Human Physiology - Science topic

Mimicking physiological conditions or clinical situations is critically important for the success of translational research. This is due to the fundamental premise of translational research: translating fundamental scientific discoveries into practical, clinical applications.

Accurate replication of the human body's environment helps ensure that the results obtained in the lab can be applicable to real-world scenarios. It enables us to understand the biological and molecular pathways that govern health and disease more accurately, which is essential for creating effective treatments and interventions.

For instance, cells behave differently under in vitro conditions compared to in the human body. Thus, research models that closely mimic human physiology provide a more realistic view of how cells function and interact, improving the reliability and accuracy of findings.

In drug discovery and development, understanding the precise physiological conditions can aid in predicting a drug's effectiveness and potential side effects. In vitro testing often lacks the complexity of the human body, which could lead to incorrect assumptions about drug safety and efficacy. By mimicking physiological conditions, we can better predict how a drug will behave in the body, increasing the likelihood of successful clinical trials.

Furthermore, considering the clinical situation can enhance the relevance of research outcomes. This takes into account the complexities of disease progression, comorbidities, patient lifestyle, and other factors that can influence treatment effectiveness.

In summary, mimicking physiological conditions and considering the clinical situation can enhance the realism, relevance, and potential success of translational research, bridging the gap between lab-based findings and clinical application.

Lee: Check out this PowerPoint about Laughter and Smiling:

Stress is a vague metaphysical (mental) construct, not a concrete phenomena. The term is used to capture myriad socio-environmental contexts, and concomitant physiologic and psychological responses (e.g., cortisol, epinephrine, anxiety, HRV, etc.). Thus, for a number of reasons the term will always be vague and often conflated with worry and anxiety.

First, 'stress' does not exist outside its use as a construct; the wide variety of proxy markers assumed to be associated with it prevent it from being a concise, valid, and measurable scientific phenomena.

Second, (following Classical Measurement Theory) I argue that 'stress' per se cannot be measured because it is does not exhibit the requisite properties of a quantitative variable (i.e., it does not have both ordinal and additive structure).

Third, my work with HIV patients showed that there was no correlation between 'perceived stress' and any of the proxy markers we tested. Thus, the construct ( as we attempted to measure it) exhibited no predictive, no descriptive, nor explanatory value. In other words, (for us) it was meaningless.

Finally, for most of human history the 'stress' of surviving was orders of magnitude greater than the modern, industrialized world. For example, finding and consuming sufficient food and water were constant, dangerous struggles. Death was ever-present. Prehistoric plants were often poisonous and had too few calories to ensure survival, so early humans also killed and ate animals. But they were not always the predator; sometimes they were prey.

Thus, whenever our tree-dwelling ancestors climbed down to eat or drink, they could be eaten—or worse, partially consumed and left to die while waiting for the scavengers to finish the ‘leftovers’.

Therefore, humans (like most animals) evolved under the ubiquitous threats of death via starvation, dehydration, and predation. I doubt the most crime-ridden city in the world can compare with the environs in which our species evolved.

Given these truths and because 'stress' is not a measurable, scientific construct, its use will always be prone to bias, meaninglessness, and miscommunication.

Amin Kassab-Bachi The hydrostatic pressure is an output in most commercial FEA software.

The method I know is named vascular reactivity, so, I'm sending you the DOI of one of my group paper witch we work with endotelial function and a study material describing it (I'm sorry that the last one is in portuguese).

Doi:

I hope I'm helpful.

Sorry to ask the obvious, but do you get drug peaks when you directly add it to the medium in the concentrations and temperatures you use for the release test?

In addition to the pH, is the temperature also physiological?

Do you have proper agitation?

Do you have dispersion? (If the particles all clump together, dissolution may be slowed dramatically.)

pancreatic alpha shares higher proportion as conmpared to salivary which makes it better. is this the main reason?

From what I understand, for each subject in your data, you have a sequence of observations over epochs. Based on this assumption, my understanding is that the subject-specific approach clusters the subjects based on the average behavior of the subject, while the epoch-specific approach clusters the individual observations. The former would tell you about the average nature of the subjects while the latter can give you an idea of how the behavior of the subjects change over epochs.

