Human Biology - Science topic

FK506-binding protein 51 kDa (FKBP51), encoded by Fkbp5 gene, gained considerable attention as an important regulator of several aspects of human biology including stress response, metabolic dysfunction, inflammation, and age-dependent neurodegeneration. Its catalytic peptidyl-prolyl isomerase (PPIase) activity is mediated by the N-terminal FK506-b...

Boron, an important trace element for humans and animals, is a dynamic nutrient of essential importance to animal and human biology. It is not found in the elemental form in nature but present as a component of Sodium Pentaborate Tetrahydrate(SPT), Boric Acid(BA), and Sodium tetraborate decahydrate(SBD). Three methods were used: MTT to measure cell...

The disciplinary integration of biology and economy is taking new forms in the postgenomic era, transforming long-standing exchanges between human biology and economics. In this article, we first describe how an emerging area of research in development and health economics has embraced, stabilized, and expanded the emerging field of the Development...

Boron, an important trace element for humans and animals, is a dynamic nutrient of essential importance to animal and human biology. It is not found in the elemental form in nature but present as a component of Sodium Pentaborate Tetrahydrate(SPT), Boric Acid(BA), and Sodium tetraborate decahydrate(SBD). Three methods were used: MTT to measure cell...

The World Health Organization member states proposed a comprehensive "Global Strategy on Oral Health," which includes achieving universal oral health coverage by 2030. Challenges and barriers, including persistent inequalities, will hamper the achievement of universal oral health coverage. In low- and middle-income countries, the oral health of a l...

Biological rhythms are periodic internal variations of living organisms that act as adaptive responses to environmental changes. The human pacemaker is the suprachiasmatic nucleus, a brain region involved in biological functions like homeostasis or emotion. Biological rhythms are ultradian (<24 h), circadian (∼24 h), or infradian (>24 h) depending...

Cell lines are valuable resources as model for human biology and translational medicine. It is thus important to explore the concordance between the expression in various cell lines vis-à-vis human native and disease tissues. In this study, we investigate the expression of all human protein-coding genes in more than 1,000 human cell lines represent...

Comparing genomic and biological characteristics across multiple species is essential to using model systems to investigate the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying human biology and disease and to translate mechanistic insights from studies in model organisms for clinical applications. Building a scalable knowledge commons platform that su...

Introduction Vitamin C is an essential micronutrient playing crucial roles in human biology. Hypovitaminosis C is defined by a plasmatic ascorbemia below 23 µmol/L and is associated with numerous outcomes such as cardiovascular diseases, cancers or neurocognitive disorders. Numerous risk factors are common among older adults making them particularl...

This paper proposes a reconceptualization of the hierarchical understanding of the human organism, challenging the conventional idea of the supremacy of the nervous system. We argue that symbiotic coexistence and functional interdependence among all systems provide the human body with remarkable resistance to the universal tendency of entropy. We f...

Evolution constitute a precise paradigm in life sciences in understanding organismal forms and functions, including those of human. This case imposes the inclusion of evolutionary approach in medical education. Although this is the case, perception and acceptance of evolution among medical community is almost unknown. This study aims to measure the...

By preserving progenitor characteristics, cell culture on soft hydrogel represents a practical tool in regenerative medicine compared with conventional rigid plastic. However, the mechanism by which the mechanical microenvironment determines progenitor phenotype, and its relevance to human biology, remain poorly described. Thanks to an innovation e...

This paper proposes a reconceptualization of the hierarchical understanding of the human organism, challenging the conventional idea of the supremacy of the nervous system. We argue that symbiotic coexistence and functional interdependence among all systems provide the human body with remarkable resistance to the universal tendency of entropy. We f...

Resumo: Este artigo propõe uma reconceituação do entendimento hierárquico do organismo humano, desafiando a ideia convencional da supremacia do sistema nervoso. Argumentamos que a coexistência simbiótica e a interdependência funcional entre todos os sistemas fornecem ao corpo humano uma resistência notável à tendência universal da entropia. Examina...

Indonesia has become one of the countries having the biggest single-payer national insurance with a population-based membership. The insurance had helped up to 217 million patients since its inception in 2014. Capturing insights from a large-scale electronic health record has the potential to give a valuable improvement to the health care processes...

