Human Science - Science topic

Dear Esteemed Reader,

The spread of the coronavirus, specifically referring to the COVID-19 pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, has posed unprecedented challenges to human security around the globe. The impacts of this pandemic extend far beyond the immediate health crisis, affecting various dimensions of human security, including economic stability, access to essential services, social cohesion, and the functioning of governance systems. Below, we delve into the multifaceted ways in which the spread of the coronavirus threatens human security worldwide.

1. Health Security:The most direct impact of the coronavirus is on health security. The rapid spread of the virus has overwhelmed healthcare systems in many countries, leading to a shortage of medical supplies, hospital beds, and healthcare personnel. This situation has not only jeopardized the care for COVID-19 patients but also disrupted routine healthcare services, affecting the management of other diseases and health conditions.

2. Economic and Livelihood Security:The pandemic has triggered a global economic downturn, affecting livelihoods, increasing unemployment rates, and exacerbating poverty. Lockdown measures, while necessary to contain the virus's spread, have led to the closure of businesses, disruptions in global supply chains, and significant losses in income for workers and families. The economic impact is particularly severe for vulnerable populations and those working in informal sectors.

3. Food Security:Disruptions in agricultural production and supply chains have raised concerns over food security. In some regions, the pandemic has affected food availability and accessibility, increasing the risk of hunger and malnutrition. The economic fallout from the pandemic further compounds food insecurity, as more individuals and families struggle to afford basic necessities.

4. Social Security:The pandemic has strained social fabrics, leading to increased isolation, mental health issues, and domestic violence. Social distancing measures, while crucial for public health, have disrupted traditional support systems and community networks. The situation is exacerbated by the stigma and discrimination associated with COVID-19, affecting certain groups more profoundly.

5. Political and Community Security:The coronavirus has tested the resilience of governance and political systems. In some cases, it has led to the postponement of elections, restricted civic freedoms, and heightened tensions among communities. The effectiveness of governmental responses to the pandemic has also become a source of public scrutiny, influencing trust in public institutions.

6. International Security:On a global scale, the pandemic has impacted international relations and cooperation. Issues such as vaccine nationalism, restrictions on travel, and competition for medical resources have highlighted the challenges of managing a global health crisis in a politically fragmented world. The pandemic underscores the need for strengthened international cooperation and solidarity to address shared threats.

In conclusion, the spread of the coronavirus represents a profound threat to human security, touching upon all aspects of life. Addressing these challenges requires a holistic and coordinated approach that goes beyond immediate health responses, encompassing economic support, social protection, and international collaboration. As we navigate through and beyond this pandemic, the lessons learned will be crucial for building more resilient societies capable of withstanding future crises.

Should you require further insights or wish to discuss specific aspects in more detail, please do not hesitate to reach out.

Best regards,

With this protocol list, we might find more ways to solve this problem.

Human beings have two kinds of life observers: chord (tonal) observer (self-observer) and non-chord (atonal) observer (external observer), respectively observing two life forms: chord (quantum spectrum, string) and organism (cell, molecule, etc.). Life is a two-layer existence of the two.

The chord system on the human body is discovered by chord observation (self-observation) in the form: meridian (chakra) system; The twelve meridians have a characteristic frequency of stimulated response, distributed as follows: Equal Temperament, which is based on the same mathematical model as music, painting, Planck quantum hypothesis, etc. (2^n*f, n*f, H^n*f, H=1.05946).

The meridians (chakras) are the chord (quantum spectrum) forms of life, involving the form and function of the self (Atman) in life.

Artificial intelligence (AI) holds significant importance in serving the humanities by offering new ways to analyze, interpret, and enhance various aspects of human culture, arts, literature, history, and social sciences. Here are some key ways in which AI benefits the humanities:

