Science topic

Illusions - Science topic

The misinterpretation of a real external, sensory experience.
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Do you know the externality structure and market illusion of markets other than the traditional market?
Have you ever read this article?
Muñoz, Lucio, 2020. Sustainability thoughts 105: An overview of the externality structure of all possible markets and of the specific market illusion under which each of them operates, Boletin CEBEM-REDESMA, Año 14, No.6, November, La Paz, Bolivia.
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Muhammad, thank you for taking the time to write.
I am focused right now just on sharing new ways of looking at the same development or methodological issues from the true sustainability angle. If you see some ideas you find interesting feel free to come up with either different way to expand them or to apply them.
Respectfully yours;
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I propose a discussion on my text "Notes on Amartya Sen’s interpretation of cultural identity". The text has been published in Progetto Montecristo – Editoriale Delfino, 2024 (Part 1, 17th October 2024; Part 2, 13th October 2024; Part 3, 5th November 2024). My version of the text is available at the bottom of this announcement as an attachment. The printed text can be read at the following web addresses: https://progettomontecristo.editorialedelfino.it/notes-on-amartya-sens-interpretation-of-cultural-identity-part-1/?fbclid=IwY2xjawF-LO5leHRuA2FlbQIxMQABHcksJSIA5mmlR36zzHgGEDR7CF3t3zBmlVl7hcfm4DSXQKZN0fK_Z6Ck7A_aem_UUlZA9crjYqCO-rI22wBBA https://progettomontecristo.editorialedelfino.it/notes-on-amartya-sens-interpretation-of-cultural-identity-part-2/?fbclid=IwY2xjawGF_i1leHRuA2FlbQIxMQABHRV3C-JbUiuvxiKFWvr0HAjR1y4g5zQFFR4Y8eRS4UZ2W-3HF0ooC7WLcA_aem_BNrERzoP9mu6XDskwUz63A https://progettomontecristo.editorialedelfino.it/notes-on-amartya-sens-interpretation-of-cultural-identity-part-3/?fbclid=IwY2xjawGWrLFleHRuA2FlbQIxMAABHbXCqP7QOzBkC1mXRe1du63cQqqI1C54Miq4yKUonC_S4Znq6ilgK-0z8w_aem_JBI6HiMQHbA6_Zci1IM0rw In our study, we analyse aspects of Sen’s criticism of specific interpretations of cultural identity. We shall see that, in Sen’s view, different interpretations of cultural identity can be given. The different ways in which the concept of cultural identity is interpreted correspond to different ways of living one’s culture; they are connected to different interpretations of religion and religious identity too. Throughout Sen’s inquiry, we shall find the following interpretations of cultural identity: - The first interpretation of cultural identity, which corresponds to Sen’s interpretation of cultural identity, considers cultural identities as the results of a plurality of components which constantly evolve (this might be defined as the flexible, dynamic, and inclusive view of identity). - The second interpretation considers identity as rigid, complete, isolated, and given once and for all (this could be defined as the rigid and static conception of identity). The second conception of identity corresponds to the aim of producing people and groups as isolated systems. Sen investigates the psychological mechanisms connected to the rigid interpretation of cultural identity. Individuals can be manipulated through the rigid interpretation of identity. Sen shows that the rigid interpretation of cultural identities can be used to marginalise all those who do not belong to those same cultural identities. This interpretation of the cultural identity aims to divide individuals, groups, peoples, and nations from each other. Cultural identities can be used to create a group which, as such, does not exist at all or is not so homogeneous and uniform as those who support this concept of identity aim to let appear. The group is created artificially by an artificial cultural identity. The rigid cultural identity of some groups means the exclusion of other groups. This kind of cultural identity serves to bring about enmity between individuals, groups, nations, countries, and communities: it is thought out to produce hostility from a group towards other groups. In Sen’s view, cultural identities always result from a plurality of cultural components. Cultural identities take elements from other cultural identities. Therefore, cultural identities are not isolated systems: they are the product of a historical development which involves the participation of different individuals, groups, and cultures. Moreover, cultural identities are not made once and for all: on the contrary, cultural identities are dynamic phenomena which continuously take in new elements. For our investigation, we shall refer to Amartya Sen’s study "Identity and Violence. The Illusion of Destiny".
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You might find it fruitful to read Oswald Spengler's "Decline of the West", and compare his treatment with that of Amartya Sen. Originally written in German, it has been translated into many languages, including English, Portuguese and Spanish.
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Time, as we experience it, seems undeniable: it flows, leads life, and shapes reality. Still, for a long time, philosophers and scientists have been engaged in discussion: does time really represent an objective feature of the world, or is it just an illusion created by human perception? Is it something that stands independently by itself, or is it just a concept that we project with our minds onto the world to structure reality?
Saint Augustine, in his Confessions, asks, “What is time?” He realized that, although everyone seems to understand time, he cannot explain it. In fact, for Augustine, the reality of time is closely connected to human consciousness: the past is but a memory, the future is an anticipation, and the present is but an instant. In this respect, time is not an independent entity; it is something that arises in our minds.
Another great philosopher who regarded the reduction of time to simple measures with skepticism was Henri Bergson. His concept of “duration” divided time into a quantitative aspect, measured by clocks, and a qualitative one, the real-time experience of it. In this scientific view, time becomes an artificial unit, while real time is flowing, continuous, and deeply linked to consciousness.
Immanuel Kant added another dimension to this view by asserting that time, along with space, is not an objective feature of the external world but a condition of human experience. In his Critique of Pure Reason, Kant argued that time is a necessary framework that our minds apply to reality to organize our sensory perceptions. We cannot experience the world outside of time, but that does not mean time exists independently of us.
More recently, modern physics has brought new interest to this debate. Albert Einstein, with his theory of relativity, completely changed the concept by proving that time is relative to the observer and to gravitational fields. Time can expand or contract; events that we sense as part of continuous time may, in fact, be elastic and highly alterable in their duration. A variation of this idea is the “block universe” theory, introduced by philosophers such as Hermann Minkowski, which suggests that the past, present, and future all coexist in four-dimensional spacetime. From this perspective, the flow of time is a human illusion; all moments exist together, but we experience them sequentially because our perception is limited.
The philosopher J.M.E. McTaggart took this point even further, and in The Unreality of Time, advanced the position that time itself is self-contradictory. McTaggart argues that a time conceived as an A-series — that is, past, present, and future — embodies a logical contradiction and is therefore unreal. His clear differentiation between the A-series and B-series reveals that the intuitive understanding of the concept of time is essentially flawed.