Since every biological system requires capillaries to support its oxygenation, design of engineered preclinical models of such systems, for example, vascularized microphysiological systems (vMPS) have gained attention enhancing the physiological relevance of human biology and therapies. But the physiology and function of formed vessels in the vMPS...

Constituindo-se como uma necessidade social, a tradução de textos científicos para a língua brasileira de sinais (Libras) tem possibilitado acesso de pessoas surdas ao conhecimento disponível em língua portuguesa no Brasil. Neste artigo, objetiva-se discutir aspectos da tradução especializada intermodal de textos sobre a biologia humana. Para isso,...

In vitro toxicology has used immortalized cancer cell lines as model human systems for decades. However, these cell lines pose problems in designing toxicity testing programs as they inherently do not represent normal human biology. There is also a huge number of such cell lines to choose from, derived from human cancer cells from nearly every tiss...

The 21 st century holds high promise for broad improvements in the basic human condition through effective curation and validation of the continuous advances in life sciences and health care. Successful sequencing of the human genome has opened the door to achieving the wonders of the future, placing humanity on a journey of discovery to new worlds...

Our genomes influence nearly every aspect of human biology from molecular and cellular functions to phenotypes in health and disease. Human genetics studies have now associated hundreds of thousands of differences in our DNA sequence ("genomic variation") with disease risk and other phenotypes, many of which could reveal novel mechanisms of human b...

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease characterized by gradual loss of midbrain dopamine neurons, leading to impaired motor function. Preclinical studies have indicated cerebral dopamine neurotrophic factor (CDNF) and mesencephalic astrocyte-derived neurotrophic factor (MANF) to be potential therapeutic molecules for t...

The intestine is a complex organ that promotes digestion, extracts nutrients, participates in immune surveillance, maintains critical symbiotic relationships with microbiota and affects overall health¹. The intesting has a length of over nine metres, along which there are differences in structure and function². The localization of individual cell t...

Gene regulation plays an important role in understanding the mechanisms of human biology and diseases. However, inferring causal relationships between all genes is challenging due to the large number of genes in the transcriptome. Here, we present SIGNET (Statistical Inference on Gene Regulatory Networks), a flexible software package that reveals n...

In most primates, including humans, uric acid (UA) is the end product of purine metabolism due to the loss of hepatic uricase activity during evolution. This loss resulted in higher serum urate concentrations (3.5–7.5 mg/dL) than normally observed in other mammals (0.05–2 mg/dL). About 70% of the daily urate burden is eliminated via the kidneys and...

Cellular Lipid in Health and Disease presents a comprehensive and systematic coverage of the various roles lipids play in human biology. This book is organized in four parts covering the foundational concepts of lipid biology all the way to the therapeutic opportunities they present. The first part is dedicated to the basic concepts of cellular li...

Although most human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs) have been silenced and lost their ability to translocate because of accumulated mutations during evolution, they still play important roles in human biology. Several studies have demonstrated that HERVs play pathological roles in numerous human diseases, especially cancer. A few studies have revea...

The activation of the mineralocorticoid (MR) and glucocorticoid (GR) receptors on peripheral sensory neurons seems to modify pain perception through both direct non-genomic and indirect genomic pathways. These distinct subpopulations of sensory neurons are not known for peripheral human nerves. Therefore, we examined MR and GR on subpopulations of...

https://www.pathologyoutlines.com/ccnblog/howmetastasesarise2.html Part 1 of this series discussed the basics of metastatic disease. Part 2 discusses features of normal human biology that are important in understanding cancer and metastases. To understand cancer and metastases, we have to understand features of normal human life that make us diff...

The existence of chimerism in human beings could potentially have various implications. The present review centers on the phenomenon of chimerism, with a particular emphasis on microchimerism, which represents a relatively unexplored avenue for elucidating variances in health and behavior. Male microchimerism in women is a phenomenon that is believ...

Earlier reports have described a quantum computing architecture, in which key elements are derived from control functions in biology. In this further continuing research, focus is on the signaling and control of a flow of qubits in that architecture, mimicking synapse signals and neurological controls. After a short description of that architecture...

