Hydro - Science topic

Along with the comprehensive development of industrialization, human production activities, especially those related to energy issues, exert an increasingly detrimental impact on the environment. Given this, more attention has been paid to renewable energy sources (RESs) to settle urgent energy issues and achieve sustainable development. Indubitably, fossil fuels will bring about a large number of pollution gas, aggravating environmental issues and leading to the energy crisis. Therefore, renewable energy is seen as the best option to replace fossil fuels due to its unique advantages, such as regenerative capacity, sustainability and a high level of cleanliness. According to statistics, in 2021, the installed renewable energy capacity of the world has expanded by 3064 GW, with an annual growth rate of roughly 9.1%. Among the RESs that are developed vigorously, hydropower, wind and photovoltaic account for the largest share. Specifically, 102.8 GW of new hydropower, 71.9 GW of new photovoltaic capacity and 69.4 GW of new wind capacity were installed, which were respectively responsible for 40%, 28% and 27% of the renewable energy growth. The focus of the world on renewable energy production is therefore readily apparent, so China is hardly an exception. As the country with the largest power generation and installed capacity of clean energy in the world [9], China has gradually improved its established power structure and power generation structure after the promulgation of several policies to ensure the development of renewable energy comprehensively, as well as increased the proportion of clean energy,. As a result, developing single clean energy has become a inevitable trend to replace conventional energy in terms of installed capacity and power output around the world.

The country where demand is more than supply (generation) and with economical load dispatch microprocessore based (controller ) loads shedding are used, could refer my paper, Microprocessor based load shedding controller in journal IE(I) electrical Div …..

To reduce the environmental impact of data center immersion cooling, alternatives to fluorocarbon-based fluids, such as natural esters, silicone-based fluids, and synthetic hydrocarbons, are being explored. These fluids offer high thermal capacity and are more environmentally friendly. Natural esters are biodegradable and derived from vegetable oils, silicone-based fluids are stable and non-toxic, and synthetic hydrocarbons can be designed to have a lower environmental impact while maintaining effective cooling performance. Further research and validation are necessary to ensure these alternatives meet the required cooling specifications.

(PDF) Global Wave Energetics/World System Thermodynamics | Stephen J Ternyik - Academia.edu

Here Mike Kazuo Yoshida is my answer.

According to compositesworld.com and mdpi.com, designing a hydro turbine blade with a sinusoidal profile, such as the one you're describing, is a complex process involving many factors. The amplitude and wavelength you specified (10 mm and 50 mm, respectively) would apply to each blade's sinusoidal pattern.

If you're asking how these values would change if you designed a turbine with either three or five blades, the answer is that they wouldn't. The amplitude and wavelength of the sinusoidal pattern are properties of the individual blades, not the turbine as a whole. Therefore, whether you have three or five, each blade would still have the same sinusoidal pattern with an amplitude of 10 mm and a wavelength of 50 mm.

However, the overall performance of the turbine (such as its efficiency and power output) would be affected by the number of blades. This is due to factors like the distribution of forces on the turbine and water flow between the blades. These complex issues need to be analyzed using fluid dynamics simulations or other engineering tools. The actual design of a hydro turbine is a complex engineering task that requires a detailed understanding of fluid dynamics, materials science, and other fields. If you plan to design a hydro turbine, I recommend consulting with an engineer or other expert in this field.

Rain water begins as pure (distilled) water produced by evaporation of sea water. It absorbs gases and aerosols from the air mainly CO2 which forms carbonic acid and makes it acidic. Other atmospheric gases such as sulphur dioxide and NOx also affect its acidity.

Sea water has a chemisty produced by river water which contains dissolved minerals owing to the acidity of rain water. However, the chemisty of river water is distinct from that of sea water because of the chemical processes which occur in the oceans.

I have worked on all the listed parameters.

What question(s) do you have?

According to statista.com and hydropower.org, hydropower plays a significant role in Nigeria’s energy sector and contributes to the economy in several ways:

In terms of competitiveness, hydropower in Nigeria has several advantages:

However, despite these advantages, the competitiveness of hydropower in Nigeria is affected by several challenges:

While hydropower significantly contributes to the Nigerian economy and possesses competitive advantages, its full potential is yet to be realized.

