Historical Analysis - Science topic

If you are trying to correlate the observations (precipitation and air temperature) with the discharge rate. Assumption for linear regression:

The error size does not significantly vary across the independent variable's value.

The observations are independent.

Data are normally distributed.

The line that best fits the data points is a straight line.

If the above conditions are met, you can use multiple linear regression in Excel (or other statistical software).

Rey Segundo Guerrero-Proenza Artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) are concepts that are similar but not identical. AI is a broad concept that encompasses a wide range of technologies and tactics aimed at mimicking human intelligence in robots. Applications include natural language processing, computer vision, and expert systems.

Machine learning (ML), on the other hand, is a subset of AI that focuses on developing algorithms and models that can learn from data and make predictions or judgements without being explicitly programmed.

A historical examination of the evolution of AI can serve to uncover the concept's substance and how it has grown through time. AI has a lengthy history, extending back to the 1950s, when pioneers like Alan Turing and John McCarthy suggested the notion of building intelligent robots.

Initially, AI research concentrated on developing "expert systems" capable of mimicking the decision-making abilities of human specialists in certain subjects. This method was based on the concept of "good old fashioned AI (GOFAI)," which sought to recreate human intelligence by hand coding rules and knowledge into machines.

This strategy, however, proved to be restricted, and in the 1980s and 1990s, the emphasis turned to more data-driven methodologies, notably ML. This is when machine learning techniques like decision trees, neural networks, and support vector machines were created.

With the availability of enormous amounts of data and the development of strong computer resources, the focus of AI research has switched to deep learning, a kind of machine learning that employs deep neural networks to learn from data.

To summarize, artificial intelligence (AI) is a broad term that has evolved through time and encompasses a wide variety of technologies and methodologies. ML is a subfield of AI focused on creating algorithms and models that can learn from data. A historical examination of the evolution.

Well Prof. Jamel Chahed in my case I have experienced several unpleasant academic situations where totalitarianism was imposed inside schools & universities in our country:

For example we were banned in Venezuela to have access to foreign journal subscriptions back in 2010 (in our university) when still there was not hyperinflation. In addition, a couple of years later forced to use a software called "canaima" (kind of incomplete linux version given to children in schools firstly and then moved to supplant university computers with a posteriori disaster).

I do not know the results (quantitatively) on how the authoritarian disaster ended since there are not statistics, because whatever happens wrong in the public education sector in Venezuela (more than 90 % of the total) is erased as soon as possible because there is not even a one good experience. Venezuela is a totalitarian failed land in all aspects including education, science and technology. Some university authorities were imposed by a fake supreme court without any meritocracy, and so on. It is too much to say in one thread.

However, anybody can see the results of the illiteracy in teaching STEAM core subjects in middle schools and in universities. Please some articles with results from polls conducted by one Private Catholic University are in Spanish but google translate helps. Lack & total loss of the most basic students competences such as reading and basic maths among many negative results due to Authoritarianism:

https://sumarium.info/2022/10/12/informe-ucab-los-alumnos-de-educacion-media-en-venezuela-cada-vez-tienen-menos-competencias-en-materias-fundamentales/

Kind Regards.

Secondly, here are the projects I am engaged in, though ultimately, to go even beyond Heidegger's mindset, I think the most fruitful way forward is to renounce the WESTERN METAPHYSICS of MIND BODY CARTESIAN FRAME, and venture into CHINESE METAPHYSICS.

للاسف ليست في اختصاصي ..واتمنى ان ترسل لي الاجابه في حال حصولك عليها لانه موضوع مهم

And he added:

"Of course, our picture is even in this form highly exaggerated. There never will be or can be a completely abstract or even a predominantly abstract society—no more than a completely rational or even a predominantly rational society. Men still form real groups and enter into real social contacts of all kinds, and try to satisfy their emotional social needs as well as they can."

The first key points historians want to check about a source is whether the source is based on accurate knowledge and understanding. To do this, they might check whether the author was there at the time, whether the author was involved in the event, whether the author understood the overall context.

Sure. For example, the emissions of night lights maps contribute to an understanding of the geographic distribution of the population. The spectral emissions based on physical foundations.

Historical data is the tool for comparing the current situation in the society. Retrospective events will always support the contemporary issues of the current situation of the society. It can be used one of the feasibility analysis for taking scientific decisions on the current events

The historical analysis will bring the complete picture of the country. If planners and policy makers didn't know the past historical events then the appropriate planning would not be successful. It is only for comparison purposes as well as learned lessons that will help to avoid any repeatation.

