IR - Science topic

I believe Massimiliano highlights some very interesting properties of NIR spectroscopy. Additionally, there are other motivations behind the use of NIR spectroscopy, especially when compared to FT-IR. These include:

Instrumentation and Cost: NIR spectrometers are often more compact and less expensive than FTIR spectrometers. This can be advantageous for laboratories with budget constraints or those requiring multiple instruments for different applications.

Sample Presentation: NIR spectroscopy is less sensitive to the physical state of the sample. It can analyze samples in various forms, including powders, granules, liquids, and solids, without the need for extensive sample preparation. In contrast, FT-IR might require specific sampling devices or sample preparation.

Penetration Depth: NIR radiation penetrates further into samples than mid-infrared (MIR) radiation used in FTIR spectroscopy. This property allows NIR to analyze thicker samples, providing more representative measurements, especially in heterogeneous materials.

Europe has already set its own path in IR and RC, a long time ago.

As far as the European Union (EU) is concerned it has already developed the Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) launched in 1992 by the Maastricht Treaty, aiming to preserve peace and strengthen international security in accordance with the principles of the United Nations Charter. It has also developed the European Neighboorhood Policy (ENP), launched in 2004 and reviewd in 2015. ENP builds on the commitment of the EU and its neighbours to work together on key priority areas, and is based on shared values, the promotion of democracy, rule of law, respect for human rights and social cohesion. 

As far as the European states are concerned, they have also developed the Union for the Mediterranean (EfM), an intergovernmental organisation bringing together 43 states that was aunched in 2008 as a direct continuation of Barcelona Process. EfM's goal is to strengthen regional cooperation and dialogue through specific projects and initiatives that address inclusive and sustainable development, stability and integration in the Euro-Mediterranean area.

The chemistry involved or the method needs to be shared in order to suggest something significant. Until then, there can be number of factors which led to disappearing of ester signal.

1. It might have hydrolyzed under the provided conditions (iff acid or base was used).

2. Ester group might have been involved in the cross linking process or transformed into any other.

thank you, It was helpful!!

One possible option for achieving infrared transparency in rock thin sections is to use an epoxy resin that is specifically designed for optical applications. Epoxy resins have been widely used in geological thin section preparation due to their excellent adhesive properties and ability to withstand polishing.

In order to ensure infrared transparency in the range of 1000 to 2000 nanometers, it is important to choose an epoxy resin that is specifically formulated for optical purposes. One such epoxy resin is the "Clearfuge" series from SPI Supplies. This epoxy resin is designed to be optically clear and has been used for various infrared applications, including thin section preparation.

When using an epoxy resin like Clearfuge, it is crucial to properly mix and apply the resin between the rock sample and the CaF2 substrate. Following the manufacturer's instructions for mixing ratios and curing times is important to achieve strong adhesion and uniformity. Additionally, it is advisable to choose a resin that has a low viscosity, which allows for easier penetration and filling of the thin section.

After the epoxy resin has cured, the thin section can undergo the polishing process. Using progressively finer abrasive materials, such as diamond paste or alumina powders, and following standard thin section polishing procedures, the epoxy resin should be able to withstand the polishing process without affecting its infrared transparency.

Remember to choose a reputable supplier and consult the technical specifications and instructions provided by the epoxy resin manufacturer to ensure proper usage and compatibility with the specific infrared range required for your application.

Lamis Saleh polymerisation degree you can search tables and index from internet or books. Like you don't have molecular formula, only IR can predict the monomer with peaks (e.g. between 2800-3200 nm it's OH group). i hope i could help you

The correlation between the variable of "peace" in the field of international relations and artificial intelligence (AI) is complex and dynamic. Artificial intelligence (AI) possesses the capacity to make valuable contributions to the promotion of peace through its ability to improve conflict prediction, optimize diplomatic techniques, and provide support for post-conflict reconstruction endeavors. Nevertheless, the proliferation of artificial intelligence (AI) also presents significant problems, as the intense competition to achieve AI dominance has the potential to further escalate global conflicts. Additionally, the utilization of artificial intelligence-driven autonomous weapons systems gives rise to ethical and strategic quandaries, which have the ability to disrupt established conventions and doctrines of warfare. Therefore, although artificial intelligence (AI) provides resources that can enhance peacekeeping and diplomatic endeavors, its unregulated spread and utilization inside the armed sphere can also present potential threats to global peace and security.

