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Homophobia - Science topic

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critically discuss homophobia in South African schools through the lens of the functionalist theory and the conflict theory?
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Homophobia is an expression of abnormality in human nature, which naturally functions as a pair between those who are different. For example, day is paired with night, sadness is paired with happiness, men are paired with women, and so on. So that life is orderly and harmonious. If you force yourself to partner with someone who is not in your nature, problems or conflicts will arise.
One of the education methods is teaching how to solve conflicts or problems so as to find solutions.
In relation to homophobia, it is a case of abnormalities in choosing a partner that is prone to causing conflict, so it would be good if it was used as a case study to be discussed critically in the world of education. As is done in African schools.
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Im currently working on my BA thesis but I cant find any literature about the expectations of the LGBTQ+ community for straight people to stand up against homophobia. If anyone has any idea or any research about this topic, please do let me know.
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"Roughly speaking, contemporary censorship from the right is mainly of parental or institutional origin, concerns race or sex, and is focused on grades K through 12. From the left, it is therapeutic and advocacy-generated, concerns the “triggering” of negative feelings, and is aimed at higher education. The danger of the right is dictatorship, of the left, self-righteousness. But the banning of books and language is anti-democratic whether it comes from the fragile left or the power-grabbing right.
If, as textbook publishers and writers, we want to hear from people of all races, ethnicities, and genders, and if their experience includes some of the dramatic or traumatic experiences people face, which may include, even apart from slurs, alcoholism, abuse, abandonment, or suicide, how can we excise those experiences from literature, and to what end? If, intending to expand examples from BIPOC writers of imaginative literature, we nevertheless insist on omitting their experience of expletives, racism, and violence, we silence the very people we have claimed to represent. The same can be said of the experience of some LGBTQ+ writers. We insist on their inclusion but lop off important parts of their truth — sex, love, rejection, violence, despair — in the interests of classroom comfort. Doing so defeats our expressed purpose, implying shame in place of acceptance. Promulgating such censorship, we become racist and homophobic."
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I am doing a research on Homophobia among youth and parents for which I am thinking to use a standardized questionnaire- Homosexuality Attitude Scale (HAS), but the scoring information of the questionnaire does not provide the range to level the attitude. Is it possible to set my own range by using proper statistical method?
Thanks,
Eli Nasrin Farhana
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The outcome of HAS is continuous, from 21-105. And, there's no set criteria to divide the range into low medium and high attitudes. No matter what criteria you'll adopt will be criticised.
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I want to explore how prejudices against LGBTQ people might influence quality of care by health care providers. Thank you.
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In a large urban teaching hospital treating many patients with AIDS, 37 medical house officers and 91 registered nurses completed a questionnaire designed to measure attitudes about homosexuality. Mean scores for both physicians and nurses fell in the low-grade homophobic range. No significant differences were found between scores for doctors and nurses, but women respondents were significantly more homophobic than men.
Homophobia among doctors | The BMJ
Homophobia among physicians and nurses: an empirical study - PubMed (nih.gov)
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I think whether or not it's unethical will depend on how you frame it. In general, looking at the intersection of identities between race/ethnicity and sexual orientation or gender identity isn't unethical. It's necessary, important work that prevents us from missing nuances and difference of experience. Not attending to the intersection of race and LGBTQ identities risks designing public health interventions that aren't appropriate for those who are most marginalized. An important piece of doing this well would be allowing folks to self-identify their race and their sexual orientation and gender.
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With the term 'homophobia' so present in the public's consciousness, it makes sense that the term 'biphobia' arose as a definition of hostility towards bisexuals but I have noticed academics use the term 'bi-negativity' in their research, or use the two terms interchangeably. Which one do you prefer to use, and what is your reasoning for doing so? (a link to a discussion on these terms would also be helpful!) Thanks!
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Hi Tara, critical psychologists tend to offer critiques of individualistic terms such as 'phobias' and this is one of the reasons why I would use bisexual marginalisation over biphobia.
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The need to teach young people about the topic is dormant today, since this question is in the sight of all. Educating young people on this issue can be crucial for integration into the society of this group and eliminate issues such as homophobia. The question is, how can we do it? and above all, would you be willing schools to take this kind of initiative?
