Indian Ocean - Science topic

The snow cover of the Tibetan Plateau during winter and early spring has a relatively minimal effect on the intensity of monsoons for several reasons:

Overall, while the snow cover of the Tibetan Plateau does have some influence on regional climate and weather patterns, its impact on the intensity of monsoons during winter and early spring is relatively minor compared to other factors such as ocean temperatures, atmospheric circulation patterns, and land-sea temperature contrasts.

Thank you for the clarification Jan.

In that case I agree with you that the subject is both interesting and in need of further investigation. The calculation of the EEI is performed in a climatic sense over decade-long scales. So, in the approach you propose, I think that it is necessary to do a similar averaging and compare the anomaly of the intensity of all the metrics/mechanisms that you mention against anomalies in EEI.

Nevertheless, I would argue that the situation you examine in your test case, is a rearrangement of heat through advection within the system itself, and of course it is being examined on the scale of synoptic meteorology and not the climatic one. Even after all the statistics and averaging, you will still have to explain the mechanism of how an anomaly in, say, 850hPa southerly winds in the Arctic, translates to an increase in emitted ToA longwave radiation.

My original argument about complexity remains, as the EEI has to do with the surface of the whole Earth (or top of the atmosphere), meaning that one of the mechanisms you propose could be counteracting an other, in a complex system with so many degrees of freedom; thus, I would definitely anticipate to find some non-linearities involved.

Don't get me wrong, I still find this a highly relevant and interesting research topic. I am probably not as optimistic in finding straightforward one-to-one relations.

All the best

Stamatis

As there is no sufficient information provided, I would give very general suggestion for the 2nd question, "Could not load profile- Invalid id format" means that the IDs (I guess sample names) do not meet the requirement of MG-RAST, e.g., whether space is allowed, use hyphen. It is better to check the related information from MG-RAST.

Dear Borys Kapochkin

Thank you for posting this question. It is essential that the traditional model of tsunami generation is finally removed from the textbooks. We can find indeed several examples of the studies attempting to correct the paramount misconceptions about tsunamis. A nice example is presented in the following paper discussing rather simple but definitely adequate model

I wish I you the best in this New Year,

Janusz

In addition, I want to show graphs and maps from the dissertation of my graduate student Vadim Doli. He has little time now, he is a senior officer of the Ukrainian Army, in the war. look at the sea level map off the coast of the Hindustan Peninsula during the winter and summer monsoon winds (wind direction is indicated by the arrow). The level shows the shape of the geoid, that is, the anomaly of the gravitational field. In winter,the wind should lower the water level near the shore and in summer

raise the water level. But the level obeys not the wind but gravity.

We have chosen two points in the zone of monsoon winds. One on land, the other in the ocean. Look at the maps of the gravitational fie

Now look at the time graphs of the gravitational field at these points according to GRACE data.

It is important to state that during a positive extremum of gravity, a fixed mass of air weighs more, and during a negative extremum, less. However, at this time, the monsoon circulation is not manifested, that is, the extremes of gravity do not generate the movement of air masses from higher pressure to lower pressure. Under such conditions, the force of gravity holds a certain air mass, that is, the forces are compensated.

Monsoon winds arise exclusively in conditions of uncompensated forces, in the period of changes in gravity, when the weight of a fixed mass of air changes dynamically over time. In 2007, the strongest activation of the monsoon circulation was recorded. The value of the spatial gradient of gravity between the ocean and land was also maximum and reached 32.5 hPa.

The book: Introductions to Physical Geography Author: Dr. Abdel Aziz Tareeh Sharaf Publisher: Alexandria Book Center Number of Parts: 1 [The book's numbering is in agreement with the publication and is appended to the footnotes]

I guess in one of the papers by S. Gadgil, the details can be found. Also, you may visit an NPTEL lecture by S. Gadgil on the same topic.

Hope for u always success

The maritime limits of of an nation are usually governed by one of the only truly international legislations, known as UNCLOS (United Nations Convention of the Law of the Sea). It defines 3 different limits, namely:

Territorial Waters: Up to 12 nautical miles from a country's agreed coastal "baseline" extending seawards. Most countries can exercise their outright (national) jurisdiction in all matters only until this limit. Anything outside this limit falls actually within International Waters.

Contiguous Zone: extending 12 nautical miles seawards from the Territorial Waters, i.e. 24 nautical miles from the baseline, within which a country can exert "limited" jurisdiction with respect to its customs, immigration or pollution laws.

Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ): extends upto 200 nautical miles from the baseline. Mainly concerned with the exploratory limits for living and non-living natural resources (oil/gas/fishing) to which a country has sovereign rights.

