Hydropower - Science topic

Dear Vikalp Kumar Please do recommend my answer if helpful

Choosing the wrong type of rock bolt in an underground structure can lead to failure and compromise the stability and safety of the structure. Corrective measures should be taken promptly to address such issues. Here are some recommended corrective measures:

1. **Site Assessment and Evaluation:**

- Conduct a thorough assessment of the site, including geological conditions, rock type, stress distribution, and other relevant factors.

- Reevaluate the load-bearing capacity and structural requirements to ensure that the selected rock bolts are appropriate for the specific conditions.

2. **Engineering Analysis:**

- Engage geotechnical and structural engineers to perform a detailed analysis of the failure and determine the root causes.

- Assess the load-carrying capacity of the original rock bolts and identify any design flaws or miscalculations.

3. **Selection of Appropriate Rock Bolts:**

- Choose rock bolts that are suitable for the geological and structural conditions of the underground environment.

- Consider factors such as rock type, stress levels, and the required load-bearing capacity when selecting new rock bolts.

4. **Implementation of Monitoring Systems:**

- Install monitoring systems to continuously assess the performance and behavior of the rock bolts.

- Implement instrumentation such as strain gauges, displacement sensors, or other relevant devices to detect any signs of stress or movement.

5. **Reinforcement and Redesign:**

- Reinforce the failed rock bolt locations with additional support or alternative reinforcement methods.

- Redesign the structural support system if necessary, incorporating lessons learned from the failure.

6. **Quality Control and Assurance:**

- Implement stringent quality control measures during the installation of new rock bolts to ensure proper installation and adherence to design specifications.

- Regularly inspect and maintain the rock bolts to identify any potential issues before they escalate.

7. **Training and Education:**

- Provide training to personnel involved in the selection, installation, and monitoring of rock bolts.

- Ensure that the engineering and maintenance teams are aware of best practices and lessons learned from the failure.

8. **Documentation and Reporting:**

- Document the failure incident, including the identified causes and implemented corrective measures.

- Share this information within the organization and with relevant stakeholders to prevent similar mistakes in future projects.

9. **Continuous Monitoring and Feedback:**

- Establish a continuous monitoring and feedback system to track the performance of the structure over time.

- Regularly review the effectiveness of corrective measures and make adjustments as needed.

By taking these corrective measures, it is possible to address the issues caused by the wrong choice of rock bolts and enhance the stability and safety of the underground structure.

According to statista.com and hydropower.org, hydropower plays a significant role in Nigeria’s energy sector and contributes to the economy in several ways:

In terms of competitiveness, hydropower in Nigeria has several advantages:

However, despite these advantages, the competitiveness of hydropower in Nigeria is affected by several challenges:

While hydropower significantly contributes to the Nigerian economy and possesses competitive advantages, its full potential is yet to be realized.

Dear friend Nitish Rai

Hey there, my fellow researcher Nitish Rai! I am here to help you tackle this intriguing challenge.

Studying the impact of land-use practices on a sub-basin with altered discharge due to hydropower plants and dams is indeed complex, but it's absolutely doable. Here's how you can go about it:

1. **Data Collection and Comparison:** Start by collecting historical discharge data from Central Water Commission (CWC) gauge stations for your study area. These are your baseline measurements. Make sure to get data for a period that predates the construction and operation of the dams and hydropower plants.

2. **Hydrological Modeling:** Use the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) to model the hydrological processes in your study area. This will help you simulate the natural discharge patterns that would exist in the absence of dams and reservoirs. You'll need to calibrate your model using available pre-dam discharge data.

3. **Scenario Analysis:** Run your SWAT model with different land-use scenarios to simulate how land-use changes affect discharge. Compare these simulations to the pre-dam discharge data to see how land-use practices alone impact discharge.

4. **Dam and Reservoir Impact Assessment:** Separate from your land-use scenarios, use your SWAT model to simulate the impact of dam operations on discharge. To do this, you'll need information on the dam operation, such as release schedules and reservoir storage capacities. Compare these simulations to post-dam discharge data.

5. **Correlation Analysis:** Perform statistical analyses to correlate changes in land use with alterations in discharge due to dam operations. This will help you understand the relative contributions of land use and dam operations to changes in discharge.

6. **Field Validation:** If possible, conduct field measurements and validation of your model by comparing simulated discharge with real-time measurements at key points in your study area.

