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Hello everyone, I hope you're having a great day. I'm currently a bit confused about whether I should use IPA or thematic analysis. I have already decided on thematic analysis, but I have stated that my research is based on a phenomological epistemology. Since thematic analysis is quite flexible, I would appreciate any suggestions on how I can align it with a phenomenological approach.
For background im conducting an interview based research with the aim to explore how individuals' interactions with social media shape experiences around body image among South Asians
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I am not sure what you mean by a "phenomenological epistemology." Both IPA and most inductive versions of TA rely on a constructivist (ie.e., interpretive) epistemology. Yes, can be quite flexible, but for your exploratory purposes, you should be using an inductive version such as Reflexive Thematic Analysis.
One of the main differences between IPA and RTA is in the interview process. IPA typically involves more intensive interviews with a smaller sample to get at "lived experiences." I suggest you read the Smith el. al book, Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis: Theory, Method and Research, (2nd edition) to decide if IPA is right for you.
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I am trying to make very small gap (preferebly ~100 nm)electrodes. My recipe roughly is:
1. Cleaning SiO2 with acetone and ipa
2. Dehydration bake @180C for 1 min
3. Spin coat PMMA A4 @3k rpm for 1 min
4. Softbake for 5 min
5. Expose e-beam ~350 uC/cm2 (JEOL JSM)
6. Cold Develop MIBK:IPA= 1:3 (5C) for 1 min
7. Sputter Ti 1nm, then Pt 15 nm
8. Liftoff @60C acetone for 1 hour
For some reason, the metal is not coming off from the gap region. Any idea on why this is happening and what to change? Thanks.
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1. Sputtering without collimation is not suitable for lift-off due to unwanted enhanced coverage of PR sidewall compared to thermal or e-beam evaporation. PR crosslinking (at the surface) or reflow can also occour due to the higher energies involved in sputtering compared to evaporation, however, this typically occurs when depositing thicker layers. For better results, consider using evaporation or e-beam techniques.
2. Acetone is not an ideal choice as a lift-off medium. DMSO or NMP are far more effective for lift-off, particularly when sputtering is necessary. Also, the high volatility and low boiling point of acetone often result in increased redeposition of material.
3. Single-layer PMMA is unsuitable for lift-off due to its positive sidewall angle. For a proper undercut in your PR sidewall profile, consider using a two- or three-layer process.
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I am currently writing my research proposal for my Occupational Therapy MsC. My research question is How is nature based volunteering experienced by adults living in cities? This has led me to think it should be a phenomenological study - however I think my philosophical underpinning is critic realism as I also want to identify what social/exonomic structures are supports/barriers. This has led me to think that a reflexive thematic analysis would be the best fit (rather than IPA) but I'm not sure if that's coherent?
Also as a novice researcher I have to realistic about what I can achieve so need a small sample size...
Any advice would be very much appreciated! TIA.
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You should look at the philosophical assumption behind IPA as a form of phenomenology, which are more complex than for RTA. In particular, the phenomenon you are studying should be highly meaningful for the participants. This why you can do IPA with only 3 to 6 participants, because each of them is so deeply immersed in the phenomenon.
Although I agree that IPA has less of a learning curve, you should definitely read Braun and Clarke's 2022 book on RTA to realize how much work their full approach requires.
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Good evening,
My IPA (Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis) research project involves conducting interviews in a different country and in a different language. Considering that I will need to account for cultural contexts and that the language may carry cultural meanings, would it be appropriate consider Poblete's (2009) five operations of translation in the Methods of Analysis section? Additionally, are there any translation tools available that could expedite the translation process?
Thank you.
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Hi Michael, Thank you for your response. I believe I should have mentioned that in my case IPA means Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (qualitative method). I will add a comment to my post.
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Hi everyone, I am conducting an experiment which I am extracting substances into a IPA-water mixture. Since I am going to analyse the substances using GCMS, I need to somehow remove the water content from my solution.
I have searched and seen there are methods to do so such as by using extractive distillation but it is quite labour intensive and I also don't want to subject the compounds-of-interest to heat.
Therefore I am wondering whether there is another "easier" way to separate out the IPA-water mixture so that I can have the IPA layer to put into my GCMS.......
Thank you so much for your input.
Max
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If your analytes are not volatile you could try evaporation to dryness and then reconstituting in your preferred GC solvent of choice ? Otherwise as others have said, liquid:liquid extraction or SPE are your best choices.
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Hello,
Im conducting a qualitative piece of research which ive positioned within a phenomenological grounding. I’m also utilising IPA as the framework for my data analysis. However, I’ve been asked to detail my analytical framework separate this to but I’m struggling to understand the difference between this and my data analysis approach. Any help would be greatly appreciated?
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Sorry for accidentally deleting the information. Here it is again:
Let's break down the concepts of the analytical framework and data analysis approach in the context of your qualitative phenomenological research using Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA).
Analytical Framework:
-Definition:
The analytical framework is the overarching theoretical and conceptual structure that guides your study. It sets the stage for how you approach your research questions and interpret your findings.
-Purpose:
It provides a lens through which you view and understand your research. In phenomenological research, your analytical framework is grounded in phenomenology, emphasizing the exploration of individuals' lived experiences.
-Components:
It encompasses the philosophical underpinnings, theoretical perspectives, and broader concepts that shape your research design. For your study, the analytical framework is rooted in phenomenology, focusing on the essence of experiences.
-Influence on Research Design:
Your analytical framework informs the formulation of research questions, the selection of participants, and the overall design of your study. It answers the "why" of your research.
Data Analysis Approach (IPA):
-Definition:
The data analysis approach is a more specific and detailed aspect of your research process. It involves the systematic examination of your qualitative data to identify patterns, themes, and meanings.
-Purpose:
It is the methodological technique you use to analyze and interpret the qualitative data you've collected. In your case, you've chosen Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) as your data analysis approach.
-Components:
IPA involves a detailed and iterative process of analyzing textual data, such as interview transcripts, to identify emergent themes. It emphasizes the interpretation of participants' lived experiences and perceptions.
-Influence on Data Interpretation:
Your data analysis approach guides how you make sense of the rich, qualitative data you've gathered. It helps you uncover the underlying meanings and patterns in participants' narratives.
Key Difference:
-Scope:
· The analytical framework is broad and conceptual, setting the philosophical and theoretical foundation for your entire study.
· The data analysis approach is more specific and methodological, focusing on the techniques used to analyze and interpret the collected data.
-Timing:
· The analytical framework is established at the beginning of your research and influences the entire study.
· The data analysis approach comes into play after data collection and informs how you process and interpret the gathered information.
The analytical framework is like the big-picture guide for your entire research, while the data analysis approach is the specific method you use to analyze and interpret the detailed qualitative data within that broader framework. The two are interrelated, with the analytical framework influencing the overall design, and the data analysis approach guiding the processing and interpretation of your collected data.
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quick summary: I am looking for a way to slow down lift-off (1165 or acetone) for a given material system (changing materials to solve the problem is not possible)
This is a relatively general question. I have a given material system which presents low adhesion between semiconductor and metal (But imparts certain desirable properties). Lift-off is then not impossible but is completely done in under 5 minute and invariably leads to undesired loss of deposited metal. I would like to slow the process down (mainly for convenience and reproducibility). I am going to try IPA dilutions and active cooling as 2 approaches.
Has anyone ever tried these or other methods to slow down lift-off ?
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Teymour Seymour Talha-Dean is it possible to deposit the metal as a blanket, pattern it and then do a wet chemical etch? perhaps if the metal is uniformly coated as opposed to having side wall coated PR as is the case in liftoff the metal would have higher integrity to the substrate.
Best of luck.
