Immunology - Science topic

At this time ( Sept,2023) Dengue crisis is appearing worsen in Dhaka , Capital of Bangladesh. Patients are being treated by paracetamol only but high fever not responding, rather complications are encouragingly increasing. I believe, complications are due to cytokines or other chemical mediators released immunologicaly, attached to the target cells or tissue. I think, the half life of these chemical mediators is short and as soon as steroid starts acting against inflammation, the temperature rapidly subsided. As viremia in dengue may persist for several days steroid should be continued till the chance of inflammation. Rapid remission of temperature with a single dose of prednisolone within 6 to 8 hours is a miracle, though cause of this action is a matter of much investigation. However the information should be rapidly disseminated among the medical professionals for the benefit of the vulnerable patients.

Follow this link to join my WhatsApp group: https://chat.whatsapp.com/DFWrQDlF0o35FxY5oSkmuQ

Some immunologists believe that, after each round of antigenic stimulation, the progeny of memory B cells are more likely to become plasma cells (which die) than new memory cells (which survive). In vivo, this could translate into an increased number of effector cells in the secondary and subsequent responses, and a control on the possible overexpansion of one particular memory B cell clone. However, it also means that the host might one day no longer have memory cells of this clone to call upon when the relevant pathogen strikes. In this “decreasing potential hypothesis,” immunological memory is ultimately limited. In addition, for reasons that are not yet understood, memory cells specific for different antigens have different life spans. These variations have implications for how frequently a booster shot must be given to ensure complete vaccination against a particular pathogen.

Memory cells are incredibly powerful tools for our immune system and can be very long-lived, with studies showing memory B cells for smallpox persisting at least 60 years after vaccination and for Spanish flu at least 90 years after the 1918 pandemic.

Memory B cells have several unique features including long lifespan, high sensitivity to low doses of antigen, quick and robust proliferation, and rapid differentiation into plasma cells that produce high-affinity antibodies during the secondary response.

In this sense, Md Mominul Islam , memory cells can be understood as ‚intelligent‘ or ‚learning‘ cells, imo.

Greetings! I'm delighted to share my insights and experiences with you in the realm of transcriptomics, immune responses, and machine learning. When comparing the performance of random forests and decision trees in predicting immune responses using transcriptome data, I've found the following performance metrics to be most informative:

When working with complex gene expression data, it's essential to consider the biological relevance of the performance metrics. For instance, in some cases, a high accuracy might not necessarily translate into biologically meaningful results. Instead, focus on identifying models that capture the underlying biology effectively, such as those that distinguish between different immune cell subtypes or predict functional pathways.

To optimize model parameters and prevent overfitting, follow these best practices:

By considering these performance metrics, biological relevance, and optimization strategies, you'll be well on your way to developing robust and reliable machine learning models for predicting immune responses using transcriptome data.

With the progression of the detected case of desminopathy, the appearance of viruses and gram-negative rods was established, there was an excessive bacterial growth of the fecal microbiota with a pronounced increase in transient microorganisms, an increase in endotoxin. The results are presented in the article: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/372952519_CHANGE_CHARACTERISTICS_IN_SALIVA_AND_FECES_MICROBIOTA_OF_A_DESMINOPATHY_T341P_PATIENT

There are some differences between visual inspection guidelines for sterile immunological veterinary products compared to human products:

So in summary, while the general principles of visual inspection for defects and particulate matter apply to both human and veterinary sterile immunologicals, veterinary products lack standardized global guidance. Acceptance criteria may be more flexible based on a case-by-case risk assessment.

I hope this helps

Hi Sam Marcs, the issue you encountered with counting the magplex beads using a hemocytometer can be challenging without a dedicated cell counter. However, there are a few potential reasons for the discrepancy you observed:

Also, considering that your luminex test results were consistent with the expected concentrations, it suggests that the bead preparation and dilution were likely accurate. However, it's always a good practice to optimize your counting method and validate it against alternative techniques if possible.

