Housing Policy - Science topic

Universal basic income (UBI) is a concept in which every citizen receives regular, unconditional payments from the state, regardless of their financial and professional situation. Its introduction could be a potential solution to problems related to automation, income inequality and economic crises. The debate on UBI is ongoing in both academic and political circles. Proponents argue that providing a minimum income to every citizen could reduce poverty levels, increase consumer demand and limit the effects of economic crises by stabilising household incomes. However, critics point out that financing UBI could require a significant increase in taxes or redistribution of budgetary expenditure, which could weaken economic growth. Another argument against UBI is the fear that it could negatively affect economic activity by reducing the motivation to work. The introduction of a UBI would therefore require detailed analyses of its impact on the economy, the level of inflation and the employment structure. I am researching issues related and related to this problem. I have described the results of my research in publications on the objectives, legitimacy of introduction and implementation of government social policy programmes, i.e. the Family 500 Plus programme (renamed Family 800 Plus from January 2024) and the Flat Plus programme.

The following articles of mine are related to the above issues in some substantive aspects:

And what is your opinion on this topic?

What is your opinion on this issue?

Please reply,

I invite everyone to the discussion,

Thank you very much,

Best wishes,

I invite you to scientific cooperation,

Dariusz Prokopowicz

By granting loans, commercial banks introduce credit money into the economy, which is significantly responsible for the level of liquidity and circulation of money between economic entities and, consequently, also in the economy as a whole. Consumer and installment loans granted to citizens significantly activate the scale of consumer purchases and thus increase the level of consumption. Increased levels of consumption by increasing consumer demand in the long term can generate an increase in the scale of investment demand. If the increase in the scale of consumer demand is more permanent and long-term in nature, i.e. it is not, for example, the effect of annual seasonality, e.g. in the pre-Christmas period, then it results in an increase in the level of scale of production or service offerings of products or services for which demand is increasing. In a situation where entrepreneurs find that the said upward trend is permanent then they increase the scale of investment to create additional plants, production lines, manufacturing parks, the use of additional durable production factors, etc., to increase the scale of production potential, so that they can produce more of a certain range of goods. On the other hand, when the availability of business loans, including working capital loans and overdrafts granted to businesses for short-term purposes, to cover liquidity gaps, pay current bills and facts arising from the continuation of business operations also increases, the scale of financial security of the business operations of companies and enterprises increases.

When the availability of economic investment loans also increases then the scale of investment in the manufacturing processes developed by business entities, improved logistics of production or generation of services, increasing production capacity, involvement of new technology in manufacturing processes, purchase of additional machinery and equipment as part of the expansion of production processes, improvement of the quality of product and service offerings, development of commodity-directed offerings, increasing the scale of diversification of product and service offerings, acquisition of new markets, etc., increases. When this process involves the credit offers of many commercial banks cooperating with many companies and enterprises, then the increase in the scale of lending translates into a significant level of increase in the activity of business entities operating in the economy and becomes one of the key factors in improving the economy's prosperity, accelerating the rate of economic growth, which is particularly important when the aforementioned level of economic activity of companies and enterprises is low and at the same time the prosperity of the economy as a whole is not optimal. Therefore, when the economy is in crisis, the level of consumption and investment is low then, in order to activate economic processes, the government, as part of its anti-crisis and/or pro-development economic policy under an informal agreement with the central bank, launches certain state interventionist measures, which should result in an increase in the activity of economic processes that are realized in companies and enterprises. The central bank can then lower interest rates, resulting in a decrease in the oproc. of various types of loans on offer by commercial banks. In addition, the drop in oproc. of bank deposits and treasury bonds also activates economic entities to invest their financial surpluses in speculative investment risk financial instruments, i.e. in stocks, corporate bonds and derivatives.

