Human Trafficking - Science topic

This study explores the implications of informal border crossings on national security and community well-being in the Buhigwe District, Tanzania. This study specifically examines how porous borders with Burundi contribute to security challenges, sociol economic disruptions, and strain on public services. Using a qualitative research design, data w...

This introduction outlines the thematic scope of the special issue, which explores slavery as both a historical reality and a cultural metaphor. It examines how slavery has been foundational to modernity, economically, socially, and ideologically, while remaining ideologically obscured through narratives of civilization and progress. The issue trac...

Criminal networks such as human trafficking rings are threats to the rule of law, democracy and public safety in our global society. Network science provides invaluable tools to identify key players and design interventions for Law Enforcement Agencies (LEAs), e.g., to dismantle their organisation. However, poor data quality and the robustness of c...

This article examines various perspectives and narratives regarding the commemoration of slavery among African communities, both in the context of constructing a local identity and in creating a tourist product for African-American citizens of the United States. As African history becomes increasingly ‘Americanised’, slavery memorials in Africa are...

Forced labor remains a significant issue within global supply chains, with millions of people subjected to exploitation, human trafficking, and abuse in various industries such as agriculture, manufacturing, and mining. Despite widespread efforts to combat forced labor through regulations, ethical standards, and audits, identifying and eradicating...

Despite prevailing narratives that human trafficking is largely driven by transnational organized crime groups, little empirical research has rigorously tested this assumption. This study presents a novel 5-S typology—size, scope, sophistication, structure, and self-identification—which yields five different types of organized crime groups: mom & p...

The police dismantled a syndicate of counterfeit money making and circulation operating in the UIN Alauddin Makassar Library building. The police have identified 17 suspects with evidence worth hundreds of trillions of rupiah. This case began when one of the perpetrators paid motorcycle installments at one of the leasing companies on Jalan Pelita L...

This article examines Kant's moral philosophy alongside Biblical and theological perspectives on modern slavery as a consequence of human sin and the fall. Using a phenomenological qualitative approach in a literature study, the author analyzes the root causes of slavery—poverty, low education levels, and weak law enforcement—and explores Christian...

المستخلص: يعد الاتجار بالبشر واحدة من أخطر الجرائم العالمية التي أصبحت في تزايد وذلك بسبب الحروب ونزوح كثير من اللاجئين من بلدهم المنكوبة إلى بلاد أخرى. هذا بالإضافة إلى تطور وسائل التكنولوجيا التي ساهمت بشكل كبير إلى إيقاع الضحايا في شباك التنظيمات الإجرامية المختلفة. بل وسهولة إخفاء الأدلة الجنائية التي قد تدين الجناة. هذه الجريمة التي تتعدد أنوا...

This study aims to uncover the potential use of Islamic criminal law to strengthen anti-trafficking responses, assessing and evaluating the adequacy of existing legal responses. Human trafficking continues to be an alarming international problem, with global legal mechanisms not always ensuring effective law enforcement and victim protection. Even...

Within the United Kingdom’s system for identifying survivors of modern slavery and human trafficking, survivors coming from overseas account for nearly 75%. This data indicates that many survivors are separated from family in the process of trafficking, yet little is known about the impact this separation has on them and their families. This articl...

Most African women involved in prostitution in major European cities today come from Edo State in Nigeria, where human trafficking has become an economic model. Despite moral judgment and the stigmatisation of sex workers in Nigeria, sending a woman to Europe represents an opportunity that many families decide to take as they rely on the potential...

Human Trafficking is a criminal act that has the potential to be committed across national borders. This makes the issue of which country has the authority to punish suspects of Human Trafficking difficult because of the overlap between the principles of territoriality and the principle of personality in criminal law. International law should have...

This article analyses the importance of the family environment of victims of human trafficking in Peru, before and after exploitation. Based on interviews with 30 victims and 10 family members, it demonstrates that families, primarily mothers, can play a powerful role in both preventing victimisation and assisting victims to recover from human traf...

Economic dependence often exists within trafficked immigrant families, both before the human trafficking situation and after family reunification in the United States. While economic dependence can deepen individuals’ vulnerabilities to human trafficking, this article explores how the family unit can serve as a protective factor, especially for tho...