Thank Ayaz Anwar & Pawan Kumar for your inputs

To tease my ego, here is one possible time series decomposition method developed by my group that aims to separate a time series into nonlinear trend, seasonality, and abrupt changes (changepoint): https://github.com/zhaokg/Rbeast.

Maybe you want to target your research with better keywords: I recommend: piping, animal activity, seepage

Have a look at this. It's a starting point.

Hello, I would like to ask how to set the value of SurfaceResistance. I noticed that you only set the substrate part when setting the Thermode, but the source dran gate area is not set. In addition, I would like to ask why the value is set to 1e-4, this How is the value determined?

Thank u!

If you are having trouble using the Arc Hydro tools in ArcGIS 10.8 to perform the fill sinks step, there are several potential causes and solutions you can try:

By following these steps, you should be able to diagnose and resolve any issues you are experiencing with the Arc Hydro tools in ArcGIS 10.8.

Series compensated transmission lines that are connected to hydroelectric power stations typically do not experience the problem of subsynchronous resonance (SSR) for several reasons.

First, series compensation (the use of capacitors or reactors in series with the transmission line) can help to stabilize the transmission line and reduce the risk of SSR. Series compensation can reduce the line impedance and increase the system damping, which can help to suppress the oscillations that can lead to SSR.

Second, hydroelectric power stations typically have relatively low inertia and fast-acting governors, which can help to dampen oscillations and reduce the risk of SSR. The governors of hydroelectric power stations can quickly respond to changes in system frequency and adjust the power output of the station accordingly, which can help to stabilize the system and prevent the development of oscillations.

Finally, hydroelectric power stations are typically operated in a load-following mode, which means that they can adjust their power output in response to changes in demand. This can help to dampen oscillations and reduce the risk of SSR, as the system frequency is less likely to be disturbed by changes in load.

Overall, the combination of series compensation, low inertia, and load-following operation can help to reduce the risk of SSR in transmission lines connected to hydroelectric power stations.

You haven't gotten an answer because the question is too vague. Are you hoping to model the behavior of a pumped storage facility? I am personally familiar with the design and construction of the Raccoon Mountain Pumped Storage Facility. You will need performance curves showing flow, head, power, efficiency, etc. You will then need to create a pumping (filling and emptying) schedule. What do you hope to do or to learn from this effort? Tell us more and you will get replies.

S C Bansal Kindly check..

ГОСТ Р 55563-2013  —  Возобновляемая энергетика. Гидроэлектростанции. Автоматизация гидроэлектростанций. Руководство по автоматизированному управлению.

Методики оценки технического состояния основного оборудования гидроэлектростанций

Обозначение:СТО 17330282.27.140.001-2006

Название рус.:Методики оценки технического состояния основного оборудования гидроэлектростанций

Статус:не действует

Заменен:СТО 70238424.27.140.001-2011 «Гидроэлектростанции. Методики оценки технического состояния основного оборудования»

Дата актуализации текста: 05.05.2017 Стандарт устанавливает требования к контролю состояния основного гидроэнергетического оборудования при эксплуатации гидроэлектростанций и определяет методики, которые следует применять при оценке технического состояния этого оборудования. Стандарт не учитывает все возможные особенности исполнения его требований на разнотипном оборудовании.

Hydro power has been around for about 150 years, so pretty much we can say that the power system has been built around them. In addition, the "if something is working don't touch it" principle is quite appropriate in this case as well. The only issues (I am aware of) that have arose lately are regarding frequency provision capabilities. While hydro is an excellent source of frequency provision in systems with high inertia they are quite limited in fast frequency response (FFR) terms, due to their non-minimum phase characteristic.

For instance, they are about to be disqualified in the Nordic system due to their slow and initial negative response. Solutions from the industry are coming in the form of hybridization with batteries and other renewables. I believe this work will concern also micro- and mini-grid related research in the near future.

