Historical - Science topic

Two-part, narrated video documentary on the history of the Lehigh Valley Railroad (New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania 1846–1976). Part One: "Anthracite and Ambition", Part Two: "Diesel and Decline" (working titles). Currently in pre-production, Winter 2023/2024.

Reconfigurable Manufacturing System (RMS) provides a cost-effective approach for manufacturers to adapt to fluctuating market demands by reconfiguring assets through automated analysis of asset utilization and resource allocation. Achieving this automation necessitates a clear understanding, formalization, and documentation of asset capabilities an...

Mining methods selection (MMS) is one of the most critical and complex decision-making tasks in mine planning. The selection of underground mining methods is considered to be the most problematic due to the complexity associated with the orebody geometry, geology, and geotechnical properties. This study integrated artificial intelligence and machin...

In historical texts, one can find traces of historical characters who are close to the heroes of romances in terms of actions and personality traits. The authors of these texts have made every effort to show these events as real. One of these personalities is Jalal al-Din Khwarazmshah. 'Battle of Indus' has been narrated in the life of this hero in...

One of the most frequent themes in the field of mystical literature is the soul. In mystical works, the soul is described with various interpretations and titles, most of which are symbolic and mystified. This research seeks to find out what symbols Attar Neyshabouri used for the soul in his poetic works (Elahi¬nameh, Asrar¬nameh, Mantiq Al-Tair, P...

In this chapter, we provide an overview of the phenomenon of curiosity. We shed light on the historical development of the concept as well as recent research on curiosity in organizations. Moreover, we highlight practical implications, critical reflections, and future research avenues.

This is a second edition of a symposium organized by Aarón M. Santana Cordero (Universidad de Salamanca, Spain) where researchers working on “land and history” topics are invited to participate with a 18-minutes presentation. PhD students are also welcome. Disciplines within the focus are (but not exclusively to) historical ecology, landscape ecolo...

Digital nomadism is a fast-growing phenomenon all over the world. The current situation and historical development of this phenomenon are discussed in order to clarify the concept. The research topics related to digital nomads are also examined. Because of the digital nomadism movement, digital nomad destinations have been emerging. It is necessary...

This chapter provides readers with an introduction to the edited volume, Conducting genre-based research in applied linguistics: A methodological guide. It begins with a brief historical overview of the emergence of the term genre within applied linguistics, followed by a discussion of the three major approaches to genre (also sometimes referred to...

This chapter establishes dialogue between Gramsci and decolonial thought, identifying Gramsci as an anti-colonial and decolonial Global Southerner. By reference to Gramsci’s (1971, p. 240) adage that ‘the line of development is towards internationalism, but the point of departure is “national”’, the chapter discusses the ALBA-TCP/ALBA Movements ‘pl...

How can we resume a development project that embraces urban reform and the right to the city? We seek to outline a theoretical and analytical framework consistent with this possibility, understanding that Brazilian cities can function as vectors for the reconstruction of the nation after the recent period of successive crises, especially the urban...

In this essay I discuss a case study of one way in which performance might engage with ecology: Child of Tree (1975) by John Cage (1912-1992). This case study is not based upon empirical research in ecological topics; qua performance Child of Tree does not avail itself of ecological data; and its political position is only proto-ecocritical. Howeve...

In the age of scientism, it is not a surprise to revisit Lukács’ realist view of literature. Although some scholars have criticized his holism view, his realist view of literature is exactly what the times need, in terms of its concern for the reality of human life and its criticism of social reality. This general view is useful in realizing the re...

The purpose of the article is to study the creative development, the aesthetic and the philosophical searches of Stanislav Shumytskyi’s work within the cultural and historical process of the 60s of the 20th century. The basis of the methodological approach in this research work is a complex systematic study, which is based on a qualitative combinat...

Despite the impact of ideological rigidity, the primary challenge of heritage planning in Tehran and beyond lies not in the dominance of an inflexible Authorized Heritage Discourse, but rather in the absence of stable spatial-discursive and administrative structures. Solmaz Yadollahi maps the historical trajectory of conservation and urban heritage...

The activism efforts of Latinx students from the 1960s to 1990s at Michigan State University preceded the current resources available to Latinxs on campus today. Guided by transformational resistance, university library archival sources are used to showcase various activism efforts demonstrated by these collegians. Some include a grape purchasing b...