Dear Guglielmo

My suggestions are as follows:

There are many factors affecting an effectiveness of physical exercises. First of all, as your project takes into account the time of day (traning or testing ), it is worth at the beginning to establish chronotyp of each participant, is it morningness (named "early bird") or eveningness ("the nigth owl"). Find the appropriate questionnaire in PubMed. A heavier training session should be adjusted to one`s the preffered daytime to lowers exercise stress.

Do not mix resistance exercises with those of endurance at the same session.

Take into consider, that traditional resistance training may also develop a physical endurance in case of lower load with higher number of repetitions and shorter breaks between sets. So-called "lower load" is defined as no higher than 60% of maximal strength of muscles (f.i 60% of 1RM). These exercises, however, increase levels of both hormones, CORT and TESTO, hence, thay may decrease anabolic-carabolic index (T-to-C ratio). Typical, higher resistance training is lower repetitions, lower volume but higher load (80-90 % of 1RM and longer, always self-chosen intermissions. That mode induces rise of TESTO, lowers of CORT and strangth gain.

One may expect two gene-dependent types of post training adaptations, which are defined as "low or high responder" with reference to a strength or endurance.

If you want to discuss about the topic , feel free to ask me more questions.

Regards

Zbigniew

The lobes of the lung are bounded by impermeable fissures, which serve a 'containment' function in helping to keep a problem (for example, infection) localized to that region. This would seem likely to have been a strong survival advantage in the pre-antibiotic era. There might, therefore, be an evolutionary explanation of their development. By the way, why do we have two lungs?

Follow this link ( types of computer)

regards

Cholecystokinin-8 regulates hepatic glucose production through a CNS-dependent CCKAR mechanism which may be defective in the setting of obesity.

Cardiac output (known as ‘Q’) is a measure of the amount of blood that is pumped out of the heart in one minute.

Stroke volume (SV) refers to the quantity of blood pumped out of the left ventricle with every heart beat.

The equation for cardiac output is:

HR x SV = Q.

What is diastolic blood pressure? It is the pressure that is exerted on the walls of the various arteries around the body in between heart beats when the heart is relaxed. It is the minimum pressure in the entire cardiac cycle. So it basically represents amount of blood in arterial system during diastole.

What happens when there is a decrease in heart rate? Because the heart rate is decreased, there is more time for the blood to run out of the arteries during diastole. Arterial volume, therefore, drops to a lower value than before and diastolic pressure decreases as a result.

What happens when there is a decrease in stroke volume? A decrease in stroke volume decreases the amount of blood in the arterial system, decreasing the diastolic blood pressure.

What happens in our body: When heart rate is decreased, stroke volume increases to maintain cardiac output. That's like two opposite things! So what happens to diastolic blood pressure?

Hi Derya, sorry only replying now -

I have never needed to coat my wells or flasks for HAECs or HASMCs which I get from Promocell!

Best wishes,

Sophie

If by breath holding, you mean slower or less deep breathing that increases pCO2 by about 4 mmHg, it increases blood pressure by a small amount.  This phenomenon was published in an article by Bagrov AY, et al. in an article in Hypertension in 1995.  The exact mechanism remains to be clarified.

Hi, that's a big question. Each of these functions is related to the other in very specific ways, and then they are connected in an ascending hierarchy of systems engaged in a wide variety of functions. You may however find reading up on the central autonomic network helpful. This is the brain and nervous system structure that coordinates autonomic aspects of all these physiological functions.

Hi Gino and Peter,

thanks a lot to both of you for all info given. Now I have some arguments to contrast the data I got for our upcoming paper.

Once again many thanks,

Santi

Dear Andrea, epigenetics certainly plays a role in regulating BDNF promoters activity. If you are interested in this topic, you may see these papers (among others). Kind regards, Enrico

Mallei A, Baj G, Ieraci A, Corna S, Musazzi L, Lee FS, Tongiorgi E, Popoli M. Expression and Dendritic Trafficking of BDNF-6 Splice Variant are Impaired in Knock-In Mice Carrying Human BDNF Val66Met Polymorphism. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2015 Jun 24;18(12)

Chen KW, Chen L. Epigenetic Regulation of BDNF Gene during Development and Diseases. Int J Mol Sci. 2017 Mar 6;18(3).