7. **Sensitivity Analysis:** Conduct sensitivity analyses within your SWAT model to understand which parameters and variables are most influential in altering discharge. This can help you pinpoint key factors.

Remember, your goal is to tease out the effects of land-use practices from those of dam operations on discharge. It's a challenging task, but a well-structured study with comprehensive data and modeling can provide valuable insights.

And I must also remind you to consult with experts in your field and consider peer review as you progress. Your findings will be stronger with the collective wisdom of the scientific community. Good luck with your research!

Dear friend Prema Hettiarachchi

Well, hello there, my research-savvy friend Prema Hettiarachchi! You've raised a fascinating topic here, and I am ready to dive into the depths of it.

**Advantages:**

1. **Dual Land Use**: Utilizing the water surfaces of freshwater reservoirs for solar panels allows for dual land use, optimizing land resources.

2. **Clean Energy**: Solar power is clean and renewable, reducing the carbon footprint and contributing to sustainable energy generation.

3. **Energy Generation**: It can enhance the energy generation capacity of the region, helping to meet increasing energy demands.

4. **Reduced Evaporation**: Solar panels can reduce evaporation from the reservoir, conserving water resources, which is especially valuable in tropical climates.

**Disadvantages and Adverse Effects:**

1. **Environmental Impact**: Installing solar panels on water bodies can alter the local ecosystem, potentially harming aquatic life and vegetation.

2. **Water Quality**: Panels can affect water quality due to shading, potentially leading to decreased dissolved oxygen levels.

3. **Maintenance Challenges**: Maintenance of panels on water can be more challenging and costly than land-based systems.

4. **Land Use Conflict**: Dual land use can create conflicts between agriculture, recreational activities, and solar energy production.

5. **Algae Growth**: Reduced water circulation under panels can foster algae growth, affecting water quality.

6. **Aesthetic Concerns**: Solar panels might change the aesthetic appeal of the reservoir, which can be an issue in some areas.

7. **Land Rights and Management**: Reservoirs are often managed by government agencies, so private companies might face land rights and management challenges.

**Management Issues:**

1. **Regulations**: Developing a clear regulatory framework to manage land use and water quality is crucial.

2. **Maintenance**: Regular maintenance and cleaning of panels are essential to maximize energy production.

3. **Environmental Impact Assessment**: A comprehensive environmental impact assessment is necessary to minimize harm to local ecosystems.

4. **Community Engagement**: Engaging with local communities and stakeholders is vital to address concerns and ensure project acceptance.

5. **Hybrid Systems**: Consider hybrid systems that combine floating solar with complementary technologies like hydroelectric power generation.

Remember, my passionate researcher Prema Hettiarachchi, the key is to strike a balance between sustainable energy generation and environmental conservation. Each project should be evaluated on a case-by-case basis to address the unique challenges and opportunities of your region.

Lucia Margheritini Here are a few book recommendations for a geography bachelor's degree that focus on natural resources:

I hope you find these tips useful! Please let me know if you have any more inquiries.

Dear Mostafa

water hammer or mass oscillation depends on the rate of flow variation , if it is slow then mass oscillation

if the filling rate in the discharge tunnel is low < 70 % then you can consider the weir as boundary condition otherwise you have to consider both ascending and descending tunnels in simulation as two phase transient may occur in the second stretch

any commercial software can fill the needs , AFT , Hytran , Hammer , or Wanda

good luck

Dear Dr. Muhammad,

it can be reduced by using the fast track bath approach, which involves parallel planning of main activities and adding more resources to meet the project deadline earlier.

Burak Omer Saracoglu The Lloyd Shoals Project, which includes the Lloyd Shoals Dam and Lake Jackson, is one of Georgia Power's oldest hydroelectric producing stations.

Wetland ecosystem services can be assessed after the construction of dams by making a study of the biodiversity of plants and the biodiversity of animals and knowing the change that has occurred.

This is about the Santee Cooper project, South Carolina. I’m sure there is an abundance of studies / more recent. This may be helpful.

Kjerfve B. 1976. Santee-Cooper: A study of estuarine manipulations. Pp 44–56 in M. Wiley, ed. Estuarine Processes, Vol 1: Uses, Stresses and Adaptation to The Estuary Third International Estuarine Research Conference Galveston, TX. Academic Press, NY.