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I have just taken over as Editor of British Mensa's Androgyny Special Interest Group and we shall be producing a quarterly "journal-zine" which should aim to tackle these issues and reach a more general audience.  I will be archiving the documents on here soon enough so keep an eye out as you might be interested in some of the content.
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In Brazil, I found three related studies: one with professors of Psychology and two with Psychology students. 
Camino and Pereira (2000) investigated professors of Psychology, relating their beliefs about homosexuality and their support to a Brazilian official resolution that prohibits pathologization of homosexuality. Lacerda, Pereira, and Camino (2002) investigated Psychology students relating their beliefs about the nature of homosexuality and levels of homophobia. Also, Psychology students are compared to Law students in a study by Araújo, Oliveira, Sousa, and Castanha (2007).
References
Araújo, L. F. de, Oliveira, J. da S. C. de, Sousa, V. C. de, & Castanha, A. R. (2007). Adoção de crianças por casais homoafetivos: Um estudo comparativo entre universitários de Direito e de Psicologia. Psicologia & Sociedade, 19(2). doi:10.1590/s0102-71822007000200013
Camino, L., & Pereira, C. (2000). O papel da psicologia na construção dos direitos humanos: Análise das teorias e práticas psicológicas na discriminação ao homossexualismo. Perfil, 13(13), 49-69.
Lacerda, M., Pereira, C., & Camino, L. (2002). Um estudo sobre as formas de preconceito contra homossexuais na perspectiva das representações sociais. Psicologia: Reflexão e Crítica, 15(1), 165–178. doi:10.1590/s0102-79722002000100018
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This may not be directly related but might be of interest and use.
Hill, D. B., & Willoughby, B. L. (2005). The development and validation of the genderism and transphobia scale. Sex roles, 53(7-8), 531-544.
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Is there a scale that looks at gay people's (the minority) own views on how homophobia affects them personally. Past research has called it internalised homophobia.
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Hi Peter!
there are several measures of internalized homonegativity/homophobia:
In my researches, conducted in Italy, I used very often the Measure of Internalized Sexual Stigma, MISS (Lingiardi, Baiocco, & Nardelli, 2012). Two versions exist for lesbian and gay people, both of 17 items. It composed by 3 dimensions: one related to identity, one related to the social discomfort, and the last one related to sexuality.
There are also:
-The Internalized Homo-negativity Inventory, IHNI (Mayfield, 2001), which measures internalized homonegativ-ity in gay men. It was made of 23 items that load on 3 sub scales, which were labeled Personal Homonegativity, Gay Affirmation, and Morality of Homosexuality.
-The Lesbian Internalized Homophobia Scale, LIHS (Szymanski & Chun, 2001), composed by 52 items divided into 5 sub-scales;
-The Internalized Homophobia (IHP) Scale (Martin & Dean, 1992), composed by 9 items in one only dimension;
-The Nungesser Homosexuality Attitudes Inventory (Nungesser, 1983). It's a 34-item instrument which provides a general measure of homophobic prejudice i n homosexual men.
I hope I was helpful
Best regards!
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Do you know any articles/theories that discuss homophobia or anxiety of being gay? I would like to find reasons behind the anti-homosexual cognition (not behaviors but the psychological dynamics behind the negative thinking).
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I feel all of these papers by Meyer may be of interest to you!
Meyer, I.H., Ouellette, S., Haile, R., & MacFarlane, T. (2011). “We’d be free”: Narratives of life without homophobia, racism, or sexism. Sexuality Research & Social Policy, 8, 204-214. doi: 10.1007/s13178-011-0063-0
Meyer, I.H. (2003). Prejudice, social stress, and mental health in lesbian, gay, and bisexual populations: Conceptual issues and research evidence. Psychological Bulletin, 129(5), 674-697. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.129.5.674
Meyer, I.H. (1995). Minority stress and mental health in gay men. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 36(1), 38-56.
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Is there any validated instrument about internalized homophobia?
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Hello, you may be interested in these publications, best wishes.
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I've done research on homophobia among adolescents and now I'm searching for sources that may support some of my evidence where those coming from poor economic environs, having expressed poor QoL, self-satisfaction and general frustration with their home and school facilities or environments show statistically significant higher level of homophobic prejudice, etc. Thank you in advance!