I have this software and I have also Envi-met. please, see the attachments

FYI, the stimulator I normally use for human muscle stimulation is the Digitimer DS7AH. We require the electrode-tissue impedance to be 10 kOhm or less when measured at 30 Hz. It typically is in the 5-10 kOhm range. Though in my previous post I said that some persons require up to 600 mA to optimally stimulate their quadriceps, most persons rarely require more than 400 mA. I also forgot to mention that we use a pulse duration of 0.2 ms.

oviductal fluid is rich in K+ and HCO3 – in comparison with plasma. The oncentrations of nutrients also differ from those in plasma The amino acids present in the highest  concentrations are arginine, alanine and glutamate in human. 

this just came out:

ABSTRACT:  

  

Behav Res Methods. 2017 Feb 15. doi: 10.3758/s13428-017-0859-9. [Epub ahead of print]

The City Infant Faces Database: A validated set of infant facial expressions.

Webb R1, Ayers S2, Endress A3.

Author information

 

Abstract

Adults need to be able to process infants' emotional expressions accurately to respond appropriately and care for infants. However, research on processing of the emotional expressions of infant faces is hampered by the lack of validated stimuli. Although many sets of photographs of adult faces are available to researchers, there are no corresponding sets of photographs of infant faces. We therefore developed and validated a database of infant faces, which is available via e-mail request. Parents were recruited via social media and asked to send photographs of their infant (0-12 months of age) showing positive, negative, and neutral facial expressions. A total of 195 infant faces were obtained and validated. To validate the images, student midwives and nurses (n = 53) and members of the general public (n = 18) rated each image with respect to its facial expression, intensity of expression, clarity of expression, genuineness of expression, and valence. On the basis of these ratings, a total of 154 images with rating agreements of at least 75% were included in the final database. These comprise 60 photographs of positive infant faces, 54 photographs of negative infant faces, and 40 photographs of neutral infant faces. The images have high criterion validity and good test-retest reliability. This database is therefore a useful and valid tool for researchers.

KEYWORDS:

Emotional expression; Face database; Infant faces; Stimuli

PMID:

 28205132

 DOI:

 10.3758/s13428-017-0859-9

There are instructions at https://explore.researchgate.net/display/support/Editing+and+deleting+research

Not a simple answer. Recovery programmes require an individualised approach focussed on the goals of the athlete, their training/competition schedule and the

environment they are in.

CWI temperature and duration should follow such guidelines. However most research is conducted ~10-15 deg C for ~10-15 mins

Hi,

It is an inter. topic. I think you will not be able to generalise it, because every person has its "own circadian rhythm" (inner day-night clock, early bird ...) which is entrainable very differently. Probably you should ask some specialists in the field of chronobiology.

@ Sandra

... you likely will not find my advice /recommendations supported in any preservationist's or curator's manual, but if I were faced with your problem, I would store the hair specimens (carefully insured against humidity by inclusion of silica-gel desiccation packets) in air-tight glass containers (wide-mouthed Pyrex bottles or jars with clamp-on lids and Viton gaskets / seals), in which the air has been displaced (flushed-out) by argon before sealing. 100% pure argon gas is generally, ubiquitously and cheaply, available (every university will have cylinders of it ... if not readily available on loan from your physical sciences department, then just ask the maintenance department ... it is a common consumable for every modern arc-welder). 

This method has several advantages ... not the least of which is establishing/maintaining the best preservation environment at the least expense ... AND being able to withdraw specimens at intervals for tests in the future with ease and, without affecting (significantly or negatively the preservation of) the remaining bulk.

Additionally, clear/colorless glass containers will provide the most ease /facility /efficiency in storing /monitoring /inventorying the specimens over long periods of time.

The glass containers should be stored in a cool-and-dark place (any light-tight /drawer /cabinet or /closet-shelf in an air-conditioned building would be adequate), but freezing would not be /necessary /advised or /advantageous.

PS - my recommendations are based-upon (adapted from) the method of preservation chosen for what may be the most cherished parchment document in the world ... the Constitution of the United States of America.  It also is likely the best-protected, artifact in the world, having it's own bunker hundreds-of-feet underground into which the document will recede via an automatic elevator to survive any attack, even direct-hits by a nuclear warhead on the surface). Of course, this farthest step would not be necessary for your hair specimens ;) 

Hi 

Also you can read this interesting paper in Science Magazine

Hi ,you can see this link ...good luck.