AS CHUMANAS DÃO APORTE, TEORIAS EXPLICATIVAS, MÉTODOS DE CHEGAR A UMA PESSOA, UMA TRIBO, DADOS ESTATÍSTICOS TAMBÉM SERÃO NECESSÁRIOS, DEPENDENDO DAS PESQUISAS, MAS MUITO VEM DE SUA EXPERIÊNCIA EM CADA CASO PARTICULAR. COM OU SEM CSOCIAL, DEPOIS DE DOIS ANOS ACOMPANHANDO UMA TRIBO, VOCÊ, SEM CHUMANAS, JÁ TEM MUITO A DIZER QUE INTERESSE AO MUNDO A DEMAIS PESQUISADORES E A PROPOR POLÍTICAS DE GOVERNO PARA LIDAR COM PRESERVASÇÕES DE POVOS, ETNIAS, TRIBOS, RSERVAS, FLORESTAS. A IMPORTÂNCIA DE UMA TRIBO PARA A PRESRVAÇÃO DE TRECHOS DA AMAZÔNIA, PODE SER COMPROVADA POR AUTORES QUE ENTENDEM DO TEMA, E PODE SER UMA IMPORTÂNCIA QUE SÓ APARECE SE UM PESQUISADOR DE CHUMANAS VÁ LÁ, VEJA, ENTREVISTE, CONVERSE, DESCUBRA, FILME.... O TRABALHO É SEU, A ANÁLISE É SUA, MAS FOI NAS CSOCIAIS E HUMANAS QUE VC APRENDEU A SER PESQUISADOR... A ANALISAR SEJA QUE TEMA FOR, COM OLHOS DE UMA PESSOA CRÍTICA E NÃO UM "QUALQUER". SORTE, ABS ANDRÉ VALÉRIO SALES

Once upon a time, an old man revealed to his grandson one vital truth:

- In every person there is a struggle, very similar to the struggle of two wolves. One wolf represents evil: envy, jealousy, regret, selfishness, ambition, lies. The other wolf represents goodness: peace, love, hope, truth, kindness and loyalty.

The grandson, touched to the depths of his soul by the words of his grandfather, thought, and then asked:

Which wolf wins at the end?

The old man smiled and replied:

The wolf you feed always wins.

Dear Shuraik Kader,

Given Albert Einstein's theory of relativity, cosmology regarding the development of the universe, quantum mechanics, future technologies for building interplanetary spacecraft, etc., time travel is theoretically possible. But in practice the building of a time machine by humans is impossible. Even if a man would achieve the required technological development in the next several hundred years, unfortunately he would not have enough time for it. First of all, a person must first solve other global problems, such as the necessary one is urgent, i.e. in the perspective of the next max. 2-3 decades of time, stopping or significantly slowing down the progressing global warming process, achieving zero-emission economy and avoiding a global climate catastrophe, which may occur at the end of the current 21st century. In order for man to be able to create new technologies of the future, to be able to build interplanetary manned spacecraft, etc., he must first save the planet's climate, biosphere and biodiversity from the risk of almost total degradation.

Best regards,

Dariusz

Please refer to the fast publishing journals on the following link but expensive APC:

Humanities Journal:

Moneef R. Zou'bi , of course! Do you have any specific recommendations for books, research or other sources of information for students or professors?

Agreed with dear David Eugene Booth

One of the most important factors to ensure world peace is for city governments to prioritize good planning for the future, including conducting many scientific studies and investigations to determine short-term objectives and long-range goals.

Thank you Qayssar Jabbar Gatea Arif Hasan Khan Robin Ujjal Kumar Nath for your contribution, most of the answers focus on the finansal side as the main factor in the

Impact on scientific research.

In this paper, we report on the application of Google Scholar (GS)-based metrics in the formal assessment of research programs. Involved were programs in the fields of Education, Pedagogical Sciences, and Anthropology in The Netherlands. Also, a comparative analysis has been conducted of the results based on GS and Web of Science (WoS). Studies critical of GS point at its reliability of data. We show how the reliability of the GS data for the bibliometric analysis of the assessment can be improved by excluding non-verifiable citing sources from the full second-order GS citing data. The study of the background of these second-order sources demonstrates a broadening of the citing sources. The comparison of GS with WoS citations for the publications of the programs shows that it is promising to use GS for fields with lower degrees of coverage in WoS, in particular for fields that produce more diverse types of output than just research articles. Restrictions to the use of GS are the intensive manual data handling and cleaning, necessary for a feasible and proper data collection. We discuss wider implications of the findings for bibliometric analysis and for the practices and policies in research evaluation.

Prins, A. A., Costas, R., van Leeuwen, T. N., & Wouters, P. F. (2016). Using Google Scholar in research evaluation of humanities and social science programs: A comparison with Web of Science data. Research Evaluation, 25(3), 264-270.

https://academic.oup.com/rev/article-abstract/25/3/264/2364634

Please, complete the steps in the following link:

Good Luck

Long sentences are not preferred, for they tend to confuse the general reader.