This article explores families’ roles in precarious journeys and human trafficking from Albania. It demonstrates that familial pressure is a primary driver of migration for many Albanians and sets the family at the centre of the Albanian culture of migration rather than as one of many other factors that can lead to precarious migration and traffick...

Family and community play varied and important roles in facilitating human trafficking and helping victim-survivors recover from it. Despite this, many trafficking studies are individualistic in nature and do not consider the broader positioning of victim-survivors within complex social, family, and community structures. The discussion in this Edit...

The article examines the problematic issues of Ukraine’s participation in the international system of crime prevention in times of war. It is proved that the modern world faces challenges related to the internationalisation of crime, which makes it necessary to strengthen international cooperation in this area. In the context of martial law, this p...

In contemporary times, there is a consensus that the increasingly prominent problem of organized crime must be addressed through the cooperation of competent institutions on an international level, as it has long demonstrated that national borders are not significant obstacles. Organized criminal groups are guided solely by financial interests and...

The monograph Criminal Profiling - Tracing Crime provides a comprehensive overview of criminal profiling as an investigative method used to understand, predict, and apprehend criminals. Through a multidisciplinary approach, the book analyzes the fundamental principles of profiling, different models and methods, as well as their application in pract...

April 25, 2025 Gender-Based Violence (GBV) remains a significant issue in many parts of the world, particularly in the Arab region, where legal frameworks aimed at addressing such violence are often in conflict with deep-rooted cultural and religious traditions. This paper examines the progress and challenges of implementing and enforcing Gender-Ba...

This research discusses the role of ASEANAPOL in assisting Indonesia in tackling human trafficking issue by using cases that took place throughout 2021-2023 through series of its agendas and activities. This research uses Clive Archer's role theory which states that international organizations have roles in arenas, instruments, and actors. The meth...

Today’s venture capitalists will undergo a rational approach to open new schools so as to ensure long-term sustainability, in which alignment of goals, job divisions, revenue projections, student intakes, personnel placements, promotion strategies, to name a few, are organized as a concerted effort. Xavier Learning Community, a newly established Je...

Comfort women" refers to the system of sexual slavery created and controlled by the Imperial Japanese government between 1932 and 1945. It is the largest case of government-sponsored human trafficking and sexual slavery in modern history. Many scholars have argued that the term comfort women, a euphemism coined by the Japanese military, obscures th...

This study aims to enhance computational performance while minimizing environmental impact in AI (Artificial Intelligence) and ML (Machine Learning) applications, especially in cybersecurity, by developing energy-efficient models using a multi-objective optimization approach. The research utilizes the Non-Dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II (NSG...

This study aimed to explore publications appearing in criminology journals that studied the crime-type of genocide. The study of crime encompasses a wide range of topics. Largely, it is confined to traditional forms of crime like assault, murder, rape, robbery, burglary, and theft that take place at the local level. Criminologists have been studyin...

The aim of the article is to examine the impact of trafficking in human beings on international security on the example of Polish and Ukraine and to indicate effective preventive and counteracting measures. The first part presents the definition and forms of trafficking in human beings and presents Poland and Ukraine as key countries in the system...

This study proposes a prototype for locating important individuals and financial exchanges in networks of people trafficking that have grown during the conflict between Russia and Ukraine. It focuses on the role of digital platforms, cryptocurrencies, and the dark web in facilitating these operations. The research maps trafficking networks and iden...

This article explores the escalating crisis of human trafficking in Albania and the broader Balkan region, focusing on the need to address its deeper, structural causes. It examines the transnational nature of trafficking for sexual exploitation, forced labor, and organ trafficking, with particular attention to vulnerable groups, such as women, gir...

Human trafficking is a complex crime against humanity that involves the exploitation of vulnerable individuals, including Indonesian citizens who have become victims of online scams in Cambodia. This study aims to analyze the implementation of legal protection for victims of human trafficking in Cambodia and to identify the challenges and obstacles...

The removal and trafficking of human organs, as a form of human trafficking, constitutes one of the most serious threats in the modern world. This article aims to comprehensively present this practice as a phenomenon related to human trafficking. The dichotomous analysis included in the article— regarding both the criminological perspective and hum...

Bride trafficking in Southeast Asia is a complex issue influenced by socioeconomic factors such as poverty, gender inequality, and disparities in education and employment. Globalisation, migration, and social pressures also contribute to the increasing cases. Legal aspects are crucial to understanding and addressing this issue. This research examin...