Is it necessary to select only these two peaks for fractional beta content

Dear Yazhou Yang ,

working temperature is 1000 to 1650°C

Please see for example:

Best regards

G.M.

organic compound formula C9H10O2

Phenylmethyl acetate (IUPAC NAME)

Benzylacetate (Common name)

IR 1745 cm-1 Carbonyl group ester

singlet all (NMR)

Thomas has pointed out a major problem. Instrument vendors say that they will sell a diamond (or ZnSe) ATR and it is a universal sampling accessory.

Not true!

From those spectra it is obvious that you violated the critical angle constraint on ATR. I just finished recording a webcast for Spectroscopy, where this will be discussed. Single bounce (45° AOI) diamond ATR is not appropriate and even a Ge ATR element at a 45° AOI will still violate the critical angle constraint.

You may get usable spectra with germanium at a very shallow AOI. I would try a GATR or a VeeMax with a Ge element with a face angle of 60°. That should give you a large enough AOI to have it be greater than the critical angle for graphene.

You cannot interpret anything from these spectra until you get usable spectra. If you decide to do an external reflection experiment (which I don't think will work very well) you will need to correct them for the effects of the complex refractive index before you can interpret them.

As to your 7325 cm-1 feature you mention. That is still very much the infrared. It is the near infrared. And your spectra do not show it anyway.

You can find IR investigations on the variation of the of coordination on the stretching vibration of the C=N group in azomethine derivatives in the following papers:

1)

2)

3) https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0143720819308289

Sébastien Rougerie-Durocher Michael J. Lynch Rafael Villalobos Vaibhav Amarsinh Rajemahadik

I am sharing with you our latest research publication regarding the apple cultivars as follows:

I've used with great success for everything IR search: KnowItAll Analytical Edition Software - Wiley Science Solutions

ZIR compensation can affect the result. You can use a low-noise potentiostat to reduce the effect.

Princess Olivar Tuquero , as you noted previous researchers identified the IF band shift when affected by metals. Assuming that is correct, then the only thing necessary to correlate your FTIR results with the metal content is a graph of the amount of observed band shift to the amount of lead found.

Secondary correlations are not generally preferred analytically, but are sometimes necessary. If you are trying to identify the particular chemical/structure actually doing the adsorption of the lead I can see how combining both might seem simpler. However, as long as you have an AAS it would be better to use it for the metal analysis instead of trying to infer it from the IR. If that is just to explain why your IR peaks are shifted a bit, the metal content would explain that via reference to the paper you mentioned.

As normal growth in plants transports nutrients from the roots ultimately to the leaves it is not surprising to find the highest concentrations of any other compound taken up there as well. I would not expect to find them in the same concentrations evenly throughout the plant structure.

Своевременный

I doubt that there is any reference. The reason why certain bands are characteristic for functional groups is that if the masses of the atoms are very different, than you can for simplification assume that only the lighter atom moves. For the same lighter atom, the oscillator frequency is then a function of the bond strength alone. E.g., the mass ratios for carbon or oxygen atoms against the hydrogen atom are 12:1 and 16:1, respectively. In the range you are interested in, you usually find only vibrations of heavier atoms. But, e.g., for a SiO₂ compound the mass ratio for Si and O is much smaller, namely 1.75:1. Therefore, the simplifying assumption that only one atom moves is no longer valid. This means that the concept of group vibrations ceases to exist, which explains why you cannot find any references...

There are many "dark" channels where the molecular vibraional energy can be transfered to. Typically for infrared energy the vibrations are transfered to phonon energy of the bulk material and propagate from the original excitation into the bulk. Think of it as conversion to heat energy in the bulk material. If there are levels between the excited vibrational state and the ground state the molecule can emit a photon and transition to a lower vibrational state - this is not a dark channel. There are many other ways an excited molecule can relax to its ground state. Any book on molecular spectroscopy should go into detail on this topic.

Please Bilbao crystallography website (https://www.cryst.ehu.es/) give your space group and Wyckoff positions then it will calculate give the no. of IR modes and Raman modes. Of course once you know the IR mode you can find the FTIR modes also.

I am particularly intarested in the contribuations that focus on:

Agency deals human rights in education.

Human feeling,feeling pesples equal without discremanstin on color,religen and race.

Agency dealing with enviroments

Normalizing FTIR spectra of different yeast species can be challenging because the spectra can vary due to differences in cell morphology, biochemical composition, and growth conditions. The Amide I peak is a common peak used for normalization because it is a strong, broad peak that is associated with the protein backbone vibrations, which are present in most biological samples.