The definition of "Baseline" can differ depending on the area in question, but in most cases it is quite close to the actual coastline (referenced to the visible coast at low tide).

However, like any other legislation of international significance, UNCLOS is fraught with certain inconsistencies and disagreements, in certain areas.

You may refer to below link to give you an idea of what the situation is:

https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/earth-and-planetary-sciences/maritime-boundary#:~:text=Territorial%20sea%20is%20defined%20under,and%20air%20space%20above%20it.

I think some of the data you expected will be available in the following article. Please see the Figure 4-2 [Natural gradients in ocean pH (total scale) across the Pacific, Atlantic, and Indian Ocean basins, showing the natural variation with both depth and latitude, for the period 1990-1998. Data from GLODAP (http://cdiac.esd.ornl. gov/oceans/glodap/Glodap_home.htm); after Feely et al. (submitted)] in the below mentioned article. particularly pH, salinity and carbonate ion concenration across the Pacific, Atlantic and Indian Ocean.

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/248700866_Impacts_of_Ocean_Acidification_on_Coral_Reefs_and_Other_Marine_Calcifiers_A_Guide_for_Future_Research/figures?lo=1

Glass shards and tephras have been reported from the late Early Miocene sediments (ca. 20 my old) of Andaman Islands.

Dear Hossein Jamshidi,

I think, ''Coupled Atmosphere-ocean Mesoscale Model'' would be a batter option in your case. Have a look at the attached article.

Please Check world Development Indicators published by World Bank

Hi there !

It's very difficult to find a short answer to such a question. But maybe I don't need to.

I would recommend you to look into the latest IPCC reports. While the new version of the main assessment report is only due in April 2021 (AR6 WGI: https://www.ipcc.ch/report/sixth-assessment-report-working-group-i/ ), there is already available plenty of available resources from the fifth assessment report https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar5/wg1/ and also from the special report on ocean and cryosphere (especially for the high mountain regions) and on the special report on 1.5° of warming ( https://www.ipcc.ch/sr15/ ).

What I find personally very interesting is how the monsoon systems will react to the impact of climate change. While during the holocene, both the Indian and African monsoon systems have decreased in intensity due to the impact of precession, it is not clear yet how they will evolved in a warmer climate.

I hope this helps, it is a lot to read, but the summary for policy makers can maybe already offer you the answer you're looking for. The complete reports are still very useful though !

Cheers,

Mathieu

Please take a look at this useful RG link.

Here is a recent 2020 publication on Indonesia gillnet bycatch, published in the journal Endangered Species Research:

Thank you very much for your answer. In most cases the margins can be clearly distinguished from the rest of the sickle, as you can see on the attached picture. The samples went through steps of chemical organic destruction. Their appearance, however, was hardly affected. I also think that the sickles are too big to come from diatoms. If these are actually sponge residues, what would be the best way to dissolve them?

For bivalves, a lot of distributional data were summarixed by Huber in two books (2010; 2015), I guess, you know them. There are xls files on CDs supplemented both books with distributio of all bivalve species known up to date.

Hello Thet Htwe Aung,

Hermit crabs are notorious for cryptic species. A description of the specimen would greatly increase the chance of identifying it positively.

The chances of the species being Clibanarius vittatus are not high given it's distribution in the Western Atlantic, however, based on the identifying features of that species, there are a number of Clibanarius sp. in your area, some of which share similar features (such as C. padavensis, C.infrspinatus, C. signatus, and C. striolatus all having similar darker colouration patterns with light lengthwise stripes on the legs).

All the best,

Mark

Okay..I will try it for all levels then, thank you so much, It was very helpful

Hi Golam,

Malaysia is divided into two parts: the western peninsula with capture fisheries occuring in FAO Area 57 (Indian Ocean, Eastern), and those from the eastern peninsula and Borneo (Sabah and Sarawak) occuring in FAO Area 71 (Pacific Western, Central). Landings reported in the online capture fishery production database are designated as such. Links below for the maps.

Shawn Booth

Time variation of MSLP is not the best diagnostic for midlatitude cyclones. I propose look at intensity of the vortex during nonlinear evolution for example its vorticity, potential vorticity, mean azimuthal velocity with respect to the core, and pressure contours around the core accompanied by water vapour tracer field. By these diagnostics the evaluation of nonlinear evolution is much easier.

An alternative source of information is "http://www.fishtraits.info/".