If access to a cell counter is not available, you can explore other methods to estimate bead concentration, such as using a spectrophotometer to measure the absorbance at specific wavelengths or employing imaging software for automated counting based on images of diluted bead samples.

Cheers!

-H-

Activation of naive T cells generally requires antigens to be presented by dendritic cells in lymph nodes. Unlike the cells of the innate immune system, T cells and B cells can identify specific features of pathogens. Therefore, B or T cells can be raised against pathogens not detected by the innate immune system.

Here are some research topics in the field of immunology that do not involve wet lab work:

Dear Abdulla,

I have found several articles that are related to the topic you are interested in. Here they are for your reference. Enjoy your reading!

1. Emerging Immune Biomarkers for Prognosing the Outcome of COVID-19 Patients

2. Comparative Immunological Analysis of Vaccinated Versus Recovered COVID-19 Patients

3. Molecular Comparison of Recovered and Vaccinated COVID-19 Patients

4. Transcriptomic Profiling of Recovered and Vaccinated COVID-19 Patients: Insights from a Comparative Analysis

5. Comparison of Immune-Related Genes of Recovered and Vaccinated COVID-19 Patients

6. Altered Innate Immune and Inflammatory Responses in Response to Vaccine Versus Natural Infection of COVID-19

7. Serological and Molecular Evaluation of Vaccinated and Recovered SARS-CoV-2 Patients

8. A Comprehensive Comparison of Vaccinated versus Recovered COVID-19 Patients

9. Comparative Immunological Evaluation of Vaccinated and Naturally Recovered COVID-19 Patients

10. Differential Analysis of Immuno-molecular Parameters Between Vaccinated and Naturally Recovered SARS-CoV-2 Patients

Best regards, Saif

Spectratyping is indeed a commonly used method for TCR repertoire analysis, particularly for assessing the clonality and diversity of T-cell populations. However, it is important to note that spectratyping primarily provides qualitative information about the distribution of TCR lengths and does not offer detailed sequence-level information.

Several software tools are available for TCR repertoire analysis, which can be used in conjunction with these sequencing methods. Here are a few popular ones:

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Dear professor,

sorry but I have many problems to partecipate at the Conference because of my cronic heath problems.

All my best, Catina Feresin

cortisol, testosterona , Iga salivar, glutationa reduzida (GSH), glutationa peroxidase (GPx), catalase (CAT), proteína carbonilada (PC), substâncias reagentes ao ácido tiobarbitúrico (TBARS), atividade da enzima mieloperoxidase (MPO), metabólitos do óxido nítrico (NOx), proteína C reativa (PCR), spo², il-1b, nfkb, tnf-a

There are a number of factors to consider and certainly there are ways to preserve and store plates for longer periods of time. However, in your case the key question is the stability of the antigen. If you know the antigen is stable, then you should be fine to store for several days in the coating buffer before proceeding with your ELISA. I have done this with several antigens and have never observed an issue with using the plate within a week. Hope this helps.

Hi Keshav Bhatnagar ,

This might not be exactly what you need, but should give you a reasonably good idea what approach to take based on the equipment used in the protocol you are trying to replicate and the equipment available to you:

http://vesicles.niifhm.ru/

Some of the theory to help you understand what calculations are being done in the background can be found here:

https://handling-solutions.eppendorf.com/sample-handling/centrifugation/this-and-that/detailview/news/adapting-centrifugation-time/

Hope this helps!

The shift between two opposite direction of change is the rule for regulatory genes that work as 'toggle.switches' in which the biphasic alternation of two conditions is the basis for a sort of digital control of biological regulation. It is not by chance that a great part of toggle-switches are retroviral origin sequences that mirror the lytic-lysogenic phases of viruses and phagi, see:

If you are talking about using the antibodies as the affinity matrix (such as in immunoaffinity chromatography), I would suggest that the way to avoid damage to the antibodies from proteases in a crude extract is to save the immunoaffinity chromatography for the last step in the purification, at which point the protease activity from the crude extract should be greatly reduced. Begin the purification with ion exchange, hydrophobic interaction, and/or gel filtration chromatographies. Use a protease inhibitor cocktail when making the crude extract.