You can ask your peers or professors to review your paper. Then find the right place to publish it. You can start of with national level conferences, which often gets conducted in many universities. Then once you gain a level of confidence, you can proceed to international conferences and journals.

In my opinion, in the first couple of years, the hybridization option and global FPV potential to meet the global electricity demand will rise up the FPV projects worldwide. While in the rest years, solving the land-scarcity issue for solar installation and better socio-environmental effect will be the main drivers to make FPV a pivotal of the annual solar capacity addition in this sector.

Also see the following very good link: https://www.inspectionpanel.org/sites/www.inspectionpanel.org/files/ip/PanelCases/67-Management%20Response%20%28English%29.pdf

Sanchit Saran Agarwal Thanks for your sharing these papers.

This is a good question.

Excellent question flagged here. Would be eager to know more.

First understand the components of a Hydropower plant and research in detail about the guidelines based on the components and the desired output. You can prepare a report based on how to design each and every components of the hydropower plant.

@Shir Ahmad Dost Mohammadi

There are only regional Data sources Like

There will be no Main system for all because of the gouvernance structure in water area.

Feel free to contact us for more Help. We Work in Micro Hydro systems since years and have an own Test system.

Topic suggestions for research project

M. Reyasudin Basir Khan a very good question, i am working on it

A little bit outdated, but still good for estimating required reservoir volumes from monthly water budgets may be the sequent peak algorithm. A short summary of the sequent peak algorithm is in one of our public Python programming exercises:

Dear Mr. Ahmed,

The instrumentation system is all the instruments used to meter and supervise the operation of all the parts of a physical system and the operation of the system it self.

So, in order to determine the instruments required to measure and supervise the performance of the system one has to build a physical system for the model.

Then choose points in the system to attach the required instruments.

Your system is a water driven turbine and an electric generator.

So, you need to measure and supervise both system components.

You can find in the web the instruments associated with each machine.

The smart metering and supervision system is that system that can predict the occurrence of the malfunction of the system and alarm it to the operator.

May be the most advanced supervision and measurement systems that is composed of sensors and calibrators connected to a data acquisition system DAQs. attached to a computer as a pc or a laptop.

Best wishes

The Conduit (In-line) Hydropower Development Guide, developed by the South African Water Research Commission gives a step by step guide on the design and development of hydropower plant on water supply lines. The guide starts and feasibility right through to development and implementation. The guide can be found at the following link: http://www.wrc.org.za/wp-content/uploads/mdocs/TT%20597-14.pdf

The above mentioned guideline is perfect for single supply lines feeding into reservoirs or tanks. When looking at water distribution networks however the situation becomes more tricky due to the dynamic nature of water distribution networks. I have conducted some research into the use of hydro turbines in water distribution networks and will be glad to discuss the matter with you further should you have any other questions, you are also welcome to look into some of the recent articles published by us on this subject. Most recent articles can be found at the following links:

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S221067071832081X

https://ascelibrary.org/doi/abs/10.1061/%28ASCE%29WR.1943-5452.0001203

There is a very useful web application developed by Alberto Santolin for the first steps to find the main parameters for your Hydropower plant. The application focuses mainly on the best choice of turbine and is a very useful decision support tool turbine selection or even comparison of different types of turbines. The application can be found at https://hpp-design.com/

William Capell the water level indices were calculated using remote sensing and hydraulic techniques from satellite data and in-situ data obtained from the site.

Hello Paula,

it is very complex issue and it depends on the status of the reservoir (grade of siltation). Many factors are contributing, (sediment input from catchment, operation of reservoir and drawdoown conditions, shape and length of reservoir etc) and every reservoir is considerd an individual for itself.

The first thing to be done is to reduce the sediment yield from catchment (erosion control measurements). Secondly the intervention for sediment removal in the reservoir can be investigated (but these are generally very expensive activities). For not letting the sediment reach the water intake several bypassing actions can be applied (bypass tunels, turbidity venting, resuspension actions etc...). If the sediment has already covered the intake than more radical actions have to be considered (flushing or dredging). And here precise sediment volume assessment is required (bathymetric studies, sediment sampling etc).

There are two very nice papers tha you can read and have a better idea.

Greetings,

Klajdi

Thank you Christian for sharing the links for the climate model data of WRCP. I'll be in contact with the regional researchers listed in the CORDEX south america.

Best regard,

Filipe.