Important also is India's relations with Iran and the continuing development of Iran's Charbahar Port, permitted at this stage with the US 6 month waiver to India, and a waiver on the development the above port, and transport links through Afghanistan. The US recognises the importance of India's relations with Afghanistan, and has weakened it sanctions against Iran in the interests of its broader policy in the Indian Ocean and Indo-Pacific.

Hi,

"Partial regression" would be very useful in your case, and you can further test for the significance of the individual contribution using "t test".

Cheers.

Hello,

you need to be more specific about the region you are interested on. I don't know about the Indian EEZ. Within the SIOFA (Southern Indian Ocean Fisheries Agreement) Regulation Area, VMS data are being compiled. The creation of a database to produce SIOFA's fishing footprint is under construction and member states have different protocols for VME encounters. Beyond certain thresholds there is a move-on rule. No surveys have been carried out to investigate SIOFA VMEs, but some data might have been collected by Observer Programs of the member states.

Cheers,

Elena

Most theories of ENSO require large scale eastward (Kelvin) then reflected westward (Rossby) waves to propagate across the basin during a cycle the oscillation. This takes months for the Pacific due to its large size and this is thought to provide the long timescale of ENSO via the 'delayed oscillator' mechanism. The equatorial Pacific is bounded on the eastern side by a solid boundary (S America) which allows reflection of the initial Kelvin wave, although opinions differ on how important this part is. The lack of obstacles such as large equatorial islands or nearby coastlines in the central tropical Pacific compared to the Indian Ocean also help to allow the waves to propagate freely, supporting the El Nino - La Nina oscillation. These are a few reasons the Indian Ocean does not have an ENSO in it but note that the Indian Ocean dipole has some similarities to ENSO, but occurs on a shorter timescale.

Yes. First you have go through work by Saji et al. (1999). The IOD events are characterized by SSTA in the western tropical IO (50E-70E and 10S-10N) and SSTA in the eastern tropical IO (90E-110E and 10S-0N). This anomalous zonal SST gradient occurs in short time interval, generally having peak phase of SST anomalies in SON. For classification of IOD events and its intensity you can use normalized DMI.

Thank You Taotao Zhang

Dear Alistair,

yes, the reason is not too difficult, but it has two parts.

The first part is pure carbonate chemistry: the pH really is mainly a function of two quantities, dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) and Alkalinity (Alk). With rising DIC, at constant Alk, pH decreases, and with rising Alk at constant DIC, pH increases. The deep Pacific has a higher DIC, compared to the deep North Atlantic, hence its pH is lower; the tendency is somewhat moderated by the fact that Alk is also higher in the North Pacific, compared to the Atlantic, but not as much as DIC.

The second part is: Why is DIC higher in the deep Pacific than in the deep Atlantic? This has to do with the pattern of the deep ocean circulation, the overturning: Deep water is mainly formed (i.e. it had its last surface contact with the atmosphere) in the North Atlantic (North Atlantic Deep Water, NADW) and around Antarctica (Antarctic Bottom Water, AABW). From there it spreads slowly through the worlds oceans in a somewhat complicated patter, which is best described in a paper by Lynne Talley in Oceanography Magazine in 2013. The upshot is that water in the deep North Pacific is the 'oldest' water in the sense that is has been away form the surface longest.

And on its long travel towards the North Pacific, there has been a constant rain of organic particles into that water, which has been remineralised by bacteria and animals, releasing CO₂, i.e increasing DIC (and also nitrate, phosphate and silicate), and reducing O₂. In the Atlantic, the water simply hasn't had enough time to accumulate the breakdown products of the constant rain of organic particles.

There is of course more that can be said on that, but to first order that is the explanation, I think.

Cheers, Christoph

Dear Gazi Md Riasat Amin,

I suggest to take a look at https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/General/wave.html

it is the official site of NOAA (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration) and probably you will find the information you need.

Best regards

Alessandro

good morphological descriptions of Juncus species are here (please, see Juncus sect. Juncus): http://speciesplantarum.net/sites/default/files/floras/j/juncaceae_2_1.pdf

all vol. are here: http://speciesplantarum.net/published-volumes-species-plantarum-flora-world

Hi Mr Ezedigboh.

There are several papers in the literature as already mentioned above.

I would like to add a paper of ours on East Africa rainfalls that has just been accepted for publication on the Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society. Without pretending it to be general, I believe you can start from it to make up your mind on analysis tools and to inspect other results in the literature.

Hope it helps.