On the other hand, it is also a motivating factor for companies and enterprises to decide on further investment projects, to increase the scale of investments and reduce the level of reserves. Cheaper credit contributes to an increase in its availability, to an increase in the level of creditworthiness of citizens and business entities. In addition, in a situation where there is an improvement in the economic situation in many sectors and industries of the economy, commercial banks can also additionally relax their credit policy and increase the availability of credit, for example, by reducing the scale of procedural steps, the amount of documents and information required from the potential borrower necessary for the analysis of creditworthiness, etc. More readily available loans encourage borrowing by citizens and business entities. In this way, a kind of synergy of cheapening credit, increasing scale of liquidity between cooperating financial improvement, acceptance of higher levels of investment risk, revival of economic processes, improvement of prosperity simultaneously in many sectors and industries of the economy, easing of credit policies in commercial banks, improvement of repayment of bank loans, improvement of the quality of banks' loan portfolios, etc., works. In principle, as long as the aforementioned all factors of the aforementioned synergy work then the process of increasing commercial bank lending, activating the level of economic activity, improving economic prosperity in the economy, increasing employment, increasing income, investment, consumption, increasing liquidity and circulation of money in the economy, etc. can continue to work without leading to an increase in the scale of the risk of the appearance of reverse processes, a rapid downturn in the economy, an increase in the scale of insolvency of many companies and enterprises, a significant increase in the scale of bankruptcy of economic entities, the occurrence of a banking, financial and/or economic crisis. The aforementioned synergistic process, in which a high level of credit actions and good quality of granted loans is correlated with good economic prosperity, may act without generating crisis factors, without causing over-investment, over-credit levels of both consumption and investment, as long as the level of credit risk, which commercial banks accept when granting further bank loans, does not increase.

On the other hand, the aforementioned process of many interrelated factors typical of an upturn in the economy can also continue to work if commercial banks reliably carry out credit procedures, do not overly relax their credit policy, carry out creditworthiness analyses of potential borrowers in accordance with the guidelines of the methodology, carry out ongoing monitoring of loans granted, do not neglect credit risk management processes. Unfortunately, such situations when commercial banks applied credit policies too leniently and carried out credit risk management processes not fully reliably occurred in the past. In such situations, excessively increased levels of lending and credit for investment processes carried out by business entities acting as borrowers became important source factors for emerging financial and economic crises. This kind of situation occurred earlier at the beginning of the current 21st century on a large scale and led to the occurrence of a global financial crisis in 2007-2009, which in many countries also turned into an economic crisis and in some countries, such as the countries of Southern Europe, also to a crisis in the system of state finances due to a significant increase in the debt of the system of state public finances. However, before this kind of situation can occur and when the level of economic activity of companies and enterprises is low, the level of unemployment is high, the level of income of citizens and financial revenues to the state budget from payments made by many entities operating in the economy is low, then political pressure grows for the activation of anti-crisis and pro-development interventionist measures available under the government's economic policy.

The above-mentioned economic processes realized within the framework of the improving economy generated, among other things, by lowering interest rates and increasing the availability of bank loans, increasing lending, increasing the scale of investment generates an improvement in the functioning, state of finances, achievement of business objectives in companies and enterprises operating in various industries and sectors of the economy. The magnitude of such cyclical economic processes, for example, is particularly high in the cyclical sectors of the economy, i.e. those whose economic processes taking place are strongly correlated with analogous processes taking place in the economy as a whole. The conjunctural sectors include, among others, the construction sector, including the construction of housing estates. On the other hand, regardless of the conjuncture of the economy as a whole, what happens in the housing development construction sector can to a large extent be modeled by interventionist actions of the government as part of its housing policy. In a situation where the government deems it necessary to stimulate economic prosperity in this sector, which should also result in an increase in the scale of new housing directed for sale, the instrument of public financial assistance applied to stimulate a selected element of the process of either the construction of housing estates, the process of selling built houses and apartments, support for the process of lending for the purchase of real estate, including, for example, the application of subsidies to loan installments repaid, the bank's required own share in financing the purchase of real estate or other types of financial support may be applied. In a situation where, thanks to the application of public financial support, the scale of construction investments is increasing, more housing estates are being built then the demand for raw materials, components and construction materials, as well as housing interior decoration items, including furniture, sanitary equipment, household appliances, etc., is also increasing. As a result, the scale of production at the factories of the manufacturers of the aforementioned various types of building materials and interior furnishings increases, the scale of production at component suppliers, co-ops, etc. increases. Employment in many companies and enterprises operating in the environment of the construction sector is growing. The incomes of a significant part of the population, i.e. people employed in the aforementioned companies and enterprises, are rising. Consequently, the economy as a whole is also improving. Therefore, in a situation where the level of activity of economic processes was significantly declining, the level of prosperity in the economy was low, unemployment was high and tax revenues to the state budget were low, and at the same time there was a shortage of housing for some citizens, then the government, using active housing policy, tried to improve the aforementioned prosperity in the economy.

