Science topics: MedicineImmunology
Science topic
Immunology - Science topic
Immunology is a broad branch of biomedical science that covers the study of all aspects of the immune system in all organisms. It deals with the physiological functioning of the immune system in states of both health and diseases; malfunctions of the immune system in immunological disorders (autoimmune diseases, hypersensitivities, immune deficiency, transplant rejection); the physical, chemical and physiological characteristics of the components of the immune system in vitro, in situ, and in vivo.
Questions related to Immunology
I am wonder if any one have a good experience in the IHC multiplex satin. i will study the co expression of biomarkers. any suggestion and recommendation please.
thanks
I am working on peripheral T-cell Lymphoma and looking for methods, assay how to see that isolated granulocytes are activated. I would be very grateful for suggestions.
Hi all,
I am new to immunology field, need some help to distinguish CD3, CD4, CD8 and CD25. What are differences between them for T cells? How to decide which CDs are specific for T cells, B cells, neutrophils and macrophage.
Hi,
Anyone here using FloJo to analyze data for instance lymphocytes population, please show how will be the outcome after analysis using this software?
In terms of statistics ?
I want to download transcriptomes from different types of immune cells T, B, Effector T cells, plasmatic cells, monocytes, macrophages, etc. It can be from microarray, RNAseq or scRNAseq from human tissues
Hey guys,
I have a list of full mouse TCR sequences that I got from my vdj scRNA seq experiment, I am just wondering if there is a tool that might help me to predict what these TCR might recognize?
if possible please elaborate the phenomena also
To provide some context:
Once an antigen is processed endogenously or exogenously by the APC's (ex: dendritic cells), it is then presented on MHCI or MHCII as a peptide.
specific naive Tcells have a matching Tcell receptor that is complimentary to the presented peptide. considering the incredible diversity of peptide antigens that can be presented, what governs the production of Tcells having the exact match to the presented peptide?
What is the mechanism of Tcell receptor diversity considering that somatic hypermutation is designated to Bcells?
(picture adapted from: Molecular biology of the cell - Garland science 2008)
Please let me have a simple question, "Should 7AAD be washed before Flow?". After I stained 1 million cells with antibodies and washed them, I will add 5uL of 7AAD. After incubation for 5 minutes in RT, should 7AAD be washed before the flow cytometer run? I mean, should the cells stained with 7AAD be washed 1-2 times before the flow cytometer run? Or, can I run the cell suspension that includes 7AAD as it is?
My 7AAD product does not have any protocol, and although I search on the internet, each protocol I found differs widely.
i am in my 6th semester and i am looking for some good colleges other than IIT's that are offering masters in immunology and molecular biology in india. can i get some recommendations on the same?
I want to detect a specific protein in a pool of exosomes from plasma by ELISA, but I don't sure if the exosomes before ELISA test are o not disrupt using RIPA buffer or another methods. What is the different? The capacity to bind at well is the same in one of this way?
Hello,
I am considering measuring total IgE, as well as anti-dsDNA IgE in mouse serum (most likely via ELISA) and I was wondering whether anyone has any experience in this. The animals in question are lupus-prone and non-immunized. Does anyone have recommendations regarding serum dilutions for such ELISAs? Regarding total IgE I have found recommendations in the range of 1:10 - 1:50 (for non-immunized animals). However, I couldn't find any information on anti-dsDNA IgE ELISAs. Maybe serum anti-dsDNA IgE concentrations are too low for ELISAs.
I would greatly appreciate any feedback!
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#MachineLearning
Hello researchers,
I was wondering that what are the most remarkable applications of machine learning algorithms in Biological sciences?
My naive thoughts are:
DeepMind by Google: Protein Structure predictions
#Epitope predictions by DTU - Technical University of Denmark in Immunology
Predicting tumor entities by DKFZ German Cancer Research Center for Central Nervous System.
Please add to this list, looking forward for an interactive discussion.
#structuralbiology #bioinformatics #research #immunology #cancerresearch
My experiment consists of a ex vivo stimulation experiment on isolated human monocytes.
Each biological replicate consists of the same isolate of human monocytes (derived from the same donor) and for each biological replicate there are three treatment conditions. The dependent variable for the experiment is secretion of a specific cytokine. In the analysis I am comparing the mean cytokine secretion of each group against every other group.