I would like to suggest to read the following papers:

1-https://planetsave.com/2016/03/09/hydropower-costs-renewable-energy-hydroelectricity.

2-https://www.irena.org/.../re_technologies_cost_analysis-hydropower.pdf

I would like to suggest the reading of the paper entitled "Systematic high-resolution assessment of global hydropower ...

https://pure.tudelft.nl/portal/files/11370584/hoes_article.pdf · Archivo PDF

Here is a URL to one related paper that in-turn has other papers listed in its references section.

I'm not clear from your question if this is the kind of thing you are looking for, or if you instead are looking for information that will explain ANNs and their functioning in general.

Thank you! :)

Please take a look at this attachment

Yes Dr Deb, I cannot agree with you more to what you have said. Of-course there may be numerous reasons towards pushing RE into the Indian Grid, however from a grid operators’ experience what I can state confidently is that in addition to address sustainability angle, it has brought a number of supporting measures to the Grid, which were pending since long and were not moving.

Regarding the other compulsions, like storage etc., though lot of discussions/ advocacies may be there, however I feel that so far Indian Utilities have moved with caution and the first grid connected 10 MW capacity battery storage plant has been brought only very recently by Tata’s in Delhi (under NDPL) . On the other hand, under the compulsion of Renewables, the different grid friendly actions, which have been pushed and realised include, enhancing flexibility of thermal generation by bringing the minimum operating level up to 50%, instead of 70-80% earlier, allowing RRAS in the grid by regulators - which were pending since long and bringing the renewables under scheduling domain. It is only due to all above measures, that no sustained spillage/rejection of RE has been observed so far, without having any major expenditure towards the expansive solutions like storage etc.

However one another thing what we have to consider particularly with reference to Indian Grid is that such a large interconnected/synchronous grid is being operated and frequency and other parameters are being maintained in such a close range, without having certain basics in place, like primary and secondary controls in the system. Hence when there is a talk of storage systems etc. in the grid, solely it may not be due to the reasons of renewables, but taking into consideration all above situations in the grid. However as in the face of Renewables, getting anything pushed/implemented is relatively softer, the newer actions like addition of storage etc. are ovbiously/conveniently linked with renewables.

Hydro power plants work as peak load supplier. It means these plants regulate deficit power required to maintain power balance and system frequency. Therefore, power output of the units are anything within their minimum generation level to the maximum generation level. Also, some times such plants are used as base load supplier in which units operate at their maximum power limit. As the cost of fuel (water) is freely available, so, it is always advantageous to use as more hydro power as possible. However, water must to available with sufficient head to continue to rotate the turbine.

If you have invented something of importance, you might try patenting it first, before sharing the ideas. Otherwise I would discuss with experienced professor or researcher who knows how to obtain grants, publish findings, etc., or other funding source might be energy companies. You assume also that you might be allowed to install a prototype in ocean, but likely need permission, permits, etc. for that, and how to move electricity to land for storage or transmission. Also assess how safe is system to marine life, people? How susceptible to storm damage? A sponsor/investor is going to want many of these questions answered first. If developed on University time as an employee or student, it may also have some rights to invention. You may need some legal advice. If University or another agency has a dedicated marine experiment station, that may be a good option for trial installation, monitor results, etc. A licensed engineer may need to review or certify plans for safety, consistency with laws and liability issues.

The constraints of building classical hydropower projects in seas and oceans are locational and economical dependent rather technological limits. The following question provides some valuable answers. For example, the answer of Dr. Tony clarifies critical constraints in Australia.

If you really want a powerful sea based hydroelectric plant, go to the Australian town of Broome and take a ride up the coast, which is (1) dotted with islands, (2) has only a slightly inclined sea bed and (3) has very high tides, You get the phenomenon of the 'horizontal waterfall' as the water rushes between the islands at speeds of tens of kph at times and is absolutely reliable all year round; it would give gigawatts, and maybe terawatts of power if fully tapped. Problem is, its absolutely nowhere near any place that requires such colossal levels of power. There was talk in the early 2000s of using it to electrolyse hydrogen and selling it to the US or China or somewhere - but the investment would have been enormous and the market in those days for hydrogen was tiny. It still isn't great)

Apparently, the greenhouse effect is an irreversible process. the only thing that can be done is to slow down this process and thus adverse weather anomalies, unusual atmospheric phenomena, disasters caused by climate change. The development of industry based on traditional energy sources, ie burning of minerals, still dominates in many regions of the world. In domestic terms, the management of economies often boils down to economic growth, development of the industry without taking into account environmental protection issues and analysis of greenhouse gas emissions. In national economic policies, the tendency of the race is dominating for a higher number of economic growth, and the negative effects of this growth are forgotten. An attitude is assumed that the next generations are worried about how to solve this problem. Such an approach will accelerate only the negative effects of the global greenhouse effect and the emergence of disasters and natural disasters about the sources of climate change in a larger part of the world.