As the two largest emerging emitters with the highest growth in operational carbon emissions from residential buildings, the historical emission patterns and decarbonization efforts of China and India warrant further exploration. This study aims to be the first to present a carbon intensity model considering end-use performances, assessing the oper...

Spatial data warehouses store large volumes of integrated and historized multidimensional spatial data in order to be explored and analyzed by various users. The data exploration is a process of searching relevant information in a data set. The data set to explore is a spatial data cube taken out from the spatial data warehouse that users interroga...

A brief historic overview of the Hokkien Language

Temples are not just worshiping spaces; they have been one of the driving forces of Indian civilization. They cannot be detached from the culture of a region with which they are closely linked. As various practices and rituals of temples are influenced by the regions they are located in, temples on their part have an abiding influence on defining r...

The recommendation system makes recommendations based on the preferences of the users. These user preferences usually come from the user’s basic information, item rating, historical data, and so on. The "user cold start problem" happens when a new user cannot be appropriately suggested due to a lack of more detailed preference information. In many...

This article explores the historical and geopolitical factors surrounding the assassination of the Western Turkic Khagan in a Chinese palace in 619 AD, shedding light on the Turko-Chinese rivalry in Central Asia along the Silk Road. The assassination marked a turning point in the region's power dynamics and showcased the complexities of the Turko...

Since its inception in 1948, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights has been a truly historical instrument. It marked an important milestone of the mankind in an effort to re-build from the ashes a new international legal order for all human beings. This article suggests that despite numerous disputes over the origin and substance of the Declara...

The main objective of this research paper is to acquire an efficient understanding of the historical background of dalits. The dalits have one of the primary goals of bringing about improvements in their overall quality of lives. They are normally engaged in impure jobs, which are necessary in order to sustain their living conditions. The individua...

In this paper, after a historical introductory perspective on the absorbtion law of light by a transparent media, we describe an educational proposal using cheap, easily available material and a smartphone. The proposal is a useful tool for a class of high school students.

This is a preview of a new article for a planned second edition (in 2024) of my A Question of Style (Amazon: ebook and paperback, first edition, 2021). I explain how Socialist Realism developed historically and why it attacked Modernism. I also discuss how the leading German dramatist Bertolt Brecht (1898-1956) was criticised by Communist Party rev...

This review paper explores the evolution and intricacies of Management Information Systems (MIS) architecture. It covers historical developments, analyzes contemporary models, and delves into functional components. The study also addresses the impact of emerging technologies and provides insights into optimizing MIS for scalability, security, and a...

Weighting climate models has recently become a more accepted approach. However, it remains a topic of ongoing discussion, especially for analyses needed at regional scales, such as hydrological assessments. Various studies have evaluated the weighting approaches for climate simulations. Yet, few case studies have assessed the impacts of weighting c...

Next Basket Recommender Systems (NBRs) are designed to suggest the next shopping basket for a user by modeling their preferences based on their purchase history, typically represented as a sequence of historical baskets. Due to their broad applicability in the real-world E-commerce industry, studies on NBRs have garnered increasing attention in rec...

Process historiography seeks to identify past events that led up to or brought about a certain outcome of interest. Contrastive historiography seeks to identify past occurrences without which the outcome of interest would not have occurred. Both can be theorized in the language of counterfactuals, but the practical necessity of counterfactual reaso...

The Africanization of the feudal notion through the lens of colonialism and state restructuralisation in pre-and colonial Buganda. This study delves into the intricate interplay between indigenous socio-political systems and the impact of European colonial powers on the Buganda Kingdom. Through a comprehensive analysis of historical records, ethnog...

This text aims to present the disputes around the debate on the quality of education in Brazil, in the light of the historical and dialectical materialism. To this end, the text presents the antagonistic perspectives on the quality of education in the current political-educational debate and indicates that the ideological dispute present in the deb...

Under the rapid development of the new economic situation, China's financial market is showing a thriving take-off scene, and the theoretical development and practical cases related to finance are also increasing geometrically. Financial mathematics, as an important theory that emerges at the historic moment, advocates the use of mathematical think...

World History classrooms are ideal environments to introduce students to authentic assessment using museum websites. Student-created podcasts place students in the position of a curator, who must select a focal artifact, observe and analyze it, and contextualize its use and meaning with both primary and secondary sources. This article tracks the in...