You can read more about these challenges here:

1-https://www.researchgate.net/publication/353066485_Dynamic_Virtual_Power_Plant_Design_for_Fast_Frequency_Reserves_Coordinating_Hydro_and_Wind

2-https://orbit.dtu.dk/en/publications/variable-speed-wind-turbine-control-designed-for-coordinated-fast

Regarding the Swedish case:

3-https://www.fortum.com/media/2019/05/new-fortum-batteries-enhance-renewable-energy-capacity

Happy reading!

Most likely C-H related modes. See for example doi:10.1139/v64-049

Hope this helps.

Karsten

In principle Yes, if one can avoid conflict with transportion function. I have visited the canal and found that it is quite narrow.

Dear Usama,

try to follow all steps of the ArcHydro, then geoHMS process to create your HMS model in order to be sure any other possible errors are avoided (e.g. proper DEM, flowpaths, sinks to be filled, etc.). Here is an example, but there are many tutorials online.

Best of luck!

Dear Dileep,

As mentioned by other readers, the research topic is good, however, it quite broad in its scope and would require you have knowledge of multi-disciplinary field as it also require you to develop an earthquake ground motion estimation model.

Ivan Hartman please read through the article attached herewith, i think it will help you to get your answer

Hello sir,

Kindly look at this paper.

The design and rotational speed are matched so that the advance of the trailing edge of the curled impeller is retreating at the same rate as the water is flowing off and entering the stream in line with the shaft. The end result is very little swirl. Note that there are a lot of pictures on the web that say "Francis" but aren't. Most of the pictures on the web are Pelton wheels and not Francis turbines. Francis turbines have a J shape. They don't look like clam shells.

Thanks Mr Allen,

I understand your point,

So, in conclusion, big o notation is working once all the features are given, and the data samples vary.

Say, if the features are sorted in different rows and samples are given through columns, increasing the columns each time can be used for big o notation.

Anyway, I don't want to dwell on the big o notation primarily, cuz i believe it fails to understand my case as it's discussing the runtime versus features.

I have clarified the results in a detail manner in my paper, and i linked the plunge in runtime by increase in data features to the complexity of the structure (hydrocyclone) itself, and the easiness of models in comprehending the target under bigger number of given inputs.

Thanks for your time

The fluorescence test depends on the wavelength of the radiation used. what is the maximum one length you are using?

The short answer is no. Look up paired t test in any useable statisics book. D. Booth

Solution: Do not enable the Background Processing option on the Geoprocessing Options editor.

Worked for me: Am running ArcGIS 10.6, ArchHydro 10.6 and HEC-GeoHMS 10.6 (NB: The versions should match as well)

@Shir Ahmad Dost Mohammadi

There are only regional Data sources Like

There will be no Main system for all because of the gouvernance structure in water area.

Feel free to contact us for more Help. We Work in Micro Hydro systems since years and have an own Test system.

Hello Hannah Reilly

There are several ways for the estimation. 1. you get values from another water source and scale it to your case. 2. you assume an absolutely continuous withdrawal. 3. you get data from the water uuuu and calculate back. 4. you try to adapt the hourly water levels.

I hope this will help if the language is not a problem.

From my point of view, there is no better renewable energy source than others, because that depends on multiple factors, including the geographical location and the availability of these energies in the site under study.

Dear Ramesh P. Bhatt ,

The most effective means is to reduce burning fossil fuels in thermodymanic machines.

This can be achieved by using renewable energies that are not emitting CO2 as solar and wind energy in addition to hydropower.

One can also increase the energy utilization efficiency in all its uses.

I would like that you see the proposed road map to substitute the fossil fuel PV

electricity generation:

Best wishes

Viscous liquids are difficult to use on both MS2000 and MS3000, as entrapped air/bubbles are difficult to remove, and thermal equilibrium may be more difficult to achieve. First, to avoid bubbles, we add the liquid when the stirrer/pump is stopped, then slowly increase the speed. Prior degassing of the liquid, by stirring under vacuum while slightly heating, as USP dissolution media, may also help.