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The type of mixed method is sequential explanatory. I'm planning to conduct an experiment, and then explore how they experienced the phenomenon through IPA. How many participants would be enough for the quantitative part of the research? And do I have to include every participant during the qualitative part? Could I just select a few? 3-6, maybe?
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I have no idea where people are getting the now common recommendation of 3-6 participants for the the qualitative strand of an explanatory sequential design. Yes, 3-6 is standard for IPA, but explanatory sequential designs are explicitly based on using the quantitative findings as a pre-existing foundation for the qualitative study, so I think that approach would seldom make IPA a good choice.
The classic standard for the size of a qualitative study is to achieve saturation, i.e., the point at which new cases no longer add any information. This is difficult to predict in advance, too planning for too few cases can be a serious problem.
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I am conducting an interpretative phenomenological analysis, where I will be comparing the lived experiences of resilience among Syrian refugees residing in three different countries.
Taking into consideration the aim of the study as well as the complexity of the construct of resilience, I would like to explore it in a socio-ecological framework that views it as an interaction between multiple levels: individual, social, and macro.
However, given the inductive nature of IPA, I don’t know if it is possible to use a theoretical framework while conducting an IPA study. If yes, how to do it the best so I won’t affect the indictive nature of IPA? Can I use the framework in building prompt questions in the interview guide? Can I formulate my research question based on it? What will the analysis look like in this case?
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Mayada Nageeba, I will suggest that you identify a particular form of IPA you want to use and implement its methods and analytical approaches. You can be innovative while still being faithful to the key processes in your chosen IPA approach.
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People always use IPA or methanol as solvent for SAM molecular (such as MeO-2PACZ or Me-4PACZ) in inverted perovskite solar cells. However, the solubility of MeO-2PACZ or Me-4PACZ in IPA or methanol might be not so good (See Advanced Materials (2023): 2304415. ) Why does people not directly use DMF as solvent for SAM?
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In my experience, DMSO is not a good solvent for spin coating.
There is also a report about the co-solvent of EtOH-DMF for SAM (adma.202304415).
Hope this can help.
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For spoken languages ​​there is an International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) created in the late 19th century as a standardized representation of speech sounds in written form. The IPA is designed to represent those qualities of speech that are part of sounds in spoken language: phones, phonemes, intonation... What about sign languages? Is it possible to create an IPA for these sign languages? Is it possible to create an IPA that represents the sign languages phones, phonemes and intonation?
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There is not a kind of IPA for the sign languages like the phonetic table as we can see commonly for transcription. The parameters that could be used for the sign languages may include several facts like the mouth movements, the proximity to the body, the hand gestures, etc. It is an interesting project that can be addressed and developed in the future.
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Hello,
I'm trying to develop a LC-ESI-HRMS/MS method for the analysis of triacylglycerols in drying oils and paints, however I struggle with removing TAG contamination in blanks. After trying almost everything, I'm stuck.
I'm working with a Thermo Vanquish UHPLC, Waters 150 x 2.1 x 1.7 BEH C18 column and Thermo Orbitrap Exactive Plus. Mobile phase A: 60:40 H2O:ACN + 0.1%FA + 10 mM NH4Ac mobile phase B: 90:10 IPA:ACN + 0.1% FA + 10 mM NH4Ac
After a few injections of diluted oil samples I started to notice carry over occurring in blank injection. I first thought, this was caused by a weak washing solvent, however when changing to 100% IPA, peaks where still visible.
I have tried the following steps, without success:
- flushed the UPLC with different solvent mixtures according to the Waters LC-MS guide
- flush multiple times with 100% IPA (+ column)
- changing the column multiple times
- bypassing the autosampler/pre-heater/divert-valve to MS
- change the entire HESI-source by another HESI-source
- clean the ion sweep cone, ion capillary with IPA in ultrasonic bath and replace the O-ring
- increase the temperature of the HESI source to 'bake out'
- changing the mobile phase by fresh mobile phase
- changing mobile phase A to 80:20 ACN:H2O
- remove the FA in the mobile phases
- clean needle seat with IPA in ultrasonic bath
However, I still see signal when I run a zero injection while bypassing the autosampler, pre-heater and the divert-valve.
Any suggestions on what could be the cause/solution?
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It is better to clean the MS system by using Alconox...mild and MS spec compatible detergent is efficient in removing aggressive contaminants such as sticky and hydrophobic moieties...
Disassemble all configurations which have a role in ion flux including the quadrupole if possible (it is applicable for Exploris and Qexactive). Follow the maintenance guide to avoid any failure...
For LC it is better to replace the tubings, valves, injection needle, and loop but since you figured out this is not related to the autosampler only replacing the tubings with new ones may be applicable.
Instead of zero injection or preview run just collect the data using infusion mode to see if there is any TAG signal at your MS spectrum. This will clarify the residue that exists in MS or LC...
Besides you may inject lipase at the desired pH and buffer composition several times to convert TAGs to more cleanable counterparts (e.g. glycerol and fatty acids) if the interference is available at your LC configuration...
Best...
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I'm using Giorgi method on my research design however my superviser suggested to us to use IPA. Can i use IPA while putting Giorgi's phenomenological approach on my research design? It really confused me.
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Phenomenology can broadly be defined into two camps: descriptive and hermeneutics (close to IPA). While there is broad overlap, there are distinctions. Giorgi is in the descriptive camp, aligned with Husserl. Hermeneutics is closer to Heidegger. For Giorgi, the researcher removes self from the study, while hermeneutics incorporates the researcher as part of the researched--the interpretation involves the self. Combining both makes little sense, though it has been done. Once one combines methods, one becomes hermeneutics because both are incompatible. Now, can you broadly follow Giorgi? Sure. Just know your purpose and aims.
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I am conducting my MSc in Organisational Psychology and my thesis is centred on how managers support their teams various needs (across both short- and long-term and with regard to wellbeing or performance).
In my analysis, I am observing codes which differ in the managers style when meeting their teams short term needs compared with their long term needs as the managers talk differently / use different language to explain their actions.
Would this be an example of discursive analysis, and if so, is it then inappropriate to refer to if using a IPA methodology?
Many thanks in advance!
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Thank you Antonio, very helpful.
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For my master thesis, I'm starting a research about siblings of adults with intellectual disabilities that live in a residential facility. My research is about how the siblings experience having a caregiving role for their brother/sister with a disability and sharing the caregiving with professional caregivers. It's not easy to share caregiving with professionals who have different views and not the personal relationship like the siblings have with their brother/sister with a disability. I want to do semistructured interviews with siblings and also focus groups with professional caregivers.
I'm not sure what analysis I would do because it is about experiences that make me look at IPA, but a thematic analysis would work too and is more available for beginners.
Can someone give advice? (English is not my main language)
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It sounds like IPA would be a good match to your research project, and there is a new 2nd edition of the Smith et al. textbook on IPA. In general, they encourage beginners to pursue IPA on an in-depth examination of a small number of cases.
Braun and Clarke also have a new textbook which gives much more detail on their version of Reflexive Thematic Analysis. I personally was surprised at how much work would be involved in this type of TA.
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Hi folks, I am currently troubleshooting the peak shape of my tailing tertiary amines in a targeted analysis of drug/drug metabolites by Agilent LC-QQQ-MS.
It is only the tertiary amines (amongst a whole variety of chemistries I am analysing). I am currently running neat standards to remove any matrix effects.
I run 0.1%FA + 10mM amm formate in water for A and 100% MeOH for B.
I have tried:
New column - old and new column have good peak shapes on a different LC-QQQ-MS.
Flushed all lines with IPA then IPA:MeOH:ACN:water, then following by Agilents nasty flushing soln which contains DCM:cyclohexane:ACN:IPA.
Replaced all solvents (wash and elution)
Tried new buffers with different lot numbers
Run in bypass mode
Tried different pH elution solvents
Tried different brand water and methanol
Changed solvent filters
Changed in line filter
Removed needle seat wash
There has been no improvement to peak shape with any of the above interventions...and its only my tertiary amines. Anyone else come across this type of issue before?