However, you are correct that using Amide I peak for normalization can potentially mask differences in this peak between different yeast species, especially if the protein composition is significantly different.

One alternative approach is to use the so-called "internal standard" method, which involves choosing a peak that is present in all the spectra and does not vary significantly between samples. This peak can be used as a reference peak to normalize the spectra.

One example of an internal standard peak in yeast spectra is the beta-glucan peak, which is present in the 1100-1200 cm^-1 range and is associated with the polysaccharide component of the yeast cell wall. This peak is relatively constant between different yeast species and can be used for normalization, especially if the cell wall composition is not significantly different between the samples.

Another option is to use a multi-peak normalization method, where several peaks in the spectra are used for normalization to ensure that the differences in individual peaks are not masked. This approach can be more robust but requires careful selection of peaks that are stable across different samples.

It's important to keep in mind that the choice of normalization method can depend on the specific research question and the variability of the samples.

It's always a good idea to test different normalization methods and compare the results to ensure that the normalization does not introduce artifacts or bias into the data.

Dear G. Srividhya,

you might like to implement:

1) a] a somehow lower AC-values of Vrms ~ 2 mV ('amplitude was 7.07 mV')

and you might like to show (at least) 2-more, illuminative, (EIS-) graphs at b] somehow lower DC-values of (absolute values of) V_DC polarizations (V_overp., overpotentials) values, e.g. at V_DC

V_HER + V_overp. and/or V_OER - V_overp.

2) a] V_overp.=100mV, and at, b] V_overp.=50mV.

Then re-measure (3^rd-EIS), near at the critical^[1] V_overp.~ 0 V.

The KnowItAll Academic edition is no longer available. The bet resources are to go back to the literature. These are the bet resources for interpretation. The Nakamoto book is particularly good for inorganics. You can find more information on the Coblentz website. www.coblentz.org

•Larkin, P.J. Infrared and Raman Spectroscopy. Principles and Spectral Interpretation, second edition; Elsevier: Cambridge MA, 2018

•Mayo, W.M., Miller, F.A., Hannah, R.W. Course Notes on the Interpretation of Infrared and Raman Spectra: Deducing Structures of Complex Molecules, first edition; John Wiley & Sons: New York, 2004

•Nakamoto, K. Infrared and Raman Spectra of Inorganic and Coordination Compounds, Part A: Theory and Applications in Inorganic Chemistry, Part B: Applications in Coordination, Organometallic, and Bioinorganic Chemistry, fifth edition;John Wiley & Sons: New York, 1997

•Socrates, G. Infrared Characteristic Group Frequencies, second edition;John Wiley & Sons: New York, 1994

•Lin-Vien, D.; Colthup, N.B.; Fateley, W.G.; Grasselli, J.G. Infrared and Raman Characteristic Frequencies of Organic Molecules, Academic Press: San Diego, 1991

•Colthup, N.B.; Daly, L.H.; Wiberley, S.E. Introduction to Infrared and Raman Spectroscopy, third edition; Academic Press: New York, 1990

•Bellamy, L.J.; The Infrared Spectra of Complex Molecules, Vol 1, third edition; Chapman and Hall: New York, 1975

Good evening!

Thanks for the answer!

I absolutely agree with you! I understand that my question is not correct. BUT in this case, the meaning was that the colleagues did not have at their disposal the equipment recommended by you.

If there is no other way, we will use your recommendations.

Thank you very much!

Tomorrow I will study your publications.

Sincerely, Ruslan Yurchenko.

So, if I understood correctly, you have a powder sample of known composition, and one of the main absorption bands is shifted to lower wavenumbers compared to the literature. What band? Could this peak be affected by the particle size of your sample?

Kiruthika Mohan, please see the below discussion on RG, perhaps it is of help:

https://www.researchgate.net/post/What_percentage_of_library_matches_are_generally_acceptable_in_microplastics_analysis

What makes you think so? The signature lines of a methylene groups are 1470, 2850 and 2925cm^-1. All these areas are covered here:

Thank you Aprana for your answer.