Dear colleague! In each field of science, including the natural sciences, there are disciplines associated with the history and methodology of this science. In my opinion, this is one of the main ways.

Dear Maria,

Thank you for your interest in the LongSTEP study, and for your inquiry. Generally speaking, when we establish relationships with partner sites, we look for a combination of the following: 1) sites with Level III or IV NICUs with adequate and stable census, 2) "social support" countries/societies with generous parental leave policies that enable at least one parent to be consistently/continuously at bedside throughout NICU hospitalization and at least one parent present at home with the infant during the first 6 months following discharge from NICU, 3) a local research team at the NICU (or in conjunction with a partnering university) that has experience with interventional research and ideally with conducting randomized controlled trials, and that has personnel resources sufficient to dedicate at least one staff person to the role of site investigator (other roles like research assistant for data entry may be required in addition), and 4) availability of at least one music therapist (educated, certified and/or credentialed) who already has advanced training in the use of music therapy with premature infants and their caregivers and can be trained on the LongSTEP protocol (typically with at least a 50% position in the NICU). That being said, we are currently focusing our efforts on improving recruitment at our current partner sites (especially our Norwegian sites), instead of adding new international partners, but we are happy to hold dialogue with sites that feel they have resources aligning to the four points mentioned above, in case there is a need to add sites in the future. The project is not able to fully fund each site, and thus sites must be prepared to contribute resources in kind to make the project feasible to implement.

Your areas of research expertise sound very interesting and complementary for this project, so we can also keep you in mind if opportunities for related side-projects arise.

one cannot possibly use only recent research / articles-- whether doing a lit review or backgound for a reserch project, etc. information on what WAS in the field on the topic at hand cannpt and should not be ignored-- even a very brief summary in the intro or a spercific relevant finding of the past shoucl be icluded. as the old saying goes, 'ara phrase,d ...to understand where we are going. we must understand where we are coming from.

And there is always that "seminal article or finding that is crucial to a field or topic

Guidelines of university, institute or promoter

I am afraid that science, as we know it today, will always lead to paradoxes and unprovable statements. It will always hit its impenetrable logical bottom.

We must remind a whole range of discoveries undermining the very foundations of perfect and consistent science.

- Bertrand Russell's paradoxes

- Kurt Gödels Incompleteness theorem

- Alan Turing's Halting problem (Russel's paradox used in the proof)

Explanation of Russell's paradox:

'The barber is the "one who shaves all those, and those only, who do not shave themselves." The question is, does the barber shave himself?'

Do not fry your brain while trying to solve this problem. To write down a table of logical outcomes is helpful.

It is a paradox that explains well all similar paradoxes. Untill science will be used on logic as we know it. We will always run into such paradoxes.

Those observations undermined attempts of mathematicians in the early 20th century led by David Hilbert to develop a unified and consistent mathematics going from the first principles. Instead we know that there will be patched of different disciplines that will cover just a part of mathematics and never one consistent theory of all mathematics.

This is my personal understanding: We will eventually find better explanations of quantum mechanics and that might lead to new mathematics that will be more suitable to describe the world from bottom-up.

Many thanks for your answer. El-Sayed El-Aswad, Science is not Ideology or much better is NOT supposed to be Ideology.

The definition of Science is: "The intellectual and practical activity encompassing the systematic study of the structure and behaviour of the physical and natural world through observation and experiment". https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/science

For details on examples of problems related to cultural bias in different fields, please follow the link below:

There can be negative citations too.

Also see

Just as Peter, I can't make anything out of

" can we treat those “1/n--->0 standard real numbers in Harmonic Series” in the way of “letting be 0（1/n = 0）, taking the limit（lim 1/n =0）, taking the standard number（1/n =0）” as what we have been doing in the computing process of differentiation (derivation)? "