Cheers,
Catherine
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Please explain your contradictory response. In your initial report, you state the primary problem you are trying to solve is "Tailing peak shape of tertiary amines". In your follow-up post you report, "I see significant RT shift but absolutely no change to peak shape". These are two completely different problems. Please clarify.
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Editors: Rahul Pratap Singh Kaurav, Dogan Gursoy and Nimit Chowdhary
For many research scholars, especially in developing countries, research is still being nightmare. They believe that research is a task of senior professors which will instill by them to scholars in a day.
If the discussion is about research in tourism and hospitality sector, then it is very easy to observe that there are less researches in this segment. Though the possibility of research in this sector is very diverse. It can start from the complex behavior tourist to hospitality experience of hotels, hostels, restaurants, pubs, clubs, and nightclubs. It includes researching destination promotion requirements and destination performance expectations.
The handbook will conclude by providing research implications and recommendations for tourism and hospitality businesses to enable them to successfully create and manage research strategies in actions.
(1st part of every chapter, will be the case study, 2nd parts will be about SPSS process, and third part would help the researchers in writing interpretations.)
Chapter Vignette and Data Formats
Writing interpretations in the scientific styles
SPSS Procedure and Solution of the Chapter Vignette
Part 1 General idea of research
a. Why research in tourism and hospitality?
b. Why SPSS?
Part 2 Basic operations with SPSS
a. Overview of SPSS
b. Graphical user interface of SPSS
c. Creating and importing data files
d. Editing and managing data files
Part 3 Understanding data
a. Creating and editing graphs
b. Understanding frequencies and descriptive statistics
c. Understanding data through tables
d. Crosstabulation
Part 4 Basics of statistics
a. Understanding central tendencies
b. Assumptions of the normality
Part 5 Comparing means
a. One sample t-test
b. Independent samples t-test
c. Paired sample t-test
c. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)
d. Non-parametric tools
Part 6 Deciphering relationships
a. Correlations
b. Linear regression
c. Multiple regression
Part 7 Causality
a. Moderation
b. Mediation
Part 8 Classic Chi-Square
a. Goodness of fit
b. Test of independence
Part 9 Methods of reliability and validity
Part 10 Factor analysis
Part 11 Cluster analysis
Part 12 Discriminant analysis
Part 13 Multidimensional scaling
Part 14 Conjoint analysis
Part 15 Importance performance analysis (IPA)
Part 16 Introduction to Multi Criteria Decision Making Modelling (MCDM)
Key Dates:
Call for Contributors: January 25, 2019
Receipt of Proposal, outlines and idea of case study: March 15, 2019
Response to authors: April 15, 2019
Full Chapters deadline: June 15, 2019
Draft Book completion: July 20, 2019
Please send your interest along with your CV, if we have not interacted before. If you are writing with your co-authors, please attach their profile too. Looking forward for very prompt responses.
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Could anyone help me out to get this pdf?
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Which is the Best way to make Dry DMF,DMSO,2-ME AND IPA? The water is less 50ppm, Molecular sieves cannot be used。
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Look for any textbook on practical organic chemistry, there should be a section on how to dry solvents and which options you have. If you need these specs, and want to DIY, can you measure them? Do you have access to a Karl-Fischer Titrator?
Better buy these solvents. And create a setup, where you can maintain the specs, when you open the bottles. They happily will draw moisture from ambient air.
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I have accidentally pasted a double sided tape on my quartz wafer , now the glue from the tape has stuck on my wafer ,What should I do , Does acetone , IPA cleaning would suffice
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Here are some steps you may try:
  1. Acetone or Isopropyl Alcohol (IPA) Cleaning: Acetone and IPA are commonly used solvents for removing adhesive residues. You can try applying a small amount of acetone or IPA to a clean, lint-free cloth or cotton swab and gently rub the adhesive residue. Be cautious not to apply excessive pressure to avoid scratching the quartz surface. Test the solvent on a small, inconspicuous area of the wafer first to ensure it does not damage or react with the quartz.
  2. Soaking: If the adhesive is stubborn and doesn't come off with a simple wipe, you can try soaking the affected area in acetone or IPA for a short period (e.g., a few minutes) to loosen the adhesive. Then, gently rub the residue with a cloth or swab.
  3. Plastic Scraper: If the above methods are not successful, you can use a plastic scraper or a soft, non-abrasive tool to carefully scrape off the adhesive residue. Ensure the scraper is made of plastic or a material that won't scratch the quartz surface. Be gentle and avoid using metal tools that could damage the wafer.
  4. Specialized Solvents: If the adhesive is particularly stubborn, you may need to use specialized solvents designed for removing adhesive residues. Some examples include commercial adhesive removers or organic solvents like toluene or xylene. However, these solvents can be harsh and may cause damage to the quartz, so use them cautiously and in well-ventilated areas. Always follow the manufacturer's instructions and safety precautions when using specialized solvents.
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lternative of IPA databases (QIAGEN) tool MicroRNA Target Filter to explores the biological context of the miRNAs of interest by determining relevant miRNAmRNA
pairings and overlaying the miRNA data onto related networks and pathways
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Hi Jay
maybe you could try the StringDb solution with the multiple proteins option (https://string-db.org).
it's free and easy to use, otherwise there is also DAVID, or you can install the cytoscape solution but it's more difficult to take the hand on.
all the best
fred
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I know the H2O azeotrope exists near 91% IPA / 9%H2O. I want to know if buying a simple distillation is an acceptable method to purify higher as I'm starting with 97% IPA and desire to reach 99.5%
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thank you for that feedback, Carlos. I thought since I had 98.5% liquid IPA being treated, I might be able to avoid the azeotrope condition but if that is not the case the I can continue to research methods to batch treat 250gal liquid IPA using 3A,4A, or 5A sieves. I've not found a system fabrication vendor that will work with this low volume requirement.
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I have some cases with duplicate identifiers (i.e., identifiers that map to the same molecule) that meet the cutoff.
I want to do a core analysis in IPA and look at protein-protein interactions. Which method is the most applicable in this case?
Resolve duplicates using median?
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Mathilde Resell For dealing with duplicates in Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA), you can choose the greatest or lowest expression value, take the mean or median expression value, or utilize a custom rule.
If you wish to employ the median technique, you may do it in IPA by following these steps:
In IPA, open the dataset with the duplicate identifiers.
At the upper right corner of the table, click the "Resolve Duplicates" button.
Choose the "Median" option under "Resolve duplicate identifiers by" in the pop-up box.
Choose the columns containing the expression data that you wish to utilize for the analysis.
To apply the modifications to the dataset, click the "Resolve Duplicates" button.
Once the duplicates have been addressed, you may use IPA to do a core analysis to investigate protein-protein interactions. The core analysis will produce a list of enriched pathways, biological functions, and upstream regulators linked to the input data.
To do a core analysis in IPA, follow these steps:
On the IPA main menu, select the "Core Analysis" tab.
As input data, use the resolved dataset.
Choose the right species and analysis parameters.
To begin the analysis, click the "Run Analysis" button.
When the analysis is finished, you may look at the results on the "Results" tab. The "Networks" view visualizes protein-protein connections, while the "Pathways" and "Functions" views investigate enriched pathways and biological functions.
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Student researcher here, our topic is about the experiences of Parentified Young adults and was initially thought it would take a qualitative phenomenological approach. Now, we were advised to make it into an IPA. Im wondering what are the diff between the two.
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IPA (Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis) research and Qualitative Phenomenological research are two different approaches to qualitative research, and they have some similarities and differences.