Human trafficking remains a prevalent issue in Bangladesh, affecting vulnerable populations and causing significant physical, psychological, financial, and social harm. This report explores the scope and nature of human trafficking, tracing its historical roots and identifying contemporary trends. It inquiries into the socioeconomic and cultural fa...

In recent years, Bangladesh has experienced a significant transformation in its socio-economic landscape, accompanied by the emergence of new and complex crime patterns. The role of the police in addressing these evolving challenges is pivotal to maintaining law and order, ensuring public safety, and fostering a secure environment conducive to deve...

Transnational organized crime in Bangladesh's border regions poses a significant threat to national security, economic stability, and social order. This study explores the various forms of organized crime prevalent in these areas, including drug trafficking, human smuggling, arms trade, and wildlife and contraband smuggling. It examines the key fac...

Introduction. Human trafficking is a multifaceted and widespread problem that affects individuals across diverse demographics and intersects with other forms of oppression. This literature review delves into the prevalence of human trafficking in Albania and examines the barriers that impede efforts to prevent it, protect its victims, and prosecute...

The scholarly literature on prostitution has expanded significantly due to public health concerns around HIV/AIDS and the recent focus on sex trafficking. This chapter explores research on marginalized identities within prostitution and broader variations in experiences influenced by race, gender identity, and class. It investigates the complex rel...

The paper focuses on the lived experience of female victims of human trafficking in the sex industry in India, analysing the phenomenon through the lens of liminality. The research combines the obtained data together with the theoretical concepts of liminality through which the daily reality of survivors living in Rehabilitation centre with focus o...

Due to the prevalence of trafficking in human beings and the smuggling of migrants in Africa, attention has often been placed on South-North migration. Thus, human migration, trafficking, and smuggling have dominated the global discourse in recent years thereby putting human trafficking into the mainstream of migration studies. African Union (AU) h...

This study investigates the strategic alignment and decision-making processes in combating human trafficking across the component cities of the Province of Davao del Norte: Panabo City, Tagum City, and the Island Garden City of Samal. Utilizing Bardach and Patashnik’s (2020) Eightfold Path to Policy Analysis and a qualitative approach, the research...

The paper examines the reprehensible activity of human trafficking and exploitation of women. The novelist through an artistic presentation of the subject of trafficking has succeeded in drawing attention to the fact that female trafficking leave the victims physically, psychologically and emotionally ruined. It has now become an issue of internati...

GPNI was “born” in March 2020 to help primary care teams in the rapidly changing clinical environment of the COVID-19 Pandemic. The outcome was a primary care knowledge hub for NI which includes weekly webinars providing “cutting-edge” systems and clinical updates. Since its inception GPNI has served over 80,000 users with over 750,000 pages of cli...

This research paper explores the grave issue of women trafficking in India through a comprehensive legal analysis. Human trafficking, particularly of women, represents a serious violation of human rights and dignity, often involving exploitation for purposes such as forced labor, prostitution, and domestic servitude. The paper examines the existing...

The Netherlands has an extensive, transnational criminal market. This in itself is not a new observation. However, what is often overlooked is the size of this market. Especially the illegal drug market appears to be larger in terms of the number of persons involved than many people realize. In this context the poly-criminal character of this...

According to the previous research purposes, methods and actions of illegal immigrantshave been changed during the period since 1990s when Mongolia has transited to market economy andcriminal felonies which are mostly connected to human trafficking, illegal sales of automobiles, cars, naturaland mineral resources, fur animals, valuable memorial ite...

The dominant anti-trafficking model operates within a criminal justice framework grounded in a rigid victim-perpetrator binary. This approach effectively absolves the state of any responsibility for the structural inequalities that undermine the rights and well-being of children and adolescents. This article examines the conditions that drive highl...

This is not a report. It is a warning. The White Vein: A Dystopian Tale of Lithium, Slavery, and the Green Lie is a speculative fiction built on the architecture of reality—where verifiable events, emerging technologies, and plausible policies are woven into a narrative that mirrors the future we are already building. As the global transition towar...

The enforcement of effective border monitoring and control at border areas will enablethe detection, investigation, cessation and prevention of human trafficking and illegal immigration cases,the key factor for the international, regional and local judiciary process. The collaborative network of lawenforcement agencies is crucial in combating with...