Today, some scientists, such as Carlo Rovelli, suggest that time is perhaps an emergent rather than a fundamental property of reality. Rovelli states in his book L’Ordre du Temps that the “now” is merely derived from the interactions of particles. This perspective is reminiscent of philosophical positions asking whether time really passes or even exists as a physical entity outside human observation.
Thus, whether real or illusory, time remains a question that existential reflections from Saint Augustine, transcendental deductions from Kant, and revolutionary discoveries from Einstein seem to raise when considering a complex and multifaceted phenomenon. Be it the reality of flowing time or just a concept shaped by human experience, it continues to challenge our deepest understanding of existence.
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The idea that time is an illusion is a philosophical and scientific concept that has been discussed by various thinkers and physicists. Here are some key points to understand this perspective:
### 1. **Perception vs. Reality**
- **Subjective Experience**: We experience time as a sequence of events, but this perception may not reflect the true nature of reality. Our sense of time is shaped by our consciousness and cognitive processes.
- **Relativity of Time**: According to Einstein's theory of relativity, time is not absolute but relative. It can stretch or contract depending on the speed at which an object is moving and the gravitational field it is in. This challenges the notion of a single, universal time.
### 2. **Block Universe Theory**
- **Past, Present, and Future Coexist**: In the block universe theory, also known as eternalism, all points in time (past, present, and future) exist simultaneously. From this perspective, time does not "flow"; rather, all events are equally real, and our experience of moving through time is an illusion.
### 3. **Quantum Mechanics**
- **Uncertainty and Time**: In quantum mechanics, certain interpretations suggest that time at the quantum level behaves differently than we perceive it. The concept of superposition, where particles can exist in multiple states at once, challenges the traditional, linear view of time.
### 4. **Psychological Time**
- **Mental Construct**: Some philosophers argue that time is a mental construct, a way for our brains to organize experiences and make sense of the world. In this view, time is not a fundamental aspect of reality but a useful tool for humans.
### 5. **Timeless Physical Theories**
- **Fundamental Laws Without Time**: Some physical theories suggest that the fundamental laws of the universe do not actually require time as a variable. These theories describe the universe in a "timeless" state, where time emerges only as an apparent phenomenon at larger scales or under certain conditions.
### 6. **Philosophical Perspectives**
- **Idealism**: Some philosophical traditions, like certain forms of idealism, argue that time, like space, is a feature of our minds rather than an objective reality. According to this view, time is part of the way we structure our experiences rather than something that exists independently of us.
### Summary
The concept that "time is an illusion" is rooted in the idea that our common understanding of time as a linear progression of events does not fully capture the underlying reality. Time, as we experience it, may be a construct of our perception, and at a deeper level, the nature of time could be very different from how it appears in everyday life.
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The idea that time is an illusion is complex, but here are more detailed explanations along with examples to illustrate each point:
### 1. **Perception vs. Reality**
- **Subjective Experience**: Our brains perceive time in a way that allows us to function and navigate the world, but this perception can be misleading. For example, when you're deeply engaged in an activity you enjoy, time seems to fly by ("time flies when you're having fun"), but when you're bored or anxious, it seems to drag. This subjective experience shows that our sense of time is not consistent or objective.
- **Relativity of Time**: Einstein's theory of relativity shows that time is not the same for everyone. For instance, if you were to travel near the speed of light, time would slow down for you relative to someone who is stationary. This is known as time dilation. An astronaut traveling at high speed might experience only a few years passing, while decades pass on Earth. This phenomenon is not just theoretical; it has been confirmed by experiments with atomic clocks on fast-moving planes and satellites.
### 2. **Block Universe Theory**
- **All Events Coexist**: Imagine a film reel, where each frame is a moment in time. In the block universe theory, the entire reel—past, present, and future—exists simultaneously. What we experience as the present is just our position on the reel. For example, suppose you watch a movie and can pause, rewind, or fast-forward. The movie's events are all there, but you experience them one by one. Similarly, in the block universe, time doesn't flow; instead, all moments exist at once, and our consciousness "moves" through them.
### 3. **Quantum Mechanics**
- **Superposition and Time**: In quantum mechanics, particles can exist in a superposition of states, where they are in multiple places or states simultaneously until observed. This challenges the idea of a single, definite timeline. For instance, the famous Schrödinger's cat thought experiment suggests that until we observe the cat, it is both alive and dead. In this context, time does not progress in a straightforward manner, and the outcome of events is not determined until observed.
### 4. **Psychological Time**
- **Mental Construct**: Consider how children and adults perceive time differently. For children, a year feels much longer because it represents a larger portion of their lives. As we age, years seem to pass more quickly. This suggests that time is a psychological construct, not an absolute measure. Another example is how trauma can distort time perception, with moments of intense fear or pain feeling like they last forever.
### 5. **Timeless Physical Theories**
- **Laws Without Time**: Some theories in physics, like Julian Barbour's "timeless physics," propose that the fundamental laws of the universe do not require time as a variable. Instead, these laws describe a timeless reality, where what we perceive as time emerges from changes in the universe's configuration. An analogy might be a chessboard: The board and pieces exist in a timeless state, but as moves (changes) occur, we perceive a progression, much like time.
### 6. **Philosophical Perspectives**
- **Idealism**: In some idealist philosophies, time is seen as a feature of the mind rather than an external reality. For example, Immanuel Kant argued that time (and space) are forms of human intuition, structuring our experience of the world. Just as our perception of color depends on our eyes and brain, our perception of time depends on our mind's way of organizing experience. If time is a mental construct, then in a sense, it doesn’t exist independently of our perception.
### **Example to Tie It All Together**
Imagine you're at a train station waiting for a train. From your perspective, time seems to be ticking away at a constant rate. However, if an astronaut were observing you from space while moving at a significant fraction of the speed of light, they might see time moving more slowly for you. Meanwhile, in the block universe theory, the train arriving, you waiting, and the train leaving all exist simultaneously—your experience of these events as happening one after another is just your consciousness moving through the block of time. If you were a quantum particle, your "decision" to get on the train might not be made until someone observes you, existing in a superposition of getting on and not getting on. And finally, the entire scenario might be a mental construct, with time as we perceive it being merely a useful illusion that helps us make sense of the world.
In essence, these ideas challenge our everyday understanding of time, suggesting that what we experience as time might not reflect the true nature of reality.
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With respect to the above paragraph, as the mere verbal construct, the recommended text is not interested at all. Instead, I would extend my idea.