Thank you very much for your ideas dear Mr. Peter Kepp，

Studies on the infinite related mathematics history have proved that it is the inevitable fundamental defect of “’potential infinite--actual infinite’ confusing” caused by the absence of systematic theory of “scientific carriers” that decides any areas in present infinite related science (including mathematical analysis and set theory) are unable to escape from the influences and constraints of such fatal defect, unable us to conduct the quantitative cognizings scientifically to “infinite related mathematical things”. So, many infinite related paradox families (symptom complex) in present mathematical analysis and set theory have been inevitably produced. Although many ways to solve this “paradoxes symptom complex” have been invented in our infinite related mathematics (such as Standard Analysis, Nonstandard Analysis, Type Theory, Model Theory, ZFC ) since Zeno 's Achilles and Tortoise Paradox, non of them is able to solve the real trouble of “’potential infinite-actual infinite’ confusing”--------The Second Mathematical Crisis and The Third Mathematical Crisis are unsolvable at all in present infinite related science and mathematics basing on classical infinite theory system. The systematic studies and development of “the idea and theory of ‘scientific abstract law--the carriers of scientific abstract law’” (especially the systematic studies and development of “the idea and theory of ‘the carriers of science’”) will fill in a blank in the foundation of Logic Theory and open a new way and a new working field for our further studying and cognizing on Logic (the relation laws among things in the universe).

“The natural metabolism law (mechanism)” is governing the whole life process of any “alive things” in the world. Humans’ mathematics is an alive thing concomitant humans, it metabolized and evolved before, it is metabolizing and evolving now, it will metabolize and evolve in the future and, those unscientific things must be out while some scientific things must be in whenever the time is ripe. Having been suffering from the tormenting of “‘potential infinite--actual infinite’ confusing”, we should look for the new working idea and jump out of the “‘potential infinite--actual infinite’ confusing” abyss. The emergence of the new infinite theory system and the revolution in the foundation of present mathematical analysis and set theory decide the emergence of the Fourth Generation of Mathematical Analysis and the Second Generation of Set Theory. Only discarding the unscientific concepts of “potential infinite, actual infinite” in present infinite theory system and construting the new infinite theory system basing on the scientific concepts of "abstract infinite law--abstract infinite law carriers", studing and developing the systematic new "’scientific carriers--scientific carriers treating’ theories", can we fairnessly and justifiably conducting the quantitative cognitions to “infinite related mathematical things” with the systematic theory of “scientific carriers”, solving the fundamental defects disclosed by the obstinate “infinite paradoxes symptom complex” theoretically and operationally to dispel the thousands years suspended black cloud of “infinite related paradox families” over the sky of present mathematics and science.

Yous,

Geng Ouyang

Dear Geng, I had a brief look at your article. It is more philosophical, related to the difference between potential and actual infinity. (sorry, I did not track details). There is only the desire to have new analysis: Human science needs new mathematical analysis (the fourth generation of mathematical analysis) .

Go to Genesis library; his books are free there.

Dear Rusty Greaves

I like your strong emphases on observation (and a lot of it -- taking time).

I also agree: "It is not yet time to rest on our notions of what is universal about human cognition, behavior, and flexibility. " A major reason I support the latter position (and it relates to the first point of yours I noted and I agreed with) is that we have not yet seen-as-combined nature-AND-nurture as they really ARE combined: with past developments and associated learnings (and our Memories, as they are, and developing) setting up (contextualizing) ENTIRELY new sorts of behavior patterning for learning/representation -- AND this new behavior pattern change so complex, yet reliable (and species-typical) that the behavior patterns involved MUST have innate aspects (IN those very patterns), i.e. they have some of their actual, real, concrete directly observable, substantive patterning FROM innate adaptations (and I believe: at least at key points THIS OBSERVABLE ; new technology, like eye-tracking AND computer-assisted analysis may need to be involved to see "things" , since new patterning (I have described as "perceptual shifts") may well be subtle and too hard "to catch" (or see) otherwise: I believe psychology with the new technology now has a "microscope" and just has to use it and figure out how to use it).

Our culture and continuing basically authoritarian academic institutions and leaders, in OPPOSITION TO REALITY AND TO SCIENCE, can only talk about what's "innate" and what's 'learned' in a back-and-forth fashion (you can "test them out" and this is ALL you will hear again and again); this is an absolutely unjustified (and essentially total) false DUALISM. This skews and COMPLETELY FALSELY limits thoughts (and frank, at some level, is delusional) -- yielding ridiculous 'theories' with NO decent evidence, like the "embodiment theories", because other types of conceptualization are 'assumed'/presumed against and NOT allowed -- even to enter thought. There are huge limits to ALL one can think of with the presumptions about the nature of what is "innate" * Behavioral science will NEVER progress this way, basically because this is a REFUSAL to view behavior as BIOLOGICAL FUNCTIONING (and, elatedly, as being in PATTERNS, BEHAVIOR PATTERNS, as well).