RESUMENEl culto a los muertos es una práctica documentada en el ser humano desde tiempos prehistóricos. Uno de los fenómenos funerarios que revisten mayor popularidad dentro de la Prehistoria Reciente es el megalitismo, desarrollado en amplios territorios de Europa desde mediados del v milenio cal BC, y caracterizado por la construcción de grandes...

The synaptonemal complex (SC) is a meiosis-specific multiprotein complex that forms between homologous chromosomes during prophase of meiosis I. Upon assembly, the SC mediates the synapses of the homologous chromosomes, leading to the formation of bivalents, and physically supports the formation of programmed double-strand breaks (DSBs) and their s...

Background Meningiomas are one of the most common intracranial tumors, and the current understanding of meningioma pathology is still incomplete. Inflammatory factors play an important role in the pathophysiology of meningioma, but the causal relationship between inflammatory factors and meningioma is still unclear. Method Mendelian randomization...

Electromagnetism and cellular metabolism are two distinct but interconnected aspects of human biology. While they are not directly causally linked, electromagnetic fields (EMFs) can have some effects on cellular metabolism. Electromagnetism refers to the interaction between electrically charged particles and magnetic fields. It encompasses a wide r...

The development of effective therapeutics and vaccines for human diseases requires a systematic understanding of human biology. While animal and in vitro culture models have successfully elucidated the molecular mechanisms of diseases in many studies, they yet fail to adequately recapitulate human biology as evidenced by the predominant likelihood...

Understanding the origins of new species with novel adaptations is a fundamental question in biology that also provides an opportunity to uncover new genes and regulatory networks with potential clinical relevance. Here we demonstrate a new role for galr2 in vertebrate craniofacial development using a non-model adaptive radiation of trophic special...

The intestinal epithelium comprises diverse cell types and executes many specialized functions as the primary interface between luminal contents and internal organs. A key function provided by the epithelium is maintenance of a barrier that protects the individual from pathogens, irritating luminal contents, and the microbiota. Disruption of this b...

In the “century of biotechnology”, a new form of “bio-digital industry” is emerging in which, thanks to increasingly sophisticated and digitized technologies that allow engineering and production on a biological quantum scale, it is possible to analyze and reproduce the generative, chemical, physical, and molecular processes underlying natural mech...

Every eukaryotic cell is covered with a thick layer of complex carbohydrates with essential roles in their social life. In Deuterostoma, sialic acids present at the outermost positions of glycans of glycoconjugates are known to be key players in cellular interactions including host-pathogen interactions. Their negative charge and hydrophilic proper...

Malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) is a malignancy associated with asbestos exposure and is typically categorized as an orphan disease. Recent developments in immunotherapy with anti-PD-1 and anti-CTLA-4 antibodies, specifically with agents nivolumab and ipilimumab, have demonstrated an improvement in overall survival over the previous standard c...

Supramolecular chemistry is the investigation of non-covalent interactions between molecules. It has many applications in human biology, such as drug design, tissue engineering, and the study of biological processes at the molecular level. Designing and synthesizing molecules that can bind to specific body targets with high specificity and affinity...

Our capacity to measure diverse aspects of human biology has developed rapidly in the past decades, but the rate at which these techniques have generated insights into the biological correlates of psychopathology has lagged far behind. The slow progress is partly due to the poor sensitivity, specificity and replicability of many findings in the lit...

Despite the omnipresence of rhythm in music, movement, circadian cycles, and learning processes, this research topic is the first volume to offer interdisciplinary approaches the topic. Empirical research on timing and precision from the microbiological level of synapses to the macro level of elite solo and ensemble performances is presented. The v...

Plague is an often fulminant and fatal disease caused by the bacterial pathogen Yersinia pestis. Three major historical plague pandemics have heavily influenced human societies, and recent evidence demonstrates that plague has also influenced human biology. Plague is still endemic in several continents and remains a potential public health risk. In...

Single-cell genomic technologies are revealing the cellular composition, identities and states in tissues at unprecedented resolution. They have now scaled to the point that it is possible to query samples at the population level, across thousands of individuals. Combining single-cell information with genotype data at this scale provides opportunit...