"Genetically restricted" in the context of immunology refers to the idea that an individual's immune system is only able to recognize and respond to certain types of pathogens, or disease-causing agents. This ability is determined by the genes that an individual inherits from their parents, which encode for the proteins that make up the immune system. These proteins, called antigens, are used by the immune system to identify and target pathogens. An individual's immune system is only able to recognize and respond to a limited range of antigens, meaning that it is genetically restricted in its ability to defend against certain types of pathogens. This is why some people may be more susceptible to certain types of infections or diseases than others.

1. Develop an Area of Expertise: Develop a specific area of expertise related to your research interests. This can be done by reading relevant books, journal articles, and other resources in your chosen field.

2. Network: Networking is important for any researcher. Reach out to colleagues, professors, and other experts in the field for advice and to stay abreast of the latest developments.

3. Attend Conferences: Attend conferences related to your research interests to stay current on the latest developments and to meet other researchers in the field.

4. Join Professional Organizations: Joining professional organizations related to your research interests can help you stay current on the latest developments, as well as provide you with access to valuable resources.

5. Develop Collaborative Relationships: Connect with other researchers for collaboration opportunities. This can help you develop new ideas, gain new perspectives, and learn from one another.

6. Utilize Online Resources: Take advantage of the wealth of information available on the Internet. Use search engines, databases, and other resources to stay up to date on the latest developments and research findings.

7. Publish Your Work: Publishing your work is a great way to make a name for yourself in the

Yes, artificial intelligence (AI) techniques can be used in immunology to analyze and interpret large amounts of data, such as genetic sequences and protein structures. AI can be used to identify patterns and correlations in this data that may not be easily visible to the human eye, and to make predictions about how the immune system will respond to different stimuli. For example, AI can be used to predict the likelihood of an individual developing a specific autoimmune disorder or to identify potential targets for immune-based therapies. AI can also be used to analyze the results of immunological experiments and to develop new computational models for studying the immune system.

As far as I know all lymph nodes are almost same other than sizes !

From our experience, the concentration data of the manufacturers are oversized. We use only 1 μl on about 1x10^6 cells in 100 μl. So far, we have always been able to achieve good FACS results, whether with antibodies for mice or humans. Decisive is of course the amount of your marker to be detected and the correct selection of fluorochrome which have a different intensity. Therefore, a prior establishment of the fluorochrome composition is always advisable. Regards

Hi, Dr. Edmund Pool,

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Best regards,

Dr. Z. D. Norman

Hello Mahmoud Gharieb

It will depend on the concentration-exposure relationships that can differ between individuals, due to acquired or genetic host factors. The type and intensity of interaction between the drug and target may relate to both the dose and duration of treatment.

Some off-target effects are both directly immune-mediated and associated with immunological memory of varied duration (drug hypersensitivity), whereas others without immunological memory might have an immunological phenotype, such as non-IgE-mediated mast-cell activation seen with the use of certain antibiotics like fluoroquinolones.

Best.

Dear Jean-Jacques Pin Jacques, I have a question related to the supplement. Is it okay for using BM-Condimed H1 for human hybridoma production?

Sorry for asking through this discussion

you can sequence both the transcriptome and the TCR of single cells using the same kit from 10X genomics

Hello Hyungjoo Kim

Yes, I do have some ideas that may be of interest to you.

As you may be knowing that T-cell therapy trials have been successful in certain blood cancers. But what about cancers that are solid tumors?

Solid tumors pose challenges for immunotherapies that aren’t factors in liquid tumors, where the cancer cells are in the bloodstream and are more accessible to immune cells.

There are a lot many factors within the tumor microenvironment that can shut down T cells, and these factors may/may not be the same for every solid tumor. There might be certain types of immune cells which might hinder this process, or cancer cells themselves might put up a fight by sending immunosuppressive signals that is likely to further dampen the anti-cancer immune responses.

What are your thoughts on this?

Another interesting idea! Still unanswered.

Can cancer be prevented by training our own immune system?