I am however unsure when comparing these means whether the data points for the three treatment conditions from each biological replicate should be considered paired or unpaired, as this will obviously influence the statistical test I use?
Thanks,
Gabriel
I'm a biomedical science graduate and hope to continue my MSc in immunology. I would like to know the career options I can have with master's in this discipline.Is it a good area of study. What are the MSc programs available related to immunology? please, recommend me.
Egypt has the highest prevalence of HCV. What is the major risk factor or history behind it?
Hello.
CIBERSORT or CIBERSORTx calculates "p-value" for each analyzed sample. This value seems to suggest the reliability of CIBERSORT analysis for each sample. If it will be p>=0.05, we may exclude the sample from the downstream analysis. However, sometimes we experience that more than half of our samples are excluded by the p-value. It will make the downstream analysis difficult.
Does anyone have a similar experience, and how do you handle this issue?
I am looking forward to your valuable advice.
Hello.
I would like to check cell changes by culturing T cells isolated from PBMC in amino acid-rich or deficient medium. How long should I culture in rich and deficient mediums to check cell changes?
It is also a concern whether it should be cultured in rich/deficient medium from the beginning, or whether it should be cultured in normal medium at first and then moved to culture them.
I'm sorry that my English is not good! Please give me a lot of answers! :)
To obtain serum from fresh blood, it should be drained to a dry collecting tube. We have access to Buffy coats with CPD as the anticoagulant. How can we obtain serum from this?
Antigens are coupled covalently to carboxylated magnetic beads, after immunologic reaction it is planned to elute antibodies and use the for next experiments. We have already tried to elute antibodies with low pH buffers like 50 mM glycine (pH 2.70) and 100 mM citrate (pH 3.0). Eluted antibodies were rapidly neutralized with 1M Tris buffer (pH 8.5), however, repeated run did not show positive reaction with eluted antibodies. Please, help find the best protocol!
Respected researchers or professors,
I am Kumar Sharp, currently a third year MBBS student from India. I will be graduating medical school in 2024.
I have a very keen interest in Pharmacology, drug development, infectious diseases, microbiology and immunology. I have done my best to develop my interests in research and development, public speaking and leadership, publishing work in COVID-19 as well.,which you can see from my profile.
I would like to pursue my future career in these fields and teaching. I belong to a middle class family and do not have adequate resources to apply for international exams.
Can you all suggest if there are any ways to apply for these specialization in countries other than India.?
Hi all,
I am trying to do a cell sort and collect equal numbers of CD3+CD8+ and CD3+CD4+ t cells from naive C57BL/6 mouse spleen. Theoretically 70-80% of CD3+ cells should be CD4+ and 20-30% should be CD8+, but when sorting the other day, the yield of CD3+CD8+ was only ~3% (we need at least 1 million, so this is not nearly enough), with 85% being CD3+CD4+ and the remaining likely be dendritic and NK cells. Based on the sort data, it is unlikely there was an issue with the antibody itself, nor the concentration used (I've also used it recently with no issues). Any thoughts on why I am experiencing significant loss of these CD3+CD8+ cells in comparison to the CD3+CD4+ t cell population?
Thanks for any advice you can provide!
Bispecific antibodies, trispecifics or other formats have been and are still explored as powerful drugs against various cancer types. However, potentially these therapeutic agents could have a much broader application range. What are the reasons, researcher focus on cancer (beyond the obvious ones like incidence rate, death toll...)? The concept of bridging two or more epitopes on different cell types could in my mind potentially be extended to quite a vast range of targets. What about engaging bacterial cells? And what about non-peptide epitopes? Curious to hear some interesting thoughts!
I was wondering if anyone has any experience using alternatives for FCS in their HL60 cell culture (or similar cells), I've read that they can sometimes be cultured serum free. However long term I was wondering if there were any alternatives.
I'm happy to do a side by side comparison myself, but any starting input would be great.