As indicated above there are a number of hormones and inflammatory markers that will remain elevated for a few hours after exposure. Feelings of headache, lethargy, light-headedness and dizziness can occur after exposure. We now prevent our participants from driving home immediately after, due to reports of dizziness and 'faintness' after exposures. However, all physiological variables monitored (SpO₂, HR, VE) will appear as normal almost immediately after exiting the chamber.

There may be a Chinese formulation - but you would need to have a competent Chinese specialist evaluate the patient's exact condition.  Failing that....

Has there been history of food poisoning?  In the case of many intestinal problems the micro biome is disturbed and the resulting disease causing biota may be releasing a by product that would result in the inflammation.  Inflammation should not be discounted as it may interfere with the nerve process for peristalsis.

It has been theorized that the appendix functions to retain the micro biome in the case of food poisoning ( re-seeding the intestine ).  This sounds correct to me, but begs the question - does this in fact  constantly re-seed the intestine with the disease causing mix in some conditions?  

My approach would attempt to re-seed with a acidophilus of active and of by-product.  When considering this approach you would be striving to dilute the entire digestive tract by utilizing enough volume on a regular dosage schedule to imitate the 'filtration of water'.  

First pass removes 97% of contaminates, then next filter removes 97% of the contaminates in that same sample....  This would require an estimation of the 'each' daily dosage volume to counteract the amount of disease causing quorum bacteria coating the digestive system.  Fecal transplants indicate a certain volume is required for greater chance at efficacy.  

As to duration it may require a week - or a month of daily application.

I would suggest considering the product ' American Health Probiotic Acidopholus '

Vitacost seems a best value supplier.

Best regards

Many thanks Jorge Luis Sarmiento and Saumy Johnson for your kind advices.   

Alk PO4ases are regulated by PTH and vit D. I am sure that most likely intracellular PO4ases that participate in signaling (there should be many, many Po4ases in the cell) have regulation by most hormones.

It depends very much on what you are looking for. distribution at rest/work/....

There are some data on people measured when they get out of bed showing a distribution, by Wenzel from IFADO in Germany (from 1980ies?). If you can me nore specific there may be some options. Nothing on a full population scale to my knowledge though.

George

Thank you all

I think the article "A n Introduction to Reactive Oxygen Species" by Paul Held, Laboratory Manager, Applications Dept., BioTek Instruments, Inc., may help you to get the answer of your question.

The link of this article is as follows:

Hello Jessy Two

1. Dissolve the following in 800ml distilled H2O.

                    -  8g of NaCl

                    -  0.2g of KCl

                      - 1.44g of Na2HPO4

                       -  0.24g of KH2PO4 

2. Adjust pH to 7.4 with HCl.

3. Adjust volume to 1L with additional distilled H2O.

4. Sterilize by autoclaving.

People call this PBS 10mM, because the important component for buffer is Na2HPO4

  137 mM NaCl

    2.7  mM KCl

    10  mM Na2HPO4

     2   mM KH2PO4 

Lactic acid concentration relation to the oxygen intake and intensity and volume of physical effort and age of player and her level ....It is known that lactic concentration in the blood of people trained to be less than that of untrained when doing the same [physical pregnancy due this to increase the players trained reliance on anaerobic processes in the production of energy and increase the efficiency of the disposal of increased lactic have, influenced by increasing lactic acid degree environment temperature where increases the level of lactic when physical performance less than the maximum load at a temperature of 36 with him at a temperature of 20 was recorded (Volkov 1980) (33: 57) reaching the concentration of lactic acid after the 200-meter dash 198 mg% and 400 meters 227 mg% and 800 meters 211 mg% after 1,500 meters 163 mg%. 81)

Maybe something with MRI

Iron oxide nanoparticles to replace gadolinium

Regards,

Joachim

Damaging nerve should not be a problem so your current method is too vigorous - are you rubbig the whole vessel together? , are you using wire or pressure myograph makes the method of removal very different.