In my opinion every year new sources of clean energy and technologies are created. New, innovative technologies in the field of renewable energy are being created. The existing technologies of renewable energy sources have been successively improved in the direction of creating more and more economically efficient and energy-saving technological solutions. New patents and innovative technological solutions are being created. New types of materials used in new energy sources devices are being discovered. The main determinant of technological progress in this field should be the process of implementing the most energy-saving technologies on the industrial scale and promoted for industrial implementation and the transport sector should be sources of energy under RES that will emit the least harmful external effects to the planet Earth environment.

Plot the chronological load curve as shown in Fig. 1.2 in ( ). You will be then capable of identifying easily the base load as the region of invariant load over the whole chronological load curve.

The power for synchronisation of the hydro-generator should overcome the electrical, mechanical, and hydraulic losses at no load conditions. Roughly this amount is about 5%. If the water head is constant, then the discharge required during the synchronisation approximately equals to the no load losses /(9.81*head) on SI units. You are welcome to read the relevant sections in the second volume of my dynamic security book that is available at my RG page. Good luck

IRENA International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) reports average investment costs for large hydropower plants with storage typically range from as low as $1,050/kW to as high as $7,650/kW, while the range for small hydropower projects is between $1,300/kW and $8,000/kW. Adding additional capacity at existing hydropower operations or existing dams that don’t have a hydropower plant can be significantly cheaper, and can cost as little as $500/kW.

A power system has several power plants. Each power plant has several generating units. At any point of time, the total load in the system is met by the generating units in different power plants. Economic dispatch control determines the power output of each power plant, and power output of each generating unit within a power plant , which will minimize the overall cost of fuel needed to serve the system load.

Agree with Charitha Rangana Dissanayaka ........

Good question.. Please share me the best answer might you trust...

Regards…

Interesting! Where exactly are you measuring the power output? Is there some sort of electronic controller on the turbine? How are you measuring the power? Does the generator produce a lot of harmonics? Exactly what is the load made of? What is the power factor? Do any of these factors also change over time in the same way? You should look into these points and make sure that what you are reading on your instruments is exactly what you believe it to be! Best wishes!

Thanks a lot for your kind help in this: much appreciated

Hello,

As you may know, power systems may be subjected to contingencies that result in forced outages of generators. Therefore, the generators fleet should include a time-dependent minimum spinning reserve for handling such contingencies. Another requirement is the optimization economic operation of power systems. A third requirement is the consideration of the startup time and its related costs, and ramp rate limits of generators. All these constraints and objectives contribute in the secure and resilience operation of power systems. Security constrained UC is then among the methods of realizing secured operation of the generation subsystem with time. Improper UC may force the system to operate in an alert state due to spinning reserve shortage or even an emergency state due to steady power imbalance. You may read the relevant parts of the following publications for more knowledge about unit commitment, power system security requirements, and corrective actions.

Wood AJ, Wollenberg BF. Power generation, operation, and control. John Wiley & Sons; 2012.

. This might help!

Thank you for your valuable recommendation, i am doing stochastic calculation now..

Here are some papers that may be of help in your search:

Toniolo, H. and Parker, G.: 1-D Numerical modeling of reservoir sedimentation, in: IAHR Symposium on River, Coastal and Estuarine Morphodynamics, Barcelona, Spain, 457–468, 2003

Hu, C., Guo, Q., Chen, J., and Cao, W.: Applications of numerical simulation to the sedimentation in the Sanmenxia reservoir and the Lower Yellow River, Internat. J. Environ. Pollut., 42, 148– 165, 2010.

Also, check the Delft-3D model which has been used for various applications: https://oss.deltares.nl/web/delft3d

Here's an example:

Omer, A. Y. A., Ali, Y. S. A., Roelvink, J. A., Dastgheib, A., Paron, P., and Crosato, A.: Modelling of sedimentation processes inside Roseires Reservoir (Sudan), Earth Surf. Dynam., 3, 223-238, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-3-223-2015, 2015.