It is a simple fact that everything we feed is growing. And a second simple fact is that we only become to know what we are able to believe in. So it is very important to deal with imaginative literature to feed our Imagination!

The process of becomming able to to things is: Conception (Imagination) followed by perception, followed by action(radius).

Great. You are progressing quite rapidly. Keep Going and good luck By the way Monash Univ. has a great statistics dept. The greatest statistician of all time (R.A. Fisher) is buried there

for rainfall, try:http://iridl.ldeo.columbia.edu/

Is Value Line still available? Best, David Booth

1) I would like to clarify the question. Did You mean the theory of CHANGEABLE sets?

2) Concerning the theory of changeable sets, first of all, I plan to implement my minimum program of obtaining new interesting results. And then I might begin deal with their popularization. At the present time, the most complete and understandable exposition of this theory You can find in the preprint "Draft Introduction to Abstract Kinematics. (Version 2.0)" (https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.28964.27521 or http://vixra.org/pdf/1701.0523v2.pdf). Also I plan to rewrite more popularly the introductory sections of this preprint in it's future third version to do more understandable the motivation of fundamental definitions of changeable set theory.

3) I am very grateful for your comment and positive general assessment for perspectives of my activity, and I will bear in mind your suitable remark about popularization of the results.

With best regards Yaroslav Grushka.

I thought that the 'same stages-theory' was discredited since 1960s by Alexander Gerschenkron's works (collected in Economic Backwardness in Historical Perspective: A Book of Essays).

In my opinion, the main point isn't to check if the model is applicable today, but to understand the historical contest which gave birth to the model. As a matter of fact, the theory was deeply influenced by the Rostow's work as advisor of the White House and by the idea that economic development would bring to a collapse of USSR...

Maybe, an useful starting point would be Rostow's autobiography: http://eh.net/book_reviews/concept-and-controversy-sixty-years-of-taking-ideas-to-market/

The models don't exist independently from the people who create them! :-)

Martha's comments encapsulate to me the definition of "written culture", we have the use of written law codes, charters and commercial documents, as well as Church material, 'secular' histories and even fiction being written down, this suggests that the organs of society had embraced the written word to the extent of primarily functioning through it, this to me is more important to define a "written culture" than is worrying about the % of literacy in that society, in this respect the Medieval West stands comparison with other undeniably "written culture(s)" such as Classical Athens, Imperial Rome or Pharoanic Egypt

Joanne McEwan has written quite a bit on lodging during this time.

try checking Lemaire's books and courses

Thank Dragos, I guess I will have to look into your suggestion.

 Dear Nicolas

Thank you very much for your contribution. It has given a clear fundamenta idea regarding the subject. For an advance knowledge i will go through internet as per your suggestion.

Regards

I have about thirty words that suggest prehistoric contact between Pukapuka and Kiribati. This is distinct from the strong Polynesian influence on Gilbertese that occurred about six or so centuries ago. 

Dear Prof. Hasitha Chamikara Gunasinghe,

Please, check the attached files below.

Best regards,

Hiep.

Hi ! I agree with Fabio. You could also find something interesting in Trotsky's writings :

Bon courage !

Yes ;that would help to transform our eduction systems

hi waseem, 

interesting question .

New historicism can be employed as the  theoretical touchstone to analyze even recent writers.  Historical Knowledge manifested  in the form of  ‘historicism’ and ‘history’ is regarded as  fundamental embodiment of modernity and , I believe , postmodernism with a new perspective on terms like knowledge, reality, ideology and worldview. 

here are some publications : 

In addition to what has already been said about georeferencing, note that the Ground Control Points (GCPs), i.e. the set of homologous points you have to collect on the digitized image of the historical map and the current cartography, should be chosen as points which have preserved unchanged over time. As an example, if you can recognize the same building, pick up a points on its corners. According to the accuracy you want your final product to have, as current cartography don't use a raster map or a Google image (which can have large errors), but try to see if an official vector cartography (possibly at a large scale) is available.

After collecting GCPs, you have to choose a suitable georeferencing model. There are many models that you can choose from (and that you will usually find implemented in GIS software). The results of the transformation can be very different so be careful at which model you choose. To evaluate the georeferencing result, you should use some of the points you have collected as Check Points (CPs), i.e. points not used to compute the model but to validate it. A typically used statistics to evaluate the georeferencing result is the Root Mean Square Error (RMSE).