First of all, time is a basic physical quantity, as real as the space is. Its sensory restriction to the present instant is conditioned by our travel along respective dimension at the speed of light propagation. Therefore, time is directly expressed by the known Hobble's ratio of a distance and the speed of mutual moving away of its two terminals.
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Violating [(tradition)' = (risk analysis)' = (skin in the game)'] = ethics has many risks.
1)LONG-term higher SELF.
2)Morality is more about concrete empathy than the abstract kind.
3)Criminals risk A LOT.
4)More parsimonous, given the law of identity, and time is an illusion, the individual is more likely eternal than abstract ideas are.
5)We probably realize, upon death, time is an illusion.
6)People evolved to be more easily bored by the abstract than concrete. So, applied mathematics may help teach math.
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Ethical risk in procurement can include conflict of interest, fraud, corruption, and anything that prevents progress with regards to social, environmental, and economic outcomes
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Michelson-Morley's tests were interpreted based on a particle model for light long time ago. This mistake caused an illusion of an ether wind effect in the arm transverse to light motion in these tests. By using a more relevant interpretation, based on the wave model for light instead, we can see that this transverse effect is not real. To cover up for this error the absurd concept dilation of time was invented. So, Michelson's mistake long time ago gave us multiple time concepts and individual ageing and absurd physics. We need only ONE time concept.
This important mistake is described in the attached article. Take a look and judge by yourself.
John-Erik
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Gary
You are right, but we can explain it in another way, since we only have wave fronts and transverse ether wind falls inside the wave front and therefore has no effect on apparent light motion, although real light motion is changed.
From ___________ John-Erik
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I would appreciate being corrected if I am wrong, but it seems that the expansion of the universe is actually an illusion caused by the variable speed of light. The same equation that models the expansion without the need for dark energy, also models the gravitational curves for galaxies without the need for dark matter. Furthermore, this same equation resolves the infinite velocities found at a singularity. For of you who are wondering, this theory proposes that time is actually a function of light so no matter where you are, you always measure the same value of c regardless of how much c varies relative to a universal time. Thanks for the feedback.
Deleted research item The research item mentioned here has been deleted
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For me dark matter and dark energy are the same. Dark energy is the quantum vacuum and i have joined them as a densities system (dark energy is last a difference in the quantum vacuum density).
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Respectfully, across reincarnation belief and scientific materialism, why is considering the individual self, as an illusion, a commonality? 1)
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I can only address this question with mathematical structures. The individual self is multi-dimensional manifold embedded with an much, much larger manifold of infinite dimensions. One may think of it as a vector space of tremendous size. As vast as it is, a human existence is but a small subspace of the infinite dimensional manifold. When released from physical existence, the aspects of individual self convolve with the larger space. In some sense, you may refer to that as the commonality.
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The self is NOT an illusion or reason would be impossible.
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This discussion is not for a scientific platform. You should go to some religious organization.
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​The more connection with psychology the better.
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Lectori Salutem,
The Helmholtz square illusion puzzle, alongside other perplexing phenomena, prompts a critical observation often overlooked by conventional scientific discourse. Consider the initial setup of a classic digital alarm clock, where four zeroes repetitively flash. Strikingly, the perception of these zeroes at time t(x) bears no inherent connection to their perception at time t(x+n). This detachment in perception extends beyond mere numerical displays; it underpins fundamental cognitive processes.
Conventional explanatory models of goal-directed motor actions, when applied to perception, lead to a profound realization. Much like the transient perception of the flashing zeroes, our perception of objects - such as a coffee cup on a table - operates independently across temporal instances. The act of perceiving an object at time t(x) does not intrinsically influence our perception of the same object at time t(x+n).
This observation underscores a crucial facet of our perceptual apparatus: its innate role as a comparative organ. Beyond simply recognizing objects, our perception system is finely tuned to discern alterations, particularly in motion. Evolutionarily, the ability to detect movement holds greater significance than identifying static entities. Yet, this distinction remains largely overlooked within the scientific community.
To advance our understanding, we must redefine the paradigm of scientific inquiry. Rather than viewing perception as solely geared towards identifying static entities, we must acknowledge its primary function as a mechanism for discerning change. By embracing this perspective, we can unravel the intricacies of perception and elucidate its evolutionary underpinnings.
N.J. Mol
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Does Randomness exist or is an illusion? Did God have any choice in whether to create/allow Randomness or not? Is there any connection between Free will and Randomness?
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Change is not possible unless we have the autonomy of free will. The ability to turn yourself around can come only from within you;without free will there would be no purpose to life.
This is one of the reasons why quantum physics—random at its core—is so hard to understand. It is difficult for us to accept that at the core of our reality, there is nothing but randomness.
There are two things that stand in the way of Divine Providenceobjective laws of nature and subjective human free choice. Laws of nature prescribe an object how to behave in a predictable fashion leaving little room for the manifestation of Divine providence. Likewise, the human choice leaves little room for Divine providence.
Some people may be fooled by randomness but, when we realize that randomness opens the door to the Divine, we are saved by randomness.
Relying on a random choice opens the door for the Divine providence.
________
In his most famous book A Theory of Natural Philosophy (1758) RJ Boshkovich says: Regarding the nature of the Divine Creator, my theory is extraordinarily illuminating, and the result from it is a necessity to recognize Him. ... Therefore vain dreams of those who believe that the world was created by accident, or that it could be built as a fatal necessity, or that it was there for eternity lining itself along his own necessary laws are completely eliminated.
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Time dilation has absurd predictions. So, it may be an illusion. Is it possible that this mistake has its roots far back in 1887, when Michelson did his famous tests? The interpretations of these tests assumed that the mirrors in the equipment define the vector sum of ether wind v and wave vector c. This was a reasoning based on particles, and the mirrors have relevance only in relation to c (but not to v), and the wave model is in conflict. So, time dilation appears to be an illusion, and the Lorentz transform not needed.
Einstein gave support to this idea by postulating that observers in different (but constant) motions all see the same light speed, but Einstein's idea is also absurd.
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The small effects in GPS clocks are found only in atomic clocks, and other clocks are useless. The fact that we have not searched for small errors does not mean that they do not exist. Mechanical clocks are useless in the GPS system. You think that something that you have not observed cannot exist. That is a very big mistake and lack of fantasy.
In a circular orbit the tangential speed is constant, and the radial ether wind is also constant and equal to the escape velocity. The escape velocity is the cause of gravity.