[ *FOOTNOTE: There are other baseless and foundation-less and unjustified presumptions operating as 'assumptions' in our culture and also very much not escaped by academia BUT RATHER BOLSTERED BY THEM (a couple other are related to the "innate" (all main ones "at birth or in infancy; never significant new "innate factors" emerging with development; and a total belief in EVERY WAY that "the more 'learning' the less innate factors involved -- see my other essays for more. ) I believe that innate guidance, very arguably is what provides for 'higher' types of learning -- we will eventually, if we finally do the good needed research, see that "learning" is not simply one of a few types we now 'understand', and that is all; we will find learnings of different types. ]

In another thread I said the following: " [People] break down cognition into various "parts". (For example, something like the following is often said: "Cognition includes learning but also other phenomena involving innate, genetic, motivational, and other factors ".)

After recently hearing this, I continued my remarks and response to such a position, much like these statements, coming up:

The thing is, cognition is what it is at the moment or moment-to-moment, and ALL those parts are then (in each 'moment') combined, i.e. simultaneous. THAT is what needs to be seen (actually seen) and, AT KEY TIMES discovered: when all those "parts" (factors) are not only as I just said, but all have OVERT directly observable aspects (as proximate causes) which can be SEEN. Then THAT is the foundation strongly linked to ANY further inferences. And, if you believe that behavioral science (as behavior patterns and environmental aspects -- and as psychology was originally defined) CAN itself provide such full explanations (as I do), then the answer is in the perspective and approach of classical ethology. (And, it takes very involved observational work, as you described.)

The main difference that there may be between us (but perhaps not, and hopefully not) is the never-to-be-for-a-moment forgotten (or for a moment not in one's understanding-sought) is: the INDIVIDUAL human is the unit of analysis and where all behavior patterns exist, emerge, and change as directed to new learnings (i.e. "where everything actually happens").

Scientists (even behavioral scientists) should DEFINE nothing just by putting things together or separating them in their own minds; THE SUBJECT DEFINES ALL. So present 'notions of what is universal about human cognition, behavior, and flexibility' are wrongfully defined.

P.S. Also see my final Answer under, https://www.researchgate.net/post/How_does_cognitive_psychologists_view_behavior_analysis

For sure, prediction is not equivalent to explanation and understanding (it is in principle possible to predict something without really understanding how do you it, which implies, that you don't really understand the phenomena you predict).

Indeed, I was also quite surprised to find Popper reducing the goal of science to prediction, in this quote at least. Must have something to do with his approach to experimental science, hypothesis testing and the like.

Nonetheless there is generally the feeling (more than feeling?) that understanding is less than explaining is less than predicting. And if Popper denies us the holy grail of prediction, than at least he let us have the satisfaction of understanding and perhaps explaining.

Thanks for your chapter on the practice of quantitative methods. I'll have a look at it later today, and maybe I'll come back to you to ask one or more questions, too

Personally, I did not exclude the qualitative toolbox. However, it seems that the development in quantitative statistics or precedures is somewhat five times greater/wider/faster than in the area qualitative research and hence, startistical/quantitative terminology may dominate the discussion. Why FIVE times? Some time ago I made a systematic analysis of methodological keywords used in the publications in ERIC database with more than 1 Million cases. About 80% of the keywords found came from the area of "quantitative" research (such as "correlation" or "Factor analysis" or "Regression analysis" and round 20% from strictly qualitative research (like "case study", "ethnography" or "content analysis"). The reason is obvious: of the possible journals, huge majority favors quantitative or statistical results. Seems so.

I appended a gray ms. of the matter. kind of white paper. a bit old now.

Exactly, Mauro - as described by James Wretch in 'Voices of the Mind' or 'Mind as Action' or Max Bazerman's idea of 'predictable surprise' or the thought process described by Robert Burton in his book 'On Being Certain'... The classical idea or notion of rational decision making is not really what happens happen anyway.

It is a revolution or failed coup?  Most medical educational systems are working with inadequate materials... and inadequate resources.  The ones who take a mere child of 18 and pretend they are ready to choose a lifetime in medicine are fraught with the immaturity of adolescence and concepts like epistemology well beyond their baseline capacity to grasp let alone use. Learning takes time.... real learning takes time to make mistakes ...and hopefully the time to learn from those mistakes... In most Western medical schools we do not reward nor value the student teacher dyad in any classic sense.  We expect faculty to teach for free yet we charge students exorbitant fees. Some schools use student tuition as part of their business model and pay too little attention to the size of their classes and the quality of teaching.  All of this is justified due to an alleged "doctor shortage."  Of course the real reason there is a doctor shortage has more to do with governments and payers valuing the services of auto mechanics and plumbers over physicians.  Sometimes you get what you pay for... And quality costs time and money... in education and in practice.