Next, there is a higher power demand and thermal dissipation at the level of dispersion units is more important when using viscous liquids, which has an impact on the thermal equilibrium of the system. For this reason, at lower stir and pump speeds, they may work better from point of view of Background stability and cosnequently less prone to thermal artefacts.

If possible, avoid using viscous liquids as dispersant.

There is no correct answer to this question. It depends on how much risk the stakeholders running the different types of power plants are willing to take and/or if there are any regulations in place that require certain level of protection to be put in place.

For example, hydropower is often generated via the construction of a large dam. The general safety standard for high hazard dams, (i.e. dams with people living downstream of them) is that they should safely pass the

Probable Maximum Flood (PMF). The PMF is is the theoretically largest flood resulting from a combination of the most severe meteorological and hydrological conditions that could conceivably occur in the catchment upstream of the dam. This paper entitles "Risk analysis for dam safety evaluation gives some details (see: https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.179.2568&rep=rep1&type=pdf).

With regards to nuclear power plants these regulatory guides from the US published in 1975 and 1976 give some idea as to what was planned for at that time in terms of floods (see: https://www.nrc.gov/docs/ML1335/ML13350A290.pdf and https://www.nrc.gov/docs/ML0037/ML003740308.pdf). For nuclear power plant safety risk assessments, flood estimates are needed for return periods of up to 1 million

years (i.e. exceedance probability of 1 in a million) or even the PMF and Probable Maximum Precipitation (PMP) for surface water flooding. This site maybe of interest: https://allthingsnuclear.org/dlochbaum/flooding-at-the-nuclear-plant. In India it looks like they use the PMF and PMP see: https://www.aerb.gov.in/storage/uploads/documents/regdoc6pLGP.pdf

This updated document for the US is also worth looking at: https://www.nrc.gov/docs/ML1132/ML11321A195.pdf

Great , need to show tasking

Hi, I got some information which is referring to energy consumption per head and it went as far as 1561. However, it is not clear if the energy referred to is electrical energy. See this URL for more details: https://voxeu.org/article/industrial-revolution-energy-revolution

I would appreciate your comments.

In general, the transient is the transient from a stable state to an unstable state or vise versa. See the work here:

Dear Carlos Boya ,

According to my studies, it's the best integration of Renewables ( Solar PV or WInd) generations systems with the conventional generation systems like the Hydropower and Thermal Power generations systems. Because the Renewables have the intermittent characteristics that can be compensated with the stable generation-powers from the Hydropower and Thermal power.

This integration could be a feasible option with different beneficial features of the Renewables. For example, in the summer, the Solar PV system can generate the large capacity; in the rainy season, the Hydropower and Wind systems can generate large capacities.

Sincerely

There is a very useful web application developed by Alberto Santolin for the first steps to find the main parameters for your Hydropower plant. The application focuses mainly on the best choice of turbine and is a very useful decision support tool turbine selection or even comparison of different types of turbines. The application can be found at https://hpp-design.com/

You might be interested in this paper

i do not know specifics of your country and topography, but Google Earth suggested major rivers were braided, an indicator of excessive sediment, and low gradient. Gravity water wheels have advantages in their ability to work in lower gradients with excess sediment to pass, less environmental impacts when compared to dams, and generally allow aquatic passage.

Areas with high gradient and low sediment loading may have great potential if small dams or pump storage is desired to help with peaking demand. Headwaters generally best to limit aquatic passage impacts, but remoteness adds other challenges such as transmission to areas of demand.

Dear Zawar,

Have a look at the following:

- Intelligent Transportation Systems for Improving Traffic Energy Efficiency and Reducing GHG Emissions from Roadways: A White Paper from the National Center for …

- Mitigating traffic congestion: the role of intelligent transportation systems

Hope it helps.

Best,

Aryan

The best option would be fill these with alternate DEM such as ASTER, SRTM or CartoDEM (30m).

I follow.......

Hi Fatima,

I hope these settings will be proper for you:

RI 1.544, AI 0.1;

Measurement duration: 10 s for each (red background, sample; blue background, sample) without light background stability;

7 measurements;

2500 RPM

Cheers!

