Humanitarian Aid - Science topic

The war/genocide/ecocide on Gaza that started on October 7th, 2023 by the Israeli occupation army supported by most advanced weapons of mass destructions, and including carpet bombing and the use of white phosphorus among others, and the burning and destruction of natural flora and vegetations in Gaza including the olive trees, and the destruction of water systems, all and the pollution of air, water and soil, with no doubt have detrimental environmental impacts. It is also extremely difficult to run any field study under continuous bombardment, shelling and direct targeting of Palestinian citizens, journalist, and even UN and humanitarian aid officials. However, we know that researchers managed to do that amidst previous wars. I was wondering if anyone is aware of any existing studies of that nature, especially in relevance to the ecosystems, the biodiversity and the fauna and flora of Gaza. Setting fire on fields, olive trees, agricultural areas, and Palestinian villages by Israeli settlers have been intensified since October the 7th 2023 as well. West Bank could be relatively less challenging for field studies. If anyone is aware of any field study, would appreciate sharing them/links/ references. Thank You.

How feasibly can I pay a senior academic to review my independent research, then award me a certificate for my independent research?

We want to conduct exploratory analyses on the influence of personality (Big Five) on health trajectories in humanitarian aid workers. The health trajectories are unevenly distributed with a vast majority of staff being in the healthy trajectory. The internal consistency of the Big Five Inventory is fine and most personality traits correlate significantly with our health outcomes. Yet, the distributions of the personality traits are skewed and have a rather low standard deviation (e.g., agreeableness mean 4.15 out of 5 and SD 0.52). We were wondering if it statistically makes sense to enter these skewed and rather homogeneous data as a covariate in the growth mixture model. I cannot find any information on statistical requirements of covariates for GMMs. Does anyone have information on this or an advice? Thanks!

Millions of peoples are dying in the world ,with science and medical care and humanitarian aids ,we can help poor children such as in africa and asian countries by distributing justice and food and education ,can we do it? How and why ?

If so, please help me disclose this short survey (10 questions only) and get me closer to them:

English form -> http://bit.ly/bdbs_form-ENG

French form -> http://bit.ly/bdbs_form-FRA

Portuguese --> http://bit.ly/bdbs_form-PT

-----------------------------

DISCLAIMER

"10 Questions on Humanitarian Aid" presents sample questions for a Doctoral Research conducted by Beatriz de Barros Souza, a Graduate student at the Psychology Program - Federal University of Espírito Santo - Brazil (PPGP / UFES), supervised by Professor Dr. Agnaldo Garcia (PPGP / UFES). Researcher's contacts: beatriz.b.souza@aluno.ufes.br || http://redepso.academia.edu/beatrizsouza

ALL GIVEN ANSWERS ARE CONFIDENTIAL.

Seeking opinions on the role of humanitarian organizations on corona pandemic

I had hoped to run a workshop to understand how militaries and humanitarians should share clinical best practice (or indeed IF they should). It was intended to be a workshop over a day or two - a couple of thought provoking presentations with our data so far - that people feel we should share, but that there have to be clear limits on what is shared and when, and that no-one yet has expressed ideas about what those limits are or how best to do the sharing.

Clearly COVID 19 means that large university based workshops are a thing of the past, for the moment at least. The problem is that platforms such as zoom often favour the loudest/most assertive participants, and shut out the quieter/less confident ones. Equally a Delphi probably won't provide the richness of data that I'd need.

Does anyone have experience of running workshop style qualitative data collection in the 'new normal'? What works? Are there mechanisms for making an on-line event work in this way?

Thank you!

I am trying to find humanitarians and civilians in health development sectors to assist with a study. It's an anonymous web-based questionnaire looking at the impact of military healthcare related activities overseas on local civilian health delivery and systems.

If you have access to networks of Humanitarians who might be interested in completing it, could you recommend them, or even better put me in touch with them?

If you are able to pass on the study link, it's here:

It takes about 20 minutes, is completely anonymous, and participant info is on page 1. It will help validate a typology of areas where foreign militaries and civilians overlap in healthcare. We hope that it will inform the conversation about what activities military medical teams should and should not undertake.

Many thanks,

Simon.

The World Food Programme of the United Nations effectively deployed humanitarian aid to 10,000 Syrian refugees using Ethereum, a blockchain-based crypto currency.