Art no. 11/2020 concerning Job Creation is still valid, according to the deadline for the Constitutional Court Decision. During the two years it was ignored as unconstitutional, the articles that had been revoked or amended were reinstated. The principle of lex posterior derogate legi priori, should this principle be passed in order to revive the o...

In the paper I will, first, address certain apparent tensions in relation to Kuhn's legacy in the history of science. Kuhn was a historian before he became a philosopher of science. He had done and published historical work, he only had history graduate students, he imbued philosophy of science with historical considerations. And, yet, his widely a...

This article analyzes the three main aspects of the “Chinese school of archaeology, with Chinese characteristics and a Chinese ethos”. These characteristics were outlined by President Xi Jinping in a speech on September 28, 2020, and later referred to by several renowned Chinese archaeologists and historians in 2020 and 2021, to demonstrate that es...

The review describes the collection of works by the famous Kazan researcher of history and architecture S.P. Sanachin, which is devoted to the study of various issues in the history of Kazan and the Kazan region in the 16th–21st centuries. The author’s enormous contribution to the study of the historical, cultural, historical and architectural heri...

In the perspective of Environmental History, this article analyzes the social relations for environmental conservation in time and space of the Serra da Tiririca State Park. The story of the institutionalization of the Park was analyzed by using documental research and interviews. There are positive views, related to political mobilization and soci...

RESUMO-O objetivo desse artigo é traçar um breve retrospecto da evolução do regime de proteção das indicações geográficas no direito brasileiro. O objetivo é observar a relação entre os acordos internacionais, internalizados ou não, e a evolução da proteção das indicações geográficas no Brasil em uma perspectiva histórica. Esta análise se dá, desta...

This contribution is a slightly edited invited presentation at the Society for Biblical Literature annual international conference at the University of Pretoria, 3-7 July 2023, at a panel discussion titled “The role of context in Biblical Studies / exegesis”. A broad overview-interpretation of the past half a century Pentateuch studies in South Afr...

Purpose: This research aims to design a model of quality prediction system using data mining methods in the software-as-a-service (Saas) environment in order to facilitate manufacturers to be able to analyse process and product quality without software investment. Methodology/Approach: To develop the quality prediction model, this study utilized a...

This paper proposes a novel smart component model replacement (SCMR) approach that is not only efficient for large-scale nonlinear structural analysis, but also accurate in the refined simulation of components of interest. The method creates a FE model with a relatively coarse mesh to simulate the entire structure. During analysis, when a component...

An ancient traveler come to Corinth, and the record of what he saw. We wish we had records from others besides Pausanias and Paul-the two most frequently mentioned ancient travelers to Corinth-since neither of them has left an unproblematic account. Charles Williams and others have amply demonstrated so in regard to Pausanias's descriptions of vari...

Momentum strategy, a popular approach since the 1990s, has seen various successful iterations over the years. However, with the market environment evolving considerably in recent times, this study seeks to explore the efficacy of a specific momentum strategy on the S&P 500 in the past five years. The hypothesis centers on the correlation between re...

This scientific report examines the significance of preparing prospective educators for effective history and heritage instruction. The study delves into methods and strategies employed to equip students in the field of education with the skills necessary to deliver high-quality history lessons while nurturing a deep respect and understanding of hi...

Climate Field Reconstructions (CFRs) combine modern observational data with paleoclimatic proxies to estimate climate variables over spatiotemporal grids during time periods when widespread observations of climatic conditions do not exist. The Common Era (CE) has been a period over which many seasonally‐ and annually‐resolved CFRs have been produce...

Stroke public spending impacted an average of 120 million dollars per year and increased 15% during the historical series. Eighty-nine percent of these expenditures originated from hospital spending (p<0.05). On average, stroke accounted for 7.3% of spending on cardiovascular diseases and 0.72% of spending on the other codes of 10ª International Cl...

In this chapter, we provide an overview of the phenomenon of followership. We shed light on the historical development of the concept and its typologies as well as more recent approaches to studying followership via attitudes and expectations. Moreover, we highlight practical implications, critical reflections, and future research avenues.

This paper explores the workers' financial, social and legal conditions in Hard Times. The setting (time and place) has a great significance in the novel that shows some aspects of the industrial circumstances of the early Victorian period. In the introduction, a brief biography of the novelist, Charles Dickens and then a historical background of t...