For this purpose, we would have to characterize the genome and the immune environment which is associated with precancerous growth. Find potential targets and bombard them with immune boosters or develop vaccines to prevent cancerous growth.

Best.

Hi Tulika, I am also switching my studies to 384 well plates. I will be using suspension cells not adherent. I am wondering what was your experience with 384-W plate.

Thanks a lot in advance,

detection the low concentration (as you said) of anti-dsDNA IgE depends on the sensitivity of your ELISA kit. but you also can make a pilot test by using different dilutions to find out the best dilution concentration that you should use it.

Hi Paulius Valiukevicius

I would suggest you pass your cells through a 40 um cell strainer prior to your FACS analysis. That should help with your clumping issues, but you might loose some cells.

Please note that human T cells express human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DR-alpha (DRA) upon mitogenic or antigenic stimulation, which makes them incredibly sticky, especially when you culture bulk PBMCs without separating the different cell types prior to setting up your cultures. I hope that helps.

All the best & good luck with your experiment.

Michael

Hi Sudeep Kumar Maurya

I commonly use CD3 to gate T cells; then CD4 and CD8 to gate T helper cells and T cytotoxic cells, respectively; Then using a CD3+CD4+ gating (Th cells) you could use CD25 and CD127 in combination to distinguish between effector T cells (CD127+CD25low) and regulatory T cells (CD127low CD25high).

You can check one of my articles for that: doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-43622-8

Best

Juanjo

Hi,

Check the references below:

HCMV UL83/pp65 (NLVPMVATV)

Reference: UNIPROT https://www.uniprot.org/uniprotkb/P04439/entry

CMV pp65 peptide NLVPMVATV (HLA-A*0201) is a single peptide for stimulation of T cells. The peptide from human cytomegalovirus (CMV) phosphoprotein (pp65) is synthesized as it is presented by the MHC class I HLA-A*0201 allele and can be used for targeted in vitro generation and expansion of antigen-specific CD8+ T cells.

Reference:

"Although the anti-pp65 antibodies and the pp65 antigens are detected in immune-depressed patients with active viral infection [16], the antibody response to the pp65 antigen in normal infected individuals is not always detectable by immunoblotting [17]. It has been reported that the pp65 antigen is targeted by a cell-mediated immune response and that its vaccination can induce a pp65-specific CTL response"

Reference:

or https://academic.oup.com/cei/article/143/1/167/6440089

Hope it helps,

Best regards

Tomasz

No, there are essentially 3 major types of immune response to infection: an antiviral response which illicits interferon, a pro inflammatory response that makes il1, il6, tnfalpha etc wich is normally directed against bacterial and fungal infections ( and can lead to cytokine storm) and then the allergic response directed against allergens like ova that generates il4, il10, il13.

In mouse models, balb/c mice are typically used to study allergic responses as thy are inherently more allergic and c57bl/6 are used to study proinflammatory responses and diseases because they are inherently more prone to this type of immune reaction.

May be this article can help

It's better if you provide more details about your questions. based on my experience, the flowjo software can show distinct populations based on their marker expression intensity. in a flowjo plot, one dot represent one cell, so you can also get the percentage of every population you have. these are basic functions that flowjo have, for more detailed, you can search on the official FLOWJO website or there are some useful youtube video that show how to analyse flow data by flowjo.

Hi, also you could give a try to ENCODE. Check out the following link, there is an overview of the immune cell lines profiled by different omics.

1. Equip and Encourage

As leaders, we should make time to debrief college students about their experiences. Talk to them through their missions experience, and while doing so, inspire them to follow what they have discovered back on campus. Provide avenues for scholar missionaries to use what they have realized in their mission experience on campus and thru your ministry. Intentionally suppose outside the field about how to connect their special journey to special ministry opportunities.

Lauren and Ryan began dating before Lauren left for a semester of missions journey in South Asia. While she used to be serving in India, Ryan looked around to see the multitudes of Indian students on campus. He started apartment ministries with these students which eventually supplied avenues for Lauren to make investments in ministry to South Asians when she lowers back home.