IPA research is a qualitative research approach that aims to explore and understand the subjective experience of individuals. It involves interpreting the meanings that individuals attribute to their experiences and how these experiences affect their behavior, emotions, and thoughts. IPA research involves in-depth interviews with individuals, and the data are analyzed through a process of coding, categorization, and interpretation.
On the other hand, Qualitative Phenomenological research aims to describe and interpret the essence of a phenomenon as experienced by individuals. It involves exploring the subjective experiences of individuals through in-depth interviews, observations, and other qualitative data collection methods. The data are analyzed through a process of identifying patterns and themes that reflect the essence of the phenomenon.
While both approaches share the goal of understanding subjective experiences, there are some differences between them.
Firstly, IPA research focuses on how individuals make meaning of their experiences, while Qualitative Phenomenological research aims to describe the essence of a phenomenon.
Secondly, IPA research emphasizes the role of the researcher's interpretation in analyzing and interpreting data, while Qualitative Phenomenological research aims to be more objective in describing the phenomenon.
Thirdly, IPA research is often used in psychology and healthcare research, while Qualitative Phenomenological research has a broader range of applications, including social sciences, education, and business.
In summary, both IPA research and Qualitative Phenomenological research are valuable approaches to understanding subjective experiences, but they differ in their focus, methodology, and scope of application.
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Dear All,
I am trying to analyse targeted metabolites i.e Indole-3-acetic acid, IPA and ILA from fecal samples by HPLC. I have came across several extraction protocols for GC-MS but nothing on HPLC. Any help would be greatly appreciated.
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I propose to make an aqueous solution from the feces and then, centrifuge, clean and enrich using SPE C18 columns, then subject to HPLC analysis, preferably with a fluorescence detector. In a similar way, we determine indole derivatives in brassica plant samples according to the procedure from the publication: Pilipczuk, T., Dawidowska, N., Kusznierewicz, B. et al. Simultaneous Determination of Indolic Compounds in Plant Extracts by Solid-Phase Extraction and High-Performance Liquid Chromatography with UV and Fluorescence Detection. Food Anal. Methods 8, 2169–2177 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12161-015-0106-x
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I have microbiome sequencing data and I have analysed it to determine which taxa are up or down-regulated with my treatment, however, this doesn't really tell me much about the metabolic changes.
Is there anything I can use that is similar to the Qiagen IPA where I can place my metagenomics data and it can tell me if there are any changes in metabolic pathways?
Any links and tutorials would be greatly appreciated!
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Is there a minimal sequence depth or length of the sequence read (>xxx bp) required to use Tax4Fun2 and PICRUSt2?
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Water content in IPA is 1.7%. I want to decrease it to less than 0.5%. I have tried simple distillation and also distillation using an entertainer such as ethylene glycol. No positive results were observed.
Secondly, One anomaly observed during distillation of the first cut which we discard is having water content - 3.4% and 1st main fraction - 3%. I do not understand how this water content increased to 3% from 1.7%.
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III. The water-isopropyl alcohol azeotropic mixture of boiling point 80.37 °C, with 87.7 wt% (91 vol%) isopropyl alcohol, can be substantially dried with CaO (200 g/dm3), preferably while refluxing a few hours. After that, distilling (rather than filtering) would be advisable.
IV. To dry isopropyl alcohol you could also consider Linde type 5A molecular sieves.
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Actually, I need to measure insulation resistance of insulated metal sheet. For this I saw "wet insulation test using IPA".
Unfortunately, I have gotten non of the above answer. I hope this forum will be helpful.
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A wet insulation test for insulated metal sheets is a test that measures the resistance to water penetration of the insulation material used in the metal sheets. This test is typically performed by applying a certain amount of water pressure to the insulated metal sheet and measuring the amount of water that penetrates through the insulation material. The test is used to determine the ability of the insulation material to withstand exposure to water and to ensure that it will maintain its insulating properties even when exposed to moisture.
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Hello,
I am interested if there is another software that can give us holistic knowledge of differential gene expression (DGE) like how IPA produces.
IPA is licensed, Is there another software that can help in understanding the DGE in a better manner?
Thank you.
Kind Regards,
SDJ
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If you have already a list of DGE, and you aren't familiar with "by hand" approaches, you can perform a (KEGG or any GO) enrichenment analysis using the ShinyGo app at http://bioinformatics.sdstate.edu/go/.
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Im writing begining to work on a piece of research that will ask about people's experince with psycedelic drugs and the steps taken to ensure positive exeprince/ minimise harm.
I want to conduct interviews asking questions about participants psycedelic experinces with an aim to find commonalities in thier experinces that could be used to inform safety protocols in the clinical use of psycedelics (psycedelic assisted therapy etc)
Because my research question focuses on peoples experince of a phenomena, i was assuming i needed to use IPA, but because i want to identify patterns across all (roughly five or so) participants whould it make more sense to use thematic analysis.
I've had a look at braun and clarke and to me that seems to indicate thematic analysis would be better suited
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Almost all qualitative research emphasizes some aspect of personal "experience." The difference is that phenomenological research, including IPA, takes a philosophical approach to experience as its central topic.
Given that your goal of developing a safety protocol is more practical, I would definitely recommend thematic analysis rather than IPA. You should also look at Braun and Clarke's recent book (2022), rather than just relying on their older articles. In doing so, you my find that some form of content analysis is more appropriate than what B & C now call "reflexive thematic analysis."
One more thing to think about its whether your overall project is similar to a mixed method design called "exploratory sequential analysis," which is represented as qual --> QUAN. In this design, the creation of a quantitative tool is the ultimate goal, and the initial qualitative research serves as an input to that goal.
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I'm working on the exfoliation of monolayer WTe2 on SiO2 substrate in order to create a heterostructure for transport measurements, and I'm having trouble getting thin layers. I tried various methods in the answers under the question "How to mechanically exfoliate tmds on SiO2", but it didn't work out. What I usually do is to put a piece of crystal on a tape and fold the tape many times so that the crystals are all over the tape. Then I press the tape gently on to a wafer that is either untreated, acetone + IPA cleaned, or O2 plasma cleaned. After that I heat the tape and the wafer to a 80 degrees hot for a few minutes. Finally I detach the tape from the wafer as slowly and as smooth as possible. All the processes above are done in a glove box. What I get on the wafer are just thick and small flakes (yellow) accompanied by smaller blue fragments.
Can anyone share a precise exfoliation process suitable for WTe2? Many thanks in advance.
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how thick is your sample?
I got 10nm thickness with almost the same process.
But after the first tape process done I put another tape on the face of the first tape .
and exfoliate that one. Now you will have more thin layer of WTe2 on the tape.
Now, use this tape to transfer on substrate.
I guess you will have at least 20nm thick sample. you can do more dilution by using 3rd or 4th tape and have more thin sample.
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Hello, I'm looking forward to conduct a qualitative research to understand the lived experience of girls and women who experience symptoms of Trance and Possession disorder and have been seeking support from faith-healers. I'm considering IPA for my study. Is it the best for such type of research? Sample size would be 3-6. Kindly guide. Thank you.
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Do you mind to explain more on transcendental possession disorder?
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In GC-MS calculation,
[Area of GC chromatogram for IPA standard solution/ Molar Concentration of IPA in standard solution (mol/L] = [Area of GC Chromatogram of test solution / Molar Concentration of of IPA in test solution (mol/L]
How to convert the above formula to become
[Area of GC chromatogram for IPA standard solution/ Concentration of IPA in standard solution (ml/ml] = [Area of GC Chromatogram of test solution / Concentration of of IPA in test solution (ml/ml]
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Concentration is usually expressed by units of weight/units of volume. This is the most common expression we use in analytical chemistry. Choosing an alternative expression like unit of volume/unit of volume needs a good justification, i.e. why it is necessary to use ml/ml rather than mg/ml?
