doped tin telluride undergoes a ferroelectric transition at ~100 K. The critical temperature of superc...

The highly selective capture of ¹³⁷Cs⁺ from complex solutions is still challenging because of its high solubility, easy mobility, and the influence of interfering ions. Here, a reliable strategy is demonstrated for specific Cs⁺ ion recognition and separation through constructing the confined space as an “ion lock” in the microporous framework. A ne...

We present light extraction efficiency (LEE) improvement for InGaN red micro-light emitting diodes (micro-LEDs) of various sizes operating at low current densities. We compared the characteristics of micro-LEDs with indium tin oxide (ITO) transparent p-electrodes with conventional opaque metal p-electrodes. 50 µm × 50 µm micro-LEDs with ITO p-elect...

In this work, a novel hydrogen process is proposed to enhance the stability of IGZO transistors without side effects such as defect generation or negative threshold voltage (VTH) shift. Conventional hydrogen treatments on IGZO transistors, including thermal annealing and plasma, typically resulted in excess hydrogen incorporation, leading to unstab...

The rapid recombination of photogenerated electron-hole pairs in ZnIn2S4 (ZIS) significantly limits its photocatalytic efficiency for hydrogen evolution. To overcome this challenge, we engineered a ternary Cu3P/ITO/ZnIn2S4 composite, where indium tin oxide (ITO) serves as a conductive mediator to enhance charge transfer. Synthesized via a hydrother...

We report the observation of the electro-optic effect in Bi 2Se 3 crystals induced by an intense single-cycle terahertz pulse. The effect reveals itself as a transient change of the polarization state of a femtosecond laser pulse reflected from the crystal that is exposed to the terahertz electric field. The corresponding experimental signal follow...

Photoelectrochemical water splitting is considered one of the most promising paths for sustainable hydrogen production. However, the sluggish kinetics of the water oxidation reaction and poor stability of the photoanode significantly limit the overall performance of the photoelectrochemical device, particularly under acidic conditions, which poses...

In this work, the characteristics of In2O3, CuO and In2O3/CuO films deposited on plastic waste substrates were investigated. The deposition was achieved using reactive dc magnetron sputtering. x-ray diffraction revealed the amorphous structure for In2O3 films whereas crystalline monoclinic CuO phase was observed for CuO and In2O3/CuO films. The nan...

Indium, a main‐group metal, has unique chemical characteristics that allow it to lose one or three electrons to generate indium ionic compounds or organoindium compounds due to its low reduction potential and large atomic radius. Organoindium reagents are insensitive to water and oxygen, which has made them widely useful in organic synthesis. As in...

Solution-processed metal oxide dielectrics often result in unstable thin-film transistor (TFT) performance, hindering the development of next-generation metal oxide electronics. In this study, we prepared fluorine (F)-doped zirconium oxide (ZrO2) dielectric layers using a chemical solution method to construct TFTs. The characterization by X-ray pho...

The misuse of antibiotics results in the emergence of a large number of drug‐resistant bacteria, which leads to huge financial and social burdens. Exploring artificial nanozymes is regarded as a promising candidates for the substitution of antibiotics, but still remain a huge challenge. Herein, a new strategy is reported for constructing polymetall...

Gallium‐based liquid metal alloys (GaLMAs) have widespread applications ranging from soft electronics, energy devices, and catalysis. GaLMAs can be transformed into liquid metal emulsions (LMEs) to modify their rheology for facile patterning, processing, and material integration for GaLMA‐based device fabrication. One drawback of using LMEs is redu...

We report an ion-gel-gated amorphous indium gallium zinc oxide (a-IGZO) optoelectronic neuromorphic transistors capable of synaptic emulation in both photoelectric dual modes. The ion-gel dielectric in the coplanar-structured transistor, fabricated via ink-jet printing, exhibits excellent double-layer capacitance (>1 μF/cm²) and supports low-voltag...

Semiconductor thin films are more than just materials-they are catalysts driving MEMS sensor technology toward enhanced performance, miniaturization, and cost-effectiveness. Recent innovations have highlighted their use, such as flexible transparent conductors and wide-bandgap materials, opening new possibilities-from wearable devices for medical a...

Quinolone antibiotics, particularly moxifloxacin (MOX), are increasingly contaminating aquatic ecosystems, posing significant threats to both the environment and human health. Due to its hydrophilicity and stability, traditional water treatment methods are ineffective in degrading MOX. In this study, a novel S‐type heterojunction photocatalyst, In‐...

Formaldehyde is a frequent indoor pollutant that poses a risk to human and environmental health and is suspected to be a carcinogen. However, achieving high sensitivity and selectivity for real‐time applications remains challenging. In this study, a room‐temperature operated formaldehyde chemiresistor is developed by cerium dioxide/indium oxide (Ce...

Layered chalcogenides are interesting from the point of view of the formation of two-dimensional magnetic systems for relevant applications in spintronics. High-spin Mn²⁺ or Fe³⁺ cations with five unpaired electrons are promising in the search for compounds with interesting magnetic properties. In this study, a new layered modification of the Mn2In...

The use of eutectic gallium indium (EGaIn) liquid metal alloy as anodes for lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) has been extensively studied owing to its shape‐deformable and self‐healing properties. However, to limit the damage to EGaIn anodes resulting from volume expansion during lithiation and delithiation, chemical modifications are required to stabi...

Defect engineering is an effective strategy for enhancing photogenerated carriers separation efficiency for the purpose of promoting photocatalytic CO2 reduction to CH4, which can, however, experimentally not be controlled, leading to the presence of excessive defects on the surface of photocatalyst, and thus crystal destruction and poor long‐term...

The continuous evolution of field-effect transistor (FET) technologies is essential to address the increasing demand for energy-efficient and high-performance electronics. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of advanced low-power FETs, focusing on semiconductor materials, architectures, fabrication techniques and applications. Emerging ma...

This study investigates the effects of concentrated sunlight on the performance of p-In0.01Ga0.99N/p-InxGa1−xN/n-InxGa1−xN$\text{p-In}_{0.01}{\rm Ga}_{0.99}\text{N/p-In}_{x}{\rm Ga}_{1-x}\text{N/n-In}_{x}{\rm Ga}_{1-x}{\rm N}$ (PPN) solar cells. We explore five InGaN‐based PPN solar cell configurations, characterized by varying indium mole fraction...

Colloidal InSb quantum dots (QDs) are promising mid‐infrared (MIR) photodetection materials due to their suitable bandgap, unparalleled room temperature electronic properties, environmental‐friendly elemental composition, and facile solution processability. However, current InSb QDs suffer from limited spectral absorption within 2 µm, polydisperse...

Metamaterials exhibiting exotic electromagnetic properties present new opportunities for countering multi-spectrum detection technologies. In this paper, a hybrid metamaterial with broadband radar cross section reduction (RCS) and low infrared (IR) emissivity for multispectral stealth was proposed. This hybrid metamaterial consists of a two-dimensi...

The design parameters of large-scale iron-chromium redox flow batteries (ICRFB) encompass a wide range of internal and external operational conditions, including electrodes, membranes, flow rate, and temperature, among others. Among these factors, the intrinsic structures of graphite felt (GF) and carbon cloth (CC) play a pivotal role in determinin...

Electronic devices based on flexible plastic substrates have much attention in the electronics future. A comprehensive analysis was performed to investigate the impact of thickness on vacuum-thermally produced tetra-carboxyphenyl porphyrin (TCPP) thin films on flexible indium tin oxide (ITO)/polyethylene terephthalate (PET) substrates. An X-ray dif...