I am presuming wire; we have always used a human hair, finer hair is better. we prefer hair to wire as hair has rough ridges that help to strip the endothelium. First we set up as normal test the endothelium. After this we partially remove the some  but not all tension and insert a hair into the lumen. We now apply some but not all the tension back to the tissue and make long slow smooth sweeps of the lumen taking care not to "concertina" the artery on the wires (all under dissecting microscope!). We often adjust tension during this process to make sure we brush all of the lumen, you can often see the cells being removed. We tend to do this for 5 min then return tension, wash, and test the enothelium if less than 10% relaxation we say the enothelium is funtionally removed. If there is still endothelium we repart process but maybe for 2 min, The key is to be gentle.

For pressure test endothelium then pass an air bubble through the lumen repeat until endothelium removed

diabetes alter  lipid metabolism and adverse effect of lipotropic factor  biochemical  efficiency  . plasma protein  and  lipoprotein  value  imbalance ,  increases  VLDL  very much   it also cause  obesity.

Thank you, but i suppose this is not standardized. Am I correct.

Maybe you know engineers, we express better in a scheme, could you please draw a schematic.

Thank you.

the D(+) - adrenaline has not been tested on human beings. Moreover, no

endogenous D (+) - adrenaline has been found in the human body yet.

However, it is known that the L (-) - adrenaline in solution is inactivated by

racemization, that is, half of it is transformed into D (+) - adrenaline

Thank you to Laurent and Mary for covering a wide range of literature to give you a sound footing in understanding the physiology of the gastrointestinal tract - particularly during exercise.  One thing that hasn't been picked up is the sheer volume of water the athletes were consuming throughout the day.  Additionally, it is not clear as to whether the training camp was conducted in a different country than the athletes were usually training in - two things to clarify before making comparisons to your own circumstances.

Finally, these are seemingly well trained athletes familiar with increased training loads - your personal circumstances suggest you are not familiar with training loads therefore making the link between the two events difficult.    

I agree in general that dietary differences may be the cause.  Clear evidence of  reduced growth in height appeared in Japanese children during World War II, whereas there was continual secular growth in years before and after. 

Dear Shilpakala,,

I think that there is definitely a relationship . In  hyperinsulinemic/diabetic patients  the epimerase enzyme activity increased . This implies an increase of the conversion of myo - inositol to D - chiro - inositol . This represents a defense mechanism to reduce insulin resistance . At the same time , however, the reduction of myo - inositol determines a reduction of myo - inositolphsphoglycan promoters of the signals for both FSH and TSH . This results in a resistance of the thyroid to TSH with consequent increase of the same . I hope to be liked . BR Vittorio

 

For the short answer, no, you cannot determine force production from EMG. At best, you might determine the relative force production within a muscle (or muscle group) but that assumes you had a trial in which the subject did a maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) and that the relationship between EMG amplitude and force production is linear, which may or may not be true. If the relationship is linear, you could normalize submaximal contraction EMG amplitude values to the MVC one and from that you would get relative force production values.

You also cannot compare different muscles (or muscle groups) on their absolute force production using EMG. At the same level of contraction force production, it is doubtful that two muscles would have the same EMG amplitude.

The articles in question are -

Bleicher A, Mader A, Mester J - title and I think journal - Zur Interpretation von Laktatleistungskurven-experimentelle Ergebnisse mit computergestützten Nachberechnungen. Spectrum der Sportwissenschaft - 1998;1:92–104

Also - Mader A, Heck H. Energiestoffwechselregulation, Erweiterungen des theoretischen Konzepts und seiner Begründungen. Nachweis der praktischen Nützlichkeit der Simulation des Energiestoffwechsels. In: Mader A, editor. Brennpunktthema Computersimulation: Möglichkeiten zur Theoriebildung und Ergebnisinterpretation. Sankt Augustin: Academia Verlag Richarz; 1996. p. 124–162.

Even in German they will be fine as like you say I could convert them - my wife speaks german so should be able to work. The most important one is the bleicher article.

thanks for anything you can do.

alan

Hi Kristina,

I know that you asked this quite some time ago. You may have already looked at this, but one of the most quoted articles on biology of executions (including beheading) was published in New Scientist by Harold Hillman in Oct 27, 1983. I am only able to locate a link to the article via Google Books:

I know, this is only brief, but it is not likely that science will be able to do this kind of experiments and that's why historical accounts of executions are often quoted in the literature.