In this massive deployment, unlike earlier mobile money solutions built around smartphones, the personal biometrics (eye scan, fingerprints) were used to verify the beneficiary.

The question then becomes; Will an electronic payment system (global or local) built on Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT), ie the Blockchain, necessarily require smartphones in order to be efficient and effective in its diffusion and adoption by end-users, especially those in the low-wage earning demographic ?  What is the best role for the smartphone is this ecosystem ?

Is there research on which INGOs / NGOs / CSOs have refused donor funding, with which donors, and for what reasons? If not collected systematically anywhere, could you share examples you know of?

I'm going to analyse the Sphere project (humanitarian aid contex) in order to give an overview of the project, including pro and cons, for the introductory part of a paper. Could you suggest me papers or other documents critically discussing the Sphere project?

I’m about to complete a new typology and so have done fairly extensive literature searches, but wanted to check if there are any unpublished/unreferenced ones out there. I’d welcome any suggestions and I can check I’ve already got them

Specifically we are looking at FOREIGN military Civ-mil, so not a relationship between a government and its own military.

We are also especially interested in (but not limited to) the healthcare arena.

Thanks in in advance for any pointers.

Si.

In the era of globalization challenges of Disparities among humanity are growing everywhere. The powerful forces hit different places differently! The polarized arguments regarding the gains and pains of globalization have been gaining momentum and the for and against debates do not seems to reach any consensus and hence it remains an open-ended question!

A distinguished Indian-American journalist Fareed Zakaria of CNN contends that

“…hetre is a wretched view of contemporary life owing to globalization, those against it professes that a dysfunctional global order producing stagnant earnings, growing uncertainty, insecurity and environmental deterioration…“ Such groups of opinions are enthusiastically backed by the evolution of the right-wing nationalists and become fertile ground for the evolution of populist politicians. But is this representation in fact true?

“Are we moving so painfully that we need to be back to the old age practice and is that practical” He inquires.

What is the bottom line for such rambling nabobs of resentment! The key story for the development community that has been pouncing globally making head-lines and considered as one of breathtaking progress since 1990 is regarding infant mortality. According to the most recent UNICEF statistics,

The world made phenomenal improvement in infant survival in the recent few decades and millions of kids have better survival chances than in 1990. To illustrate 1 in 26 children passed before attaining age 5 in 2017, contrasted to 1 in 11 in 1990. It has boosted up improvement in slashing child mortality in the 2000–2017 period contrasted with the 1990s, with the annual percentage of a cutback in the overall under-five mortality rate rising from 1.9 percent in 1990–2000 to 4.0 percent in 2000–2017. Despite the universal improvement in reducing infant mortality over the previous few decades, about 5.4 million kids under age 5 passed in 2017—roughly half of those deaths took place in sub-Saharan Africa. Mortality rates among older kids and young adolescents (aged 5-14) also declined by over 50 percent since 1990, even though approximately one million infants vanished in this age group in 2017 alone. The overall burden of infant deaths is a plea for critical and united effort to significantly enhance the survival chances of the world’s children.

Besides, undernourishment has dropped by 41%, one billion people have climbed out of absolute poverty and on and on. Inequality from a universal context has dwindled greatly. All these have resulted essentially because of countries from China, India, Ethiopia that has followed more market-friendly practices and western countries have helped them access to markets, humanitarian aids have been scaled up and loan forgiveness has been granted. These are policies supported by these very global elites. Look at any resolution at a universal viewpoint and the statistics are astonishing. I share the cold response some will have to these statistics. These figures relate to the world but may not be especially true for the Ethiopian situation. Things might have advanced for the Chinese, but not for the dozens of rich countries. More bewilderingly, the left traditionally is connected to universal thinking is now becoming critical of these chronicles.

We deprived women of the workforce market in the 1950s and in a dangerous situation and women can hardly work higher than centrism secretaries, 1980 when 2/3 of the world stagnated under state communism, oppression and desolation. What group of elites? Kings, commissars, moderates, or who run the world better than the current hatch batch of politicians, businessmen, and professionals and so forth?

Even in the West, it is unambiguous to take for granted the wondrous progress they live longer! The air and water are cleaners, science and conversations are essentially free economically there have been gains crucially though they have not been distributed equally! However, there have been remarkable advancements in access and freedoms for substantial sections of the community of the state. People who are locked out and pushed down are … female membership in the three organs of the government has been surging. In each sector, there has been astonishing development. I realize that a greater number of Ethiopian are nevertheless under economic pressure and these people often feel marginalized, dominated, ignored and left behind from the progress made. And even they think these happened by deliberate policy designs!