There are no separate TO and LO peaks, in contrast to Raman spectra. If you want to identify LO positions in infrared spectra, you can find related information in section 4.6 of

I'm not an expert, but diffuse radiation is the one affected by atmospheric dispersion mechanisms, like Rayleigh dispersion. This mechanism is effective on wavelengths that are similar to the size of the molecules causing it. I think from some graphs like the one attached that some NIR may be dispersed also, i don't know what'll be the case for longer wavelengths. Besides this, the leaf wil be emitting on other IR wavelengths energy quantities related to it's temperature and emissivity. Hope some of this helps. Regards

Hello, the absolute temperature measurement of your material with a thermal camera will be quite tricky. It's designed for non transparent object with emissivity spectra similar to "perfect grey body". You can use a really thin paint layer of known emissivity just like you have mentioned. Just be carefull. This paint will change the mechanical properties of your material and can break when temperature changes. At 500degrees you can expected also some chemical reactions between paint and material.

You can also carry on with another aproach:

Heat your material to known temperature and measure it with IR camera as fast as you can. You can create a calibration table for different temperature and then it will be easy to calculate aprroximate temp. of your material.

You can also use really small SMD thermistor connected to your material with silverpaste and some glue and then use IR camera just for relative temperature measurement.

Hi Nagarajan, Theoretically, you can move the target closer to the off-axis parabola to replicate a finite conjugate. However, the further the conjugate is away from infinity, the larger the aberrations become. The magnitude of the aberrations depend on the focal length of the collimator and the aperture of the camera lens you are using. You really need optical design software to quantify the aberrations. A simpler option is to not use the collimator but to set the target 20m from your camera. If you do not have access to a controlled area this long, it is generally easier anyway to set up a flat mirror approximately half the distance required and then the target can be placed close to the camera.

I think you may find the experimental data from literature . For reference ir spectrum you can draw it with the gabedit or gausssum program from your frequency output file.

That is the range for water molecules.

Gerhard, Aparna, thank you for the suggestions!

First, bolometers. As far as I have gone through the topic, it looks like a bolometer can measure the power of incident radiation, but not really its distribution. For the power mesurement we successfully use much cheaper equipment (water cooled sensors are enough).

The chopper wheel - it makes sense of course. However, to use such a wheel I need some space around the output of the pipe, so the wheel shall be mounted not under the pipe but at its side. This is very problematic as the system presented in Fig 1 is an internal part of the greater machine and access to the output of the pipe is very limited in terms of space.

A pinhole diaphragm - this idea we have tested in real. However, here, we faced several issues (e.g., mirrored surface of the diaphragm may change the distribution of radiation as it changes the lightpaths inside the pipe, so the real target may "see" other light distribution than the detector beside the pinholed diaphragm). But we will test that further.

Thank you!

As can be seen from the OfakeG screenshot, you didn't successfully convert the ORCA output file. You need to manually remove the double quotation marks from the automatically generated path, otherwise OfakeG cannot find it.

In addition, you can directly use Multiwfn (http://sobereva.com/multiwfn) to plot IR spectrum. See example in Section 4.11.1 of Multiwfn manual, you simply need to replace the Gaussian output file in this example with ORCA output file.

Arunkumar Gunasekaran you have not given much details of your experiment, electrode arrangement and electrochemical technique, but you should check the distance of your reference electrode, as well as the conductivity of the solution, also the sweep speed in case of CV. Because these are factors that can lead to a high iR drop. If you have the working and reference electrodes at a large distance, then the iR drop can be significant, same as at low conductivity and and very high sweep speed.

Dear Gitashree Gogoi,

I suggest you to calculate carbonyl index according to the method explained in the attached article. I hope it would be useful.

Avantes spectrometer is highly recomnded in terms of product price and benfits

you can perform easily spectral scanning.

If you are interested in photon counting and high resolution Andor is one posibility, but you should know your need for that.

Good luck,

Thank your for your answer! I'm going to read te papers.

Very sorry for you having to use Excel for spectra processing. What about using the free optical spectroscopy software http://Spectragryph.com ? It will directly load the Original *.sp files from Perkin Elmer, and has plenty of functions for spectra visualization, processing and conversion. Just saying...

Dear sir, have a look at

1436 O – H and C – H bending

Dear Sudheera Samarasinghe Gunasekara

below link may help you with your proble:

I'm not too familiar with your setup, but would a sheet of aluminum foil do the trick?

Primary answer :

The digital camera has Infrared blocking filters.

First, remove the filter which is on the digital camera close to the sensor.

The microscope must own hight quality optical elements.

Hope it solves the problem,

ALbert

It is a novel question no doubt . Please go through -https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=2ahUKEwi65a_Jsv_1AhUfzzgGHQ-YCZkQFnoECAYQAQ&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fbooks%2FNBK470348%2F&usg=AOvVaw2_r6r3aQVdi6yRm0mrBW_s in detail . If the condition of pulse oximetry satisfies for the detection of other heme - peroxidases .