Thanks for any help
Hi all, I did an IF staining for FoxP3 and CD3. Apparently, I can't do double staining due to the antibody available both from the same host. I just wonder if FoxP3+ cells must be overlap with CD3+ t cells? I saw more Foxp3+ cells than CD3+ cells in this case and wonder if the Foxp3+ I saw was a false positive. Any idea? Thanks in advance!
Hello there, i'm working on a differente approach for Plaque Reduction Assays, and i would like to ask you, professional working with this type of technique: which are the major problems found by you when working with PRNT?
We are reaching you out because we are working on a project at the RWTH university Aachen, called Epi-Blood, which enables counting of leukocytes in frozen blood retrospectively, with high accuracy and requires only low volumes. www.Epi-Blood.de
We would like to understand the demand of the service that we will provide in the research sector. Therefore, we ask for just 2 minutes of your time to answer only 5 multiple choice questions. If you feel like contributing, please use the link below to start the survey. Thank you for your participation!
Hello Everyone,
How to perform proliferation assay in terminally differentiated effector cells, I am not very successful getting proliferation in these cells. Please anyone suggest me to how to do it successful way or if anyone overcome similar situation share your knowledge that would be great help.
Thanks in advance for your time
Vertigo is a condition that can make it feel like you or your surroundings are spinning, sometimes leading to a loss of balance, according to the U.S. National Library of Medicine.
Coronavirus 2019 or COVID-19 is a novel entity which had led to many challenges among physicians due to its rapidly evolving nature. Vertigo or dizziness has recently been described as a clinical manifestation of COVID-19.
So, Are dizziness and vertigo COVID-19 Symptoms? and why?
HI All,
I'm doing a survey as part of an Audacious program (https://www.startupdunedin.nz/audacious), which essentially is a StartUp initiative at Otago University. I'm curious to understand what level of programming do biologists these days need during their day to day research.
For all the biologists out there here are some questions to start the discussion on this topic:
1) Have you done any programming till date? If so which language did you use and for what purpose?
2) How have to overcome programming limitations? For example, did you get the work done through bioinformaticians, or sought help from your programming friend, etc?
3) Have you used online biological databases for your research? If so, which one?
4) How much of artificial intelligence have you used in your research? Do you see AI potential in your current work?
If you have anything else to add, please feel free.
How could immune changes due to allergen immunotherapy favor or be deleterious to patients with allergic diseases?
Would there be a difference during the build-up phase versus the maintenance phase of AIT?
*Sudanese Society of Clinical Immunology and Allergy (SSCI&A)*
💢 *Announcement* :
In collaboration with the Sudanese Junior Doctors Association SJDA, we are delighted to invite you to a highly scientific talk on COVID-19.
🌹We proudly announce the contribution of our renowned members:
🎤 *Dr Gehad Elghazali* (Consultant Clinical Immunologist, UAE),
🎤 *Dr Shuayb Alkhalifa* (Consultant Clinical Immunologist, UK),
🎤 *Dr Amal Hassan* (Consultant Paediatric Immunologist, Qatar),
🎤 *Dr Nahla Erwa* (Consultant Clinical Immunologist, Sudan)
SSCI&A Secretary General
🎤 *Dr Hadeil Morsi* (Immunology ST5, UK).
*We are expecting a great discussion on the use of convalescent plasma in the treatment of COVID 19 and better understanding of the immunology of the disease in general*.
Live Event will be hosted by this page.
Time : 20:00 Tuesday 26 May 2020
🇬🇧19:00 UK
🇸🇩20:00 Sudan
🇸🇦21:00 Saudi Arabia
🇦🇪22:00 UAE
Special thanks and gratitude go to *Dr . Abdalazeem Ibrahim* for the organization and coordination of the whole event.
Sudanese Society Of Clinical Immunology And Allergy *SSCI&A*
External relations office.
If there is Immunological Memory, there is also possibility of;
Immunological Dyslexia.
Immunological Dementia.
Immunological Amnesia.
Is it not ?