Since 2017, Germany, Norway and France all passed or began to implement some form of Mandatory Human Rights Due Diligence (mHRDD) reporting for businesses. MHRDD legislation intends to hold businesses accountable for failing to identify and act upon actual and potential risks to workers within their own operation and within their supply chains. The...

A vast and intricate segment of the internet remains concealed beneath the surface of conventional indexing mechanisms, classified into the deep web and its more enigmatic subset, the dark web. While the deep web encompasses an extensive repository of legitimate yet inaccessible content, including academic databases, proprietary research archives...

Most migration‐information campaigns (MICs) funded by European countries or the European Union (EU) itself, with the collaboration of international and transnational organisations, have been targeting central and western Africa as origin areas for several undocumented migrants. In 2019, the International Organisation for Migration (IOM) launched WA...

Questions regarding safe passage for refugee seekers have been unveiled as a vital concern in International Refugee Law. Though the 1951 Refugee Convention and the 1967 Protocol have contemplated frameworks for the protection of haven seekers, the practical implementation of safe passage for refugee seekers who have well-founded grounds for persecu...

Background Human trafficking and extreme exploitation ("modern slavery") violate fundamental human rights and cause severe harm to individuals' well-being. Anti-trafficking helplines provide critical support for victims/survivors, yet little research has explored their usage patterns, particularly during crises. This study examines how the Covid-19...

Background: Human trafficking is a significant global issue that affects millions of individuals, where victim identification remains a major challenge. Traditional methods such as DNA or fingerprint analysis are not always viable, necessitating alternative forensic approaches. Methods: This article reviews the role of dental identification in huma...

This chapter focuses exclusively on organised criminal groups (OCGs) as perpetrators of disappearances and assesses the extent to which victims of such disappearances, and their relatives, are protected by the current international legal framework. After briefly outlining the different manners in which OCGs can be involved in the commission of disa...

Human trafficking remains a significant issue in Southeast Asia, with Indonesia as a primary source country and Thailand as a major transit hub. Despite existing regulations, weak law enforcement, involvement of authorities, and lax immigration policies continue to enable trafficking syndicates to operate. This study analyzes the factors contributi...

This chapter examines states’ obligations in relation to disappearances committed by non-state actors under International Human Rights Law. It begins by analysing obligations under a variety of human rights instruments relating to the different rights that can be violated as a result of a disappearance committed by a non-state actor, such as the ri...

Sex trafficking research continues to be in demand for many counselors. With an ethical obligation to practice self-care, counselors should be aware of how working with survivors of sex trafficking can impact their professional self-care strategies. This poster will highlight findings from a qualitative study on counselors working with sex traffick...

Sexual violence has occurred extensively since the pre-Islamic Arab era, before the Quran was revealed, often marked by disparities in the relationships between men and women, or vice versa, in various aspects of life. Similarly, in Indonesia, the National Commission on Violence Against Women (Komnas Perempuan) reported 34,682 cases of sexual viole...

The article is dedicated to the complex and multifaceted issue of human trafficking as a form of transnational organized crime, particularly in the context of illegal organ transplantation. In recent decades, the number of cases related to human trafficking in the medical field has significantly increased, raising serious global concerns. This phen...

A simple algorithm for respiratory activity detection in data produced by Frequency-Modulated Continuous-Wave (FMCW) radars is presented in this paper. The proposed computational architecture can be directly mapped onto custom digital–analog VLSI hardware, which is a unique approach in research on intelligent FMCW sensor development, offering a pot...

With the ongoing digital transformation, the internet, mobile, social media and other computer technologies are being increasingly used in the targeting, recruitment, transportation and exploitation of human trafficking victims. The current study is the first of its kind which uses a qualitative method to comprehensively investigate the role of tec...

Questo saggio analizza criticamente l’impiego del diritto penale nella gestione dell’immigrazione in Italia, concentrandosi in particolare sulla tratta di persone e sul traffico di migranti. Si evidenza come tanto i governi quanto le organizzazioni per i diritti umani adottino un approccio di «antagonismo penale», identificando coloro che facilitan...

The research examined the relationship between border regulations, human trafficking, and human security in the Mekong subregion. The research applied a qualitative case study methodology to analyze border management policies from 1993 to 2023, employing the first and second-generation human security concepts as a theoretical framework. By focusing...