It is indeed hard it is to explain it briefly. Basically, you have to change the displacement of a given atom, this changes the electric field and generates a force (k), which is related to the frequency in the FTIR. I may have oversimplified the process, and I am sure there are other ways to compute the frequency. You might be interested in this paper: https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00906659/document

@Chian Heng Lee ,I have calculated dipole moment it's value also changes after doping.

Hello Maksim Korobkin ,

In answer to your question, "Infra Red background of what?" The background, in the case of this instrument, is measured without anything in the optical path except air. In other words, the instrument is measuring the output of the Nernst glowbar (the ceramic light source). When one transforms the interferogram to its spectrum using the Fourier Transform, you get the gray body spectrum of the light source with two pronounced notches (dips) for the absorption of CO₂ and H₂O in the air. The background spectrum should produce a very large signal.

Regards,

Thomas Cuff

Kamal Bhujel As I said, it is not possible to measure absorbance - your instrument either measure transmittance or reflectance and converts it to absorbance.

Can you tell me what your sample is (what kind of substrate)? Is the light going through your sample? You also had to perform a reference measurement... is the instrument empty for this measurement, or do you insert the pure substrate? Or, by any chance, a mirror?

is that 4,4'-Dimethoxybenzil?

The functional groups observed in IR spectroscopy around the region 2190 cm-1 and 2194 cm-1 is unsymetrical C≡C.

Gaussian

Sven Delbeck If you used Beer's approximation for calibration (or chemometrics based on Beer's approximation), then I hope you used molar concentrations.

Hello

Bring the forward biased voltage and current in sequential columns do the same for reverse then divide IF/IR

plot IF/IR versus VF

This is valid if both forward and reverse biased voltage steps are the same

Good luck

Dear Dr Samir Touzani . See the following useful link: https://www.labconco.com/product/centrivap-micro-ir-vacuum-concentrators/69

Dear Anjali,

As Florian mentioned, it is not easy to state an adequate answer based on limited data. Please can post a chemical structure?

I agree with Matheus, concerning specificity there are only 2 posisbilities: IR or NMR; XRD does not provide any molecular specificity at all. But you might get the periodicity, if (and only if) a somehow periodic structure will be formed.

(1) You might start with IR/NMR measurements using a series of different L:M ratios starting from 0. Then, you can assign which peak belongs to imidazole, which to imine, and which to the rest.

(2) If you increase the L:M ratio, new (IR) peaks will appear due to binding. Most like they will arise at a lower frequencies/wavenumbers than the corresponding peaks from the unbound moieties. However, there might be exceptions. In most cases stretching vibrations undergo a redshift due to binding, whereas deformation vibrations undergo a blue shift.

(3) After you have the peak assignment you can study the ratio of the peak areas in dependence of the L:M ratio. I expect that particular sturture of coordination strongly depends on the L:M ratio.

I compiled some examples of IR measurements focused binding.

(1)

(2) https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlehtml/2020/sm/d0sm00337a

(3)

(4) https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2017/CP/C6CP07215A#cit44

(5)

It might be that not all publications are exactly dealing with imidazole or imine, but you will definitely find instructions and band assingments. Look also in the reference there. Remember temperature changes affect the binding equilibrium somewhat comparable than changing the L:M ratio.

Best regards

Snehalatha V 5c/min upto 800c. N2 atm.

Thank you for the reply

may be

Yes. You are right, if your peaks around strong 1785 cm-1 stretching C=O is acid halide, and medium 2900 cm-1 stretching is alkane, medium 3100 cm-1 C-H stretching is alkene, strong range 1650 cm-1 C=O stretching is lambda - lactam, and gamma-1750-1700 & beta-1760-1730, and strong 1725-1706 C=O stretching is Aliphatic ketone or cyclohexanone or cyclopentenone.

On your spectrum graph you can show the specific wavelength no. of peaks with the help of instrument, then you get a better results in your research

Dear

3600–3750 cm-1 relate to the OH stretching vibration.