Extensive research further establishes that some of their discomforts come from observing the community that those who were supposed to be stay behind are moving up, coming into the vigorous competition, taking big business and creating a new challenge and a new system. That these gains might create discomforts to some is not a reason to pose nor forget that it represents a deep and lasting human progress we should celebrate!

Nevertheless, there seems nonstop discussions, controversies and attitudes whether globalization is grace or a curse remains wrestling ground and hence I humbly believed that we could share great opinions on such vital agenda and it could be a top opportunity to be enlightened and get a tremendous lesson from the wonderful people of academic community!

We are currently developing a paper on minimum supply standards including critical infrastructure more prominently into existing concepts such as the Sphere Handbook.

I am looking for other studies and especially, minimum thresholds, standards or requirements mentioned for services such as energy, electricity, water, food, information, logistics etc. for different shelter types and locations.

I am happy to share the literature suggestions later on.

Thank You!

It is widely recognized that donor intervention in fragile States circumvents the state systems by delivering aid through non-state actors such as NGOs. Examples include the Democratic Republic of Congo, Central African Republic, South Sudan, among others.

Haiti is, hypothetically, an "engineered spaceship" --- i.e. an artificial Earth island put in the Atlantic ocean, by some intelligent beings, unknown to ourselves. Under Haiti is buried extraordinary amounts of rare mineral elements, to build radiation super-resistant spaceship, capable to travel to galaxies, far beyond our solar system...

Did Trump Really Say Haiti is a 'Shithole'? Or was Haiti used to strike back in Trump's war of words?

Within the impossibility exists the possibility that Trump said it or did not say it....... The probability to believe that Trump said it is much higher ------ and Trump himself is the cause of it...... If Trump, really, did say it, then Trump should go back to primary school...study basic world history...and someone should make sure that Trump does not skip classes.

Nowadays Haiti is used to promote anything..... If something is B-list and wants to ascend to A-list, the plight of the poor in Haiti is by far the most effective tools to promote its marketability and playability to the worldwide audience...

While Haiti commemorates the devastating 2010 Earthquake --- which killed 300000 people and wounded 350000 people --- suddenly, a Trump scandal about Haiti/Africa/Norway goes viral and then the Swedish (H&M) scandal about Black/White goes also viral.

Why so much 'war of words' against Haiti?

Without Haiti, the USA would, in fact, be a 'Shithole'.

Let history speak for itself!

Haiti is the country that makes the USA won the incredible deal of Louisiana from France. Why would Trump call Haiti 'Shithole' in 2018? Or perhaps the Secrets of Haiti are not just hidden but buried by the Pentagon — Central Intelligence Agency, with all kinds of manipulation.

Haiti fought to make the USA great...but the USA turned its backs on Haiti.

The Haitian Revolution was not just a fight to end slavery but a fight to change the human condition, all over the world, regardless of your skin color. That is why it is the greatest revolution ever!

Back then, France did not know the value of Haiti's geophysics..... If Napoleon only knew that the people of Haiti were sitting on trillions and trillions of dollars of the most valuable minerals on Earth --- Oh Lord, my God, Grant us your Peace --- the re-conquest of paradise would not just be a Battle of Verdun (showcase of French patriotism against Nazi Germany), but it would be a battle to Bleed Europe White.... Napoleon of France would recruit all the mercenary soldiers of Europe and fight to the last breath to reconquer Haiti.... The USA would not stand a chance to win the Battle of Savannah... Spain was already bankrupt and sold most of its colonies to France... England and France would either battle each in the Caribbean or together they would re-colonize both Haiti and the USA. Hence, the USA would not stand a chance to exist. There would not be a Fourth of July. Today, kingdom and servitude would have mutated to a more ferocious form.

In 1993, president Aristide desperately tried to have a dialogue with the Great Powers to fix the Haiti problem, but he failed and was sent to exile in 1994. The Great Powers did not give Aristide a chance to finish his presidency.

Then president Aristide was rightfully restored to power in Haiti and re-tried to solve the Haiti problem --- but with "Secret-Reinsurance Treaties" --- the same dangerous diplomacy and politics which caused WWI.