Mean-variance theory emphasizes the consideration of returns and risks simultaneously. However, traditional optimization of the risk-return trade-off may not always align with the preferences of individual investors. Given that outcomes about daily LSTM predictions have been inconclusive, this study uses weekly price dataset for prediction aiming t...

The 'Galician Medical Journal' celebrates its thirtieth anniversary, marking three decades of impactful contributions to the medical field. Since its establishment in 1994, the journal has evolved, overcoming challenges to become a significant platform for disseminating medical knowledge. In this editorial, we briefly reflect on the historical evol...

This paper aims to analyze two brilliant poems by the Welsh poet Dylan Thomas. In the first stage, the poet's brief historical background and literary career would be pointed out. Then, The Hunchback in the Park would be analyzed in terms of the poetic elements and literary devices. Thomas uses different elements of nature as an aesthetic descripti...

Futures trading is a financial mechanism whose key role is to allow buyers and sellers to speculate on the future prices of commodities and financial instruments. One of the fascinating aspects of this field is that the attitude and enthusiasm for futures trading varies from country to country. The main thrust of this article is focused on discussi...

This article presents an overview of literature on special education teacher burnout and attrition, which has historically been a significant challenge that culminates in a cycle of teacher shortages and subsequent negative outcomes for students with disabilities. As a proactive measure to combat special education teacher stress, burnout, and attri...

The reading of ancient Persian heritage, and especially historical narratives based on cognitive theories such as Text World Theory is necessary, because new scientific approaches provide space for accurate identification and discovery of the hidden layers of texts. In this study, with the analytic-descriptive method, we applied the Text World Theo...

This article will discuss the different strategies of the two NBA commissioners for the growth of the league over the course of 40 years. Under the different historical background and development level of the two chairmen, Wen will analyze their policies to promote the development of the league and their strategies to promote the commercialization...

The article aims to investigate Gilberto Freyre’s ecological and environmental discourses in two distinct but interrelated historical moments. In the first moment, this work analyzes newspaper articles published by the Diário de Pernambuco in the 1920s, particularly in 1924, when the young Freyre wrote a series of texts in defense of the arborizati...

The study of non-historical monument gardens aimed to inventory and assess their current state compared to the original. These gardens were researched in detail, following the steps used for historical parks and gardens. Unclassified gardens were categorized using newly established criteria based on collected information. While there's less data ab...

Governments in developed nations today collect high tax revenues and spend vast amounts on security, regulation, infrastructure, and social programs. Yet developed nations were in no way born with effective state institutions. What explains the emergence of the modern state? And, why did capable states first form historically in Western Europe? Pro...

This paper explores or discusses the role of the United Nations to keep peace and maintain security. The paper proves the UN's legacy of peace and security. It will discuss the UN challenges, what happened in the past, and successes. The paper will also discuss that the UN is necessary as an international organisation that can lead the world peacef...

Recently, the rates between Chinese RMB and the USD have been on the rise with the deflation of Chinese RMB. This paper looked into the relationship of interest rate hikes and exchange rates between the U.S. and China. The interest rate in the U.S. is closely related to the strength of U.S. dollar and capital flow between the two largest economies...

In light of the rapid global urbanization, urban design has been shown to contribute largely to promoting the health and well-being of urban citizens. However, studies of urban design are underrepresented in low- and middle-income countries in Asia, where urban forms are traditionally compact and complex with multiple layers. Hanoi, a typical city...

This paper aims to redefine and negotiate the boundaries of Taiwan’s identity through an examination of historical films, delving into its complexity and fragility. It begins by providing a contextualisation of Taiwanese historical films. It then proceeds to compare narrative styles between the 1980s Taiwan New Cinema and 2010s films, tracing the t...

Luca Bartoli and Giacomo Corsetto were local migrants from a distant village in Italy to Rome in 1594 for a better life. Luca borrowed 230 Scudi from Giacomo as a new grocer in Rome and paid back an estimated half of the amount to Giacomo. In 1597, Luca returned to his village for a few months and returned to Rome in 1598. In the meantime, Giacomo...

This article explores the importance of Nordic material in Sabino Arana’s first Basque nationalism ideological development. The end of the century shows an increase in the propaganda about the greatness of the Anglo-Saxon race for the historical development in comparison with Latin people. Sabino Arana imitates the Anglo-Saxon race’s physical featu...