At the beginning of the current twenty-first century in the United States, the housing sector was also recognized as one that should be activated in order to improve the economy. However, the applied solutions of extreme relaxation of credit policies for granting mortgages to the public, including borrowers with no real creditworthiness, with other previous outstanding loans, credit cards, without steady employment, a regular source of income, etc., the use of specially created derivatives in the form of subprime bonds to raise additional funds to continue to carry out lending in a situation of steadily rising real estate prices, the insurance of most mortgages by a single insurance company, the maintenance of record low interest rates by the central bank..., in spite of rising real estate prices, deteriorating labor markets, the still growing highly overvalued valuations of securities on stock exchanges, some commercial and investment banks losing liquidity, worsening financial problems in many companies and enterprises operating in non-financial sectors, unethical practices by brokerage firms in the sale to investors of financial instruments linked to the issue of financing the ongoing credit actions, the issuance of factually incorrect recommendations by rating agencies, ratings for subprime bonds sold to other banks, etc. led to a situation where credit institutions accepted excessive levels of credit risk. In addition, banking procedures for credit risk management processes were also unreliably implemented. All of the above-mentioned factors generated a strong increase in credit risk levels and led to the global financial crisis of 2007-2009.

On more than one occasion, in order to activate the boom in the construction sector, the government, as part of its public financial assistance, used the support instrument of subsidizing mortgage loan installments paid by borrowers to banks. This type of solution has been applied since July 2023 in Poland. The program of subsidizing mortgage installments from the sources of the state's public finance system was organized in such a way that, under the so-called "2% safe loan" program, the state subsidized loan installments in such an amount that, for the borrower, the remaining part of the loan installment paid to the bank corresponds only to the interest rate of the loan at 2%. This program in such a solution is to operate in terms of mortgage loans launched under this program for 10 years. After 10 years, the borrower is to repay the remaining portion of the loan at the market oproc. level set by the lending bank. Over the following years, both inflation and interest rates should continue to fall from their current still-high levels. Therefore, in the following years, the scale of committed funds from the state's public finance system, which will be used for the aforementioned subsidizing of loan installments, should therefore gradually decrease in connection with the projected decline in interest rates determined by the Monetary Policy Council, which operates at the central bank in Poland, i.e. the National Bank of Poland. On the other hand, however, the scale of committed funds from the state's public finance system may be higher in the following year 2024 compared to 2023 if the program is extended and its scale is increased. However, as the scale of commercial banks' mortgage lending has increased strongly since mid-2023 in connection with the launch of the "2% Safe Loan" program, and has reached levels previously recorded only during periods of exceptionally good housing market conditions such as. just before the onset of the global financial crisis of 2007-2009, developers directed to the market the majority of the number of completed construction projects, a greater number of housing developments built, including apartments with areas complying with the specified guidelines of the aforementioned program, and market interest rates are several times higher than 2 percent, then both the level of lending increased strongly in the second half of 2023 and the number of housing purchase transactions also increased strongly. The aforementioned upward trends have generated a rapid level of growth in the price of new apartments sold by developers. As the level of citizens' interest in purchasing an apartment using the financial public assistance provided under the "2% Safe Credit" program exceeded the number of apartments completed by developers and targeted for sale, the result was a several percent increase in real estate prices in all major cities in Poland. The aforementioned increase in real estate prices was exceptionally fast, as the recorded increase in the average real estate price in Warsaw, for example, in the range of about 15 percent, took place in just four months from July to October 2023. Since the large increase in real estate prices and the high level of recovery in this market mainly benefited commercial banks selling mortgages and developers building housing developments, the housing policy implemented in this way is mainly to achieve medium-term goals of activating economic processes and not long-term social goals concerning the key issue which was to be increasing the availability of housing for citizens representing the middle class with an average income level. Due to the increase in real estate prices that took place over a period of several years, it was for citizens representing the middle class, mainly working young people, that the possibility of buying their own apartment became practically unattainable, because due to the level of income relative to real estate prices, the level of oproc. loans, the bank's required contribution to co-financing the purchase of real estate, etc., they were not creditworthy. They also couldn't get social housing since they work and earn income, and there are far too few rental apartments in the resources of local government units, and the PIS government's previously launched Mieszkanie Plus program has not been implemented, so middle-class citizens in recent years have become the social group that has been most excluded from the possibility of buying and owning their own apartment. In view of the above, in the context of the ongoing discussions about the possibility of extending the operation of the Safe Credit 2% program to 2024, a topical issue for consideration is the question of subsidizing mortgage installments by the state from the state's public finance system as an instrument for potentially increasing the availability of housing for citizens. Potentially, because in 2023, unfortunately, the key strategic social goals were not realized through the introduction of the program "Safe credit 2 percent."