The Front for the Advancement and Progress of Haiti (FRAPH) ---- a CIA-paramilitary operation, organized in mid-1993, together with spy agents and informants from Haitian and Dominican opposition parties, as well as clandestine expatriates on CIA payroll ---- was used to de-stabilize Haiti, in order to send president Aristide back to Africa....

The Aristide regime released evidence to make it obvious that the USA, in fact, played a significant role in establishing and funding FRAPH. The CIA and the Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA) got publicly exposed in the matter. The Center for Constitutional Rights (CCR) obtained thousands of pages of newly declassified U.S. documents, which explicitly proved the involvement of CIA and DIA in financing FRAPH. Then CCR lawyers accused CIA/DIA of committing terrorist acts against the Haitian people...

At the end of the day, the CCR also failed to solve the Haiti problem.

Then president Aristide tried his plan C..D..E...etc...All plans failed!

Last but not least, president Aristide played an extremely dangerous game with the USA with his secret pacts signed with France and South Africa........

First, South Africa sent military ship to stabilize Haiti, along with a shipment of weapons to Haiti.

President Aristide attempted to solve the Haiti problem, in the same way North Korea is doing today, with the help of Russia and China, with the politics of nuclear deterrence.

The Aristide regine have tried to solve the Haiti problem by signing direct and indirect pacts with Cuba, Venezuela, Russia and China, to develop a mining industry in Haiti. The USA responded with embargo, and the rich mafia families which control the economy of Haiti terrorize the Haitian population.

Media rumors and propaganda said that South Africa is mining oil, uranium, plutonium, iridium, zirconium, and other precious metals in Haiti to build nuclear energy and possibly nuclear bombs...

The presence of South Africa in Haiti made the USA enforced the new policy of the "Monroe Doctrine" --- i.e. problems in the Americas are to be fixed by the USA.

The South African military ship was forced to leave Haiti --- wide-open to further destabilization by FRAPH.

President Aristide told France that it has a special obligation to Haiti, as per secret treaty and for robbing Haiti's economy from 1825 -to-1947, with a gold ransom valued at $40 billion.

In 2000, feeling of war spurring quickly renewed interest in Haiti, due to the strategic importance of the island.

However, president Aristide had made a miscalculation by putting pressure on France to pay Haiti back the $40-billion gold.

In retaliation, France did not show up on time...

Then president Aristide was kidnapped, a second time, by US special forces, sent back to exile, and was told once-and-for-good (for the last time) stay in Africa and do not come back to Haiti.

Haiti became a Wild-Wild-West (lawless) land....

France dispatched a nuclear war ship, in the pretext to restore order in Haiti.

The USA responded with two nuclear war ships.

Fortunately the lessons of WWII teach politicians to solve such disputes at the UN --- a peace-keeping organization, which rose from the ashes of WWII.

The Haiti dispute was resolved, in a de-facto manner, by the UN Security Council, to avoid a World War III from spreading around the globe, to spare the current and succeeding generations from the scourge of another global armed conflict.

In 2004, the UN created the MINUSTAH (Mission des Nations Unies pour la stabilisation en Haïti) (United Nations Stabilization Mission In Haiti).

Nevertheless, the 2010 Haiti earthquake clearly proved that MINUSTAH was, also, a failure.

In 2010, Haiti became again a battlefield for the Great Powers.

France --- followed by international organizations like Doctors Without Borders, Red Cross, UNICEF, and others --- quickly rushed to Haiti, to bring in humanitarian aid.

Instead of humanitarian aid, the USA sent a nuclear war ship and ten of thousands of soldiers to Haiti. The USA occupied all airports and ports, blocked and turned away all emergency humanitarian supply from France and other countries.

Then France accused the USA of occupying Haiti and filed an appeal-complaint for the intervention of UN, as well as for a clarification on the role of the USA in Haiti...

Then Haiti got a fatal assistance, in return.

The so-called "$15-billion in donation to rebuild Haiti" did not happen...

Most of the money offered to Haiti were actually loans that Haiti never received and must pay back fake interest --- as usual.

Humanitarian workers were played...

The donation was a pledge to the mirror -- i.e. the money circles back to its donors.

The rest of the story is purposely left for readers to do their own philosophical and allegorical interpretation.

The End.