And such effects might occur as a result of adaptations in epigenetic system of individuals accompanied by ageing, co-morbidities, polypharmacy etc ?
in order to select an antibody and co stain IHC slides
I'd like to have your opinion on this. What is the likelihood that a SARS-coV 2 variant emerges that can use antibody dependent enhancement?For example, if vaccine-induced antibodies against the S protein RBD become non neutralizing due to new mutations, or if their concentration becomes too low. Some interesting information in this preprint https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.02.22.432407
I am currently working with Chlamydia infected HeLa cells. The protocol given to me by my PI states this should be happening within 2-10 min. However, he and I have given it a trial run and even after 45 min, we did not observe any lysis happening (under microscope). The basic run down of the protocol is to remove media, wash cells in with DI water, discard, then add ~2 mL of water per well (6 well plate) and observe under microscope. I am currently going through a couple more trials and am thinking of repeating the washing step and adding some form of mechanical shearing.
Is our estimated time too optimistic? Is there something I'm missing?
Thank you.
Hi there , i am consulting about tetanospasmin effects on immunological response without vaccine , what happens before the toxin enters to the CNS ? how the toxins enter to the CNS and PNS?
What is the response of the immune system against the bacteria and the Toxin separately ? Which are the receptors implicated on the initial inflammatory response ?
are there specific recognition sites that display very high affinity for a receptor?
By taking an example, spleen cells from mice-A are adoptively transferred to mice-B having RAG-/- and also mice-B is infected by a virus(eg: MHV).
- Will there be any immunogenic reaction against this viral antigen in mice-B due to mediation by MHC of mice-A(non-self)?
- What if the mice-B is RAG+/-?
- Is there any possibility for alloreactivity along with this viral(against) immune response if mice-B is RAG+/+?
Hi,
I want to make the IsoFlow Sheath liquide in our lab by following the chemical composition given by the company ( mentioned down below) , i want to know if any of you tried this before and if it works without any risk during the aquisition process. and i would like to know also if there are any tips or precautions to take when preparing the solution.
Chemical composition for 10L :
Sodium Chloride......................7.93 g/L
Disodium EDTA........................0.38 g/L
Potassium Chloride.................0.40 g/L
Monosodium Phosphate.........0.19 g/L
Disodium Phosphate..............1.95 g/L
Sodium Fluoride......................0.30 g/L
Kind regards.
Hi,
I'm about to start a proliferation test for lymphocytes based on CFSE dye, but i don't have much knowledge in cell culture field. I would like to have some help from an expert on this field who has a valide protocol for that functional test.
Best regards.
I want o start up my home-based Bioinformatic project on the immunological approach to post-covid complications.
or something related to probable drug discovery for covid complications.
Can anyone help me with ways or ideas in doing so?
If someone is already doing similar bioinformatic-based projects and need an apprentice, I am will to join as an apprentice.
I am a very hard working person please help.
Bone marrow produce our immune cells & maintain homeostasis throughout the physiological system. Temperature, one of the factor among many, plays significant role in immunology immuno ontogenesis. I was trying to find the literature reporting the bone marrow temperature, but couldn't find any. If you find any of such literature, please share. Thank you
Usually if immune response to molecule A isn't elicited, then another known immunogenic molecule B is conjugated to A and delivered into the body.
The response is that the immune system elicits antibodies against molecule A, molecule B and molecule A-B conjugate.
Then in that case, do live vector vaccine delivery systems like Lactococcus/E.coli also get an immune response against them?
what's relation between IgA and IgG
mucosal vaccines is likely induce better sIgA than a needle vaccine. what about it stimulates serum antibody, such as IgG ? Is serum antibody correlate to sIgA? Who can tell me or has any reference answer my unknowing?
What are the significant challenges and opportunities of the Computational Immunology (CI) as an emerging scientific area?
Where is the CI's tending?
What is the role of AI?
What challenges the simulation of immune system solve?
I produced a chimeric IgG from a murine IgM. The IgM murine antibody could recognize the antigen in nature form (a receptor on the cell surface) by flow cytometry and by ELISA (in this case, the antigen is a recombinant protein). But the chimeric IgG is able to bind only the antigen (recombinant protein) by ELISA.
My question is: Did the isotype modification and chimerization process changes the affinity of my antibody?
How the constant chain could modify the affinity of an antibody?
I'm using the BrdU antibody of the roche kit but i can't see any signal.
From your expertise, I want your consult how to get this projects since I have good experience on molecular techniques
The THP-1 cell showed the classical monocyte (CD14++ CD16-) behavior. If we want to study the non-classical CD14-Cd16++ without drawing blood and isolate the monocyte with FACS, what can we do?