2. Challenge

Hold college students accountable. Help them be accurate stewards by means of difficult them to use the journey God has given them. When time and college lifestyles seem to take over, mission them to stay the course.

The testimonies stated above haven’t stopped. Haley has lately back to East Asia – this time as an English teacher. She has had the probability to construct some of those relationships that started out on her campus in Alabama, through connecting with these equal college students in East Asia! While Ryan and Lauren are preparing for the subsequent steps overseas, they have maximized their professions to be planted in a predominant US town among South Asians here. They are taking this time to study more about the subculture and put it together for a probability to serve in South Asia.

Progenitor cells in the tumor are usually Granzyme K⁺ and slowly proliferate. As the cells flip towards transitory/effector-like they become Granzyme B⁺ and stay Granzyme B⁺ as they further exhaust. So in essence there are Ki-67⁺ (with the capacity to proliferate) cytolytic cells and non-proliferating/terminally exhausted subsets.

It is stochastic, or random. The receptor repertoire based on vdj, alpha beta v delta gamma and n and p additions result in a nearly unlimited. Umber of potential receptor rearrangement. The naive t cells enter secondary lymphoid organs at the instruction of chemokines and 4andomly test against antigen presented in the context of correct mhc. In this scenario, it I'd the antigen that selects the correct tcr, resulting in clone proliferation. The t cell is the passive player.

Can I also get recommendations for universities offering masters in the same subject abroad as well. I am also looking for those options as well.

Are you using this as a stain for dead cells?

7AAD is a fluorochrome used as a marker of apoptosis, and is typically added as a last step.

I don't think you need to remove before your run, however, I would consider doing a longer incubation.

Take a look at this protocol: https://www.thermofisher.com/document-connect/document-connect.html?url=https%3A%2F%2Fassets.thermofisher.com%2FTFS-Assets%2FLSG%2Fmanuals%2Fmp35123.pdf

Hi André Cronemberger Andrade I read your comment and I would like to know if you have any protocol for what you mention about sensitizing the elisa plate to later detect surface proteins in exosomes. Do you use elisa plates of any particular brand?

I would appreciate it if you could help me, thanks in advance.

Also these are good:

1- Writing Research Papers. Student's Book: From Essay to Research Paper

Dorothy E. Zemach, Daniel Broudy, Chris Valvona - 2013 - 128 pages

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Part of: English for Academic Research (11 Books) | by Adrian Wallwork | Mar 3, 2016

3- https://www.scribbr.com/category/research-paper/

Hi Sandeep Kumar Dhanda

Just visit the website of IEDB Analysis Resources. You can see the role of Machine Learning Algorithms in reverse vaccinology, mainly epitope predictions.

Kalyanaraman

As far as I understand, your data points/conditions are nested within individuals (donors) creating non-independence. In other words, the same individuals provide data for each condition. If that is true, then a paired test such as repeated measures ANOVA would be most appropriate. One way to examine this is by looking at whether the observations across conditions are correlated. For paired observations, you will typically find a positive correlation of the DV scores across conditions reflecting the non-independence of the data points.

Hello Hasanthika C. Adhihetty

Immunology is a branch of biomedical science that deals with the study of immune system in health and disease. It has applications in various disciplines of medicine like oncology, virology, bacteriology, and organ transplant. With a Masters in immunology, you have various options open like Clinical Research Assistant in hospitals and clinics, technical support in clinical instrumentation like flow cytometry and ELISA-based techniques, and as a teaching faculty in universities.

Immunology is an interesting subject. If you wish and have a liking for immunology you can study further and complete your PhD in immunology and become an immunologist. This will be an added advantage as it will help you acquire a much higher position in academics, research or pharmaceutical industry.

All the Best.

Have a look at these useful links.

Kindly visit...

Sorry it is outside my aera of expertise

Let's change it this way, Its possible to get serum from EDTA-K₃ plasma? the answer is yes.