I'm working with a group of community leaders in Ciudad Bolivar, Venezuela to assess the most important needs, and form an humanitarian organization to help resolve them, directly or doing the bridge to existing institutions. 

Thanks. 

 I am concerned that is it a good idea to overtake the authority of project chief of national priority projects by Director General? Also, what are the disadvantages of overtaking many priority projects by DG and setting an implementation unit at the project site and carrying out activities?  Please, I want replies from the concerned persons.

Thank you.

Hello, I am currently working on a paper within my International Organizations course, and I am struggeling with one of my subquestions. Doe anyone might know relevant literature which can help me? 

Kind regards,

Emma 

The background would be invocation of the BIT within a civil law country whereby investor has exited, however, completion of the process hindered for need of a decree. Host government unable to assist without a decree and investor continue to incur cost due to non-completion of process.

Dear all,

Please can someone assist me with information on how and where i can purchase Trypanothione disulphide?

Secondly, is Trypanothione disulphide the same as Trypanothione trifluoroacetate salt?

I look forward to your kind assistance

Thanks

SIR Okoduwa,

From Nigeria.

Lil bit confused about the Role of IGOs towards a specific issue, especially when it's overlapping with the member states' interest and agenda.  For instance: the Role of UNHCR towards refugees Crisis.Here, basically UNHCR is following the UN convention, however UNHCR seems not playing its role due to member states' own interests. So, it seems like UNHCR does not have a role here, right? Many thanks

Post-liberal peace theories advocate hybrid forms of security governance, coherence, cooperation. NGOs and military forces represent  (aside local communities and political leadership) main actors in complex emergencies. Despite the roles of these inherently difference actors (difference purposes, different aims and organisational cultures), their functions are complementary. Nonetheless, many NGOs are reluctant to cooperate with armed forces/military (which have more or less a political agenda and most of the times, are active parties in a conflict) on grounds of impartiality, neutrality and security. What theory, approach or understanding could help overcome this deadlock? I would be very thankful for your inputs. 

I am working on my masters dissertation for which the topic is Role of foreign aid in shaping the political economy of the state: A case study of Pakistan from cold war to war on terror (1948-2008)

This thesis aims to add to the literature of International Relations (IR) and debates in foreign aid by examining that how the determinants of foreign aid can be an influential factor in shaping the political economy of the state. By using Pakistan-US relations as a case, I intend to assess factors that regulated the aid allocation of the US to Pakistan. This research first explores that whether, the US foreign policy towards aid allocation has been determined by its commitment towards democracy and development, or have there been strategic and tactical goals at the heart of aid flows.

Can anyone please suggest me an appropriate theoretical framework to look into for this project. I have been considering Critical Theory (Strategic action) but need some guidance. 

I am doing some research on the impact of Chinese aid in Zimbabwe. Please let me know if you have good sources of information. Thank you!

I am actually in the process of preparing a research paper with the purpose of identifying the factors that cause decisions for or against humanitarian interventions, using Syria as an example. Thanks for your advice! Peter

Nepal is planning for reconstruction processes which overcome the bad structural health that introduce damages during Gorkha earthquake (Mw>7.8 ) that happened  in 12 of April 2015, killing many lives. The mushrooming cooperatives and micro finance companies exist in almost all district and village development committee. However, the financial resource mobilization as a government grant increase dependency as well as deficit for the individual house construction. Undoubtedly, people stop working. Spend time looking for the humanitarian aids, leaving agriculture field barren and consuming toxic drinks from installment support package for housing. In this connection the self dependency should structured within community by the community based financial institutions. The financial mobilization by micro- finance  institutions definitely decrease parasite living culture and encourage integrated finance which gives financial sustainability by community groups. Hence, i ask to the experts how  Nepalese communities will benefit from community finance for reconstruction in Nepal in the current situation.

I am working on an article provisionally entitled "Rule of Law in Kosovo - Why So Much Effort Has Achieved So Little". Any suggestions where specific data on specific programs can be found will be much appreciated.

If a donor from another country donate to support a program which is run by a non-government organization in another country, will it donate the fund directly to the receiving organization or to the head of finance and treasury of the receiving country (if its money)?

I am undertaking a PhD with Oxford Brookes University at the moment looking at success factors and influences on leadership in international humanitarian and development organisations in South Asia, particularly Pakistan, India and Sri Lanka.