Recent studies have demonstrated the importance of the housing rental market in several Brazilian historic centers. In the Historic Center of Recife (HCR) – composed, roughly, of the neighborhoods of Bairro do Recife, Santo Antônio, São José and Boa Vista, which make up six different submarkets –, rental constitutes an important form of access to h...

This paper introduces a groundbreaking simulator designed to assess the repercussions of mega-earthquakes in diverse locations at any given time. Termed the "Post-Earthquake Damage Simulator (PED-Simulator)," this innovative tool presents a fresh perspective on evaluating the impact of earthquakes across various magnitudes, focusing on both human a...

The restoration of museum heritage is an important task with significant cultural and historical value; however, traditional methods of restoration are frequently constrained by the extent of the damage to the heritage as well as the constraints of the restoration techniques. In recent years, a method of restoration known as the diffusion model, wh...

By extracting the historical usage data of equipment spare parts in the equipment management platform, using Holt method to predict the demand of spare parts, and using MPG method, we can develop reasonable ordering strategy for the demand prediction of spare parts, and provide guarantee for the development of scientific spare parts reserve optimiz...

It’s important that I write, meditate, and pray to my ancestors. An ancestor in not a historized entity, rather an ancestor exists as an entity present in alternative forms. I do not feel the physical presence; however, sometimes I sense a spiritual presence that requires me, to readjust and lessen fetish with the physical in order to hear/feel an...

Developed coastlines require considerable investments into coastal protection measures to mitigate the effects of flooding caused by extreme sea levels (ESLs). To maximize the effectiveness of these measures, accurate estimates of the underlying hazard are needed. These estimates are typically determined by performing extreme value analysis on a sa...

This study explores the differences in approach between the scientific method and critical discussion of hadith in the thought of Rudolf Carnap and Muhammad Shuhudi Ismail. Carnap emphasized empirical verification, while Shuhudi Ismail highlighted the historical and cultural context in the understanding of hadith. The research aims to analyze the i...

This note is intended as an historical comment on a famous formula dating from the first half of the 18th century.

This paper presents a model that establishes a relationship between the financial resources allocated to maintain and replace railway station infrastructure assets and the resulting infrastructure quality. Until now, there has been no known relationship between quality and financial resources, making targeted planning for railway stations and the c...

Temporal knowledge graphs (TKGs) have been widely used in various fields, and predicting missing knowledge graph inference has been widely explored. However, the task of reasoning about potential future facts on TKGs is more challenging and has attracted the attention of researchers. As the unknowability of future events complicates inference, a th...

This essay delves deep into one of the most intriguing mathematical puzzles of all time: the Continuum Hypothesis. Beginning with a robust foundational exploration, it sheds light on the key concepts of cardinality and power sets, which are pivotal to the realm of set theory. These foundational ideas set the stage for a deeper investigation into th...

Objectives Predicting antimicrobial resistance (AMR), a top global health threat, nationwide at a hospital level could help target interventions. Using machine learning, we exploit historical AMR and antimicrobial usage to predict future AMR. Methods Antimicrobial use and AMR prevalence in bloodstream infections in hospitals in England were obtaine...

In the historical data of fan bearing, the ratio of fault data is much well below the regular data, and the fault diagnosis model established predicated upon this has low generalization ability. In response to this issue, this paper proposes an imbalanced fault diagnosis method for fan bearing based on generative model. Predicated upon one-dimensio...

To improve the sales volume of electronic commerce platforms, predicting user purchasing behavior has become an important research area. This paper addresses the issue of user purchase prediction in e-commerce platforms. Firstly, a machine learning-based user purchase prediction model is proposed. Secondly, a machine learning decision model based o...

This review article provides a comprehensive overview of the fascinating field of noncommutative probability theory, tracing its evolution from its inception in the early 1980s by Romanian-American mathematician Dan Voiculescu to its current state of prominence in mathematics. Through a meticulous examination of seminal works and recent advancement...

Witch hunting is a dark and complicated historical phenomenon that has lasted several centuries and taken diverse forms around the world. We will look at the stages of witch-hunting and whether it was a gender-neutral practise or one that primarily targeted women in this in-depth debate. This issue dives into a wide range of historical, societal, a...