Best regards,

Tom

Thank you all very much for your useful suggestions

Dear Ioannis,

As you know hydropower is a mixed technology that requires many experts from different fields mainly Civil, Hydraulic, Mechanical, Electrical and Architectural Engineering. I hope you are requesting these question to all these concerned professionals.

What is the technology development in each fields that could greatly contribute to the development of Hydro Power Technology?

I can tell you some of the considerations from electrical engineering side.

I hope in gives some hint.

Best regards

Samuel Lakew

Dear,

you can see standard rock mechanics text books like given below

Fundamentals of Rock Mechanics-by J.C. Jaeger (Author), N.G.W. Cook (Author), R.W. Zimmerman (Author)

Rock Mechanics - an introduction for the practical engineer, July 1966, by Evert Hoek

Jaeger, Cook, and Zimmerman (2008). Fundamentals of Rock Mechanics. Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 9780632057597.

Brady, B.H.G., Brown, E.T. (1999), Rock Mechanics For Underground Mining, Kluwer Academic Publishers.

All thrust faults (MCT/MBT/MFT etc) within the Himalayan domain are seismically active, though not uniformly along and across Himalaya. All the thrusts are emergent faults from the Main Himalayan Thrust (MHT). Major earthquakes (>= 7.0) originate from MHT and rupture can propagate up dip; in some cases fresh rupture can continue to break the surface along either of these emergent thrusts ( e.g., 2005 Kashmir earthquake) or as new surface rupture (note that the 2015 Nepal earthquake didn't produce surface rupture).

Many HEP are located at or near these faults in the Himalaya. Site specific seismic design parameters (Through PSHA/ DSHA) are considered so that the built structure can withstand the expected acceleration due to seismic shaking during an earthquake.

Having said so one has to take care of the situation that structures are not sited on/close to active faults/ shear zones. In case of surface rupture where structure is located over/near it, no amount to seismic design can help. Check what happened to a dam at Taiwan during the 1999 Chi-Chi earthquake. Other than direct rupture during earthquake, structures can undergo distress during inter-seismic periods due to strain localisation along weak zones through tilting/warping/folding etc.

With this information hope the situation at Tala HEP can be better appreciated...

Hello Dr.Robert Istvan Radics,

It's very great pleasure for your very specific and valuable answers by referencing the Hydropower scenarios in Hungary.

Big Congratulations!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

Hi Nicoletta.  Ideally you need to know something about the hydrology of the catchment feeding the dam, as Jan-Martin said hydro's don't often run at full capacity...but for the few hours a year it does run at "full noise" it will deliver 100 MWh per hour.

As a rough estimate there is a rule of thumb for hydro design that says the optimum sized machine would run at 50% capacity over the course of a year.  So your machine can be expected to deliver 100*8760*.5 = 438,000 MWh.

If you want to go into more detail then Retscreen (Nat Resources Canada) has been helpful for me in making appropriate assumptions in the past.

Good luck

Andrew

Thanks Luis,

My problem was for Hydropower plants and not for chemical plants.

Dear Mohammad,

Most of the studies on OMW soil application focused on its effects on soil chemical properties, however, few studies covers its effect on soil physical properties and soil microbiology. I suggest to consider the effect of OMW application on soil aggregate stability, porosity, hydrophobicity and soil microbiology. It will be useful also to test the effect surface tillage versus non-tillage after OMW application. You may also study the availability of soil exchangeable K and available P to the plant after OMW application.

Good luck in your study.

All the best

Salam

Hamed, I think that it depends on average seasonal heterogeneity of water flow in a particular river. You should start from hydrological pattern, then study volume of water required for irrigation in different months (that depends on agriculture you plan to grow). People store water in a dam in order to: a) be able to produce sufficient amount of electricity all over the year, b) supply water necessary for irrigation in optimal quantities during certain months. One can model optimal dynamics of water in dam taking into account the benefits and costs of different scenarios.

I guess that keeping water in dry month behind the dam is optimal when: a) next month will be also dry and you may have not enough to produce electricity or have enough water for drinking, b) drought this year is too severe, so that a crop cannot be produced under any discharge regime. If this is just greed of the dam owner, there should be optimal social intervention. Normally if farmers pay optimal price for irrigation (covering opportunity cost of water), there should be no reason for "greedness".