There were several accounts of beheadings during French Revolution and from criminal prosecutions, but verifying them might be challenging. There are a couple of blogs that quote these accounts, but you may need to contact the authors to verify the sources:

I hope it helps,

Michelle

Hello Husni,

 I am second semester master student ,so , i can't help you ..sorry :)

we use brain in different form to teach the students.

1. intact brain with meninges to teach meningeal coverings and different folds of it.

2. brain without meninges to teach the base of brain and different external features of it.

3. saggital section and coronal section to teach the internal structures of brain along with ventricular system.

That's a good question. Can you please elaborate on the debate for those of us who are not doing health research? Why can't we use the same measurement  (such as grip-strengt) to assess both good health and frailty in clinical populations?

Thank you, these references will be very useful for my work.

According to the article in this link: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/16595977_Three_distinct_subtypes_of_serotonergic_receptors_mediate_the_triphasic_blood_pressure_responses_in_rats

the triphasic pressure response to serotonin (5-HT): a short-lasting depressor phase with an intense bradycardia, a pressor phase and a prolonged hypotension, was investigated.

Hi Giuseppe

The problem that these parameters/variables are part of a feedback system. This means that it is very difficult to come up with relations that hold true in different circumstances. At very high humidities skin temp will move more with ambient; at low it will not as long as sufficient sweatin is possible. And such differences in response are present for all these combinations of parameters.

There is some work from Denmark from Fanger's lab at the time that has an equation between skin temperature and heat loss from the skin (in the cold Tsk is reduced), but again that is only valid in low work levels with low sweat rates.

The closest to a relation you would get from running a physiological model, where the feedback element is present (e.g. Fiala). undrneath the bonnet there are relations similar to the classic Stolwijk, but due to the feedback loop the final outcome can be different.

Best

george Havenith

Please also specify the temperature, pH, salinity and pressure at which every human cell type survives but not pathogens.

Also please tell how different cancer cells are from normal cells structurally and biochemically so that only cancer cells lost their ability all of a sudden to tolerate the above mentioned conditions.

Classically people use autoclave conditions to kill pathogens or any other microorganisms. 

Take a look at OpenSim (http://opensim.stanford.edu).

The following references maybe help you.

Brasil-Neto, J. P., Pascual-Leone, A., Valls-Solé, J., Cammarota, A., Cohen, L. G., & Hallett, M. (1993). Postexercise depression of motor evoked potentials: a measure of central nervous system fatigue. Experimental Brain Research, 93(1), 181–184. http://doi.org/10.1007/BF00227794

Budiman, G. (2009). Somatic nervous system. Basic Neuroanatomical Pathway, 3–20. http://doi.org/10.4135/9781412972024.n2387

Chrousos, G. P., & Kino, T. (2009). Glucocorticoid signaling in the cell: Expanding clinical implications to complex human behavioral and somatic disorders. In Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences (Vol. 1179, pp. 153–166). http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04988.x

Davis, J. M., Alderson, N. L., & Welsh, R. S. (2000). Serotonin and central nervous system fatigue: Nutritional considerations. In American Journal of Clinical Nutrition (Vol. 72). http://doi.org/10.1038/sj.npp.1301624

Davis, J. M., & Bailey, S. P. (1997). Possible mechanisms of central nervous system fatigue during exercise. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 29(1), 45–57. http://doi.org/10.1097/00005768-199701000-00008

Davis, J. M., Zhao, Z., Stock, H. S., Mehl, K. a, Buggy, J., & Hand, G. a. (2003). Central nervous system effects of caffeine and adenosine on fatigue. American Journal of Physiology. Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology, 284(2), 399–404. http://doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00386.2002

Enoka, R. M., & Stuart, D. G. (1992). Neurobiology of muscle fatigue. Journal of Applied Physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985), 72(5), 1631–1648. http://doi.org/0161-7567/92

Gandevia, S. C. (2001). Spinal and Supraspinal Factors in Human Muscle Fatigue. Physiol. Rev.,

Glass, J. M., Lyden, A. K., Petzke, F., Stein, P., Whalen, G., Ambrose, K., … Clauw, D. J. (2004). The effect of brief exercise cessation on pain, fatigue, and mood symptom development in healthy, fit individuals. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 57(4), 391–398. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2004.04.002