Despite diverse etiologies in erythroderma , the end stage immunologic pathways are similar. As results there are similar clinical findings irrespective of causes. But in some cases systemic corticosteroids are indicated. Is there any logic of not prescribing systemic corticosteroids in all cases of erythroderma?
We already know answer would depend on the tissue gene expression profile, we also know it would depend on the particular HLA allele, it also depends on the affinity threshold to accept that there's a chance for binding ... I don't mind if the answer is in general terms or for a particular case (tissue, haplotype, allele...), but is there already any evidence to answer this question? Let's say 10%? 20%? 50%? Don't mind if the answer arises from biological studies or theoretical computer algorithms...
Much better if your answer is supported by a cited paper.
I am currently in the process of optimising a human monocyte-derived macrophage: naive T allogeneic cell co-culture. I am aiming to identify whether specific macrophage polarisation triggers naive T cell induction to Tregs. As the culture is allogeneic I will need some level of additional stimulation for T cell activation, in order to measure Treg induction by macrophages - we have already found that co-cultures with only macrophages and T cells and no additional stimuli, show negligible T cell activation. I am hoping that all that is required is T cell stimulation with anti-CD3, although I will try additional conditions with anti-CD28, as well as IL-2. The co-culture will last 3 days.
My main question is which specific approach is best to activate the T cells. I cannot use anti-CD3 dynabeads, as macrophages phagocytose them. Consequently, I was planning on using plate bound anti-CD3. However as the macrophages are matured from monocytes, they are already in the well and don't respond well to detachment and replating, and therefore I think using platebound will be difficult. Consequently:
-I could use soluble anti-CD3, however I have read that in order to actually crosslink CD3 for activation, plate bound is considerably more effective.
-I could possibly pre-activate the naive T cells (using dynabeads or plate bound Ab) and then transfer them to the macrophage wells? However, with this approach I am unsure how long I would need to incubate the T cells with stimuli for before transferring them.
-I could use non-bead based CD3 crosslinkers such as this one by Stem Cell: https://www.stemcell.com/immunocult-human-cd3-cd28-t-cell-activator.html . However, I have no experience with this product, so if anyone does and can share their experience that would be great.
If anyone has any experience or views on what they think the best approach to take would be, I would be very grateful to hear them.
Thanks.
Gabriel
I would like to stain a tissue for different markers, and as I there are not enough colours that I can use, I would like to do it sequentially. Thank you in advance!
Hello everybody,
I am investigating the influence of a toxinon various clinical-chemical and haematological parameters in fish.
I have three treatments (control, low dose, high dose) in my experiment and 4 replicates (n=4). So a total of 12 tanks. Now, the fish from one tank are counting as dependent samples and therefore actually pseudo-replicates. Does it still make sense to sample more fish per tank? Do I have to pool the resulting data afterwards, as I statistically wouldnt be "allowed" to evaluate the fish from one tank on a per-fish basis? If we now assume that I sample 3 fish per tank, i.e. 12 per treatment (3x 4 replicates) and I have no significant tank effects, could I then increase my "n" to 12?
Regards
Finn
I encountered great difficulties in LDL oxidation, and I have no idea which step was wrong. Here’s my protocol:
The LDL was dialyzed in G2 Dialysis Cassettes (Molecular weight cutoff 7K) to remove the EDTA. Next, the LDL solution (5 mg/ml) was oxidation with CuSO4 (24hrs, 37°C, final concentration 25 µM)
To stop the oxidation, I add 1.25 mM EDTA, then dialyzed again to move out Cu2+ and EDTA. The final volume of the oxLDL was similar as the beginning.
Finally, I confirmed the oxLDL in BCA assay but found that its concentration was only 1 mg/ml. That mean I had lost 80 % of oxLDL. Any suggestion of these protocol ?
The unlighted part in treatment of COVID-19 is immunological role of pathogensis and how its effect ?? cytokine storms reduction necessary or not ?
New discussion
Can someone conclude to me how we measure immune responses in Animal models in pre-clinical studies?
I know there are many ways and many essays. I want an opening to know how to start thinking in this part of immunology.