Cheers,

Vincenzo Levizzani

Dear Dr Date:16 Nov 2017

Family: Pomacentridae

Scientific name: Chrysiptera glauca (Cuvier, 1830)

En Name: Grey demoiselle

Description:

Dorsal spines 13; rays 12-13; Anal spines 2; Rays 11-13 (According to your specimen to count DS/Rays; AS/Rays)

Distribution: Indo-Pacific (Almost Tropical- Sub tropical region), Africa, Japan, Australia, Gulf of Mannar, India.

Maximum length: 11.5 cm

Life span: 3.5 years

Age at first maturity: 1.1 years

Food: plants/detritus

reg

Dr Vaitheeswaran Thiruvengadam

Whatsup No: +256 702071260

Uganda No: 0720029712 (Kampala, Uganda, East Africa)

Indian Moblie Number: +91 9043810354

E.mail: frs69@rediffmail.com

While the ITCZ is a widely used term for the whole globe ( seasonally variable equatorial region where the Trade winds converge as part of the atmospheric Hadley cells circulation), the OTCZ is not as common, and I think it is mostly used in the Indian Ocean.

The ITCZ  solely refers to an atmospheric proccess (convergence and convection) while the OTCZ seems to refer to the ocean region where the ITCZ is enhanced. Therefore, the OTCZ does not refer to a convergence in the ocean circulation surface. On the contrary, the ITCZ drives a regional upwelling (divergence) in the ocean surface due to Ekman dynamics.

Nisha:

Have look at this link for insights:

Best

Syed

Dear. Dr Auad

Oh, I really appreciate your help!

I will read the paper you attached thoroughly.

Thank you and have a good day :)

Best regards, Ji-Won

I have looked through the book of Kotlyar, it is definitely genus Diretmoides and very probably Diretmoides veriginae. See attached files. Of course it is in Russian, but the figures are very nice. Main visual difference between D.veriginae and D.pauciradiatus is that the first species have ventral fins reach origin of anal fin, while not in the second species.

Thanks Danial..This was really useful for me.

Hello Tom,

Apologies for my delayed response. Many thanks for letting know about the paper.

Best regards,

Netra

Photo 1-2 Harpacticoid; 3-4 Isopod, check the 4 the sample for chelate poda;

7- check sarcomastigophora/ protozoa

Remember the  deal :)

Dear Vladimir,

Thank you very much for sharing the article. It is very helpful for my present work.

Best regards,

Shalin

Read this

Salam Homma, I saw your question here on Research Gate. Have you tried going to:

You will be able to find many palaeoclimatic data sets there. For example, if you have Google Earth on your computer, you can download a file from the tree ring database called paleo_tree.kmz. When you open Google Earth you can go to "File" in your control panel, and then go to "Open". Then select "paleo_tree.kmz and it will load the locations of all the tree ring databases available. The you can go to your google earth map and click on any site and it will link you to the data from that record. I have provided you with that file below. If you load that into your google earth program...you will see how few records there are around the Indian Ocean, but there are some. The second file below will provide you with sea core data...and there is a lot from the Indian ocean. There is also coral data available as well. And there is are some speleothem data available off the Somali coast. And there are many other data sets available. You can go to the website above and go to a huge selection of data to download. Good luck, I was hoping to meet you, during the Geosciences Congress nest month, but the it seems that the ministry is refusing to give me a visa to attend the congress despite the fact that I am  I am on the International Scientific Committee for Quaternary Geology for the Congress.

Check papers by Dick Barber and Sharon Smith for starters. 

.....Solar System.

Several species of tropical marine green algae have a bubble-like morphology. But, this looks like the halicystis (gametophyte) stage of the green alga, Derbesia.

maybe this old  volume from the Siboga expedition may help. see:

This link may help you.

Dear Prince,

thanks a lot for the effort and time! I appreciate this! I have information from all these sites but what I would like to have in specificity is a complete comprehensive description! As of now, there is none available. I have to check in with identification guides published worldwide. Please do send me a copy if you find some information before me and thanks again for the help.

Best regards

Deepak

thank you so much for the response

Thanks Mr. Jonathan.

I'm using MG- RAST for this purpose. But, is interesting to test others tool.

Thank you Deepak. Will wait to hear from you.

Dear Sir,

I would like to get your help. I have mailed you. And sir I would like to know can I use Liveroms tool for plotting and interpolation of grid map for my project.

Dear Roberto,

Thank you again! Having a short look on the summary metadata it seems that from 1973 on there are some data that could provide the required data density. Hopefully this is the case.

Thanks and kind regards,

Balázs

Oops, the attachmen tis coming now...

This question has too many answers to be suitable for discussion in a format such as this. It is a bit like asking what controls the direction of the wind.