The behavioral origins of Homo sapiens can be traced back to the first material culture produced by our species in Africa, the Middle Stone Age (MSA). Beyond this broad consensus, the origins, patterns, and causes of behavioral complexity in modern humans remain debated. Here, we consider whether recent findings continue to support popular scenario...

Background More than one million Rwandans were killed over a span of one hundred days during the 1994 genocide against the Tutsis. Many adult survivors were severely traumatized by the events, and young people, including those who were born after the genocide, have experienced similar genocide-related trauma. Building on a growing body of research...

The house mouse, Mus musculus, is an exceptional model system, combining genetic tractability with close homology to human biology. Gestation in mouse development lasts just under three weeks, a period during which its genome orchestrates the astonishing transformation of a single cell zygote into a free-living pup composed of >500 million cells. T...

Augmenting adaptive immunity is a critical goal for developing next-generation cancer therapies. T and B cells infiltrating the tumor dramatically influence cancer progression through complex interactions with the local microenvironment. Cancer cells evade and limit these immune responses by hijacking normal immunologic pathways. Current experiment...

In the past decades, it has been increasingly recognized that some areas of science, such as anthropology, have been plagued by racist, Western-centric, and/or sexist biases. Unfortunately, an acculturation process to racism and sexism has been occurring for generations leading to systemic inequities that will take a long time to disappear. Here, w...

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP), a co-enzyme and an electron carrier, plays crucial roles in numerous biological functions, including cellular metabolism and antioxidation. Because NADP is subcellular-membrane impermeable, eukaryotes compartmentalize NAD kinases (NADKs), the NADP biosynthetic enzymes. Mitochondria are fundamental...

Biocultural approaches are instrumental to the evolution of forensic anthropology, and this practice must first reckon with its own violences before it can ethically address structural violence at large. We take up the issue of coerced migrations of Caribbean populations and forensic practice at the southern border of the United States, to problema...

Virtual online laboratory simulations for subjects with laboratory component became a trend in universities during COVID-19 pandemic. This study determined the perception of the respondents on the use of Labster online virtual simulation (LVOS) in terms of benefits/opportunities, challenges/drawback, the suggestions of the respondents and the compa...

Acute exercise and chronic exercise training elicit beneficial whole‐body changes in physiology that ultimately depend on profound alterations to the dynamics of tissue‐specific proteins. Since the work accomplished during exercise owes predominantly to skeletal muscle, it has received the majority of interest from exercise scientists that attempt...

In Ayurveda different types of regimens are explained on the basis ofDincharya-daily regimen, Rutuchrya-seasonal regimen,Sadvritt-code of conducts. These are explained in Ayurvedic Samhita books as Preventive measures. According to Indian philosophy NityaAnanihakamexplained with the topics of Dinacharya.According to modern science different rhythms...

The human genome contains about 800 C2H2 zinc finger proteins (ZFPs), and most of them are composed of long arrays of zinc fingers. Standard ZFP recognition model asserts longer finger arrays should recognize longer DNA-binding sites. However, recent experimental efforts to identify in vivo ZFP binding sites contradict this assumption, with many ex...

The Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Thyroid (HPT) axis is fundamental to human biology, exerting central control over energy expenditure, metabolic rate, and body temperature. However, the consequences of 'normal' physiologic HPT-axis variation in non-clinical populations are poorly understood. Using nationally-representative data from the 2007-2012 NHANES,...

Prof. Jaydip Sen (*12.12.1965 in Agartala, Tripura, † 30.11.2021) of the Department of Anthropology, North Bengal University (NBU), India, expired late last year. I had known Jaydip since my return to India from the UK in October, 1997.Not only was Jaydip a very close friend, he was also my academic collaborator. Besides co-authoring several resear...

One of the most fundamental discoveries in human biology was that of the existence of essential micronutrients that the body cannot synthesize but nonetheless requires for proper functioning [...]

Background: Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of vision loss in the developed world and the detection of its onset and progression are based on retinal morphological assessments. MicroRNA (miRNA) have been explored extensively as biomarkers for a range of neurological diseases including AMD, however differences in experim...