The theory of General Relativity was inspired by pure imagination (affected by philosophy) followed by mathematical formulation and then experimental validation.

Thank you I think some of those will be relevant

The best methods for fluoride determination in any media are ICP-MS and Ion-Selective Electrodes (ISE). However, for larger concentrations, AAS with graphite furnace can also be used. Colorimetric/Titrimetirc analyses for fluoride give very crude values and are not suggested for minor elements like fluoride. If you go for ISE, better to go for the combination ISE rather than half-cell ISE.

ِdear behnal

Hope everythigs is going well. I now looking for this method . did you find anything?

best regards

Hi Nguyen,

A college of mine once said, the use of the term 'community' suggests that we don't have any. That is, if we had community we would not need to assert it everywhere. In Canada we have community policing, community events, and community centers, all of which are trying to reconstruct something that no longer exists. And, a community center, no mater how nice, cannot bring back or recreate community.

That being said, I think the question is inverted. It's not that community encourages walking, but that walking encourages community. When I lived in the city I walked more because the structure of the city itself determined my actions and behaviors--unlike the suburbs where walking is discouraged through a design that privileges cars.

Anyhow, because everyone was walking around, I liked to walk, and I liked to walk because I had a sense of community, and I had a sense of community because everyone was walking around. In other words, form determines function just as much as function determines form. As a function I need to sit so I design a chair, but once I have designed the chair it determines its function, in the sense that it demands I use it in a particular way--it is determining my behavior.

New Urbanism is an urban design movement that started in the U.S. in the 1980s. One of the main concepts is to promote walkable neighborhoods. To do this you create more diversity by encouraging a variety of housing and jobs within the neighborhood, and design pedestrian friendly walkways and bike paths. I have even seen housing that designs porches and decks to be at the front of the house, as opposed to the back of the house, as a means of encouraging people interact with those walking by. All of this is an effort, among other things, to create a sense of community. So the answer to your question is, walking encourages community, and we can build communities by designing walkable spaces.

this is the great topic. I think to solve the question, you could create a Amusement Park where people and technology equipment interaction each other for any age group. For example, creating the new world for children where they can act on different jobs to both play and learn. That is better than they spend almost time for playing game in home.

IMHO this question addresses to 'open science' and 'open innovation' topics. If we regard some R&D outcome as a public good, there should be minor or no restrictions to access this knowledge. But usually most inventions are property of researchers or institutions, so the owners can do whatever they want. If a government treats some invention as a priority public good, it tries to fund the research or to buy out the results for open access. Therefore, in a market economy your question should be addressed to governments and policy makers and rearranged like this:

- what are the priority areas in which governments support open science and open innovation?

- what do they do to select and to support such activities and to make the results open?

Maybe this article suits to your question:

Beatty L, Lambert S (2013). A systematic review of internet-based self-help therapeutic interventions to improve distress and disease-control among adults with chronic health conditions. Clin Psychol Rev. 33(4):609-622.

Best,

Robert

A concise definition of human dynamics could be the following: Human dynamics is a branch of complex systems research in statistical physics. Its main goal is to understand human behavior using methods originally developed in statistical physics.

According to professors Tao Zhou, Xiao-Pu Han and Bing-Hong Wang, the quantitative understanding of human dynamics is one of the most under-explored area of contemporary science. Quantitative understanding of human behaviors provides elementary but important comprehension of the complexity of many human-initiated systems. A basic assumption embedded in previous analyses on human dynamics is that its temporal statistics are uniform and stationary, which can be properly described by a Poisson process. Accordingly, the intervening time distribution should have an exponential tail. However, recently, this assumption is challenged by extensive evidence, ranging from communication to entertainment to work patterns, that human dynamics obeys non-Poisson statistics with heavy-tailed intervening time distribution.

We are witnessing rapid changes, however, thanks to the emergence of detailed datasets that capture human behavior, which allow us to follow specific human actions in ultimate detail. Interest in the subject is driven by a need for a general understanding of complex systems. Currently social systems offer some of the best mapped datasets on the dynamics of any complex system, when the action of each component (individual) can be followed in ultimate detail.