Briefly, Centrifuge sample for remove of blood cells and keep buffy coat plasma at -20 °C. After thawing of the sample, dispense in another tube 1.0 ml of plasma add 26 μl of 1 M CaCl₂ and incubate overnight in +4 °C. A clott is present at the end of incubation that must be squeezed and removed, obtaining clotting factors free serum.

The difficulty is that if Antibodies bind nicely to your antigens it's usually that they are very affine to them and subsequently separating them is sometimes denaturing the antibodies themselves. They are some Mild elution buffer made up by Pierce you might give a try on that.

Other than that is to use maybe a higher salt content to protect antibodies but this is rarely working perfectly

Some more litterature you might want to read

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Hi,

Very important question. Moreover, the question is why (.... from my current knowledge please correct if I'm wrong) from more less 100 mAbs approved by FDA only 2 are bispecific ..... I think another trend is competitive for the "multispecificity" of mAbs. Its cocktails of mAbs (cocktails therapy). See some examples below:

1 https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-approves-first-treatment-ebola-virus

2 https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/coronavirus-covid-19-update-fda-authorizes-monoclonal-antibodies-treatment-covid-19-0

3 https://www.fda.gov/media/106517/download

4 https://www.fda.gov/drugs/drug-safety-and-availability/fda-authorizes-bamlanivimab-and-etesevimab-monoclonal-antibody-therapy-post-exposure-prophylaxis

I think that cocktails therapy will be a more dynamic trend than "multispecificity" (because of higher and higher availability of different monospecific monoclonals)... and many other reasons,

Best regards

Tomasz

Fcs alternatives for HL 60 neutrophil like cell line is FPS (slightly different).

FoxP3 + should be CD4+CD25+ Tregs. of Couse,FoxP3 should overlap with CD3+ T cells. usually CD3 should be expressed on the cell surface, while FoxP3 should be expressed in the nuclear of cells. they should co-expression in one cells. if you see they are differently localized. it means it is a unspecific binding and it is not correct. I often see some published paper they are wrong! confocal will detect them more accurately!

Overall, PRNT has been reliable and a mainstay for virology and vaccine development. Here are the limitations I've found personally:

1) The throughput of the assay is somewhat limited due to the necessity of plaque counting as opposed to an automated read-out of reporter gene activity. I've really only done manual counts, and it looks to be somewhat difficult to automate the process. There are scanners with software for counting, but the visibility of the plaques and contrast with the uninfected monolayer can be limiting and the software may not give accurate counts. Related to this is the need to have the plaque size of the target virus being uniform so that counting is accurate.

One workaround is to examine the dilution series of each antibody and count only the two wells that bracket the endpoint, such as the 50% reduction in plaque counts. That can often be done in a hurry or to get preliminary data around the endpoint titer, but you lose a lot of information that way.

Another caveat for plaque counting either by human or machine is the necessity for cell monolayers to be uniform and complete enough in each well to get accurate plaque counts. If the cells do not form a 100% uniform monolayer by the end of the plaque growth against which the plaques can be counted, then it gets tricky, especially if the plaques/monolayers are stained with a dye rather than by immunochemical staining which may be better at showing the infected cells on a bad monolayer but is more time intensive.

2) The biosafety containment needs to be commensurate with the target virus biosafety. Often, researchers use the replicating virus of interest in the PRNT as opposed to a pseudovirus or chimeric virus which can be made to have lower biosafety requirements but will often have a reporter transgene if one is going to all the trouble of constructing these.

3) For some viruses that are more difficult to neutralize than others, it can be a little tricky to normalize the input virus between assays. This is more of a problem with the relationship between virus and neutralizing antibody concentrations, but practically speaking, inherent variability of the virus input can alter the results up or down depending on how much virus ended up in that assay. That can create more work in trying to put a large dataset together and have the assay data from each run match each other, say by the use of the results of a standard serum/antibody used in each assay.