In view of the above, I address the following question to the esteemed community of scientists and researchers:

And what is your opinion about it?

What is your opinion on this issue?

Please answer,

I invite everyone to join the discussion,

Thank you very much,

Best regards,

Dariusz Prokopowicz

Forest product downstreaming through wooden housing: A solution to the housing deficit for Gen Z?

In Poland, property prices have been rising continuously for many years. Even in the years of economic crises, such as the pandemic economic crisis of 2020, real estate prices, including flats in cities, increased on average by around 20 per cent. This has led to a situation where real estate prices are so high that a citizen with an average level of income from work in most commercial banks is not creditworthy enough to purchase his or her first flat with a mortgage. A serious housing shortage gap has emerged for citizens, including working middle-class citizens, including young people after graduation and families starting their working lives. The government's "Housing Plus" ("Mieszkanie Plus") programme, which was introduced in 2026, has unfortunately not been implemented. Only a few per cent of housing units were built under this programme relative to plan. Municipal housing was also not developed. The government did not develop and finance the construction of municipal housing on a larger scale so as to significantly reduce the scale of the housing shortage gap. And yet for many other purposes, which were not of an investment, developmental, pro-social nature, etc., it was the government that created additional money in recent years on the basis of additional issues of state bonds. These additional issues of treasury bonds were bought directly by the central bank and in this way, extra-budgetary, through special purpose funds created and managed by institutions of government agencies, this additional money was introduced into the economy on a large scale and financed mostly non-investment purposes, purposes not justified by economic and social issues. In this way, using a kind of creative accounting within the state's public finance system, the debt of the state's public finance system was significantly increased, but this was done in such a way that the prudential indicators of the debt of the state's public finance system and the standards for reporting this issue to the bodies of the European Union did not include all of the said debt. In 2023, in connection with the approaching parliamentary elections to be held in October 2023, which are also planned to be won for the third time by the PIS political option in power for the previous eight years, a new programme has been drawn up to revive the economic situation, which has been weakening in recent quarters, in the area of purchase-sale transactions performed on real estate and to activate investment processes in the construction of housing estates by commercially operating development companies. this programme is to be based on government subsidies for mortgage loans taken out by citizens. In this way, the main beneficiaries will be the banks selling the loans, the developers carrying out investments in housing construction and the government, which will boast in the meanstream media controlled by it before the elections as part of the election campaign that it has launched a programme that has revitalised the housing construction sector and increased the possibility for citizens to buy their first home on credit, in addition to still expensive credit, as interest rates are still high. And property prices will continue to rise and council housing will continue to be in short supply. In this situation, there are still good conditions for the development of pat-development applied multifacetedly and to a large extent by a significant proportion of commercially operating property developers building blocks of flats, houses and flats. Examples of pat-development in offers for sale of flats in Poland:

In terms of the offers presented on the Internet for the sale of new flats, there are numerous cases of misleading potential buyers, customers, citizens interested in purchasing a flat. There are cases of specifying in the advertisements that e.g. the flat is cosy, i.e. it means that it is cramped. Presented graphic visualisations of flats on developers' websites present, for example, a scale plan of the flat where the furniture is drawn smaller than in the scale plan of the flat. Green names are used for green areas in the computer visualisation of the final image of the development plan for the surroundings of a block of flats that is under construction. In the computer visualisation of the final image of the development plan for the surroundings of a block of flats that is under construction, large green areas are drawn, while in reality concrete car parks, additional roads and further blocks of flats etc. are often built in these areas.

In view of the above, I address the following question to the esteemed community of scientists and researchers:

What do you think about this topic?

What is your opinion on this subject?

Please respond,

I invite you all to discuss,

Thank you very much,

Counting on your opinions, on getting to know your personal opinion, on an honest approach to the discussion of scientific issues and not on ready-made answers generated in ChatGPT, I deliberately used the phrase "in your opinion" in the question.

The above text is entirely my own work written by me on the basis of my research.

I have not used other sources or automatic text generation systems such as ChatGPT in writing this text.