With the recent advancements in rapid imaging methods, higher numbers of contrasts and quantitative parameters can be acquired in less and less time. Some acquisition models simultaneously obtain multiparametric images and quantitative maps to reduce scan times and avoid potential issues associated with the registration of different images. Multipa...

Current biomedical models fail to replicate the complexity of human biology. Consequently, almost 90% of drug candidates fail during clinical trials after decades of research and billions of investments in drug development. Despite their physiological similarities, animal models often misrepresent human responses, and instead, trigger ethical and s...

The aim of this review was to present the metabolism of vitamin D3, as well as to discuss the role of vitamin D3 in bone metabolism, temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis (TMJ OA), and autoimmune thyroid diseases (AITD) on the basis of the literature. Vitamin D3 plays a significant role in human health, as it affects the calcium-phosphate balance...

Model systems are an essential resource in cancer research. They simulate effects that we can infer into humans, but come at a risk of inaccurately representing human biology. This inaccuracy can lead to inconclusive experiments or misleading results, urging the need for an improved process for translating model system findings into human-relevant...

Quantitative high-throughput screening (qHTS) pharmacologically evaluates chemical libraries for therapeutic uses, toxicological risk, and increasingly for academic probe discovery. Phenotypic HTS assays interrogate molecular pathways, often relying on cell culture systems, historically less focused on multicellular organisms. C. elegans has served...

Purpose Successful clinical applications of DNA-directed selective cytotoxic agents disrupt the vital replication/transcription processes and ultimately lead to cancer cell death. This study aimed to examine the growth screen of two lead triazine compounds in a number of cell lines and xenografts and to develop anticancer agents with noncovalent bi...

In this paper, I argue that Bryson’s Oikonomikos is a fascinating example of the oikonomia genre in several different respects. Although the problematic transmission of this Neopythagorean text makes studying it a challenge, such effort is well-rewarded with an elaborate argument which paints the human bodily constitution, the central bodily functi...

The rapid development of in vitro assays for toxicity assessment has provided a tremendous oppor-tunity to improve toxicity risk assessment by utilizing assays more relevant to human biology while reducing the reliance on animals. However, important challenges still exist for the effective use of in vitro assays in risk as-sessment practices. Altho...

Human T cell receptors (TCRs) are critical for mediating immune responses to pathogens and tumors and regulating self-antigen recognition. Yet, variations in the genes encoding TCRs remain insufficiently defined. Detailed analysis of expressed TCR alpha, beta, gamma, and delta genes in 45 donors from four human populations-African, East Asian, Sout...

The rapid development of in vitro assays for toxicity assessment has provided a tremendous opportunity to improve toxicity risk assessment by utilizing assays more relevant to human biology while reducing the reliance on animals. However, important challenges still exist for the effective use of in vitro assays in risk assessment practices. Althoug...

In the development of orally inhaled drug products preclinical animal models regularly fail to predict pharmacological as well as toxicological responses in humans. Models based on human cells and tissues are potential alternatives to animal experimentation allowing for the isolation of essential processes of human biology and making them accessibl...

Previous research has shown that the use of clickers in the classroom enhances student engagement. However, few studies have investigated how the type of clicker question may influence learning outcomes. To explore this, we compared the effects of lower-order cognitive skill (LOCS) and higher-order cognitive skill (HOCS) clicker questions on later...

Molecular biology-focused knowledge graphs (KGs) are directed graphs that integrate information from heterogeneous sources of biological and biomedical data, such as ontologies and public databases. They provide a holistic view of biology, chemistry, and disease, allowing users to draw non-obvious connections between concepts through shared associa...

The mammalian spinal cord functions as a community of cell types for sensory processing, autonomic control, and movement. While animal models have advanced our understanding of spinal cellular diversity, characterizing human biology directly is important to uncover specialized features of basic function and human pathology. Here, we present a cellu...

Background Maturation of bones in the hand–wrist region varies among individuals of the same age and among world groups. Although some studies from Africa report differences to other ethnic groups, the lack of detailed bone-specific maturity data prevents meaningful comparisons. Aim The aim of this study was to describe bone-specific maturity for...