Converting mass to volume is easy if you know the density, because density is mass/volume. Simplest example is density of water at 4 C is 1 g/ml.
If you have methanol in water for example at 0.85 mg/ml, and you want to convert it to be expressed as ml methanol/ml water, then you can use methanol's density (972 mg/ml) to convert [0.85 mg/(972 mg/ml)] = 0.00087 ml methanol/ml water.
Similarly, you can use molecular weight of methanol (32.04 g/mol) to convert your results from mol/ml to g/ml first then using the density to convert g/ml to ml/ml.
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I prepared Cu Au core shell nanowires. After fabrication, they aggregated. Vortex has no effect while sonication causes them to break into short wires and rods.
How can I redisperse them in IPA or any other solvent?
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Once you make nanowires, you should keep in a solvent, never leave the solid state. It is impossible to redisperse the solid aggregated nanowires as your original nanowires formed.
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I have samples solubilized in Ethyl Acetate, IPA, and small amounts of water (<10%). I was curious if the community had any input about plates and plate seals that would be compatible with that mixture and an autosampler for their eventual analysis on mass spec.
Thanks for any ideas!
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This helps! Thank you for the suggestion!
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how to seprate mixture of Acetonitrile 20% + IPA 80% ?
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Both are the same BP. It should be possible
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Hello,
We have been having contamination issues with our single quad LC-MS system (Waters Acquity Arc QSMR, Sample Manager FTNR, 2998 PDA, QDa). In particular, we observe an omnipresent species with m/z 100 across the entire chromatogram, m/z 271 and a series with m/z 295, 297, 299 (as well as 293, 296, 298 and 300, see pic) when the aqueous phase is between 100 and 20%, after that it seems to disappear. I should mention we are running either 10 minutes or 30 minutes gradients (5-90% ACN, only FA as additive for both MPs). I have tried to isolate the problem to either LC or MS, with inconclusive results. We have performed a thorough LC cleaning twice (washed with acidic mix, ammonia and IPA, then water @70C overnight, all LC-MS–grade from Biosolve), as well as MS source and ion guide cleaning (done by Waters engineer), but the problem is still there.
The strangest thing though, is that after the first round of LC cleaning the contaminants were gone (or below noise level) for about two consecutive days (see pics of spectra), and then all reappeared on day 3 (except for 271) when a new run was started, only difference being that I prepared fresh mobile phase (with commercial LC-MS–grade water and LC-MS–grade formic acid). After that I tried the cleaning procedure again, but this time with no success, although the general background signal did get much better.
We even installed a carbon filter between our (newly installed and checked) N2 tap and the MS inlet. At this point I do not know what else to try, Waters keeps suggesting that it's an LC problem, and they advice yet again another cleaning procedure (with 30% phosphoric acid), but I am a bit skeptical since we have tried 3 out of 4 of their advised cleaning mixes and protocols already.
Did anyone maybe encounter these same contaminant species? Or does anyone have suggestions as to what they might be and how to get rid of them? Since this is just a single quad, it's hard to say exactly from the m/z, but if I scan some of the " common contaminants" lists some of these masses match with either Triton or polymers (PPG or PEG), although I do not see the typical patterns for the latter. Any suggestion or tip would be greatly appreciated :)
Thank you
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Yeah it's definitely not fun to deal with 😅
Yes, I did run without column with again no differences. And I also thought about things falling off into the solvent bottles (we have this extraction arm on top of the equipment that looks a bit old and crumbly), but I just bought proper bottle lids that have no openings, so that is ruled out as well (from now on at least).
Thanks for the tips about the divert valve, I am going to investigate that and do some tests and see if I can pinpoint the source.
Best,
Riccardo
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How do I convert volume ratios of IPA:water mixture of 2:1,4:1,5:1 to Mass ratios? Density of IPA is 0.786gm/cc. Can someone plz help?
I tried work out by taking a constant volume of 2ml total sample, so by taking 2 parts of IPA and 1 part of water, it makes 67% IPA & 33% water, so 67/0.786(IPA density) gives 85.241.
Is this correct?
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Mohaned Elbasheer I have'nt prepared the sample yet but I wish to do so. I got the ratios from literature. The density of IPA is 0.786 gm/cc. the problem I'm facing is to convert those volume ratios (2:1,4:1,5:1; IPA:Water, respectively), to a mass I can make samples of IPA & water mixture of 5ml. Any help on that lines would be really helpful. Thanks!
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Successive extraction of Pet.ether and chcl3 extract doesn’t soluble in familiar solvents (pet.ether, chcl3, E.A, methanol, ethanol, ACN, IPA, acetone, DMSO,DMF, water and acetic acid). Anyone can give the solution to dissolve the extracts?.
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Did you mean plant extracts?
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I have been experiencing consistent contamination of the pharmaceuticals ciprofloxacin, trimethoprim, carbamazepine, azithromycin and venlafaxine. The peak height remains the same with or without injection. and is predominantly seen when there is an addition of 5 mM ammonium formate. The standards I previously injected didn't exceed 2.5 ppb .
My method is:
(A) Aqueous : H2O + 0.1 % formic acid and 5 mM ammonium formate
(B) Organic: ACN + 0.1 % formic acid
Gradient:
Time % B
0 5
4 50
5 100
9 100
9.5: 5
The steps I have taken so far include;
- Multiple injections of 1:1 H2O: IPA (not going into column)
- Changing mobile phase (A: H2O + 0.1 % formic acid and 5 mM ammonium formate, B: MeOH
+ 0.1 % formic acid and 5 mM ammonium formate)
- Changing to a new column
- Replacing needle seat, injection needle and MS capillary
- Running an acidified cleaning mix (1:1:1, MeOH:ACN:IPA 1% formic acid) in the stead of my
mobile phase.
- Using an acidified multi-wash (1% formic acid) (A: 1:1:1 IPA:MeOH:ACN, B: 1:1 IPA: H2O, C: 1:1 ACN:MeOH)
- Ran the method with no injection
- Direct injection
- Deep source clean
- Injected acidified organic
- Changing capillaries
- Remade mobile phases with brand new formic acid and ammonium formate
Any help or thoughts on what to try would be a great help!
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Hi William, thank you for this! I will have a look into changing the parts you mentioned. The wash bottles I was addressing were the ones that are linked to the multi wash system, but yes I also changed the seal wash solvent. I will additionally contact Agilent in response to your recommendation.
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What causes the high Jsc in carbon-based perovskite solar cell <20 mA/cm2?
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Hello Atiyah,
If you don't mind me asking, what were the deposition details of your graphite/carbon black top electrode? Jsc values in the mid-high 20s of mAcm-2 have been reported, but there is a dependence on processing parameters, carbon particle size, and so on.
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I bought a Molybdenum foil from the Goodfellow company and cleaned the substrate with ultrasonication for 20min each @RT with detergent, acetone, and IPA.
Still there is the polymeric residue unable to get rid of that
What if I use HNO3 will oxidize the substrate?
let me know if anyone has a recipe for cleaning
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Dear colleagues,
I hope you are doing well. I am trying to get a uniform network of AgNWs on glass substrates from AgNWs dispersion in isopropyl alcohol (IPA), but I am finding some limitations. I use spin coating and drop casting methods. Before deposition, the glass substrate is cleaned by sonication in DI water with detergent, DI water, acetone, and IPA, respectively. After that, the substrate is dried by air and on a hot plate and treated by O2 plasma for 15 minutes to improve its hydrophilicity. Finally, drop casting or spin coating is performed. I tried many concentrations of AgNWs dispersion from 1 to 5 mg/ml. In case of spin coating, the density of the AgNWs on the substrate is very small and most of the nanowires are bent and/or have shorter lengths than the value provided by the supplier.
Please note that, different spin speeds (1000 - 3000 rpm) were used, but this didn't make a big difference.