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Dear Carlos, 
thank you for great feedback I'm gglad to have a look at these materials!
Best wishes,
Michal
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While the authors are diligent to point out the racial imbalances between MSM participating in longitudinal cohort studies and the possible misclassification of HIV-infected men according to their presumed actual route of HIV infection, the lack of valid means of confirming self-reported sexual orientation in most of the cohorts contributing non-MSM HIV infected men, the vast majority of whom were African American, undermines the sub-group comparisons of HIV-infected men based on self-reported sexual risk factors. For at least the MACS, at the time of the initial cohort recruitment (1984), few if any African-American men self-identified as homosexual or bisexual, largely because of the extremely high levels of homophobia in their communities of origin. Even today, when the racial disparity in the risk of newly reported HIV infections among Black MSM compared to White or Latin MSM is increasing, studies trying to determine the social drivers of this phenomenum consistently demonstrate that fear of disclosure of their sexuality among Black MSM in major segregated cities is associated with underestimated risk of being HIV+ and seeking testing and counseling. Otherwise, this is a very compelling secondary analysis that should reinforce public health policies that ensure that young men are universally vaccinated against HPV. By the time many African American men realize that they are at high risk of contracting both HPV and HIV infection, many of them will have already been dually infected and have already entered the subgroup of men at highest risk of anal cancer from sexual exposure.
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Dear Sir,
May be this link can help you.
Best regards.
Nouhoum
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i am constructing a survey to determine attitudes of young adults toward homosexuality. I will be using a demographic of religiosity as a variable. 
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Prior research finds that insecure or anxious/avoidant attachment styles in gay men are related to engagement in extradyadic behaviors despite agreed upon monogamy. My current research study (n=38, modal age= 36, SD=9.2 years) indicates that an anxious attachment style in gay-identified men is significantly correlated with infidelity.
When asked about past monogamous relationships, just under half of the sample reported having had sex with "someone other than their permanent partner." When asked about their current relationship, 33% indicated engaging in extradyadic behaviors without their partner's knowledge.
Using the Adult Attachment Inventory to assess attachment style, 35% reported that they generally experienced, in all of their romantic relationships, a fear that they would lose their partner. 16% reported feeling nervous when their partners became emotionally close to them. My study also looks at how internalized homophobia and attachment style related to the frequency of extradyadic events. I'm still analyzing the data. Thoughts? Will legalization of marriage between same-sex couples impact this trend at all?
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Gormley, Barbara (bgormley@gsu.edu) Lopez, Frederick G.(2010) 'Authoritarian and Homophobic Attitudes: Gender and Adult Attachment Style Differences', Journal of Homosexuality, 57: 4, 525 — 538
"Men with dismissing [attachment] styles evidenced the highest levels of homophobia, whereas women with dismissing styles demonstrated the lowest levels; that is, a fear of intimacy seemed to contribute to homophobic attitudes found among heterosexual men."
Internalized homophobia and adult attachment: Implications for clinical practice.
Sherry, Alissa
Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training, Vol 44(2), Jun 2007, 219-225. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0033-3204.44.2.219
 Alessi, H., Ahn, B., Kulkin, H., & Ballard, M. (2011). An exploratory study: Lesbian identity development and attachment style. Retrieved from http://counselingoutfitters .com/vistas/vistas11/Article_72.pdf
Sexual Addiction & Compulsivity: The Journal of Treatment & Prevention Vol 13,  2-3, 2006.  The Sex Addicted Mixed-Orientation Marriage: Examining Attachment Styles, Internalized Homophobia and Viability of Marriage After Disclosure
DOI:10.1080/10720160600870737
M. Deborah Corleya & Joe Kortbpages 167-193
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I would like to investigate further knowledge of intersectionality.
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I am not familiar with a specific tool or index myself. However, Professor Olena Hankivsky has written a great deal on intersectionality as a policy tool. A search for articles and white papers authored by her seems a good place to start.  And if that search is unproductive, perhaps try contacting her directly. I believe she is affiliated with Simon Fraser University, British Columbia, Canada.