This chapter is presented as a summative reflection on the collective re-imagining of leadership in post-coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) Africa. Leadership in Africa has historically proven to be one of Africa's most intriguing and enduring challenges. The COVID-19 pandemic has, in many ways, exacerbated Africa's challenges, calling for revisit...

To cope with new digital markets, incumbent financial organizations need to modernize their monolithic system portfolio to a more flexible and efficient form. This has proven to be quite challenging since the existing systems are tightly integrated with historical practices. We frame the portfolio as the operational backbone (OB) and ask what are t...

New locality of Melanocoryphus albomaculatus (Goeze, 1778) (Heteroptera: Lygaeidae) in Poland]. This note presents a new locality of Melanocoryphus albomaculatus, a species rarely collected in Poland. The historical records of this true bug were limited to the southern part of the country, and this information dates back more than a century. The ne...

History is a representation of the past based on (written) knowledge which has been passed on from one generation to the next, with a preference given to written sources from a Eurocentric tradition. However, written sources about (former) colonial territories are a product of the colonial system in which they were produced. Acknowledging the biase...

Cette étude vise à examiner le type de relation entre tourisme et croissance inclusive au Bénin de 1995 à 2021 en utilisant comme variable dépendante, contrairement à plusieurs études, l’Indice Synthétique de Croissance Inclusive (ISCI). En nous appuyant sur des données chronologiques, nous avons effectué des estimations à l'aide du Modèle Vectorie...

The rise of technology has brought with it a heightened awareness of the necessity to shield personal data and maintain exclusive access to specific knowledge. A notable solution that emerged from this consciousness is Zero-Knowledge Proofs (ZKPs) and, more specifically, Schnorrs Protocol. Historically, Zero-Knowledge Proofs have a compelling linea...

The science of telomeres and telomerase has made tremendous progress in recent decades. In this review, we consider it first in a historical context (the Carrel–Hayflick–Olovnikov–Blackburn chain of discoveries) and then review current knowledge on the telomere structure and dynamics in norm and pathology. Central to the review are consequences of...

This composition blends historical events, personal reflections, and critical analysis to underscore the importance of both writing about and decolonising the discourse surrounding the Rif War. Its different styles reflect the shifting emotions and ideas it seeks to capture.

In the Esla basin (provinces of León and Zamora), the absence of material evidence of the Roman army contrasts with the development of some episodes of warfare highlighted by classical authors. Several military fortifications located with remote sensing techniques that may represent a meeting point between both sources are analysed in this paper. W...

South Africa’s healthcare milieu has evolved dramatically, with the discipline of internal medicine standing at the crossroads of this transformative journey. This editorial offers an in-depth exploration of the discipline’s genesis, some of its pioneers, significant milestones, global interplays, current challenges, and potential future trajectori...

The aim of the article is to make determinations that will help to select the necessary indicators when conducting scientific research on state and economic relations. Many researchers ignore the historical evolution of economic relations. The use of economic determinations and indicators from the agricultural society in the researches for the indu...

The aim of this article is to present a brief history of Lodz in view of historical events leading to the deindustrialization of the city during the period of Poland’s economic transformation. As a “great change” trauma of 1990 to 2004, juvenilization of poverty in Lodz has been documented. This phenomenon seems to be disregarded and unnoticed by a...

Artistic education is an important factor in the cultural growth of the nation – the development of personal qualities and abilities. The methodology of teaching music pedagogy is related to the category of musical style. The relevance of this study is conditioned by a broad interpretation of the concept of musical style. Numerous musicological int...

Last draft (November 30, 2023): please do not cite or distribute. Abstract: A prominent tool employed to encourage the green transition of the energy system are renewable energy source electricity subsidies. Despite their widespread usage, there is only little evidence of their effects on the performance of electricity generators. To ll this void...

The Colossus of San Carlo Borromeo, named San Carlone for its large dimensions, represents a unique opportunity to study the long-term effects of atmospheric corrosion on patina formation on historic copper sheets. The sculpture’s large dimensions, complex geometry, direct visitor interaction, and exposure conditions generate different microclimate...

The second-greatest number of tribal people is located in India. About 12% of India's 84 million tribal residents reside in the northeastern partof the country. They are widelydiverse and placed inequitably over the area.The immeasurable historical legacy of Gaddi is remarkable. However, this cultural group is gradually losing its identity as a res...