For drop casting, the density of AgNWs is much bigger even at low concentrations, but there are many agglomerations and still the bending issue exists.
Also, the dispersion is stirred on a magnetic stirrer for (30 - 60) minutes before deposition.
Some SEM images are attached for clarification.
I'd be very grateful if you can give some advice to address the abovementioned issues.
Best regards,
Michael
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We normally utilize EDTA, AgNo3, IPA, etc as scavengers for various reactive species in photocatalytic degradation studies and analyze the active species in the system.
I would like to know if there are any experimental techniques that we can employ to analyze the electrons, holes, superoxide radicals, and hydroxyl radicals generated in the photocatalytic degradation studies in the liquid samples.
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Hi, as mentioned, optical (PL, UV-vis), EPR and, for specific charge carrier species, IR, with/without the help of probes are the most used techniques. Combnation of these techniques with intrinsic kientics analysis is also very powerful. The publication (as well as many others) below gives you information:
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Many anglers use fluorocarbon lines for their strength and abrasion resistance. However the hydrophobic surface makes it difficult for it to break through the water surface tension and it sticks on the surface. I'm after liquid or gel that I can smear onto the line that isn't water soluble but will give a hydrophilic surface to help the line sink. Any suggestions? I'm thinking along the lines of an hydrophilic polymer, such as polyester, dissolved in something like IPA?
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I recommend that you lubricate the thread with polysiloxane (silicone). Depending on the molar mass, they have different hydrophilicity and different solubility in water.
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Working in inclusive ESL classes (primary students) with varied learning difficulties, I have noticed that using the existing IPA information on Units' new vocabulary - found in our course books - students with learning difficulties were learning new vocabulary much easier while they improved significantly in writing and comprehension. So, I'm interested in a deeper research on this subject. Your experience and opinions would be much appreciated. Are you aware of similar research or research tools on the subject? Thanks in advance.
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yes we can
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The starting point for Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) is induction. It aims at filtering out theoretical and conceptual assumptions in order to allow the lived experiences of research participants vis-a-vis a phenomena to speak on their own terms. But, although IPA strongly emphasises an inductive process, many PhD students who choose IPA as their main methodological point of departure appear to make empirical and theoretical assumptions, as well as develop hypotheses, prior to embarking on their fieldwork (this is, at least, my experience). So, the question is, can IPA incorporate deductive processes, such as preconceived hypotheses?
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This raises the classic issue of "bracketing" in phenomenology, with the goal of becoming aware of, and setting aside, one's own preconceptions. Eatough & Smith (2017) give a nice one paragraph summary of the IPA position on preconceptions, with the argument that IPA researchers need to be reflexive in detecting and restricting these prejudices throughout the research process.
But this is very different from a deductive approach, which would build these preconceptions into the research process. In their book, Smith et al. (2009) do acknowledge the possibility of having some "secondary" interview questions that are theory-driven, but these should always be subordinate to the core goal of hearing the participants' experiences in their own terms.
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While using Interpretive Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) in a Qualitative study, how can we represent data from several stakeholders other than the target group to explain different perspectives in a single study?
I will deeply appreciate your time and effort to provide any help, references and guidance.
Regards
Renitta
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At the outset, it seems appropriate to honor a phenomenological approach in all steps and stages of the research process, for example, this will allow “phenomena to speak for themselves” in research design, data collection, and analysis. This would promote originality and authenticity and may result in very different data representation from the following proposed example.
Concerning “representation of data from several stakeholders other than the target group” as well as data from the target group, repeated reading and immersion in the data is crucial. Assuming the same approach, design, and data collection for all participants, and researchers reflexive narratives for additional audit trail purposes, data analysis might include the following steps.
1. NVivo coarse sieve for coding and organizing of emergent themes,
2. Thematic content analysis.
3. Deeper re-reading and exploration of natural units of experience,
4. Phenomenological analysis of stakeholders and target group findings separately,
5. Creative synthesis to allow phenomenological essentials from different perspectives to emerge,
6. In step 5 “different perspectives” could also include independent analyses, e.g. by co-authors, as well as theoretical perspectives and practical steps recommended by IPA writers.
7. Explication and interpretation,
8. Discussion and conclusion.
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I am trying to model the OCV of an electrochemical reaction where: ACT(g) + 2H+ + 2e- --> IPA(l), at T = 25 Celcius (Standard Temperature) and P = 19.6 KPa (P < Standard Pressure). The phase change occurs due to the low pressure and the differences in saturation properties between these substances. Any help is appreciated.
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I suggest you create functions for a complete set of thermodynamic properties for the reactants and products and subtract (after minus before). This is not as intimidating as it might seem. I do this sort of thing all the time. Without getting too fancy you can accomplish this with an Excel spreadsheet. To calculate g=h-Ts anywhere all you need is a curve for the ideal gas specific heat (probably in the NASA Glenn report) plus the residual enthalpy (you could use RKS or BWR or Nelson-Obert see attached spreadsheets) plus the residual entropy (same approach as residual enthalpy). Residual h or s is the difference between real and ideal gas so just put them together. You can read most of this book by just clicking on "look inside" https://www.amazon.com/dp/B07Q5L1CHT All the software is free on the web at the link listed below the Foreward. I will be out of town for a week but after that if you still haven't got it, collect all the data you can get (molecular weights, critical properties, etc.) and I'll put it together for you.
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I am a new researcher currently doing experiments on perovskite solar cells.
Since I haven't got much experience in this area, I confront some questions regarding the experimental techniques.
I read the experimental sections from papers, but they usually only summarize the steps.
My questions are
1. For ETL, I use SnO2 dispered nanoparticles.
What is the difference between using IPA+DI water and using DI water only for dilution?
Do I need to stir to get rid of particles, or just sonication is enough?
Is filtration required after sonication?
2. As for the perovskite layer, I normally use FAPbI3 with small amount of MAPbr3 added.
Do I need a higher temperature or room temperature when I stir the mixture? and why?
3. For HTL, do I need to stir the mixture of spiro and chlorobenzene before adding additives and again after adding additives?
4. Lastly, does the thickness of film depend on the amount of solution dropped? What I read was it mainly depends on the rotation speed and time.
These may seem stupid questions, but I still look forward to answers..
Thank you!
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Dear Jh Kim ,
welcome!
And here some additional advises:
You have to make your fabrication in a clean dry environment.
You must be sure that every layer is deposited and formed properly before depositing the next layer by testing and inspection.
It is better to measure the optical and electrical properties of the layers to be sure that they satisfy the requirements of good working solar cells.
If you make this testing routinely you will grantee good functioning solar cells systematically.
Best wishes
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Hello,
Im looking for good free alternatives to QIAGEN's IPA, could you suggest some similar software?
I'd preferably use a standalone version, not an online-based tool, it would also be great if it would be available on macOS.
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Free tools are not free. You may not pay in dollars but you will pay either in time to deploy and use, or lower quality of results. See for instance this Nature Methods article that looked at about 4,000 papers published in one year and found that of 67% of them used outdated free software that captured only 26% of biological processes and pathways known at that time.
I would recommend iPathwayGuide (www.advaitabio.com). It is not free but it is significantly less costly than IPA.
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I am currently doing a thesis using IPA for the lived experiences of student mothers. Can anyone share their ideas on how many respondents I need to have for the study? Thanks
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As indicated by some of the answers above, textbooks may give you some numbers, but they may not be very helpful if you do not grasp the thinking behind those numbers. To state that you ended up doing 17 interviews because some textbook said that it is within the range given in the that book. My advice is therefore that you make an effort to understand the concept of phenomenon better, so that you can focus on the quality of your interviews as a way of gaining the best possible insight into the phenomenon. In line with my interpretation of Steinar Kvale, you need to interview enough people to get a solid answer to your research question, one you can feel confident about and which will stand firm when your peers ask critical questions about your findings. Saturation is not really an issue in phenomenology, so you may want to look elsewhere, like Malterud et al. (2016) concept of Information power.