Thank you
Dear professors,
I would like to discuss about immunology of COVID-19 vaccination as follows:
1. If you have received COVID-19 vaccination, which immunoglobulin (s) should be used as marker(s) for vaccination?
2. The presence of IgG represents vaccinated, isn't it ?
3. How to distinguish between the immunity from natural infection of SARS-CoV-2 and vaccination ?
Thank you very much.
Dr. Methee
I would like to share with you this ambiguous case, herby clinical and biological resaults :
Gender : F
Age : 12 years old
Clinical case : - ENT infections / Buccal candidiasis / Anemia / Adenopathy / Splenomegaly .
- Viral serologies : Negative
- Vaccination : all done successfully
Biology : Immunoglobulins : IgG : 94.315 g/l , IgA : 0.826 g/l , IgM : 5.552 g/l
FC : CD3+ : 1151 c/µl
CD4+ : 766 c/µl
CD8+ : 25 c/µl
CD19+ : 164 c/µl
C56 : 52 c/µl
HLA DR : On Lymphocytes : 12 % / On Monocytes : 100%
Serique proteins electropherosis : Alb :23.69 %
Apha1 : 2.02%
Alpha2 : 4.86%
Beta : 6.54%
Gamma : 62.89 %
Immunofixation resauts :
Presence of multiple monoclonal components with low concentrations of various isotypes, against a background of very intense polyclonal increase in gammaglobulins.
We passing hard time to intrepret this resault , i would like to know your thoughts about this case.
I am wondering if anyone has had success with in vitro polarization (via cytokines) of Jurkat cells. My goal is to understand the affect of a drug on Treg induction and differentiation. I understand that this would be reasonable using human/mouse primary T cells, however this may not be practical and or feasible in my case, at least for now. I would like to first explore the effect of this drug on T cell activation/differentiation using Jurkat cells. I am having trouble finding literature on this topic. Thanks in advance.
Help! This mystery population (lookin' cool, in all black) is driving me crazy. I can't find this subset described anywhere.
I have conjugated glycol chitosan with bolton hunters reagent, the FTIR spectra of glycol chitosan and glycol chitosan plus bolton hunters reagent look exactly the same. I need xy data to look into detail any slight difference between the two
Hi, I'm running an assay measuring phagocyotosis and ROS production in PBMC's. I'm using Dihydrorhodamine 123 (Thermo) to measure ROS. I then stain and fix with PFA afterwards.
I've so far read conflicting things on whether you would be able to keep your cells fixed with DHR intracellulary, or would the results be less reliable? Any insight is much appreciated!
Mari
Virology, microbiology, immunology, vaccine
I studied biochemistry and molecular biology in my bachelors and Immunology in my masters. I never came across a suitable course for general signaling pathways and principles. My interest is particularly focused on immunology but I would like to have a general overview just as much. Any recommendations?
My lab have some skin biopsies that were previously conserved in paraffine , and i wanted to know if it is possible to extract DNA or RNA from them.
The clinical treatment of COVID-19 infected individuals.
Can anyone please suggest some related topic or area in microbiology and immunology except COVID/SAARS?
Hello,
I am reading on vaccines in general and I wonder if the beneficial effects of vaccines (as vaccination is the most effective choice when pathogens are to be stopped and prevented) lower the Darwinian fitness of immune cells such as T-cells and B-cells.
Thank you for your answers!
Here what CDC writes about COVID-19 mRNA: " COVID-19 mRNA vaccines are given in the upper arm muscle. Once the instructions (mRNA) are inside the muscle cells, the cells use them to make the protein piece. After the protein piece is made, the cell breaks down the instructions and gets rid of them.
Next, the cell displays the protein piece on its surface. Our immune systems recognize that the protein doesn’t belong there and begin building an immune response and making antibodies, like what happens in natural infection against COVID-19."
1) From classic immunology we know that muscle cells are not the antigen-presenting cells.
2) We know that intracellular proteins are being presented in class I MHC to CD8 T cells, which in this case, have not been "trained" in thymus for this antigen.
So how are we sure, that these mRNA will not trigger myolytic /autoimmune response towards the muscular MHC class I/COVID-19 complex?