John-Erik
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The psychosis (break from reality) known as schizophrenia involves symptoms such as paranoia, trouble thinking logically, socially unusual behaviour, and suicidal thoughts. The “hollow mask illusion” is a common visual misconception that causes most healthy people to view the concave side of a mask as though its features were convex or sticking out in their direction. This illusion occurs because we fill in the hollows with our expectations, accumulated over a lifetime of observing and committing to memory convex faces. Curiously, people with schizophrenia see the hollow mask as just a hollow mask and have an increased ability to see hidden patterns in reality (“The Faulty Weathermen of the Mind” – Nautilus magazine, Issue 52, Page 59 – reporting the neuroscience of Paul Fletcher and Christoph Teufel.)
Many researchers believe that psychosis actually exists as a continuum, that the general population exhibits varying levels of susceptibility to it, and that these manifest in ways that do not greatly disturb the healthy person’s functioning. While full-blown psychosis or schizophrenia is obviously incompatible with a breakthrough like physically uniting everything in both space and time, a trace of it – a tiny, unrecognizable hint of its symptoms – may be vital to intuiting how unification works ie what was previously referred to as “increased ability to see hidden patterns in reality”. The hormonal and biochemical changes in the brain which accompany this barest trace of the condition conceivably result in insights into the nature and connectedness of space-time.
While this speck of psychosis would possess the great benefit of allowing discernment of the so-called “secrets of the universe” and “the mind of God”, it’d also produce problems like intermittent delusions of persecution and awkward – even totally unacceptable – social interactions. Perhaps the most well-known example in science of unacceptable interactions is Isaac Newton’s hostility towards, and clashes with, other academics. I wouldn’t be surprised if he often regretted his own hostility. Despite the tendency to be harsh and inhuman, my World Book encyclopedia says he had a sensitive nature which, besides aiding his scientific pursuits, manifested as great generosity to his nephews and nieces.
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Mental health issues definitely mirror human societies Rodney Bartlett The unifying aspect are chronified moods, which lead to certain mental pathologies and reflect human suffering in respective societies. The universal aspect may be that these societal moods are non-simultaneous, in terms of social stages of human development and medical psychology.
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Certainly non psychological, there are many nature like entropic, illusional (block universe theory), Aristotelian (that which realize change), mathematical (Smolin, Bergson).
Still none of these characterizes properly Galilean physics or the bulk of established literature of physics.
What do you think is the nature of time that characterizes best the meaning it is ascribed in its use and in the framework of the definitional choices of physical parameters in theories modern physics?
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There is nothing illusional with the notion of time, it just requires much precautions when being debated.
For any accelerating visible body (dynamically orbital systems in general, time either dilates or contracts and it is represented as an arrow moving at once both forward and backward forming a circle, let’s commonly say that it is just a combination at once of both future and past), time is imaginary and it is all about orbital geometry.
For any non-accelerating visible body ( at rest in general, time is only moving forward and it is commonly just called past), time is real and unfortunately this is where most people get confused (like it or not... in reality everything is moving In a given orbit).
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Given the Principle of Parsimony, Plato's Theory of Forms at least seems like the most likely afterlife(minus reincarnation because morality is objective but relative because symmetry always stays the same while risks change). The perishable no longer perishes after having perished. In other words, the perishable becomes the imperishable. If time is an illusion then all that recognizes real reality are abstract ideas. So when living beings deceased they become abstract ideas.
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Plato's Theory of Forms is just a philosophical concept that implicates the nature of soul & it’s existence beyond the physical realm. This theory as an afterlife concept is debatable & also depends on individuals perspective and explanation of parsimony.
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Kaplan-meier is the most frequently used statistical method in survival analysis, and we prefer the log-rank test for comparison of groups. But are our analyzes and results reliable?
We enter the fictitious data into the SPSS database as in a phase 3 study (n=514).
Group A; n=257
Group B; n=257
Except for 4 patients, all patients progress in 101 days. However, we determine that only 4 patients in group-A progress in 102 days.
Do you think Group-A achieved statistically longer survival due to these 4 patients?
Correct Answer is yes; according to statistical analysis, group-A achieved longer PFS than group-B (p=0.045).
One treatment provides only 4 days of PFS benefits in a cluster of 514 people and costs millions of dollars.
Do you think statistics is an illusion?
(sharing the dataset)
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Hi! The Hazard Ratio test is used in clinical trials. Your example has a HR of 1.07 and the p-value of 0.3966. Hence, the sample size should be 6859 for only events. Moreover, your example is very artificial and hardly posible in the real world.
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we usually use gradient illusion but for isocratic, I want to know the percentage calculation of organic solvent
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Normally, the easiest and most practical way of choosing solvent system for isocratic elution is to make couple TLC plates (the same adsorbent which you have in column), and the mixture which cause good separation should be used. Usually, we try to achieve retention factor (Rf) of 0.3. If you have mixture of two solvents (for example ethyl acetate and hexane) you can try at start 10% ETAC/hexane and 50% ETAC/hexane. If you use normal phase chromatography (polar adsorbent), the more ETAC you add, the higher Rf will be. So, if Rf in both eluents is too high, you need to use more percentage of hexane, if too low in both you need to use less percentage of ETAC. If in 50% it is too high, and in 10% too low, you need to find something between 10% and 50%. If you can't achieve good separation you need to change solvent system.
Here you have more voluminous explanation:
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In his book "Identity and Violence. The Illusion of Destiny" (New York, London 2006), Amartya Sen criticizes the positions contending the existence of cultural identities which completely absorb individual minds and destinies. Sen sees in such positions the danger that cultural identities can be used in order to stir up, in a society, groups against other groups. Identities can represent, in the opinion of Sen, an ideological instrument used to oppress minorities and to gain power over determined groups.
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Dear Dr. Gianluigi Segalerba , Thank you for this thought provoking discussion.
I completely agree with Dr. Anastas Ivanov Ivanov .
Dr. Amartya Sen is a Bharat Ratna awardee, the highest civilian award in India & a Nobel Laureate.
But, his writings reflect his stance, which I do not consider as neutral. This is my personal opinion and observation.
Warm regards.
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A binaural beat is an auditory illusion perceived when two different pure-tone sine waves, both with frequencies lower than 1500 Hz, with less than a 40 Hz difference between them, are presented to a listener dichotically.The difference between the two beats form a third beat (binaural). Auditory beat stimulation can be used to modulate cognition, reduce anxiety levels, increased focus, increased concentration, increased motivation, increased confidence, deeper meditation as well as to enhance mood states.
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Holly Gultiano thanks for the
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A Fiat Government is a Government that is "artificial ", like Fiat Currency, something backed only by trust and belief in in promises made.