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i am creating a qualitative protocol to understand the feelings and experiences of employees returning to work after experiencing mental health issues whilst working remotely. the return to work can be remote or in-person. but my question pertains to whether using grounded theory in conjunction with IPA would be appropriate? one of my research questions is understanding employees feelings of using a hybrid model of work flexibility. so that is why i thought including grounded theory would be appropriate but im not sure.
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I agree with Béatrice Marianne Ewalds-Kvist that IPA and GT typically emphasize different goals, so you should start by clarifying your research questions and purposes. Right now, it sounds like you want to work with prior theory, which would not be a good fit to GT.
In addition, the two methods differ with regard to how they handle coding, so you should also consider what combination of data collection and coding works best for you.
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Hello. I'm planning to do patch-clamp experiments mostly in current-clamp mode. Previously I had worked with Axon's amplifiers only, and for current-clamp mode best choice was Multiclamp 700B. But recently I discovered a Sutter's IPA/Double IPA which parameters looks very close to Multiclamp 700B. Does anyone has experience with this amplifier? What hidden bugs it has?
Thank you,
Viacheslav Viatchenko-Karpinski.
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I don't know the Sutter IPA/Double IPA. However, I would recommend considering also the amplifiers of HEKA. Best Jakob
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I am designing a study to gain insight into the experience of returning employees with a history of mental health issues. i want to understand how they feel about returning to work. is it ok to use interviews with IPA on returning employees and then thematic analysis on employees and family members of employees ? so IPA would only be on a subsection of the total sample. How will i justify this approach?
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Hi,
I just start to work with microfluidics devices but the lab I work do not have access to any compressed air so I can not clean my cover glass really well before bonding with my PDMS.
I normally clean with acetone then IPA at the last step I dry them with tech wipes but there is still lost of dusts stays.
How can I achieve a better cleaning?
Thanks
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Tape
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I'm using IPA for my doctoral thesis as I'm evaluating the lived experience of postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome. I've not done this type of analysis before so was wondering if NVivo would be a suitable programme to use? I've used it previously when I've conducted a thematic analysis but I'm not sure if there are other software options more suited to IPA. Any advice would be greatly appreciated.
Thanks
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I actually don't think you can! IPA is not simply thematic analysis in the NVivo sense. If you are adopting an IPA approach you take one case at a time. You identify the themes in that case before you move to the next case. In the next case, you 'bracket off' what you found in the first case. When all cases are done separately, you then look across to create a new set of themes. The 'I' of IPA is important now. NVivo doesn't work like that as it cant take an interpretist's stance. If I was examining a PhD that that used IPA with NVivo, there would some heavy philosophical explaining to do by the candidate!
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There is many polyurethane adhesives. 2k and 1k adhesives. Polyester polyols are most useful raw material for polyurethane adhesives.
Many monomers can be used in this polyols including IPA, AA, DEG, EG, NPG and others.
What is the most obvious role or function o each monomer in pokyester polyols?
For example IPA for heat resistance? NPG for adhesion or hydrophobic behaviour?
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Adhesives have the main function of creating a bond of the polymers to various substrates;
the characteristics of the polymer carrying the OH group depend on the monomer and in turns, will determine the final Tg, mfft, tack, dry-time, crosslink density and so on.
choose the monomers accordingly
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Hello, I run in to some troubles with the mechanical exfoliation of WSe2 and MoS2 on SiO2. I could get quite good flakes (~50um size) to direct exfoliate on PDMS, however 300nm SiO2/Si substrate does not work for me. The substrate is cleaned by ultrasonic in Acetone/ IPA/ DI water.
I read about some researchers also treat the substrate with Oxygen Plasma to remove organic adsorbents after the cleaning procedure I mentioned above. Is this a crucial step? If so, can I remove organic adsorbents by piranha?
many thanks in advance
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  • If you are looking for a monolayer (1L), then MoS2 is much easier than WSe2. But still, both are okay.
  • For 1L flakes, PDMS would be very difficult than SiO2. But thick layers are possible in PDMS as well as SiO2 substrates.
  • For 1L flakes, SiO2 is the best substrate so far in our experience. However SiO2 surface state is supercritical, otherwise, it will not work.
According to your description, I think you are making your SiO2 surface bad by doing the chemical treatments. We always use new (company packaged and sealed) wafers and always avoid any chemical treatment. The chemical treatment makes bad surface states for exfoliation.
O2 plasma treatment is very good for exfoliation, it makes two things. 1) Activated surface (after 15-20 min, activated surface deactivated due to atmosphere), 2) Dry clean SiO2 surface for contaminations. If you don't have O2 plasma facility, still exfoliation is possible but a bit more difficult, you will get a smaller flake size (~10 um).
You may follow these steps:
  1. Pickup TMD crystal on scotch tape (larger crystal size is better)
  2. Take another empty scotch tape and thin down your crystal thickness 2-3 times. Tape detachment speed should be high here
  3. Take a new wafer from the company box (you must store your wafers in a dust-free and dry environment, cleanroom or vacuum desiccator are better options)
  4. Keep your wafer as dry as possible and don't do any chemical treatment. If your SiO2 surface has dust particles or moisture, exfoliation will not work.
  5. Do O2 plasma treatment (without plasma treatment, exfoliation will work but with less yield). Exfoliation must be done within 15-20 min after the plasma treatment, otherwise not so effective
  6. Put your "step 2" crystal+tape on the SiO2 and use a wafer tweezer's flat back-side, rub gently in unidirectional way to make sure tape firmly attached to the substrate
  7. Now, use one hand with a tweezer to hold your substrate fixed on the table, and use another hand to slowly detach the tape for substrate
  8. Detachment speed is super critical here. Go as slow as possible but never stop, continuously detachment is important.
  9. You can use this tape again on 4-5 different substrates one-by-one but must be within 2-3 hrs. After that exfoliation is not effective.
  10. At the end of the day, the exfoliation yield is not so good. But if you make 3-4 substrates like the above, you should have a few 1L flakes.
I am quite sure you will get it easily.
We are getting this every day, so don't be stressed up.
Everything will be good.
Good luck.
Chandan
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I am currently doing an Electrospinning project, and I need to create an Hydroxyapatite solution that yields fibers. I plan to grind up HA into a powder and disperse it through Acetone (or IPA if I do not have enough Acetone). Can someone please tell me the steps on how I would approach this? I do not know if I have access to a sonication machine, but I do have a magnetic stirring machine. Any past experience would be appreciated.
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Dear Matthew Lawson, literature is full of studies on this subject. Please follow these references. My Regards
10.1166/jnn.2017.12620
10.1111/j.1151-2916.2004.tb06351.x
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IPA used is not anhydrous. Preparation is not carried out inside an inert glove box.
I prepared the MAI solution for the two-step deposition of Methylammonium lead iodide perovskite thin film.
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Dear Raj Mohan the appearance of a reddish-brown color when dissolving methylammonium iodide in isopropyl alcohol (I assume that by IPA you mean isopropyl alcohol) is a clear sign of oxidation and formation of elemental iodine. This could be caused by air / water oxidation or the presence of small amount of peroxides in the alcohol solvent etc. In general it is advisable to carry out all steps of the perovskite synthesis inside a glove box to avoid contamination with air and / or moisture. I also suggest to use anhydrous isopropyl alcohol.
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Hello,
I am trying severalethods of analysis for several hydrophilic compounds and I seem to not have good signal for Ofloxacin.
I use ammonium acetate 5mM at pH 3.5 and ACN with 5 percent IPA in a 20 min gradient.
The Ofloxacin out of the 4 pharmas is the worst.