Reference: (The structural OH mainly appears as characteristic peaks in four regions, 500–720, 3600–3750, 4000–4600, and 7000–7600 cm−1 , corresponding to the OH bending vibration, the OH stretching vibration, the OH secondary combination vibration, and the OH overtone vibration, respectively, Development of FTIR spectroscopy Methodology for ... - MDPI https://www.mdpi.com › 11 ›)

Dear Aidan,

that's a very interesting technical question. I did a SciFinder search for the desired product (such compounds are also called tetracyclone anils) and found that it has not yet been reported in the literature. Do you have access to SciFinder? In that case you should run a search using the structural formula of your product and see what literature references could help you. I'm not sure if tetracyclone (= tetraphenylcyclopentadienone) undergoes normal Schiff base formation reactions. In most previous literature references the authors carried out reactions of tetraphenylcyclopentadiene with aromatic nitroso compounds.

Good luck with your work and best wishes, Frank Edelmann

Take a look at these.

1. Baker, M.J., et al., Developing and understanding biofluid vibrational spectroscopy: a critical review.Chemical Society Reviews, 2016. 45(7): p. 1803-1818.

2. Durlik-Popińska, K., et al., Correlations between autoantibodies and the ATR-FTIR spectra of sera from rheumatoid arthritis patients. Scientific Reports, 2021. 11(1).

3. Fang, T., et al., Rapid Diagnosis of Type II Diabetes Using Fourier Transform Mid-Infrared Attenuated Total Reflection Spectroscopy Combined with Support Vector Machine. Analytical Letters, 2017: p. null-null.

4. Finlayson, D., C. Rinaldi, and M.J. Baker, Is Infrared Spectroscopy Ready for the Clinic? Analytical Chemistry, 2019. 91(19): p. 12117-12128.

5. Rüther, A., et al., Vibrational Spectroscopic Based Approach for Diagnosing Babesia bovis Infection. Analytical Chemistry, 2020.

6. Sharaha, U., et al., Using Infrared Spectroscopy and Multivariate Analysis to Detect Antibiotics’ Resistant Escherichia coli Bacteria. Analytical Chemistry, 2017.

7. Banerjee, A., et al., Rapid Classification of COVID-19 Severity by ATR-FTIR Spectroscopy of Plasma Samples. Analytical Chemistry, 2021.

8. Nogueira, M.S., et al., Rapid diagnosis of COVID-19 using FT-IR ATR spectroscopy and machine learning. Scientific Reports, 2021. 11(1): p. 15409.

9. Pokhrel, P., C. Hu, and H. Mao, Detecting the Coronavirus (COVID-19).ACS Sensors, 2020. 5(8): p. 2283-2296.

Aidan Bradley as we know the range 1085-1050cm-1 is for strong-

C-O stretching. This is a primary alcohol. You have a pick is the 1091.13 cm-1 so it is more likely that is indicating the presence of C-O stretching. The other two picks are 636.06cm-1 and 610.07 cm-1. We know 690-515 cm-1 range indicates the presence of strong C-Br stretching, which is a halo compound. So those two picks are indicating the presence of C-Br stretching.

Dear Mugdha,

1) Ideally, silicon is not absorbing. However, yours is doped (“N type”) and has a comparably low resitivity (1-50 OHM-CM). This means that the free electrons will lead to absorption, and the thicker your wafer is the less light you get through. I would recommend > 10.000 Ohm cm.

2) Double side polished means that spectra of layers will show interference effects, but those can be treated properly (see e.g. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/340232874_Removing_interference-based_effects_from_infrared_spectra_-_interference_fringes_re-revisited). Single side polished substrates suppresses the interference effects, but causes scattering effects which lead to spectra that cannot be safely quantitatively evaluated,

3) Same problems like those under 2)

Surely ultrasonic sensors have definitive edge over IR sensors..

Hello Rachel Dassen. Well, you could convert your hand calculations into SPSS syntax. But I'm not sure that's what you're asking.

Which method of adjustment are you using, direct or indirect? Can you share the data (including the standard population info) with us?

Why are you opposed to using a regression model if it gives the correct results? HTH.

Hi Saimum, congrats on getting your PhD done! It is a great achievement.

If you want to engage in a project on radicalism, religion, and migrants, I'd suggest looking at qualitative research methods a bit more, as you would most likely be interested in talking to people about their experiences. Some interview/focus groups training or experience could be beneficial. Sometimes you can find community-run projects to acquire those skills. Learning SPSS and Nvivo is always good.

In addition, there is a growing tendency in Political Science to be working on big data. I'd suggest you have a look at the existing projects in your area that you find fascinating and see what approaches and software they used and why, and decide for yourself if you want to study it in your own time.

I'd be happy to answer any questions, and good luck!

Best wishes,

Ana