Copyright by Dariusz Prokopowicz

Warm regards,

Dariusz Prokopowicz

The construction and housing sectors are cyclical sectors, i.e. the economic situation in these sectors, including the level of investment, is usually strongly correlated with the economic situation in the economy as a whole. When central banks raise interest rates, loans on offer from commercial banks become more expensive, including investment loans taken out with banks by developers building housing estates and mortgages with which citizens buy property. In view of the fact that in many countries bank loans have been increasing in price for several months or more, so the scale of new investments in the construction sector has declined strongly. On the other hand, when the economy is in crisis, many sectors are in decline then unemployment rises, incomes, consumption and investment fall. In view of the above, the activation of the construction of houses and flats within the framework of housing policy, which is an important segment of socio-economic policy, can also be an important factor in the anti-crisis measures of the government during the economic downturn. In such a situation, the activation of investment processes for the construction of houses and housing estates can be an important factor in limiting the scale of the development of an economic downturn and economic crisis. Efficient stimulation of the housing construction market within the framework of housing policy, which is an important segment of counter-cyclical, anti-crisis, Keynsian, developmental, investment-oriented socio-economic policy, can be one of the key determinants of a significant increase in the economy's resilience to economic crises. Periods of economic decline occur every few years as part of business cycles and large, trans-national financial and economic crises occur every dozen or more years. In addition to such crises, the scale of a kind of new crisis is growing, which will also influence the development of economic processes in the future. The development of technology, civilisation, consumption of raw materials in manufacturing processes, the level of environmental pollution, deforestation, the extinction of many species of flora and fauna, the decline in the biodiversity of natural ecosystems, greenhouse gas emissions, etc., have all significantly accelerated since the mid-20th century. The result of the increase in civilisational greenhouse gas emissions since the mid-20th century is an accelerating process of global warming, the increasing scale of the negative effects of this process year after year, and the growing risk and scale of a global climate-ecological catastrophe, which may already occur at the end of this 21st century. Therefore, economic policy should be transformed into a green transformation policy for the economy and, within the framework of a Keynsian, development-oriented, investment-oriented, green socio-economic policy, one of the key segments of which would be the activation of green transformation investments in the construction sector and the development of sustainable low-energy, zero-energy and low-carbon construction. The green transformation process in the building sector on the one hand on carrying out thermal modernisation of existing buildings and replacing heat and electricity sources with renewable and zero-carbon energy sources. On the other hand, the development of sustainable low-energy, zero-energy and low-carbon buildings is based on the construction of new houses, housing estates, industrial buildings, public institutions, office buildings and others, taking into account the application of new green building technologies, energy efficiency standards, supply of energy exclusively from renewable and emission-free energy sources and adherence to the principles of closed-loop economics.

In view of the above, I address the following question to the esteemed community of scientists and researchers:

And what is your opinion on this?

What do you think about this subject?

Please respond,

I invite you all to discuss,

Thank you very much,

The following articles are related to the above issues in some respects:

FAMILY 500 PLUS PROGRAMMES AND FLAT PLUS WITH KEY INSTRUMENTS FOR PRIVATE SOCIAL POLICY IN POLAND

NATIONAL HOUSING PROGRAM OF THE MAIN STRATEGIC AND PROGRAM DOCUMENT FOR THE CURRENT STATE RESIDENTIAL POLICY OF THE STATE

I invite you to collaborate with me on research projects.

Best regards,

Dariusz Prokopowicz

In many countries, specific housing programmes have been designed and implemented or attempted to be implemented with varying results, which consisted of activating and subsidising, within the framework of government financial support programmes, investments in the construction of flats, housing estates, houses, etc. The aim of such programmes is primarily to reduce the scale of the housing gap in society by increasing the number of flats and residential houses in the country, increasing to a large extent the availability of housing for citizens, including young people starting families. Besides, in connection with the fact that the construction sector is one of the key cyclical sectors in the economy, so among the key objectives of introducing such programmes within the framework of the government's housing policy is also the activation of economic processes through the creation of an additional economic growth activator, which can also be an important anti-crisis factor in the economy during the forecasted and ongoing economic downturn caused, for example, by international factors, the global economic crisis affecting the open economy. Unfortunately, not all such housing policies have worked effectively. For example, in the country where I operate such a housing policy programme, whose official strategic goal was to counteract the high housing deficit in the country in the face of social needs, was to be the Housing Plus Programme, the implementation of which was started by the PIS government from 2016, i.e. immediately after winning the parliamentary elections. This programme, alongside the social programme Family 500 Plus, was one of the key election slogans before the parliamentary elections held in autumn 2015, which the organised PIS political group won and thanks to which the PIS government, which has been in power for almost 8 years, was formed. Unfortunately, despite the passage of two parliamentary terms and the governments in power, the housing programme announced in the 2015 election campaign has not been implemented on the announced scale. In view of the above, the social and housing current goals of the Housing Plus Programme have only been realised by a few per cent relative to the original plan, the strategic goal of significantly reducing the housing deficit gap has not been realised. In fact, only the political objective of this housing policy programme, i.e. winning the parliamentary elections in 2015 and the local elections held in the following years, has been fully realised.