Human trafficking is a global crisis that represents one of the gravest violations of human rights and dignity in modern times. Defined by international and U.S. frameworks, trafficking involves the exploitation of individuals through fraud, force, or coercion for purposes such as labor, sexual exploitation, or organ harvesting. Psychology provides...

The article examines the features of Interpol’s work, its role and significance in the field of international cooperation between states to combat and prevent transnational crime. In the modern world, crime has become one of the most serious threats to security and stability at both the national and international levels. In this regard, the fight a...

Victimization is a component of the process of criminalization of society, during which criminal forms of activity spread to various social spheres, which leads to the deformation of the established value structure, failure to comply with legal norms and violation of human rights. Since the probability of becoming a victim depends on certain person...

Authorship Attribution (AA) approaches in Natural Language Processing (NLP) are important in various domains, including forensic analysis and cybercrime. However, they pose Ethical, Legal, and Societal Implications/Aspects (ELSI/ELSA) challenges that remain underexplored. Inspired by foundational AI ethics guidelines and frameworks, this research i...

Background The transnational migration of African nurses negatively impacts nurse-to-population ratios and life expectancy indices in many African countries. Understanding migration decisions, destination preferences, and recruitment practices of African nurses is crucial for identifying appropriate and effective retention interventions. Objective...

Trauma bonding—a phenomenon wherein victims become attached to their abusers—remains critical in forensic criminology, particularly within the sex trafficking context. Despite extensive trauma bonding research, few validated measures exist and studies addressing its manifestation in different cultures is limited. This study addressed these gaps by...

Background Human trafficking is an egregious human rights violation with profound physical and mental health sequelae. Healthcare encounters present critical opportunities to identify and support individuals experiencing trafficking. To maximize these opportunities, healthcare professionals must be equipped to recognize the signs of trafficking and...

This article seeks to trouble the idea that human rights provide a progressive standard in matters of migration. It does so by drawing on frames analysis to investigate the way that the reasoning of the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) legitimises border regimes rather than challenging them. The article considers three issues as examples. Fir...

Tanzania is reported in various researches as a source, transit, and destination for human trafficking. To address the problem, numerous measures like enactment of the Anti-Trafficking in Persons Act of 2008, The National Anti-Trafficking in Persons Plan of Action (2021-2024) and the use of civic leaders at the grassroots have been enhanced. Civic...

In this presentation, I review previous research into Behavioural Leadership Theory, identifying the foundation of this theory to be the task and relationship behaviours of a leader; task behaviours focus on goal and task completion, while relationship behaviours aim to boost morale and communication skills between team members. These behaviours we...

This research measures the effectiveness of awareness campaigns to combat sex trafficking in the four U.S.-Mexico border states of California, Arizona, New Mexico, and Texas. Sex trafficking is an abuse of human rights that should be combated with carefully laid-out awareness campaigns, as currently practiced. Preventive measures commonly integrate...

There are several treatment methods to treat patients who have lost the normal function of body organs, among which, transplantation is the most effective treatment method. It is important to provide a transplanted organ to perform this operation. The current situation is such that there is a significant difference between the supply and demand of...

Purpose This study explores the perspectives and experiences of legal and social service providers working with families to respond to sex trafficking of minors post-identification. Specifically, the study examines the benefits and challenges encountered by professionals working to engage family members of juvenile legal system-involved sex traffic...

On December 14, 1959, amidst much fanfare and tears, the first repatriation boat (provided by the Soviet Union) carried thousands of Koreans from Niigata, Japan, to Cheongjin, North Korea. Hailed as a humanitarian project under the intermediation of the International Committee of the Red Cross, the repatriation of Koreans from Japan to North Korea...

Taiwan was surrendered to Imperial Japan by China's Qing dynasty in 1895, fifteen years prior to Japan's annexation of Korea. Like Korea, Taiwan's women and girls were subsequently conscripted into Japan's military “comfort women” (ianfu) system. The author notes significant differences between the treatment of the women in the two colonies and in...

In the European Union and around the world, environmental crime and the significant damage caused to the environment and human health are becoming a growing problem. Annual losses related to environmental crime range from 91 billion USD to 258 billion USD. This makes environmental crime the fourth largest criminal activity in the world, after illeg...