Irwin, M. R. (2011). Inflammation at the intersection of behavior and somatic symptoms. Psychiatric Clinics of North America. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.psc.2011.05.005

Kop, W. J. (2012). Somatic Depressive Symptoms, Vital Exhaustion, and Fatigue. Psychosomatic Medicine, 74(5), 442–445. http://doi.org/10.1097/PSY.0b013e31825f30c7

Noakes, T. D. (2012). Fatigue is a brain-derived emotion that regulates the exercise behavior to ensure the protection of whole body homeostasis. Frontiers in Physiology. http://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2012.00082

Noakes, T. D., St Clair Gibson, A., & Lambert, E. V. (2005). From catastrophe to complexity: a novel model of integrative central neural regulation of effort and fatigue during exercise in humans: summary and conclusions. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 39(2), 120–4. http://doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.2003.010330

Pagani, M., & Lucini, D. (1999). Chronic fatigue syndrome: a hypothesis focusing on the autonomic nervous system. Clinical Science (London, England : 1979), 96, 117–125. http://doi.org/10.1042/CS19980139

Qiang, L., Inoue, K., & Abeliovich, A. (2014). Instant neurons: Directed somatic cell reprogramming models of central nervous system disorders. Biological Psychiatry. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.10.027

Schon, E. A., DiMauro, S., & Hirano, M. (2012). Human mitochondrial DNA: roles of inherited and somatic mutations. Nat Rev Genet, 13(12), 878–890. http://doi.org/10.1038/nrg3275

Tanaka, M., Mizuno, K., Tajima, S., Sasabe, T., & Watanabe, Y. (2009). Central nervous system fatigue alters autonomic nerve activity. Life Sciences, 84(7-8), 235–239. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.lfs.2008.12.004

Tanaka, M., Shigihara, Y., Ishii, A., Funakura, M., Kanai, E., & Watanabe, Y. (2012). Effect of mental fatigue on the central nervous system: an electroencephalography study. Behavioral and Brain Functions, 8(1), 48. http://doi.org/10.1186/1744-9081-8-48

Zwarts, M. J., Bleijenberg, G., & van Engelen, B. G. M. (2008). Clinical neurophysiology of fatigue. Clinical Neurophysiology. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2007.09.126

Hello Bhaskar,  

I fully agree with the answer given above by Hamdy Elsaid....

The first step should be get a full knowledge of anatomy muscles, attachments and sizes etc. Also, it would be worth reading previous work on other joints and muscular systems etc. Human upper limb system for example has been fairly well examined for years (from DR Wilkie...), see references in,

Article: Isometric tension development in a human skeletal muscle in relation to its working range of movement: The length tension relation of biceps brachii muscle

H.M. Ismail · K.W. Ranatunga

Full-text · Article · Jan 1979 · Experimental Neurology references in,

 Hope this is useful,

KW

thanks Mikholae

regards

I am thankful for your response. I think that if new devices are used to detect the capillary refill time to provide more accurate measurements, it is more valuable physical sign and it may be considered as a vital sign. I am sending two articles about this topic as attachment.

Hi Xuan,

Look these papers, inside them you should find your response. Indeed, the two possibilities are applied, but I think that  a transition part bending from deep layer to superficial layer is the technique most developed (or more adapted) in this case.  

Best regards.

Your camera is good enough. you can go ahead without any issues.

From experience, I can say selection of experimental conditions are more important. Even mid wavelength cameras are also good enough for human body monitoring. The spatial resolution is altogether a different issue. More than anything it depends on your lens angle and subject to camera distance. I am considering your lens is fixed. Then the only option would be to play with distance provided you have enough clearance.

Thank you Abdel Azziz and Ishag

Yes there are many engineering application, e.g. design of compartment, the environmental  optization. .. etc

Hi Mr. Hosseini,

I found some papers that I believe can help you. The impact of prolonged exercices on cardiac function has been studied in the past, however It is a theme that is growing, but there are any problems during the process of analysis (e.g, the exercise stress level, fatigue or type of fatigue, training methodology, overload, and mainly, the profile of the population analyzed),

Best regards,

Dag Cornelieke,

I believe that this measure is not appropriate for two reasons. 1. The claim that 2D:4D ratio has a linear relationship with prenatal testosterone exposure is not substanciated by proper direct evidence. It is an indirect measure which is used in an incredeble amount of correlational research, and one may suspect that negative results are hardly being published. 2. the reliability of the measure is poor for all methods execpt maybe for direct measures of bone length (using rontgen).