I used IPA and 5mM of ammonium acetate because it kept screwing the ESI and polymerizing making it no signal after 20 samples.
Any good method available?
Thanks!
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Thank you for this answer. I was wondering why it did not show up lik trimethoprim or caffeine and I thought acidifying the mobile phase would solve the problem but apparently not. Tricky compound
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I am preparing the PAA modified gold nanoparticle, but I have encountered a problem. According to the paper "Solvents induce phase separation for fabrication of Janus hybrid nanoparticles: A dissipative particle dynamics simulation", the solvent ratio of water and IPA is very important for the synthesis of Janus nanoparticles. I added the gold nanoparticle(in water) to IPA. However, the gold nanoparticle aggregated in IPA. I don't know why this happened? Did anyone encounter the same situation? I hope that someone may help me figure out this problem. I would be very grateful.
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Hello Jiaying,
this is a very interesting technical question. In the article which you cited in you question the authors state in the Introduction that (citation) "Polyacrylic acid-gold (PAA-Au) Janus nanoparticles (JNPs) are difficult to prepare and characterize due to their specific structures and properties". However, I just came across an relevant literature reference in which a rather simple and straightworward synthetic protocol for making PAA-Au JNPs is described. Please have a look at the following article:
Poly(acrylic acid)-stabilized colloidal gold nanoparticles: Synthesis and properties
Unfortunately this paper has not been posted as public full text on RG. However, four of the authors have RG profiles. Thus there is a good chance that you can request the full text directly from the corresponding author via RG. The same is true for the following paper which provides a good overview of the field:
I hopw this information is useful. Good luck with your research work and best wishes, Frank Edelmann
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Hi all, I recently struggled with this question in my Viva and wondered if anyone has any thoughts of how one might answer this question? Many thanks in advance.
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This is a very wonderful question! Very curious to hear perspectives. First, I would ask the question as "how can a social constructionist stance be practically applied?" simply because there is not a singular "the" social constructionist stance. I actually attended an IPA workshop led by J. Smith and asked about multiple rounds of interviews and member checks between rounds, and at the end of analysis, as it appears to be a waning activity by some qualitative researchers in my field. If one is to adopt a, or their, social constructionist stance toward IPA I could see it practically integrated by actively engaging participants as co-researchers in between rounds via member checks (a process a doc student of mine developed w/ her grounded theory study and titled "Interpretive Dialogues" [Coe Smith, 2007], as well as full member check interviews post development of the a draft of the final analysis. Including participants actively in the development and refinement of the themes (thinking IPA here) might be one way. Relatedly, I have been disappointed by what I see as an increase in post-positivist influences on qual research, like IPA, where the researchers are the singular meaning makers, analysts, and verifiers of the data and final themes. For myself this is conducting research "on" versus "with" participants. Seems exploitive...
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I want to rinse the wafer with IPA, DI water.
I use those two solutions as much as possible to achieve a spot-free surface.
However, I found that in many literature the sequence of use of IPA and DI water is different. IPA-DI water or DI water-IPA, which is correct?
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Deer Taeho Lee,
During wafer cleaning order of chemicals used should be
Acetone>>>IPA>>>DI in utrasonic/multisonic cleaner.
For Silicon wafers you may use the RCA1 and RCA2 cleaning methods.
I am sure you will get the spot-free cleaned surface by using the above suggestion.
Best wishes,
Varun
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I am using carbon/silver paste as adhesive for thin film deposition. After that, I want to remove the paste residue. It seems acetone + methanol + IPA does not work.Attempt to try piranha solution.
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Dear Tingyu Su , it would be useful to provide details about your paste, so that we can help you better. This said, let me imagine you used some kind of carbon paste or carbon based adhesives used for mounting SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope) samples. This could be also true for the silver paste. These pasted are filled with conductive materials (carbon, silver,...) but the binder is some kind of organic adhesive, and while piranha could digest most of them, it could easily damage your thin film too (depending on its composition and structure). The solvents you tested or their mixtures are all of them polar, and most adhesives are not soluble on them, so I would give a try to some non-polar solvent before to use harsh chemicals. Among non polar solvents you can easily find hexane, diethyl ether, toluene, etc.
Hope this helps. Good luck with your research.
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IPA is Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis.
My subjects are focused and direct lived experienced personnel.
However, I am not sure of the minimum sample to be taken. I hope can get some answers from experts.
Thank you.
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Yes - 6 - 8 is ideal due to the depth of the analysis needed - each transcript might need 40 - 50 hours work. You should read Smith, Flowers, and Larkin - see attached if you've not already - Smith - he runs an online IPA info hub ..http://www.ipa.bbk.ac.uk
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Hello,
I wonder if you would be kind enough to help me. I’m a second year Occupational Therapy student and i’m currently writing my dissertation proposal. I want to do a qualitative student on ‘OT students perceptions of spirituality in practice‘. What is their understanding of the term? Do they think it relevant to OT?Have they supported individuals with this aspect of their well being during their placements? Do they feel confident and well prepared to meet these needs? I’m a little unsure about methodology and data analysis. Would the phenomenological approach be best? Would Interpretive Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) work with data from a focus group. I have read that IPA is not the norm for focus group data but that some see merit to this approach. I’m new to the world of research but very keen and excited to learn more. Thank you!
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Hi there,
I used IPA for my OT thesis as well. One thing to be aware of within the data analysis process is the requirement to analyze both within and across participants. With IPA it is really necessary to view each data set independently from others as you will bracket the information from previous data sets within your analysis of the next. You'll want to be sure that this adherence can be maintained within a focus group. I'll echo David - the Smith et al text is very helpful to a researcher new to IPA and I believe they do have a section within the text about different methods of data collection & interview styles. I wish you luck - congratulations on the progress you've made to becoming an OT; the finish line is in sight!
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In one of my research studies, I'm looking forward to understand 'what does the term self-compassion mean to my participants, what do they think are the benefits associated with it etc'.
I hope to arrive at a conclusion regarding this concept for most of the participants which could then help in designing effective interventions.
I'm assuming that in this case, Thematic Analysis might be more useful. Would it also allow me to have more participants than IPA? Thanks
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In general, IPA does pursue a deeper understanding of the phenomenon based on in-depth interviews with fewer participants, while TA uses more participants to get a bracer view of a topic.
You can find a comparison between IPA and TA by Braun and Clarke here:
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Hi all, I have been using lipid particles on UPLC with CAD and there is unknown contamination that is not going away. Contamination is detected starting around ~80%B in gradient elution. I did a few of the followings but still didnt resolve the problem.
1. Run Acetonitrile/IPA (2/1, v/v) 100% for 40 min which is Mobile Phase B
2. Run Acetonitrile 100% for 40 min
3. Clean the glasswares with Acetone (HPLC grade) and made fresh buffer B.
4. Run ACN/IPA/MeOH/Water (1/1/1/1, v/v/v/v) overnight
All these practices did not resolve the issue, and the contamination is continuouly detected.
Any other suggestions please?
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While IPA is generally used in psychology and phenomenography in education, what would be the advantages of using one over the other in a research study of a relatively small (10-15) group ?
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Interpretive phenomenological analysis is a qualitative research approach that seeks to understand the meanings associated with lived experience. Today it is widely recognized and widely used in the field of psychology, especially in English-speaking countries; while phenomenography is a research approach that aims to identify and describe the qualitatively different ways in which people experience (understand, perceive) phenomena from their environment ... then, IN PART THEY ARE SIMILAR, BUT NOT IDENTICAL !:
In fact, phenomenography pretends to be, from the empirical science of learning, a replica of phenomenological analysis; but it tries to distance itself, at the same time, from both philosophy and psychology, while the IPA maintains close links with Phenomenological Philosophy and Psychology and, above all, Phenomenological Psychopathology (from Jasper et al.)