In view of the above, I address the following question to the esteemed community of researchers and scientists:

And what is your opinion on this?

What is your opinion on this subject?

Please respond,

I invite you all to discuss,

Thank you very much,

Best regards,

Dariusz Prokopowicz

Inflation is rising. Central banks are raising interest rates in an attempt to curb rising inflation. Credit is becoming more expensive. Sales of loans offered by commercial banks are falling. Also, the amount of housing loans, mortgages, for construction investments is falling rapidly in 2022 against 2021. As a result, the activity of economic processes is falling, the economy is deteriorating, the amount of new investments is falling, and unemployment may start to rise in the following months and quarters. Perhaps at the end of 2022 or in 2023, many countries will see a deep economic downturn, a recession of the economy, perhaps also stagflation. The construction sector, on the other hand, is classified as a cyclical sector in economies. Therefore, in order to limit the downturn and reduce the scale of future recession, the government, as part of its anti-crisis economic policy, should support the development of the construction sector.

Support programmes for new construction investments should be developed. Perhaps new financial support programmes for the purchase of housing could help in this regard?

If so, how should anti-crisis construction support programmes be structured?

What are the anti-crisis housing support programmes?

What is your opinion on this subject?

Please respond,

I invite you all to discuss,

Thank you very much,

Best regards,

Dariusz Prokopowicz

In a situation of a balanced state budget, a low level of indebtedness of the state finances and current economic realities, can a large-scale state-supported housing policy and social policy be promoted and promoted on a large scale?

Does the housing policy based on the state-supported construction of affordable housing for citizens and the system of family-friendly benefits paid to raise fertility in society as part of social policy are good instruments for pro-development socio-economic policy? In a situation of well-managed public finance, in a situation of a balanced state budget, whether the low level of national finance debt can be developed on a large scale, the aforementioned housing policy and social policy? In a situation of well-managed state finance and current economic realities, can a large-scale state-supported housing policy and social policy be promoted on a large scale in order to improve housing and living conditions, raise the income and financial situation of citizens? Can this kind of pro-development social and economic policy be a good solution to the situation of a decline in economic activity and the cyclically slowdown of the country's economic growth?

Please reply

I invite you to the discussion

Thank you very much

Dear Friends and Colleagues of RG

I invite you to discussion and cooperation.

Best wishes

By 2016 It was estimated that Uganda had about 7.3 million households living in 6.2 million housing units with an average household size of 4.7 persons. The national occupancy density was estimated at 1.1 household per housing unit, giving a total backlog of 710,000 housing units. There was also an estimated backlog of 900,000 housing units as a result of sub-standard houses and structures which were never meant for human habitation. Out of a total backlog of 1.6 million housing units, about 210,000 units were in urban areas while 1.395 million units were in rural areas. In 2016, Uganda‘s government adopted the National Housing Policy was to provide a framework that provides adequate housing for all. one of the objectives of the policy was to o increase the production of adequate housing for all income groups, from the current 60,000 to 200,000 housing units per annum to meet the housing need by 2022;

What would be the best strategies to improve access and provision of low income housing in less developed countries like Uganda.

·

How should the national, pro-development housing policy be shaped as one of the key factors of the state's economic development?

In my opinion, construction is such a booming and developing sector of the economy. However, in the context of the current processes of long-term business cycles, the slowdown in economic growth recorded since the end of 2018 in many countries and in the context of the state finances, the following are the current questions.

In my opinion, construction is the key pro-development sector of the economy, which also significantly affects the material situation of citizens. Housing and social policy are usually important elements of socio-economic policy, which significantly affect the standard of living of citizens. However, in the context of the current processes of long-term business cycles, the slowdown in economic growth recorded since the end of 2018 in many countries and in the context of the state of state finances, the following question is up-to-date:

In a situation of a balanced state budget, a low level of indebtedness of the state finances and current economic realities, can a large-scale state-supported housing policy and social policy be promoted and promoted on a large scale?