Governments around the world portray to help their citizens, however , data suggests that Governments actually work in collusion for the benefit of the wealthiest segments of the world, often using financial policy to enslave citizens and the global population.
Fiat Government images that the illusion of democracy or socialist value is only an illusion, and that the availability of decades worth of government data suggests that democracy and a democratic republic does not exist, however, the illusion exists. In that, we then see a Fiat Government, fake and not backed by the illusion, but backed by people and interests that ignore a democratic process.
In the United States, we have witnessed a complete breakdown in the rule of constitutional laws, a breakdown of cultural norms and a breakdown of societal benefit, with a shift towards highest-bidder corporate interests and military dominance, something that is not new, but which has been exposed as a Fiat Government during the 2010-2020 decade.
Is it time to challenge a New World Order of Fiat Government that is nothing more than centralized power and corruption?
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In regard to the dangers of corporate control over politics, this proposal in the US state of Nevada is concerning: https://apnews.com/article/legislature-legislation-local-governments-nevada-economy-2fa79128a7bf41073c1e9102e8a0e5f0. It would essentially allow corporations to govern counties within the state
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If there are sustainability gaps, then there are market illusions as well as broken circular economic structures.
Hence there is a market illusion associated with red socialism/Karl Marx and with pure capitalism/Adam Smith as each of these models has specific sustainability gaps embedded in them.
Can you see these market illusions, the red socialism market illusion and the pure capitalism market illusion?
Please provide your own views on the question, I will appreciate that.
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Dear Lucio,
Yes, in its pure form, 100%. in terms of both models, neither of them ever existed and never really exists. There was and there is no real economy that would be 100 percent. socialist (according to the theory of Karol Marx) and there is no real economy that would be 100 percent market economy (according to Adam Smith's theory). while the currently existing economies mostly represent different formulas of the model of the social market economy as a mixed economy, i.e. containing specific private and public sectors related to each other in various configurations, market issues with central planning, market structures and public institutions, commercial economic entities and shaped and the socio-economic policy implemented by the government, including social policy, the market financial system present in modern economies (mainly the sector of commercial banks and investment funds) and the public financial system (public institutions, financial transfers, state budget and budgets of local government units), and private products offered on competitive markets and purchased by individual citizens, and public goods offered by the state to society and financed from the sources of the state finance system. In individual countries, the division of the economy into commercial and public sectors occurs similarly in the social market economy model, while in particular, there may be many differences.
Greetings, Have a nice day, Stay healthy!
Dariusz Prokopowicz
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I was thinking of the fact that as far I know as a 2nd-year undergrad student, Economists always state their inference by taking other things constant or Ceteris Paribus. But in real state everything changes, so can we use the law of relativity or the illusion of time concept of physics and apply it to economics? Please do give your opinion. Thank You!
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If I may, I suggest you read "More Heat Than Light" (Mirowski). It's a comparative history of economics and physics. And you can explore the "complexity economics" area, too.
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I am looking for visual stimuli that produce a similar effect than the well know “Dalmatian dog illusion” (see Figure attached).
If you look briefly  at the Dalmatian dog illusion  for the first time, it looks like a pattern of meaningless black and white stains (left panel). However, once a priming cue is briefly presented (the red contour in the right panel) the representation of a Dalmatian dog in a field becomes apparent. Once “seen” this representation will remain apparent even after the priming cue is removed and can't be unseen (look at the left panel again without the red contour).
Do you know other types of visual stimuli containing a hidden object shape that never pops-out before and always pops-out after the transient presentation of a priming stimulus? 
Thank you!
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Here is a similar one, which you will never be able to not see it again once you've found it:
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Abstract
An illusion of undecidability of an ether wind was the basis for establishing the theory of special relativity (SRT). The reason to that mistake was a wrong interpretation of light behavior in both arms in the Michelson and Morley’s tests (MMX), and also in the interpretation of stellar aberration. A deviation from the wave model gave us the illusion of particles in light, and also resulted in the absurd idea that the time concept is dilated, due to velocity.
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Malcom
No, you are wrong. GPS is a spherically symmetri system. And this demands a spherically symmetric ether wind. Such an ether wind can explain gravity.
With best regards from ____________ John-Erik
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Suppose time is proportional to entropy. Then time would be related to energy and how it distributes. Is time a kind of projection of a feature of the universe. Is it possible to conceive that our universe looked at from outside would appear to be unchanging and featureless (like a black hole) and that the inhabitants inside perceive changes that are from the outside observer’s perspective illusions?
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Physics and our understanding (ability to predict observations) start from basic assumptions from which other things are modeled. "Time" is one of those assumptions that are basic to our understanding. However, change form one event to another is in the observed category - which must be modeled. This question is confusing the abstract "time" with change which also includes the entropy as an abstract change from one energy level to another. We should consider the observed events as real. Otherwise leads to nonsense and not useful waste of effort.
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How far digital technological innovations have succeeded in overcoming political apathy and political disengagement? If your answer goes utopian way, how sustainable will that change be? Do we have any empirical evidence which may suggest that the change in real sense is sustainable?
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Obviously, real democracy is possible only when each voter has enough intellectual power and knowledge. It would be great to have something like exams for driver or shooter licence - "voter licence" - basic questions from history, logic, fundamentals of natural sciences (school level). Otherwise, it is not democracy, it is ochlocracy: TV stars, sportsmen, populists, etc. (of course, paid by serious persons - oligarchs, who will get real power) to be elected.
There is one nice movie "Idiocracy" (2006), looks like a prediction...
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There is a predominance of quantitativism in scientific environments that apparently creates an illusion of scientific relevance. In the history of science, there have been important authors who have rarely published. There were authors who were valued only after his death. How to correctly evaluate scientific relevance, beyond the metrics that today dominate the scientific field?
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Nice question. As several other respondents have noted, we need to be careful not to "throw the baby out with the bathwater". Citation-based metrics are not meaningless, but they do need to be interpreted with caution since they are sensitive to both random and systematic biases, including those caused by the 'citation culture' that the use of these metrics encourages (see Todd, P.A. and Ladle, R.J., 2008. Hidden dangers of a ‘citation culture’. Ethics in Science and Environmental Politics, 8, 13-16).