Gyuri

This article helpful for you

Geothermal heat pump method is becoming popular: Need a contractor to come and set it up

A small scale power or energy storage device could be a rechargeable battery like the Li-ion battery, acid battery, or could be a fuel cell unit (or a stack of units).

I do agree with Prashanta please follow the normal phase column chromatography?

Regards

yes, it is depend on the controller of stimulation

PetroMod or whatever package from Schlumberger might be suitable. Worth a quick look.

Alastair Bain McDonald thank you and I will try these

Interesting

To enhance adhesion of these NPs onto FTO, some binders can be opted.

Please find some relevant articles:

Yes Dr Deb, I cannot agree with you more to what you have said. Of-course there may be numerous reasons towards pushing RE into the Indian Grid, however from a grid operators’ experience what I can state confidently is that in addition to address sustainability angle, it has brought a number of supporting measures to the Grid, which were pending since long and were not moving.

Regarding the other compulsions, like storage etc., though lot of discussions/ advocacies may be there, however I feel that so far Indian Utilities have moved with caution and the first grid connected 10 MW capacity battery storage plant has been brought only very recently by Tata’s in Delhi (under NDPL) . On the other hand, under the compulsion of Renewables, the different grid friendly actions, which have been pushed and realised include, enhancing flexibility of thermal generation by bringing the minimum operating level up to 50%, instead of 70-80% earlier, allowing RRAS in the grid by regulators - which were pending since long and bringing the renewables under scheduling domain. It is only due to all above measures, that no sustained spillage/rejection of RE has been observed so far, without having any major expenditure towards the expansive solutions like storage etc.

However one another thing what we have to consider particularly with reference to Indian Grid is that such a large interconnected/synchronous grid is being operated and frequency and other parameters are being maintained in such a close range, without having certain basics in place, like primary and secondary controls in the system. Hence when there is a talk of storage systems etc. in the grid, solely it may not be due to the reasons of renewables, but taking into consideration all above situations in the grid. However as in the face of Renewables, getting anything pushed/implemented is relatively softer, the newer actions like addition of storage etc. are ovbiously/conveniently linked with renewables.

No longer ‘nano’ if dried.... There will be no free, independent, discrete particles < 100 nm in a powder.

These limits represent the minimum acceptable time period, hence the required and more acceptable could be longer. This is due the relation between time and material failure. This could be clear for transient pressure wave, where for only wave pressure pulse (nearly no time) could be no damage, otherwise damage could be happened.

I think accessibility to potential land fill site is also an important issue

Hi Naama,

I would stick to sunflower oil as dispersant. If you select another oil the water in your emulsion may start redistributing in case its solubility is higher. For emulsions it is wise to keep the continuous phase the same when diluting, esspecially or particle size analysis. One trick to clean your dispersing unit easier, is to check if you can use something like 'white spirit' to rinse. It mixes well with oils, is low viscous and generally pretty cheap and widely available. You may need to ask your Malvern representative if tubings and seals in your dispersing unit can withstand white spirit.

Kind regards, Leo

Interested

thank you for your valuable recommendation

This review discusses several potentials and pathways of biomass pyrolysis. Best wishes.

You need to multiply the frequency of occurrence of the spillage event times the consequence should the spillage occur.

The consequence can be expressed in monetary term using the GWh times the average cost of power, say in dollars per GWh.

Note the frequency of occurrence of the spillage events is just the annual probability.

Hope this helps answer your question and good luck!

Sir

Big thanks

I appreciate your help

In many countries there is a state low or some other official document that regulate area what you asked. In those documents you will find all necessary data for you research and also many company like TSO (Transmission System Operator) and DSO (Distribution System Operator) have done such measurements and elaborates. Every new objects (high voltage overhead line or cable or substation) in power which will be build must have such documentation and have to have such measurement like a part of building permits documentation. So I suggested contacting your local TSO or DSO Company or some governing body (ministry for health or energy).

side_chain polyners with microfibrile protrusions....... i am morking on them along with Dr Koohgard.............

Please see the attachments sites

Yes, the antioxidants capacity of this seed matters to my work.

thank you so much for your guidance.