About the software usable to perform georeferencing, I can suggest the QGIS Georeferencer plugin (which however has some limitations) and the photogrammetric software PCI Orthoengine. The first is open source and available for free, the second is proprietary and available by paying the license.

I suggest two publications that better explain all my points and give you a practical example of georeferencing:

1) Brovelli M. A. and Minghini M. (2012) Georeferencing old maps: a polynomial-based approach for Como historical cadastres. e-Perimetron 7(3), pp. 99-110.2) Brovelli M. A., Minghini M., Giori G. and Beretta M. (2012) Web geoservices and ancient cadastral maps: the Web C.A.R.T.E. project. Transactions in GIS 16(2), pp. 125-142, DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-9671.2012.01311.x

I think you can ask IFC about this , they may help.

Dear Lisette,

I know this book by Erol Koroglu about WWI:

and this article about cartography by Bülent Batuman:

I hope they will be useful to you

nora

Which time span are you interested in?

Stelios Sir,

thanks for your quick reply. I have seen Paper and code  but at this stage it would be difficult for me to extract information. May i request to give i) if log files of such output because i don't know whether NUMA architecture would work on my platform (any linux) and/or x86 architecture ii) if any standard log details of process migration available, so i am able to  extract page info from those logs....

- what are the parameters to migrate process and what is the role of kernel at the same time? can we generate a tiny OS program given in Figure 4. (https://www.academia.edu/760613/Survey_of_Virtual_Machine_Migration_Techniques)

Dear Elias,

I would argue that a demonstration of "historical thinking" can be best assessed only through essay writing. Meaning the connecting of philosophical thought, governmental systems, and the connection to everyday life of the people. 

Examples of such essay topics would be what philosophical thought processes were used to justify hereditary monarchies and the social injustices they inherently fostered. 

Why was Karl Marx and Marxist so opposed to private property and its effects on citizenship during the conquest of the America's. 

How did the English civil war effect politics in European during the 17th through the 19th centuries? 

What are the lasting effects of the age of colonization or more commonly known as the age of discovery?

In this manner one can get a true sense if the student truly understands the before (leading up to)during (the actual historical justifications used) and after (the lasting effects on modernity). 

To think historically one must be able to attach the past to the present in such a way as to people responding to the argument presented in a "no wonder we do what we do" manor. 

Hope this helps

Douglas

Claudio,

Not specifically in the year of 1880, but in Brazil three very important events took place in that decade:

Along the 1880 decade Sao Paulo state becomes the word's larges coffee producer. The result is strong immigration to the country's south and the founding of several new cities. It marks the beginning of Brazil's industrialization.

1888 - Abolition of slavery and

1889 - Declaration of the Brazilian Republic and the end of monarchy

Other events:

[it is likely that this is the event mentioned by those two authors]

1879-1880 - Chile wages war against Peru and Bolivia and Bolivia loses access to the Pacific Ocean; this war is called the Pacific War. With Chile's triumph of the Pacific War and the incorporation of Antofagasta and Tarapacá, Chile became the world's largest salt producer. This caused an economic boom never seen before driving major social and economic changes.

If you read Spanish, here is this story:

In Argentina: From 1880 a new model of economic development was conceived based on increasing exports of agricultural products from the La Pampa grasslands.

Dear colleagues

We are planning a conference on neutrality in Holland in November 2015. We want to compare the 'war experience' of small European neutrals, especially the Scandinavian countries, Switzerland en the Netherlands.

Will keep you informed.

Yes. Those great people have a magical historical touch!

I do agree with both my forerunners. Technically it is even easier as to quote a lot of other web-based contents as it presents information in linear form, so that you can quote it exactly by running time minute/second (and of course all relevant information on the website you got it from). As to the reliability of the contents packaged within the podcasts in question, this should be judged the same way as every other source - if used as a primary source, does it apply to your research questions, is it indicative of broader trends, does it capture unique attributes of what you want to get into, etc.; if used as secondary source, check the persons involved, where, how and why it got published, any interested parties, and so on. There is no basic problem arising from the 'digitality' of the format. Would you ask the same question about, say, a BBC radio feature? Just because it's on the net it's not out of science. This seems to be a kind of categorical anxiety of many who shy away from web-based content (no offense meant!), that there is some mysterious essential difference between 'the web' and 'the real world' which invalidates the contents of each one for serious use in the other. This is just not the case. The world wide web is just another part of our real world, nothing more, nothing less; it is here, it won't go away, we have to find ways to deal with it as well as with the other parts of the real world we are longer used to, for example, as in the present case, radio.