Returning to your original question, I'm not sure we can read too much into historic patterns since science has changed so much, even within my career (I got my PhD in 1993). Science is so much more collaborative, interdisciplinary and international that, for better or for worse, the days of lone scientists publishing 1 article every 5 years have disappeared. For anyone interested, there is a growing literature on alternative metrics that seek to 'capture' the social/collaborative nature of research - indeed, ResearchGate's reputation metrics show a lot of promise in this respect (e.g. Nicholas, D., Clark, D. and Herman, E., 2016. ResearchGate: reputation uncovered. Learned Publishing, 29(3), pp.173-182; Yu, M.C., Wu, Y.C.J., Alhalabi, W., Kao, H.Y. and Wu, W.H., 2016. ResearchGate: An effective altmetric indicator for active researchers?. Computers in human behavior, 55, pp.1001-1006.).
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Consciousness understood like metacognition (I am the observer/perceptor) or I am a sentient human being.
1. We feel like sentient beings with an unified or global self (the only one). This is our subjective experience (self-unity).
2. The brain-self is modular. There are different selves, each one with different underlying neural circuits and different functions/structure and characteristics. For example: 2.1. The visceral-self related to the limbic system in the right hemisphere and associated with basic emotions and qualia from subcortex. 2.2. The bodily self, related to the limits of our body. It shows high flexibility (Rubber hand illusion or Ramachandran´s Pinocchio nose illusion or the third man illusion). But this flexibility that’s not necessarily means that the body self is an illusion or hallucination. It must be flexible to work properly. Imagine that you are driving a bike, a small car or a truck. In all cases your bodily self should be extended to the vehicle to avoid accidents, to guarantee your survival. Of course it will be bigger in the case of the truck. Probably this body-self is associated to motivation (survival, stress, fight or flee response) and to biological associative learning (synchrony between external senses and interoception in only few trials). It responds to the question: is that me? But like a quick reaction: It is a physical self, to avoid pain… 2.3. The social self. Associated to Theory of Mind, social emotions like shame or proud, empathy. It must decide between cooperation or competitiveness (In this case, the main goal can be “to be the best”, the winner). It follows culture rules, is a kind of mask. The social self can learn by imitation. 2.4. The autobiographical self associated to episodic memory and language, extended in the time line from past to present. 2.5. The future self or future anticipation. Probably associated to prefrontal cortex and brain default network. You can create fantasy, you can anticipate and simulate future events of different types, you can think in the next winter food, your future dead, chronic pain after your illness or how to go from street X to street Y tomorrow in your city in only five minutes. In this last case, world representation and self-representation can interact. Anxiety or depression can be associated to self-anticipation. 2.6. The absent self, in the case of flow states, associated to task attentional brain network activation or clean consciousness. It is related to skills, to experts. 2.7. Other forms of self representation
3. The different selves can be combined, for example in the case of CV (social self plus autobiographical self).
4. Different neurological disorder can damage some forms of the self while others remain intact. In the case of narcissism or psycopath the emotional part of the social self is affected (cero empathy). In Alzheimer, the visceral self could be preserved but the autobiographical one is affected (not updated)…
5. The different brain selves are organized in different brain circuits that belong to different layers. Some are activated bottom up (the bodily self), others overall top-down (the future self). There is not a global self. There is not one superior or inferior.
6. All conscious experience is a self-experience. Different selves produce different conscious experiences. They have different intentions (final cause) and produce different attentional bias. Our attentional disposition produced by the activated self is the observer/actor role.
7. There is a competition between brain selves to produce the conscious experience. The winner affects to the goal, the perception and actions in a context. A self can be activated by a situation (Ortega y Gasset: I am myself and my circumstances) or by an own action (it is not the same to play an expert action that a novel action. I am also my actions: they are performed by different selves).
8. Imagine a context with a social interaction, your reactions and understanding will be different from your visceral self, your autobiographical one, your social one, your motivational one… At the same time, the other person involved in the situation can respond you from his/her visceral self while you are in your social self (there are many options and combinations of between selves interactions). 9. It is not the same (in the same context) to feel that you are in danger, that you feel upset, that you feel shame, that you anticipate a negative result of the interaction…
10. But who is the sentient human being? In my opinion the visceral self (here and now). Who is the observer? (The neural default network?), who is the actor?... Then, we have multiple selves but we experience only one each time. Our temperament and personality (extroverts versus introverts…)can cause that some forms of the self are manifest with higher frequency for a person in particular.
I would like to know your opinion about the self-problem and the unity of the experience.
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Thanks,i will read it
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Please read the Boston Globe's research An Epidemic of Untapped Potential. Many valedictorians are not experiencing life success. Many lack necessary life affordances; so that for them it is an illusion.
Rich
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Success in life does not depend on academic achievement or academic achievement. Many people have higher degrees but suffer from permanent failure to make significant progress in their area of specialization. In contrast, ordinary people do not have high academic achievement. They have left a great impact on life. Or countless
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This question assumes light motion or time is a fourth dimension added to three spatial dimensions, Should the time dimension be distinguished from the three spatial dimensions? If so, on what basis?
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Too much mystery surrounds the concept of "time" as a "dimension". Time is but one of four orthogonal components that include the three "static" space "dimensions" that allow objects to be located in space (relative to a suitable coordinate or reference system) and "time" as the "dynamic" component that allows objects to undergo change (with time as parameter) and, thus, to evolve. Without time there could be no change (and, thus, no evolution) and without change ther is no need for time. (See my RG preprint Pondering the Imponderables).
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The fundamental separation between self and other, (by 'other' I mean the outside world or what is non-self) is an assumption? Isn't the idea of noumenon is a phenomenon? I am searching for literature for discribe the cause of separation (or illusion of separation) between self and other. What theory or logic do you recommend me?
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I'd suggest the asymmetry between self-knowledge and knowledge about other minds. This distinction has, of course, a long tradition in philosophy, but to provide some reference: Donald Davidson's "First Person Authority" in Dialectica 38 (2‐3):101-112 (1984), and reprinted as the first chapter in his "Subjective, Intersubjective, Objective" (2001, Oxford University Press). Or just google "first person authority"...
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I'm doing a qualitative interview about ageing in place experience among vulnerable rural residents in China. Here the term vulnerable means older people who have no source of income, no ability to work and no offspring to support their living. I'm trying to figure out their AIP decision making process but, it turn out that the pilot study is not going well because most of them cannot understand what I mean, even I tried to use common language.
I understand that they are mostly illiterate people who had a long time of living alone and who tend to discuss issue that are more about "fact" than "meaning", things like "what did you do after you get up" or "how long have you have been here". But its really hard to discuss things such as "what's your future plan" because they seems confused and discuss other irrelevant stuff such as their experience of raising pig. Some one even has the illusion of being assassinated by the government because he refused someone's propose.