In connection with the above, the key questions are as follows:

Please reply

I invite you to the discussion

Thank you very much

Dear Friends and Colleagues of RG

I invite you to discussion and cooperation.

Best wishes

What instruments of state intervention are applied in your country as part of a pro-development, anti-crisis, counter-cyclical, Keynesian socio-economic policy and pro-social housing policy?

In some developing countries, pro-development, anti-crisis, countercyclical, Keynesian socio-economic policies and pro-social housing policies are currently underway, which are a significant determinant of high economic growth and provide citizens with material and economic well-being. In individual countries, analogical instruments of state intervention are usually used as part of pro-development, anti-crisis, counter-cyclical, Keynesian socio-economic policy and pro-social housing policy.

The applied state intervention instruments also contribute to the activation of innovation and entrepreneurship, reduction of unemployment, investment growth, income and consumption. In individual countries, analogical instruments of state intervention are usually used, including selected instruments of fiscal, budgetary and monetary policy, however, in a different structure of the use of individual instruments and a different share of their financing from the public finances of the state.

In view of the above, I am asking you the following question:

What instruments of state intervention are applied in your country as part of a pro-development, anti-crisis, counter-cyclical, Keynesian socio-economic policy and pro-social housing policy?

Please reply

I invite you to discussion and scientific cooperation

Dear Friends and Colleagues of RG

The issues of specific programs to improve the economic, financial, material and housing situation of households as key instruments of pro-development state intervention and significant components of the socio-economic policy of the state I described in the publications:

I invite you to discussion and cooperation.

Best wishes

Does housing policy, including the policy of activating the development of the real estate market, housing, including the construction of new housing, housing estates, do you think is an important part of the socio-economic policy of the state?

Do you agree with me on the above matter?

In the context of the above issues, I am asking you the following question:

Please reply

I invite you to the discussion

Thank you very much

Dear Friends and Colleagues of RG

I invite you to discussion and cooperation.

Best wishes

I am trying to create a introductory course with the subject of housing policy and housing market, is there any classic theory or book for this subject, including economics and non-economics theory or frameworks? As this is a introductory course, neither any abstract model nor high level terminology would be used, but search for generate a more reasonable understanding for the beginners who are interested.

In which economic conditions, active housing policy, under which new housing estates are being built on a large scale, can be an effective instrument for pro-development, Keynesian, counter-cyclical state interventionism?

How should the state run an active, investment housing policy within which new housing estates are being built on a large scale in order to support balanced economic development without generating credit risk growth and subsequent economic crises as part of pro-development, Keynesian, anti-cyclical state intervention?

Please reply

Best wishes

Yes, in my opinion, it is possible to combine technology and business. Taking into account the current technologies of ecological construction, technologies of renewable energy sources, etc., it is possible to combine such technologies as housing, socio-economic, ecological and smart city policies. Currently, this is possible technologically, while the key problem is mainly financing the development of this type of construction.

Unfortunately, as always with the need to develop new pro-ecological technologies, the key issue is the problem of finding sources of financing. In connection with the above, will sustainable sustainable housing development be developed to solve the problems of limited access to housing for people, low-income families, depends mainly on the financial capabilities of the state and local governments, state finances and awareness of the policy makers from the planned specific policy prosocial and residential as well as pro-ecological.

Do you agree with me on the above matter?

In the context of the above issues, I am asking you the following question:

Please reply

I invite you to the discussion

Thank you very much

In which sectors of the economy, types of economic activity should be used development-oriented socio-economic policy to stimulate the economic processes of the entire economy?

This issue is particularly important now, ie in the period of the forecasted slowdown in economic growth in many countries for 2019.

What types of business ventures should be supported by state bodies and co-financed from the state budget?

What types of public goods should be developed as part of a pro-development socio-economic policy?

What types of investment projects, eg in communication, energy and IT infrastructure, should be developed with state support?

What economic policy should be actively pursued by the state? Is monetary policy (eg purchase of assets lost by central banks from commercial banks), fiscal policy (eg lowering certain categories of taxes), housing policy (eg building housing for the poorest citizens), social policy (eg subsidies for setting up a business in the form of a micro-enterprise) etc.?

Please, answer, comments.

I invite you to the discussion.

Best wishes

What are the effects of gentrification of low-income housing estates in developing countries? Are government housing policies complicit in any way? I am looking for literature on this subject and would appreciate any leads. Thank you.

Many prognostic macroeconomic studies suggest a slowdown in economic growth in 2019.