For this I intend to carry out an electronic survey, and had hoped to get access to some kind of up to date country list of all the leaders of these kinds of organisations.

By 'leaders', I mean: Country Directors, CEOs, Chief of Party's, Senior Programme Directors, Resident Representatives, Principal or Chief Advisors, etc - the bigshots.

By 'these kind of organisations', I mean: INGOs (i.e. Oxfam, World Vision, Care, Tearfund, MSF etc etc), bi-laterals (i.e. SDP, GIZ etc.), philanthropic organisations and foundations (i.e. Clinton, Gates, Agha Khan etc.) multi-laterals (UN agencies, ICRC - excuse the possibly politically incorrect labelling there!), and even the well-known Consultancy firms in the sector (i.e. GOPA, GFA, Crown Agents, Adam Smith, Chemonics, Coffey, etc.) and others that I would not know where to place, i.e. DAI, MSI, PSI...

But I have come up against a brick wall, and not able to either identify a forum where these kinds of lists exist (used to be able to call in at OCHA for this kind of thing), or have found certain forums i.e. the Humanitarian Forum in Pakistan, which lists the INGOs (but not the others) but has a privacy policy that will not allow access to contact details of the leaders to non-members.

This means I need to rethink my approach strategy, and where possible target direct email addresses of leaders that I can get access to, but also place my electronic survey of perhaps a afew platforms and then request administrators of relevant forums to ask their members to access these in this way.

And for the above reasons and being a bit stumped, I have decided to seek research assistance here. Could you can shed some light, offer ideas, connect me to the people that might provide the type of access I need, or link me to updated email address lists, or even platforms that might assist in me successfully carrying out my research?

As mentioned, specific geo-focus is Sri Lanka, India and Pakistan, and only IHDOs as per the above types...

My time frame is to get the survey 'out there' early April if possible... and whatever assistance you could provide will be really appreciated.

Kind regards,

Adi

I would like to look into methods of advertising used by aid agencies - I'm starting quite broad so any agencies and any media - any help would be appreciated. 

Foreign aid (official development assistance) is believed to have played an active role in economic growth in developing countries. However, empirical studies have revealed paradoxical results: some show positive impacts of aid to GDP growth, while other show negative impacts; and some are inclusive in their findings. Is this because of econometric model they apply? Or perhaps other factors or environments in economy are applicable? Do you see this as contradiction? If so, why is this contradiction in empirical studies?

See how the South Pacific is doing and learn lessons that can be applied or used to assess disaster response systems in similar contexts.

I work in the humanitarian sector and struggling with the challenge of making optimal use of data generated through our M&E system. I am pretty new to big data management but I suspect it could offer a very good answer to my problem of data not being utilized optimally to provide the much needed information in a convenient manner despite its abundance. I cover 6 countries with many projects and quite substantial amount of data that is neither talking to each other nor to as many people as I would wish.

For example skills of anesthesia (intubation, use of curare and hypnotic drugs), emergency surgery (chest tube, tracheostomy, caesarean section), orthopedics (external fixation pelvis and long bones), ultrasound.

I think it is important to define the core competencies essential to a physician who works with low resources in a developing country. This will have to be the basis of sustainable training.

I would like to consider their family system and current socioeconomic factors.

What is the principal contribution of humanitarian intervention to global peace and security?

Most aid is misappropriated in Africa.

What kind of events can come under this? Either they need to be large scale events or small scale as well.

Most reports and studies written about the impact of the Paris Declaration seem to come form the perspective of donor countries. Some examples of these would be: http://www.cjld.org/file/Publications_files/PEMD%20GRANT%20REPORT.pdf and http://www.oecd.org/development/evaluation/dcdndep/41807824.pdf

It would be worthwhile exploring what fellow researchers have discovered in relation to the impact of the Paris Declaration or even its "appropriateness" as a reform initiative in supposedly improving the implementation of aid.

Most active volcanoes are monitored with local observatories, each using their own standards to assess danger levels, hazard maps and quantitative measurements. But many volcanoes are not monitored in situ. Space-based monitoring using thermal remote sensing provides powerful tools to detect and quantify activity. But converting this space-based data into risk levels is challenging due to the complexity of volcano hazards (in particular for local humanitarian risk).

VAACs provide a uniform and standard evaluation of risk for aviation. Are there similar (global or regional) approaches for near real-time humanitarian risk? Are there XML standards for volcano eruption data?