“I want Japan to ask for forgiveness.” Ching-lin Yuen, testimony at the Women's International War Crimes Tribunal on Japan's Military Sexual Slavery, 2000 Yuen was among 64 women from 8 countries who came to Tokyo to testify about their experiences as former “comfort women.” The judges in this citizens' tribunal found Emperor Hirohito guilty of res...

Cryptocurrencies are trendy but are nothing more than a "Pump and Dump" scam. This paper presents the foundational concepts of a ledger-based currency, of which Bitcoin is an example. As an exercise in monetary information management, crypto-notes once created can be used without control from any authority. The created crypto-notes are superior to...

The objective of this study is to evaluate an intervention designed to reduce human trafficking among Denotified Tribes (DNTs) in two regions of India. We will conduct a cluster-randomized controlled trial utilizing a participatory-designed, community health worker (CHW)- delivered public health intervention. CHWs will be trained to conduct anti-hu...

The Migration is one of Africa’s most pressing challenges. Driven by factors ranging from poverty, economic and political instability, conflicts and environmental degradation; internal and intra-Africa border migration flows play a significant role in shaping African societies. One of the many complex aspects of migration, ‘securitisation of migrat...

Youth restiveness is a significant issue in 21st-century Nigeria, impacting national growth and development. It manifests in immoral behaviours like cultism, prostitution, sexual assaults, street violence, gambling, looting, drug addiction, and child trafficking. This menace has impacted the Mushin environment of Lagos State, posing threats to the...

Introduction. We introduce legitimation practices through Know Your Meme documenting the high-profile sex-trafficking and suicide ruling of Jeffrey Epstein. Method. Using netnography, we analyse legitimation discourse provided by the six authors reported previous knowledge and what Know Your Meme legitimised about memetic knowledge, the website, an...

This paper evaluates the gravity of the human trafficking problem in Nigeria and examines the approaches implemented by the National Agency for Prohi�bition of Trafficking in Persons and Other Related Matters (NAPTIP). NAPTIP, an agency of the Federal Government, was established under the Trafficking in Persons (Prohibition) Law Enforcement and Adm...

Victims of human trafficking experience an abstract position because, in criminal law, the disadvantaged party is the community. The Restitution that victims of human trafficking should receive is also not received by them. This article analyzes the factors causing the unpaid restitution rights for victims of human trafficking using normative and d...

The article discusses the challenges of data collection in the context of anti-human trafficking efforts in Canada. It aims to identify existing statistical data from government sources and stimulate discussions around data accuracy and availability. The analysis indicates that the available data predominantly focuses on crime-related statistics, h...

Human trafficking remains one of the major problems in today’s world, with Southeast Asia being a significantly large hub for such crimes. Singapore, a developed country and a previously notorious transit hub, has put in place strict measures, which include the Prevention of Human Trafficking Act of 2015 that imposes stiff penalties on traffickers,...

This paper reviews the incidence of baby factory in Nigeria. The authors are of the opinion that baby farming or baby harvesting is a new issue that is serious enough to be called a crime against humanity. The authors further stressed the need to use advocacy to deal with this rather unfortunate experience in our society. Also, the causes of human...

The Tren de Aragua, a transnational criminal organisation originating in Venezuela, exemplifies the concept of multi-crime by diversifying its illicit activities, such as drug trafficking, human trafficking and illegal mining, adapting to diverse contexts in Latin America. This study analyses the narratives on transnational multi-crime on TikTok, t...

This note examines the historical evolution of cross-border crime through the case of Samuel Ross (Sam) Mason, an 18th-century river pirate who capitalized on economic instability, weak governance, and jurisdictional chaos to build a criminal enterprise along the Mississippi River. By analyzing Mason’s operations, the paper explores the systemic fa...

Trafficking in Persons (TPPO) is a complex transnational crime with significant impacts on victims, both economically and psychosocially. Batam City, as a major transit area in the TPPO network in Indonesia, faces major challenges in the implementation of restitution for victims in accordance with Perma No. 1 Year 2022. This study aims to analyze t...

Social entrepreneurs pursue innovative opportunities to address societal problems such as homelessness, pollution, animal abuse, and human trafficking. However, addressing societal challenges requires unique resources. This chapter explores how social entrepreneurs acquire resources from their entrepreneurial ecosystems-the interconnected actors an...