4) One meta-problem that I've encountered is not the assay's fault, but rather the design of the assay with respect to the target cell. Viruses can enter the cells of various cell types in various tissues by different mechanisms, so the use of a non-physiological cell type for the neutralization assay can give nice, consistent results, but results that aren't useful going forward. For example, the human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) field for years employed primary human foreskin fibroblasts as the cells in the assay for which the neutralization of virus infection by antibodies was measured. This use is/was due to the very limited range of cell types that are available for permissivity of this virus for replication and plaque formation, so the cell type used is one of convenience (which itself is relative since these cells have limited passages). HCMV vaccine development experiments used these cells, and it wasn't for decades was it discovered that viral entry into endothelial cells is a more accurate assessment of neutralizing antibody responses compared to blocking entry/infection in a fibroblast. Thus, the fibroblast data wasn't particularly enlightening in the context of neutralization mediated protection. The cell type in the assay should be scrutinized when embarking on PRNT assays rather than treating them like another reagent in the assay.

I submitted a survey. Best of luck!

Live cell imaging with specific marker proteins

Have a look at this useful link.

Please have look on our(Eminent Biosciences (EMBS)) collaborations.. and let me know if interested to associate with us

Here is our lab page: https://www.eminentbio.com/home/members

Here is our publication: https://www.eminentbio.com/home/Publication

Our recent publications In collaborations with industries and academia in India and world wide.

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Our Lab EMBS's Publication In collaboration with Gandhi Medical College and Osmania Medical College, Hyderabad 500 038, India. Publication Link: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27450915

Our Lab EMBS's Publication In collaboration with National College (Affiliated to Bharathidasan University), Tiruchirapalli, 620 001 Tamil Nadu, India. Publication Link: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27266485

Our Lab EMBS's Publication In collaboration with University of Calicut - 673635, Kerala, India. Publication Link: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23030611

Our Lab EMBS's Publication In collaboration with NIPER, Hyderabad, India. ) Publication Link: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29053759

Our Lab EMBS's Publication In collaboration with King George's Medical University, (Erstwhile C.S.M. Medical University), Lucknow-226 003, India. Publication Link: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25579575

Our Lab EMBS's Publication In collaboration with School of Chemical & Biotechnology, SASTRA University, Thanjavur, India Publication Link: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25579569

Our Lab EMBS's Publication In collaboration with Safi center for scientific research, Malappuram, Kerala, India. Publication Link: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30237672

Our Lab EMBS's Publication In collaboration with Dept of Genetics, Osmania University, Hyderabad Publication Link: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25248957

Our Lab EMBS's Publication In collaboration with Institute of Genetics and Hospital for Genetic Diseases, Osmania University, Hyderabad Publication Link: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26229292

Sincerely,

Dr. Anuraj Nayarisseri

Principal Scientist & Director,

Eminent Biosciences.

Mob :+91 97522 95342

Dear Dr Larenas,

I invite you to read these articles to understand the relationship between SARS-CoV-2 and allergen immunotherapy:

Best regards,

Pr Hambaba

Ashraful Hoque sir, please share your opinion on this...

Hello, I find these interesting articles:

Best regards,

Pr. Hambaba

Dear Nicolas,

I invite you to see this article:

Best regards,

Pr. Hambaba

Polyvalent vaccine commonly used in vaccination policy from different serotypes for the same disease.The occurance of vaccine Anti_BRD clonality is a lot and more narrow but if antibody enhancement in vaccinated region ,no clonality elsewhere to compasate,you must consider these variant invaccinatin programm under scientfic base vaccine must be strain variant vaccine(Include the variant in the region.

Hi Samuel,

Even though this discussion is from 2016, I was wondering if you are able to comment on your observations of the Hela cell lysis? In particular, do you still see the membrane, just non-spherical? I am currently attempting a hypotonic lysis of HEK cells, but for the wash step am only adding water to a cell pellet and discarding the supernatant with out resuspension as I want to avoid premature lysis of cells before a final resuspension step in water and sample transfer. If, I can, I will attach an observation of HEK cells after 15 mins. The membrane is not circular and you can visibly see strands coming from the cell after staining with Propidium Iodide. I plan to run some proteomics experiments on the cells, so I need to be absolutely sure that they are lysed. Any help would be greatly appreciated!