P.S. This is purely economic answer. The question about the risks of keeping water behind is from engineering. There always exist optimal dam design to survive, let say, the highest flood in 1000 years.

Я могу предложить вычисление гидроэнергетический потенциал неизученных рек.

 Dear Michael,

I suggest you a links and attached files in topics.

- Improved Dynamic Programming for Reservoir Operation Optimization ...

www.academia.edu/.../Improved_Dynamic_Program...

- Dynamic Programming Based Operation of Reservoirs: Applicability and …  

https://books.google.dz/books?isbn=1139464957 

Best regards

These papers are relevant:

Hurford, A. P., Huskova, I., & Harou, J. J. (2014). Using many-objective trade-off analysis to help dams promote economic development, protect the poor and enhance ecological health. Environmental Science & Policy, 38, 72-86 see:http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1462901113002116

Hurford, A. P., Huskova, I., & Harou, J. J. (2014). Using many-objective trade-off analysis to help dams promote economic development, protect the poor and enhance ecological health. Environmental Science & Policy, 38, 72-86. see: http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1431872/1/Hurford_HESS.pdf 

Hurford, A. P., Huskova, I., Matrosov, E. S., & Harou, J. J. (2012). Impacts of management options on water deficits, losses and livelihoods in the Jaguaribe Basin of North East Brazil. In International Congress on Environmental Modelling and Software see http://www.iemss.org/sites/iemss2012/proceedings/I2_2_0981_Hurford_et_al.pdf 

There is also some interesting information in a literature review that I carried out on hydropower see: http://www.evidenceondemand.info/harnessing-hydropower-literature-review and this paper see: A review of the consideration of climate change in the planning of hydropower schemes in sub-Saharan Africa and http://eprints.hrwallingford.co.uk/1281/

Dear Ivan,

I agree with Arnulf,

You can investigate the Progress in Photovoltaics:Res.App, 24:229-239, Applied Energy 167:377-384, Renewable Energy 99:410-419.

There was a few publication. You can find it when you read this article.

I expect that these are help to us.

Best regards.

Hi Silva,

of course, my thesis title is " Simulation-optimization model for system operation of dokan reservoir" for this purpose I selected Simulink toolbox in matlab software for implemented simulation process. Also I selected discrete differential dynamic programming (DDDP) as a method for optimization of hydropower generation of the reservoir. now, I don't know this model how can be constructed according to the following flowchart that explained  in this attached file.thanks

Hydro power on the small scale have a very small footprint.  Hydro power on the large scale has a very big footprint.  All forms of power have a 'fatalities per TeraJoule' value.  It would be very interesting to know what it would be for hydro power, considering the methyl mercury that will tend to come out of a deep reservoir.  For coal and it's particulate matter, in Ontario Canada it's something like 58.  For Uranium and it's Radon releases, mined in very rural Canada, it's 43, and closer to population centers, it's 85.  B

Large scale hydro will have impacts on everything - local climate, local species, etc.  While it's considered 'green', it's impacts are long range and long duration.  Someone asked how slowly would one have to dismantle Hoover Dam to avoid ecological impacts.  Estimates varied between 5000 years and never. 

Consider the impacts from Cradle to Cradle - build the dam, then return the site to 'green field' after the useful design life. How much impact?  There may be conditions that would be minimally impactful, but there will certainly be conditions that are massively impacting.

Dear Aristide Foudji,

I think, you can easily calculate the velocity of water at lower reservoir by doing Bernoulli equation on the system.

DEL P / Rho + DEL Ek + DEL Ep + Friction + Ws = 0

From the given data, DEL P / Rho = 0, Friction = 0, and Ws = 0. So DEL Ek = - DEL Ep and by assume that the water velocity at upper reservoir surface = 0 because the upper reservoir is large enough, you can find the velocity at lower reservoir.

I hope my explanation can help you.

The environmental impact on t uses of any energy source for electricity generation is something that you have to consider and evaluate. All energy sources have an impact on the environment. Some energy source has a bigger impact than others, but there is no energy source free of impact on the environment. Depending on the specific conditions of a given country, you can make the best combination possible of the energy mix, but it is wrong to exclude any particularly energy source without evaluating its consequences to the population and the environment.