Reint Geuze

Some references on the topic you are addressing:

Chen et al (2015) The secondary and aggregation structural changes of BSA induced by trivalent chromium: A biophysical study. Journal of Luminescence 158:116-124

Yang et al. (2013) Interactions between U(VI) and bovine serum albumin. Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry 298:903-908.

Shen et al. (2013) .Asian Journal of Chemistry 25:5925-5929

Hi Andy, Just seen your question - a good starting point is to look at the paper by Horowitz et al 1997. They had participants ingest 0.8g/kg carbohydrate as glucose or fructose and observed blunting of lipolysis and subsequently lower fat oxidation. However, the picture is not so clear cut as some studies do not show such marked changes in fat oxidation with carbohydrate feeding which likely relfects that insulin response or potentially differences in use of IMTGs. Cheers, Stuart.

Dear Tyler Thomas, 

Some addition to the comments, following papers may help:

Muscle fiber type

Muscle fibre type distribution, muscle cross-sectional areaand maximal voluntary strength in humans

The influence of variations in muscle fibre composition on muscle strength and cross-sectional area in untrained males.

Effects of exercise training on skeletal muscle fiber type distribution in chronic heart failure patients

Contractile Properties and Fiber Type Distribution of Quadriceps Muscles in Adults with Childhood-Onset Growth Hormone Deficiency

Fiber Type Transformation in Human Skeletal Muscle

THE RELATIONSHIP OF BODY COMPOSITION, MUSCLE FUNCTION, AND MUSCLE FIBER TYPE TO LOWER BODY PHYSICAL PERFORMANCE IN OVERWEIGHT AND OBESE OLDER ADULTS

Relationship Between Muscle Fiber Type and Reactive Balance: A Preliminary Study

Aamir

Hi, if you are working off-line on pre-recorded data, a simple way is to activate the piece of data of interest and choose spectrum view. Breathing data is usually clean enough to show one clear maximum in the spectrum, corresponding to true breathing frequency. No hassle with SD's. Of course, when you need the rate online, cyclic measurement is better.

Cheers,

-Esa

Agreed with Diverrez J-Marc. Interest isn't necessary an emotion, I would say it is more in line with a motivation to approach. One might try this "approach motivation" state measure that is popularly indexed by frontal asymmetry (I am doubtful it is a good predictor, but people suggest it could be a significant one - different things). That's usually done with EEG (or fNIRS).

If you want to do interest = not bored: lack of alpha activity. (EEG)

If you want to do interest = really excited! ECG (BPM).

If you want to do interest with this particular, super-well defined picture: P3 (EEG).

If you want to do interest = noticing the solid fun involved in such classics as "The E-Primer" (ahum), perhaps facial EMG, ZM measurements.

If you want to do interest = concentrating on the text while reading, perhaps facial EMG, CS measurements. Eye-tracking, in terms of detecting whether a person is actually reading, also sounds reasonable (more to the point, I'd say).

Do note that in all such cases, the fact that researchers found that "interest" (or motivation, or something else) reliably affects physiological correlate Y doesn't mean that the reverse is true. Since all known methods are extremely noisy and reliably confounded with other constructs, it is important to ask yourself what you exactly plan to gain. It is likely that just asking the student whether they're interested will be a much better predictor.

Best,

Michiel

Principally any Polar heart rate monitors using either one a T31 coded chest strap or a regular Wearlink chest strap will work and then the Suunto Memory belt and that is it. Those are the only ways I know of to get continual heart rate while swim training. The Swimovate Poolmate swim watch is a great solution for counting laps and strokes

Which species are you looking at?

There is a publication on Journal of Dairy Science (paper from University of British Columbia) that developed a technique to analyze cortisol in hair samples of dairy cows.

Regards!

Hell Danny...

"...Use of KAATSU Equipment requires specific training and adherence to KAATSU protocols. Therefore, you must first become a Certified KAATSU Specialist before you can purchase KAATSU Equipment."

Look at it!