Do you have such experience of tips when interviewing such group of people?
I know it's hard but it's also a great chance to have a glance to their own world.
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Hi,
In my own experience, I can say that illiterate older people are perfectly capable of answering complex questions. The point here is that you need to adapt your research to this type of actors. One of the techniques I suggest is the use of objects or images that can activate their memory or stimulate their desire to express themselves. Another could be the use of drawings. Illiterate older people in many cases express themselves better by drawing. You can adapt your questionnaire to the use of these techniques to facilitate the responses of the actors.
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Agricultural production has a limit. Everybody is busy demanding more from scientists and farmers. Illusion of self sufficiency being created by the Governments across political parties. Nobody talks of a new Australia being added every year. We Indians are reproducing ruthlessly. No technology will work. Despair awaits. Population will kill. Mind!
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Dear Santosh,
Thanks for bringing such an important problem into discussion. Here is a good article:
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In an investigation that I am carrying out, I found something quite odd.
The results dictate that black holes may be surrounded by dark energy causing some in falling particles (particles with mass only) to follow a hyperbolic trajectory as the particle approaches the Schwarzschild radius. The properties and the spectrum of the particle is distorted due to the gravitational field making it hard to detect which in turn gives the illusion that the particle did disappear into the black hole.
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Dark matter is one of astronomy's most embarrassing conundrums: despite comprising 84.5 percent of the matter in the universe, no one can find it
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I'm speaking of this kind of magic that made radioactivity principles to be discovered. Untidy Becquerel, after an hard day of research, forgot 2 pieces of granite stone on a photographic plaque: that's how he got the first shot of radioactivity. Something he did not planned gave him the keys to understand radioactivity. Because he took the time to recognize his error, analyzed it and begun to plan a theory. At times, life is more generous even and at my humble level, I was so surprised to have shot an image, almost by chance, (because I thought it would be a nice tattoo) and without knowing what it meant, to get aware it was one of the central motifs of my historical-literary investigation: the logo of the famous Manutius family from Venice, who invented book edition: a dolphin rolled up on an anchor. Personally, it gave me the sensation to have entered by chance in Ali Baba's cavern (see my text Antonio Manutius aka Hassan Pacha Veneziano's library). Do you have personal episodes of magical incidents in your research? (Profitable errors, unpredictable things happening, unusual events that change the direction of the wind, etc.)
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Hi, Fred. What I occasionally tell people is, in clinical research, we're all walking through the same woods, and we all trip over the same logs in the woods. The innovators are the ones who look back and say, "hey, that was a log I tripped over!" Everyone else just gets up and keeps walking. The moment with me that comes to mind immediately was diagnosing suppression in vision after whiplash. I think I'm still the only one who has documented the genesis of (intermittent central) suppression where none had been previously diagnosed. I test everyone the same. I had seen a 50+ y.o. man for a routine eye exam and prescribed glasses. He was back 18 months later after a car accident mainly because his glasses got broken. I did the same testing and during the checks in binocularity I routinely do when I had the polarized acuity letters in front of him, he surprised me by saying "hey, this didn't happen before." Then he described his suppression very precisely. I hadn't even asked about suppression, and had no frame of reference to expect a suppression to develop, but since I test everyone the same including those checks of binocular vision, and since he had been in recently enough to remember the last testing, I was able see a suppression where none had existed before - the genesis of a suppression as a function of whiplash. Any time I think I may know something, I remind myself that I learned a bunch from a truck driver who spoke up. But then I got to figure out how that worked. There's the fun!
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Where from we have arrived to the conclusion that space of our Universe is 3D (and so the dimensionality of spacetime is 4D)?
I suppose this is the result of our sense of vision that is based on both of our eyes. However, the image we conceive is the result of mind manipulation (illusion) of the two “images” that each of our eyes send to our brain. This mind manipulation gives us the notion of depth that is translated as the third dimension of space. This is why one eye vision (or photography, cinema, TV, ...) is actually a 2D vision. In other words, when we see a 3D object and our eyes are (approx.) on a line perpendicular to the plane that form object's “height” and “long”, our mind concludes about object's “width”. Photons detectable by each of our eyes were, e.g. t(=10-20sec) before, on the surface of a sphere with our eye as center and radius t*c. As the surface of a sphere is 2D (detectable space) and if we add the dimension of "time" (to form the spacetime) we should conclude that the dimensionality of our detectable Universe is 3D ((2+1) and NOT 4D(3+1)).
PS: (27/8/2018) Though, I am aware that this opinion will reveal an instinctive opposition as it contradicts our “common sense”… I will take the risk to open the issue.
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Thank heavens, a bottle with a good cognac has 3D+1 dimensionality…
Cheers
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Umpire Decision Review System(UDRS) is a most sensitive decision making process in today's Cricket.
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In the summer I suffer the mosquito bites. When the bites are on the face, they are fade away next day. However the bites on the leg or waist, they can last several days. (I try not to scratch, which may disturb the organization's self-healing). Does anyone have a similar experience.
The regeneration capability is different in different part? or the mosquito have different virulence? or the clothing?or just illusion?
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I can imagine two explanations:
1) waist or even leg are perhaps more abundantly sweating, what can have an irritating effect;
2) mosquito's attempt to bite on face is probably more quickly noticed and stopped, leaving less time for deep and effective (from the mosquito's viewpoint...) bite.
Of course, these are only my "guesses", I do not really know!
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Today I among many others received an e-mail from a Portuguese colleague, with an interesting article by Stephen Hawking about if the universe is random or predictive on the following weblink:
This article makes an excellent background for the ongoing discussion where we may ask ourselves if free will really does exist or if it’s merely an illusion of free will we’re experiencing? Are coincidences (chance, probability) or destiny (fate, predictability) controlling the laws of nature and the processes in the universe including the human brain?