Therefore, it is important to develop a countercyclical, anti-crisis, interventionist, active, pro-development socio-economic policy.

In connection with the above, it is current and important to formulate the answer to the following question: What socio-economic policy is appropriate for the period of slowdown in economic growth?

What instruments of socio-economic policy should be applied?

What sectors of the economy, which industries, what types of economic activities should be activated and supported by specific instruments of socio-economic policy to revive economic processes throughout the economy?

What instruments of fiscal, social, housing policy etc. should be used in modern economies to revive economic processes throughout the economy?

Please, answer, comments.

I invite you to the discussion.

Dear Friends and Colleagues of RG

The issues of the economic, financial, material and housing situation of households against the background of the state's economic policy have been described in the publications:

I invite you to discussion and cooperation.

Best wishes

When looking at housing policy and how it is analysed it becomes clear that the quantitative direct analysis of policy is not suffice. In the time of alternative facts and compromise of Evidence informed policy. Causal logics in the study of Policy text can be an objective way to build policy by structuring even empirical data. Now the inductive and deductive logics alone are not producing policies that is delivering on housing needs. Fundamentally also because of the complexity of housing environment. Thus having a synthesis of These empirical models with the IPA analysis of prof Steve Wallis on policy text can be a great tool to improve policy analysis? Please help with best known frameworks?

Is there any design and probable cost available for the rapid, safe and affordable housing for the mountainous region? Need the solution for the low income people. 

Can anyone suggest good work about the (social) structure of residents of co-housing projects? I'm interested in studies, surveys which analyse the structure of residents based on aspects like the economic situation, education, age,social class, ...

I am evaluating the process and product of collaborative governance in housing regenertions and for assessing product I need to be clear with the indicators. 

I am particularly interested in comparative analyses on international scale.

There is a common prejudice that decentralisation is a good thing; however, I doubt this is always the case and am curious about deeper analyses.

Thanks everybody!

I need to find out in which countries does it exist and how does it work. (except from UK and USA)

Some locaities in California and New York are still using Rent Control but nationwide, the majority have abolished such regulations following policy advice from academic scholars and practitioners who used statistical analysis to prove that rent control reduces housing supply and qualities.

I am particularly  interested in the marge de manoeuvre offered to residents, through mixed solutions of free market and social housing allocation.   

Thank you in advance,

Ana.

I am doing a literature review on the broad number of issues related to informal settlements and illegal construction in the Global North. I would be grateful for your recommendations on country case studies (including city case studies) in North America (USA, Canada), EU 28 (all countries), East and South East Europe (non EU), Central Asia (Incl. Russian Federation, Ukraine, Moldova, Azerbaijan, Tajikistan, Armenia, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, etc.), pan-national and international comparisons, challenges identified, lessons learned.  

For example: varioparker  and others (max. 2 cars); in blocks of flats; advantages and disadvantages.

Part of new research

Please your information will assist in a research work

I want to do a research about this policy especially in a big city, so everything related to this will help me in doing my research.

Knowing the fact that younger generations are facing troubles in gaining access to housing, I am curious to find out if there is any contemporary research about the factors that are shaping housing aspirations and expectations of this group of users?

I need reliable data-sets that I can use in regression analysis and trend analysis of public (local and/or national) housing policies.

After reviewing a series of literature on housing policy and affordable housing development, there is hardly any quantitative research focusing on exploring any model of affordable housing development and its policy perception. This is extremely true when I search the literature on China's (including Hong Kong, and Taiwan) housing study.

I am interested in finding out how best to operationalize a variable which measures the efficiency of operations within multifamily properties given a large data set. In an effort to operationalize the efficiency variable, I have essentially summed up all of the operating expenses associated with the property and divided that figure by the number of units to get a "cost per unit" figure. Is this generally accepted practice within the research community, especially when comparing such a cost figure against other properties and property types?

Trying to connect peer - shared housing models ( cohousing in specific ) with the sub - protective model currently present in Serbia. Can anyone suggest papers or relevant material in this field?

I would also kindly need information on single-family housing percentage of all housing. Thank you.

I need the percentage of detached homes out of all homes roughly during 1900-1920. Also, the percentage of private homeownership in the same historic period. Data for Birmingham would be especially helpful.

Housing policies and markets development has been a problem in developing countries. It has been argued that urbanization is so fast that housing policies and markets are lacking behind. To what extent therefore has urbanization influenced these two very important components of urban housing development in developing countries? First, what is a developing country? Second, what factors drive urbanization in developing countries?