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agree with @Aleš Kralj
regards
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Critical thinking is the priority which primarily based on exercising true life. In other words criticism addresses the thoughts of exercise itself through( Peter Morton 2010, p 114) stressing upon inspecting all the phenomena that surround man. That said, the main approach and solid base for criticism require original procedures for human thinking to produce an active, positive and life interlaced process, not being a superficial, fake or merely a complementary procedure.  It's an explanation to all that is deliberated of relations, functions, goals, objectives and facts. It is the means by which we distinguish between what prevails as possible and logic and what we desire to accomplish and achieve. Here, the critical mind emerges as the active part of man's actions and activities that exceeds being simply a complementary moment or step in a certain process that includes many decided steps that are made to reach a certain goal or to accomplish a certain objective. Man cannot take one step forward or pursue towards a certain goal unless there is an ongoing function circulating inside his mind: where am I?  What do I want? Where am I heading to? here, criticism is not a disordered anxiety nor is it a phobia that dominates our human senses; it also isn't a psychic behavior but the core of interactive action to ( William james 2002, p 29) ) produce the ideas required to sustain thinking. It's the trigger, the motor, and the main provider for any possible intellectual activity. For any possible thinking activity, Critical thinking is the active presence in the pulse of life itself, as it manages the active participation in crystallizing the meaning that covers the different aspects of life, regardless of it being natural or theoretical, ( Agenieszka Barszczewska 2011, p 169) where innovation and creativity would produce renovation and change to all that already exists and prevails, to be innovative in the direction of activation and flourishing, not to be submissive to relations already set by conventional powers that pursue to spread minor ideologies and beliefs.
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The ordinary man thinks that belief in planning and achievement of great initiatives is an illusion of the modern giants.  However, thinkers-doers believe that any result is absolutely a truth from its genesis to the triumph as had been mentioned also by (David Schwartz 1987, p 18) that: when you believe I-can-do-it, the how-to-do-it develops. Illusion becomes the principle of no-doers who prefer maintaining the status quo by lack of making move the lines of life at the right time and in the right ways.  
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Competition Law and regulation of misleading advertising are questions that are directly--and critically--relevant to the emergent evolution of civilization.  It may be stipulated that the paradigm shift which the planet is experiencing is a shift into a holographic perception of reality--a unified field (or virtual reality) in which everything is connected by a matrix of "energy."  This Field is a cognitive illusion, but it is an illusion that requires increasing science-based responsibility on the part of civilized collectives--not only for words and actions, but for thoughts and feelings, values, and even attitudes.  Therefore, competitive Capitalism as presently understood might be considered an aberration of scientific Law, and the broad dissemination of lies in advertising manipulative at best.  A book I edited deals with some of these issues:
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Much of the agenda is predetermined by futurists in social engineering think tanks that use language and propaganda for conditioning us with buzzwords and theories that then penetrate government and academia, spreading from there to the general culture.
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I use limesurvey and try to allocate participants randomly to three different conditions, i.e. control groups. This means, people in group 1 should only get questions from group 1 etc.
How can I do this?
I tried to use this tutorial but it doesn't work for me...
Any other ideas?
Thanks so much!!
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Keep in mind though that randomly allocating subjects to treatments this way may lead to unequal group sizes. At least if you not program some sort of conditional randomization procedure
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The focus of my research is to analyse current trends in the Body Care industry, especially the phenomenon of "Food-Imitating-Products". Here, a household cleaner or a personal care product exhibits food attributes in order to enrich consumption experience. I try to find out why consumers purchase these items and why they are "buying" the obvious illusion that a shampoo or crème contains "real" apples, peaches or chocolate.
Has anyone done similar research on this topic? Especially with regard to "illusion" in consumption experience?
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Theatre
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Are you talking about music, light, movement, spoken word or a mix of them? 
Illusion arises in the audience members, triggered by the performance and circumstances. One might describe it but I don't see how prescribing (e.g. in a score/partitura) would be possible.
Dramaturgy would be the organizing principle behind the instructions to the performer. We usually do not notate it, but it is certainly possible to provide a hierarchical sketch about the proportional significance of the key moments to each other. 
Experience shows, that an accurate notation of the performance (notes, movements, stage set, interactions, etc.) codes, implies and secures dramaturgy and illusion; as far as possible of course, as performers will have an effect on that as well. 
Cheers! 
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I am looking for a simple visual or cognitive task or illusion in which prior knowledge would make the task significantly easier. The task should be relatively short and simple and the effect of prior knowledge should be surprising and memorable. The task should be initially fairly difficult. For example, the classic Dalmatian dog image is initially difficult to understand (http://www.michaelbach.de/ot/cog_dalmatian/), but when you have seen it once, it is always easy to see the dog. I would like to have similar effect with an image or a task that is less well known among psychology students.
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Some of the change-blindness demonstrations might fit the bill? Like the dalmatian example, most participants struggle to see the change item, but once they've seen it, as long as they remember that pair of images, by and large they identify the change item instantly. And it is possible to use much simpler stimuli than photographs.
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Consciousness is the one of the two Holy Grails of modern science (the other being the Unified Field Theory).  However, the understanding of consciousness seems to be elusive not only because of philosophical issues  (the human brain been both the object of study and the tool utilized to study and comprehend it) but also because the mere definition of consciousness still remains nebulous. 
In the past years a number of post-physical theories have seen the light of day, with Roger Penroses' Quantum Nature of Consciousness being the most (in)famous one. Unfortunately, these borderline or even metaphysical approaches seem to simply throw the ball in the bleachers, forcing a delay and deferring the answer to a future date when biological quantum events will be not only be better understood but also more predictable.
Nevertheless, I am convinced that consciousness is very much physical, it can be approached by a more detailed understanding of the brain region connections and neuronal activity and it is within our grasp.  Now, Universal Time may well be a biological illusion, yet personal time is very much part of our existence. All our experiences can be trichotomized into past (memories), future (imagination in extrapolation and planning) and present (conscious existence). So, this then becomes an investigation of determining where and when a sensory or internal perception turns present in the brain.
This also means that, at least at some level, consciousness has no reason to be a unique human trait - and this opens up a huge window of experimental exploration.
I have been exploring this possibility for some time now but, before I publish, I would like to ask anyone for their advice on the matter.
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Hello. I think that, for a start, we should get rid of the expression “hard problem of…". In philosophy, I do not see that there would be something as ‘soft' problems…
Second, to argue that consciousness is physical, I reckon, won't help to understand what consciousness is. Why? Because it has been quite a time since, for instance Darwin acknowledged that animals and humans were gifted with ‘mental powers'. Consciousness is a production center of mental powers. Now the question is: What is mentality? This is the main questions addressed to the very nature of consciousness .
Concerning time, if anything like 'personal time' exists, and I do assume that it does, how one will ever set some scientific protocols to measure the comprehension of personal time for each individual? Subjective time, as lived, is eminently personal. How do you erase those subjective differences? Added to this, it is quite likely that the very notion of Time is one of the most metaphysical question of all… 
In order to answer such questions raised by such notions as ‘consciousness‘ and 'time‘, I don't think that neuroscience nor physical explanation will help us. Sometimes, philosophy should rely on itself to offer her the proper power to think.